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{{Template}} Full text of "Galignani's new Paris guide, for 1856" by John Anthony Galignani

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MilSON DELISLE, M9, nWMS Um VMOMaJEUMi i9, MVtB nm ^HAmtMomv. Thi» first-rate house recommends ilself to the attention of-iit^ lyiHci:^'^^ and taste of its articles te:»ilfc:9f evjary description, its laces, printed gobdsldfleVei^^lMlid^ Ready -made articles for Ladies^ French and Indian Cadiemire Shawls, etc., etc» I V' NUiaN LB ROY et FilS, WATCHIAKERS TO THE HAVT, ▲ND Watchiakers to the Late liig, MB mm^ MS, €im9erim M^v^imemHmr, PALAIS ROYAL. Honse ii LoHdoH, 296, Regent Street. Cabinet Clocks with perpetual Calendars, indica ting: the. Month of .the Year, the Day of the Monrtt^-fli^.Ife^^^ of jfee.^^ek, the slate of the Moon, and^lie^ifferem^ between the mean time and the "appaf^^it time. Watches also indicating thfe-Day of .the ]\Jonth and the Day of the Week-withoirt.iifqmrin to be touched. This old-established house, enjoying the highest repute in Paris, has received several Medals at various Exhibitions of Industry of France, and the Prize Medal at the London Exhibition of 1851. Two Patents have been recently obtained by this Firm, one for the new perpetual Calendar Watch, and another for an Escapement Clock beating the dead seconds by a new improve- ment. NEW eiRis «{i»i. Eeonony of Time and Money. DAILY ENGLJilEWSPAPER. GALIGMANI'S MESSENGER. Published in Paris, Rce de Riyoli, No. 224. Two Editions of this universally known journal are pub- lished every day, one at six in the morning for Paris and its Environs ; the other at four in the afternoon in time for Post, and containing all the news received down to the latest mo- ment of going to press, thus anticipating the morning papers by 24 hours. GALiGNiLNi's Messenger offers an immense advantage of economy both in Time and Money — Time^ as in a single jour- nal it reproduces the Leaders and Intelligence given by the principal London newspapers Morning and Evening, with their various shades ol opinion, thus replaeing and bringing before the reader at one view the contents of all — and Money, as the subscriptioti ri^'less.tljaji to any,Qt.the^jdaily London Papers. —The priijqije 0^«0JlLyiNA9l^^lE89]|l^R» to the scrupulous observance of whjch it'9wes Biuch*5flt& reputation, is inflex- ible impartiality .*<HObie i^^njeft^^of this journal is devoted to intelligence frdni ^i^modf th^ otber to occurrences in France and all news resi^t^ pexi^tv^^ tl|an London. — ^The former contains, besides .tWopuiioi^^, tie London journals, full Reports of the Parliamentary Debates, Reports of the Law Courts, Commercial, Naval, Military, University, and Clerical Intelligence, Stocks, Bankrupts, Births, Marriages and Deaths, Fashionable Movements, Theatricals, etc. — ^The latter Depart- ment comprises the earliest information from France, Italy, Spain, Geimany, Russia, and every other part of the Con- tinent. Analysis of the opinions of the Paris Political Press ; the Proceedings of the Legislative Bodies ; Political, Judicial, Theatrical, and Fashionable Occurrences, etc. Terms of Subscription.—- A single Journal, 10 sous ; a week, 3 fr.; a fortnight, 6fr.; one month, 10 fr.; three months, 28 fr. To receive it free of postage throughout France and Fo- reign Gpantries, see tamf,— ADVERTISEMENTS RECEIVED. NEW PARIS 6VIDE, Wmr MSSB. REVISED AND VERIFIED BY PERSONAL INSPECTION, AND ARRANGED ON AN ENTIRELY NEW PLAN. Preface.— (/mporton«.1oift« Stranger,) Part l.—^meral Information, Advice to Travellen, Comparatire Tables of French and English Weights and Measures, Money, Ther- momeirical Scales, etc; Tables of French and English Duties; Physical and Social Statistics ; Laws affecting Foreigners ; Historic cal Notice of Paris ; its Government and Public Institutions, Part II. — Description of Paris by Quarters ; Edifices, Curiosities, etc. Part III. — Places of Public Amusement. Part IV. — Environs of Paris, Part Y. — Paris Directory ; Addresses of Ambassadort, etc, ; List of Bankers, Tradesmen, etc; List of Streets; Index, €nuvih at ^tatxantti^ i^aii. The right of rifublicatUm {or translation) in England is re$erved by the Proprietors, PARIS. A. AND W. GALIGNANI and Co., ME BE KFTOU, 224. Digitized by VjOOQ IC Frinted )>7 fi* Briere, $ 5. Rue St. Anne IPI&1VI1<B1«  Paris has ondeigope so many and such important altera- tions, as to astonish even the resident, in his comparison of what the capital was at a very recent period with what it is at the present moment. In order to keep pace with such ra- pid improvements, it has, for the last seven years, heen the practice of the Publishers of this Paus Guide, annually to effect a careful verification of the whole, and thus present to the pul>lic a correct and well-authenticated description of all the public monuments, institutions, and improvements both of the metropolis and of its vicinity. In minutely detailing modem Paris, the ancient parts of the City, which abound in rea^dns <^f the middle ages, and of the epoch of the renaissance! des arts, have not been foi^otten. Old Paris, though rarely explored by strangers, or even by natives, will abundantly repay the visit of the antiquary and tiie artist; and this interesting class of sights, which is passed over too lightly, or not at all noticed, in most Guides, has here been particularly attended to. The French and English Guides tiiat exist are quite un- worthy of the matter they treat of. In the present work there vnil be found condensed an immense quantity of valuable and interesting information, books of the first authority having been consulted on tiie history and antiquities of Paris ; while . personal observation has supplied with great accuracy the ac- count of all that now meets the eye in the metropolis. In the collection of this information, and in the annual correction of the work, neither time nor expense has been spared, and, by availing themselves of the valuable services of Mr. Outiiwaite, the engraver, the publishers have been enabled to embellish the work with accurate and well-designed plates. The plan adopted in this volume is calculated to save the visitor much useless expenditure of time and exertion. What- ever relates to the institutions and general statistics of Paris has been put into the First Part, entitled General Information ; while every other object of interest is described in the arron- Attsment "v^lMie it ocouiS;^ «nd the arrpndissements are placed ii FREFAG8. in numerical orda. The visitor is snpjKMed to sttrt from the Toileries, to study his map of Paris with care, and then to go through the arrondissements, inspecting their contents in the order in which they are arranged in this work, or omitting some, according to his taste and inclination. By so doing he will see every thing in « compajrativelir short space of time, and will pass over nothing that is reafiy worthy of being ex- amined by the tourist. By a reference to the Index, where everything is carefully classified, the reader may se^, at one {(lance, the whole of an^ particular class of thmgs of which he may be in sea^b. Jha Publisbers ^ru^t that the consdmUous cue wiwix ha9 gusded Uxem in the pubUcation of thi« yolnma will oblaiii the approbation of the visitor, Any correctipn wbi<di may suggest iJielf to the reader wil) b^ jglaoly rec^vfid, Paris is one of the gnat aentres not only of Frtneh bni of oantineDtal inttlleet ; trnm ila pralifio pMss the laost valiiabia publications are constantly iasiiing; it takes the lead in aden* tifi$ r^iaarph and di9o?v«ry, end has «very elaim to ba c»n- sider^d a magnificent and wonderful city. Its superb and beautiful eollactiops of ai)cient and modem art are, with an ad* qgirable spirit of generous liberality, thrown ^^tously open aot only U> natives, bnt particularly and at all seasons to fo- reign^, fo every branch of knowledge lectures are deliviered gri^ by the mof»t c^moeoft professors^ and the traveller who has paid the least attention to the fine arts becomes, on arxiv«  ing m Paris, in spme measure identified with them; even the p^lic amus^nents of the capital tend to the improvem^t of ttie mind, and the advance of dvilizatipn. The m#trppolia is naturally salubrious, aod the purity f>l lia atmosph^ may be at on^e ascertained by viewing it from an elevated jutuation. Wow unlike the view from the top of St. Paul's in l/>ndon, wilb ito canopy of ^ and clouds, mi its sickly sunbeams I Tberei eviery building is blaekeoed with smoke, and the eye looks down upon darkening vapours An4 mists; bnt if Paria beseenfrom the tpwers of Notre Pame. the Pantheon, the Arc de Triompb<3 d9 T^toile, the b^ight^ o| Montmartre, or the eemetery of P^e I4 Cbaj^, Uw p^mrvm is complete; there is no indistinctness or conifusipn in the pro- ject ; every palace^ church, and public edifice stands distin<^ly before the eye, and, interspersed with the foliage of the gardens and the boiUevards^ tlie wnple forms a prospect at once j^rnn^ and beautiful. It need hardly be added that this lively me- tropolis is the most attractive emporium of pleasure and litera- ture in the worid, and, at the sme tana, the cheapest for the _ \ ti fmstMtet < Meum»U i u «i ^vUflh mdir II th» 9»i| iierii fmdesToos for «n the natioiiB of Hie globe. In diater ^y to appreciate the treasures of art and indoaiiy for wliicb tills ewiial ia so renowned, a randenoe of aeFeitl months will hardly suffice. But, aamany peiiona Tiait Paiit for oQly a Uiw days, and are therefore only ahle to taka a bird's-eye yw of the remarkable sights it contamSy the toL lowii>^ list of important j^aces, arrani^ by days on whicb ttl^^ ajftn he yisiled, and with reference to the page of fhf Gittdi? lit whi^b they are described, cannot fail to be acceptable* nmormosmioiiciiTTonsiiiinAsmifin. 9(Jfini>AT««<fTlie Kew Loqvre (see p. is»).-^The Old Lonne an<| its lluseum^) from to to 4 (p. isjt).— Palace of the TttUerles, (p* 147; fee).— Triumphal jirch of the Carrousel (p. iS8),*-Golomi| of the Place Yendtoe (p. 18O ; fee.)— Obelisk of Luxor (p. I84j, — Champs Blys^es (p. i87).*— PalaeeofElys^e-Napol^on, (p. ^pt), --^HwBphal Areh, Barri^e 4e TEtoile (p. i«5 ; fee^-^ChmMl of SI. Fer<|iBaBd, from le to s, (p. itT ; fee).<-4}hapeUe Bipfateira

{p, 8e4 f fee)*i-miMir^ of ^e Madeleine

339, fee).— The Miat, Museum, from 13 to 3 (public), coining, from 10 to I (p. 379, ticket),— Church of ^otre Dame oe Lorette (p.'220). l|rEDNS$DAT.*^PaUce of the Luxembourg, picture-gallery* firom lo te 4 (p. 394$ passport). -r-Hdtei de Cluny, from 13 to i (p. 407; passport).— Pantheon (p. 419, fee).— Church of St. Etienne da Me«t (p. 4l»)* THUUIDAr.p**MaBefMture des Tahees, from fo to 13, or 2 to 4 (p. 849; passport),— Mus^e d'Artillerie, from 13 to 4 (p. 370; pasipbrt).— HMel de Villc, from 4 to 4 (p. 834; ticket).— Irapri- merie ImpMale, at 9 o'clock, with tiek«t (p. 3VS).-«-8lrafiboiirg Railway Terminas (p. 38e).-Ghureti of Bt. Vineeiit de Paule (p^ MS). rBII>Ar.>^Garden of Palais Boyal <p« 3i4«)«*Bibllothl(me Im-» p^al«f from le te 3 (p. ne).— Ej^diaiige (p, 333).— Consenra* telre des Arle et Meiers, from *0 tp 4 ft), ^4f I fr.).— Abattojp 4e pppinMcpurt (p* 4S9, fee)t SATURDAY.— Garden of Plants; Museums open from it to S (p. 454 : passport). — Gobelins Manufactory, from 3 to 4 ip. 44S * pasmoii.)— Banriire du Tronc (p, 3^e}.-«K)olumn of July (p. ««4i ipe),.-<lemBlwy ef Mre Uelmlie <p. ftS4). nCU1lflIONfi.<-»Fontaiiittl>leftii, one day (p. sis; fM).< booUlet, one day (p. stT).— S^yres Manatectory (tickei), aadSL Qoad, one day (pp. S45 and S29 ; fees).— Abbey of St. Denia, one day (p. 5S4 ; fee).— Yersailles^ daily, Mondays excepted; see preface, p. viU (p. 548).— YincenneSj Saturdays (p. 578 ; iieket). —Boisde Boulogne (afternoon; p. 496). The stranger will do well, immediately on his arrival, to write for permission to see the following places : viz., the Hdtel'de Ville, to Jlf. ^ PrSiet de la Seine, H6tel de ViUo.— The Tuileries and Palais de rElys^e, to JIf . le Genital RoUn, Adjudant-Giniral du Palais des Tuileries,— te Mosee de Se- vres, (specially mentioning also the work-«h<»8 or les aUliers (see p. 545), the exhibition-rooms being dauy open without tickets) to M. le Ministre d'Etat, — ^The Mint, to see the coin- ing (the Museum, &c., being public on certain days, see p. 383) to if. ^ President de la Commission des Monnaies et MSdail' les, Hdtel des Jfomiates.— Vincennes, to JIf. le Commandant de VArtiUerie, du 1*' arrondissement (Est) d Ftncettfies. — The Galerie des Plant Reliefs des Forteresses de France (visible only from Blay 1st to June 1 5th), and the Galerie des Produits AlgMens, to M. le Ministre de la Guerre. These letters must be sent franked by post. The visitor will then receive the tick- ets in two or three days. The following is the usual form of the letter to be written :— Monsieur {giving his title, &c.), ' J'al rhonneur de vous prior {if to a Minister: de prior voire Excellence) de Touloir bien me faire adresser un billet pour {name number of persons), afln de visiter {insert name ofpUtcet). TTayant que peu de jours h rester h Paris, il me serait tr^ mgreable de le possdder aussitdt que possible. YeuiUei recevoir, avec mes remerciments^ Tassuranee de la haute consideration avec laquelle j'ai rhonneur d'fttre^ Monsieur. Votre tr^s humble servlteur, {Sign name with address, v0ry clearly written.) Should the stranger, as is sometimes the case in consequence of the negligence of some inferior functionary, not reoMve a speedy reply to his letter, he will do well to ^1 for it in per- son at the proper office. To this it maybe added, that while leave is rarely granted to visit the interior <^ the prisons, the ho(q[)itals and other charitable institutions are thrown open, not only for the inspection of the curious, but also f6r the vdief of the necessitous stranger, with a liberality that cannot be too lughly commended. The visitor is strongly recommended, as a general reference, to consult the «rticl«|^^ S&Qf^^l Uwh^ ^ P^ ^l PBEPAGE. y Engl]^ newspaper, Gaiignanfs Messenger, which is taken in at all the principal cafes, restauranls, &c., or may be sub* scribed for by the day, wed^, fortnight, or month, and where whatever is to be seen on ^e day of publication is always mentioned, with all necessary information concerning it. The stranger in Paris is also advised to attend high mass at the eathedral of Notre Dame, or at the churches of St. Roch, St. Eustache, or Notre Dame de Lorette, at lo any Sunday, morning, if he would witness an imposing speciauae, and be gratified with excellent mnsic. In consequence of the frequent errors which occur in the de livery of journals casually sent from Paris to England, it should be known that Newspapers must be surrounded by a band of piq>er on whidi the address is written, and prepaid at the principal postKrffices, at the rate of 8 centimes for each 40 grammes weight. If thrown in without being franked, it would be taxed like a letter according to weight. The stranger, on arriving in Paris, is often at a loss to choose among the good things presented to his taste by the cartes of the restaurants, some of which contain three to four hundred dishes* The following list of some of the best will no doubt be well received by the gastronomic traveller : — SOUPS (POT AGE). A la bisqoe.'-A la julienne.— Au macaroni.— Au rii.— A la par^e.«-Pttr^e anx croutone.. MEATS (ViAWDE). Beefsteak au beurre d'anchois.— Filet de hatnt, au Tin de Ha- dfere. — ^Fricandeau^ sauce tomate. — Ris deveau, piqu^ h la flnan- ei^re. — Ris de veau k la poulette.-^T^te de Teau en roatelotte. — Tite de veau en tortue. — Gotelette de moUton k la Soubioe. — €otelette de. mputon saut^e aux truifes.— Filet mignon. — Hognons^ au vin de Cbampagne. POULTRY (YOLAILLE). Ponlet k la Marengo.— Poulet en fricaiss^e.- Poulei k la tar • tare. — ^Poulet en llayonnaise.— Ponlet saut^ aux champignons, -^Supr^me de volaille. — Coquille h la financl^re. — Croquettes d© volaUle.— Salade de volaille k la Mayonnaise.— Ragodt ii la fl«  nanci^re.— Foie gras en caisse. GAME (GiBiEB). Perdreau en salmis aux truffes.— Perdreau roii. — Caille k la financidre.^^aille rdtie. PASTRY (Patisserie). Vol-au-vent k la ftnanci^re. — ^Vol-au-vent de ris de veau aux truffes.- Vol-au-vent de turbot k la b6cbamelle.-»-Vol-au- vent de iiM d» volaille aux truff6e.«^P&t^ de tele gras. Tl PBffACB. tlSH (Pousor). Tttrbot, uaca am httitres.— Turbot, sauce aux cypres.— Saa- mon^ sauce aux c&pres.— Saumon h la Genevolse.— Truite en HayonnalBe.— Eperlan au gratin.— Eperlan frit.— Sole au gra- tin.— Sole li la Normande.— FUet de Sole li la mattre d'hdtel. — MateloUe de carpe et d'auguille.— -Anguille h la tartare. — ^^ cbamelle de poisson.— ^cr^Tisses h la Bordelaise. SIDE-DISHES (EVTREMETS). GoquUle aux champignons.--Macaroni au gratin.-^€houx- fleurs au Parmesan.— Omelette aux fines berbes.— Artiehautg k la barigoule.— Artichauts frits. SWEET DITTO (EWTHEMBTS At SUCRE). Beignets de pomme.— Beignets d'abrleots. — Omelette souflDL^e. Omelette aux confitures.— 4:;barlotte de pomme.— Gbarlotte aux coDfltarea.— Cbarlotte russe.— Charlotte aux fraises.— Croquettes de riz.— Abrieoti A la Cond^.— <;routes au lfad^e.«~lleriiiga«  aux confitures.— Meringue glac^e. WINES (VINS). Red. Burgundy, — Beaune. — Pomard. — Nuits. — Volnay. — Chambertin. — Romance. — Hermitage. — G6te-R6tie. -^Clarei. — Ch&teau-Hargaux.-^Mouton .— Laffltte.— H^doc— Plcbon .— - White. Chabll8.—Meursault.—Saint-Peray.— Hermitage. — San* terne.--Cbampagne.— Sweet Wires. Lunel.— Frontignan. LIQUEURS. Eau-de-vie. — Kirsch. — Anisette. —Curasao. — Marasquin.— Absinthe.— Grime de Moka.—Noyaux.— Crime de Caf^.— Huile de VanUle. — ^Huile de Rose.— Liqueurs des lies. As the portions served at the restaurants are very copious, parties of two or more persons will do well to take poriioii^ only for half their number, viz* , oue portion for two persons, two for four, ^c. The Tisitor in Paris who is inetined to go to a boarding-house should be very careful to choose one of respectability ; and we caution the stranger against a kind of establishment that is apt to deceive foreigners, and which has become very prevalent in this capital since the abolition by law of public gaming- houses. Many persons have opened tables-^Mte and board- ing-houseS; under cover of which card-playing to a considerable extent is carried on in the evening, uid the unwary visitor may be easily inveigled to plav, and to lose sums to a large amount. They are frequented by persons of both sexes, of fashionable exterior, but of very indifferent character. The facilities of introduction and of social intercourse which Paris affords to distinguished strangers far exceed those of any other capital. A presentation at Court must of course be sought throng tlie niua! medium, that of the ambassador of P&EFAGK* Tli the country to which the applicant may bdoD^^ and a coori- dreas is roquisite to be admitted to halls or reoepliona at the Tuileries. Generally, however, the stranger in Paris will find that the greater part of the resident fomilies in fashionable, official, or professional life, and not a few of the foreign, domiciled for a longer or shorter time, receive^ from the commencement to the close of the winter season, once a-week, in the evening, between the hours of nine and twelve. Most of the eminent savants and men of let- ters, chief librarians, and directors of the great literary and scientific institutions, of the capital, have likewise their soirdes. In addition to these there are numberkss private balls and occasional parties, to which personal respeota- biiity and suitable acquaintance ensure easy accees. What we may call more public and advantageous are the evening recqn tions of the Ministers of State, the presidents of the Senate and Le^lative Body, the ecclesiastical dignitaries, the diiefiB of the national guard, the prefect of the Seine, the hi^er munici- pal functionaries, and even the directors and principal artistes of the fiirst theatres. In the course of a month the prominent persons of every department of political, literary, and fashion- able life may be seen at the vanous soiries, so as to content the curiosity of a well-bred stranger of liberal tastes and active sodal habits. The host does not spontaneously serve as in- troducer ; considering the multitude of foreigners circulating, tiie task would indeed be impossible ; but a request suffices for the formatipi^ of a cursory acquaintance, which is often im- proved into an agreeable intimacy. At these assemblages long visits and long ** talks" are not bon ton; as it is the custom to attendseveralthesatteiivenaiig. The name of the gnestis usually announced at the door of tiie salon ; after a salutation of the hosts, movement within and exit are entirely free. Whoever wishes to be presented at the soirie of a Minister does best to seek the auspices of the diplomatic representative of his conn- try, who ushers the Hite only, and with a discrimination uni- versally expected. The foreign legations and agents, and the snperiOT <^eers, in full uniform, along with strangers of rank, and natives and envoys from all regions in costume, who fire* quentthem^piioduceanexoeedinglydiuEzling anddivorsifiedeffect. A refined sxA amiable comrtesy marks the deportment of nearly all the entertainers. The number of ladies ^t figure at the Ministerial so^r^ is eomparatively smaU ; yet most of thefe* male members of the Mimsters* fsuilies appeio* also. Little conversation, however, takes place; a passmg bow, or a few sentences from a fAmiliAr acquaintance, is the most that polite- ness or gallantry can bestow ou these occasions* Xhe public I^ii pftEFAde. balls of a benevolent nature afford opportunity, at ffie c&si of ten or twenty francs a ticket, of seeing tbe haut ton of French and foreign society. The profession^ reader will find in the chapt^ on Medical Institutions the most ample information, now so freqoaitly required by foreigners, more e^ecialiy by the English and Americans. Ample information will likewise be found respecting the pre- sent law on Patents. The following few remarks on the best mode ol visiting the Environs of Paris may be useful to the stranger. Persons visiting Versailles should leave Paris, not later than 9 a.m. and proceed by the Versailles and Meudon railroad (left Imk), Barriere du Maine, the station of which at Versailles is the nearest to the palace. This will give time to allow of a cursory glance being taken of the exterior of the palace, and at 1 1 o'clock, the time of opening the doors, visitors can enter at once and inspect the interior without being annoyed by the crowd. After seeing the historical galleries and the gardens, the stranger may visit the Trianons (which, however, is barely possible on the same day), and to return to Paris the Ver- sailles and St. Cloud railroad (right bank) should be taken,. by which means two magnificent views of Paris and the neighbouring country will have been obtained, one from the south by the former raibroad, the other from the west and northwest by the latter. (1) The museum of VersaOles is closed on Mondays. Since the opening of the Lyons railroad, a visit to Fontaine- bleau may be performed with ease. The stranger, leaving Paris by the first or second train, will be in Fontaine- bleau by 9 to 11 o'clock. The magnificent palace, more his- toric in its decorations than Versailles, and with its park and gardens forming altogether the finest sight of the kind in France, may then be fully inspected. If the visitor be not afraid of a little fatigue, he will have time enough to hire a carriage for a drive of a few hours to the more picturestpie points of the fa- mous forest, fuU of romantic beauties and rocky, scenery, which indeed would well employ another day, if it could be spared. We would advise the visitor who is not psessed for time, and if in summer, to return to Paris by the Melun steamer^ the scenery of the Seine being well worth seeing.; (i) A small programme of the hours of departure of the rail- way trains of all the lines may be had for a few sous at all tho omnibus offices. MuTf olt^r dfilig^lM ezcttrrioiis mty be niada in the enri- nog ef Paris, a great nimiber ol which are now easOy aeeom- plished by the existing railroads. Tbns the Gbaitres line passes tfaroi^ Rambouillet, famed f

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Ie for its fine cathedral and yalnable

lilwary containing upwards of looo manwoiiptSy both of which may be seen in one day. — ^The Versailles railroad (right bank) passes through the charming Tillages of Soresne, Pa- teaux, St. Cloud, and Sevres. A new brandi, just (xpeaed, takes the visitor to Auteuil, whence he may entef the Pare de Bodogne, where great embellishments have been made. (See p. 496.)-- The Versailles railroad (left bank), by Meodon, Bellevue. — The St. (j^main line touches at .Nanterre^ Reuil, and Ch&tou, where vehicles may be found for Boa- givai. Marly, and the wood of La Gelle. — The Rouen lino touches at Pdssy, Meulan, and Mantes.— The Northern passes through St. Denis, Enghien-les-Bains, fh)m uluch place <»nni* buses go to M<»itmorency, the forest of which is highly pictu) resque> and a ride by the Hennitage to Ecouen, or by Andilly to the Rendezrixms de Chasse^ is one of the greatest treats that a lover of fine scenery can enioy. At the St. Leu station of the same line the stranger will find vducles to Ghantilly and Senlis, whidli may easily be seen in a day ; also the same line here touches at Pontoise, Gompiegne, and the ruins of Pierre- fonds; ^aiMl, lasUy, Ermenonville and Mortefontaine may be readied by hnring ciurriages at S^ilis, whidi will take a day^ —By the Strasbmifg line the strange may visit Meaux, the cathedral containing the monument of Bossuet, and.the walks in which he used to meditate his works. — ^The Sceaux rwl«  road leads in a few minutes to Arcueil, Bagneux, and Bourg- la-Reine. From hence vehicles go to Cliatillon and Fontenay* aux-Roses. — The Orleans line touches at Choisy-le-Roi, and a branch of it leads direct to Corbeil.— Vincennes, St. Maur, and Fontenay-sbus-Bois may be seen in one day. . The visitor may consult t&e annexed small table of conveyances. The v&itor should by no means fail to go to St. Denis and Vincennes. The F^^^s QJf nicXBt of the places in the environs of Paris are held on a l^unday, but, as they change every year with the moveable festivals, to avoid leading the stranger into error, we have not ^yen the day in our description of the places, refer- ring the reader for correct information to the notices published befoF^and inihe daily English journal, GaUgnmCs Messenger^ ENVIRONS OF PARIS. WITH GOKVfiTANGES TO THBM. PUGES. AroMU. • ArgcntevlU • ArnouTiU*. Auteuil. • BellevUle. BelleYUe . B^rcy • • Btt0* « • Qiaataiy. €b«reiitoii«  GliartrM • Chatenay . Ghoisy-Ie-Roi Compidgne Corbeih • Enghien . BrmenaoTUle F^nteiiilileM Grcnelle « . liaison LafBito MaisonBAlfort iJarly . . . Mettdon . . Montmorency Mortofentaloe Hastorre . Neiully, «  Pasay • . POissy . . Pt6 S. Gerrais tlalncy. • . HambouUlet . linei] . « . RomainyUle * St. Cloud . • St. Cyr. . . tt. Denia • . t. Germain • 8t.Leti. . . 8f.Maar . . BU Ones • . Soeaux* . # Sevres. • . Suresne. • . Versailles. . Tincennes* • GONYXTAMCES. Roe GliriatiiM, No* i.^-^fieeaal raOioad* Railroad, r* St. Laiare^ i%i* Faub. St* Denia, i8. Rue du Bouloi. T,9«— Railroadi r. Si. Laxare. Rue Catinat— Place Dauphine, OmiUbtii. Railroad, Gliauss6e da Maine. Place du Louyre, Omnibus. VersaUle« railroad, leA balk* Northern railroad. Comer of the Place dti Palala Royal, Omiilnu. Railroad^ Ghauss^ du Maine*— Kue SL Laxare. 83, Rue Dauphine. [de la Gr^ye. Railroad, Boul. radpital-^-^team-boat, Quai Northern railroad. Steam-boat, Quai de laGr^0-4Utilro«d,llmil- Northem railroad. [tard de rHd|yital. Northern railroads Lyona Railroad.-- Steam iMMttt Qnai de la R. 8t^ Honors, 303, Omnibus. [Gr^ve. Railroad, rue St. Laxare. Place de la BastUle.— Lyons Railroad. Rue Faubourg St. Denis, 12. {S2«. Railroad, Chauss^e du Malne—RaeSt. Martin, Faaboorg St. Denis, la^Nortbetrn rallfoM. Roe St. Martin, sse* RaUroad,rue St. Lazare. Plaee du Louyre, Omnibus* Place de I'Hdtel de Ville.— Place de la Ck>n- Railroad, rue St. Lazare, 124. [corde. Rue Catinat, Omnibus. Strasburg Railroad, Bondy Station. Railroad, Chauss^e du Maine.—Htie St. LaMre. Railroad, me St. Lazare. Rue Catinat, Omnibus. Rue du Bouloi, 7, 9«— Rail. r.St* Laxare, 124. Rue du Bouloi, 24.— Rail. Chauss^e du Maine. R. Faub. S.Denis, 12.— Northern railroad. R. Pg. St. Denis, 1 2.— Railroad, rue St. Lazare. Northern railroad. Place de la Bastille— -Rue St. Martin, >2«. Place du Palais Royal, Omnibas. [fer. Rue Daupliine, 85.— Railroad, Barri^re d'En* R. duBouloi, 24— Rail., r. S. Laxare— Rai Iroad, Railroad, r. S. Lazare. [left banlc. R. duBouloi, 24— Rail., r.S. Lazare— Railroad PI. de la Bastille— R. St. Martin S26.[left bank. MVI PARIS 6UIDE. PART L GENERAL INFORVATION. PASSIK)RTS. — A British subject desirous of visiting tho Cootine&t must apply in writing for a passport to the secre^ tary of State for Foreign Affairs, with the word " Passport " onthecorer. Fee, 7s. 6d. Passports are granted between 12 and 4. Parties not personally known to the secretary of State must apply through the medium of a person known to him, or of a banking-iirm in the United Kingdom. Merely to visit Paris, the French Consul in London grants a pass for 5 francs, made out for one month ; but the visitor will not be annoyed if its date has eicpired some few days . To prolong his slay, or visit other parts of France, he may obtain a passport in Pans, by means of the British Embassy, 39, rue du Faubourg St. Ho- nore, open from 11 to 2. In Paris, his pass or passport will procure iim admission to several museums and editices. . To visit other countries the passports must be countersigned by their respective ambassadors. For their residences see the Di- rectory. ROUTES TO PARIS.— The foUowmg is a list of the varioas routes from the coast to Paris, all by railway. I. Calais to Paris in 8 to lo hours, by Lille and Amiens. II. Boulogne to Paris in 6 to 8 hours. (Fine church at Abbeville, and Cathedral at Amiens.) III. Havre to Paris, in 5 to 7 hours, passing througli Rouen. (Cathedral of St. Ouen, statue of Joan of Arc, Museum, Bridge, Quays, &c., are well worth stopping one day at Rouen.) IV. Dieppe to Paris, through Rouen, in 5 to 7 hours. V. OsTEND TO Paris, by Brussels, Lille, &c., in 1 2 to 1 3 hours* CONVEYANCES.— Correct information respecting these may may be obtsduad at the railroad and packet offices in London. The Dover, Folkestone, Southampton, and Brighton trains leave several times a-day to meet the packets. The best route to Paris for rapidity is by the morning or evening mail-post trains, by Dover and Calais in 13 hours ; for day-travelling, Folkestone and Boulogne j an4 for scenery, but ' ' i 2 GENERAL INFORMATION* with a longer sea pass^e, Southampton to Havre, or Bn^ton to Dieppe. At Havre the traveller may either go by rail to Paris, or take the steam packet to Rouen, and thence the rafl to Paris. From Dieppe he goes by rail via Rouen. Steam Packets.-— Splendid packets leave London-bridge for Calais, Boulogne, and Havre, almost every day, particularly during the summer months. Packets start daily from Dover and Folkestone ; others, several times a-week -from Brighton to Dieppe, and from Southampton to Havre. From Southamptoii there are boats to the Channel islands, St. Malo, 6cc. Public Coaches. — Diligences carry from 15 to 18 passen- gers, and contain 4 kinds of places — ^the coup4, which holds 3 ; tntdrieur, 6; rotonde, 6; and banquette, on the top of the vehicle, 3. The coup4 is the dearest. All luggage above 40lb. tb &olb. per head is charged by weight. One-half of the fare is paid in advance. The day, hour of departure, and number of the seat, are marked on the receipt. Diligences to all parts may be found, and all information obtained, at the I^ssageries Tmperialea, 28,riieNotre-Dame des Victoires ? at the Hessagtries Generates, 18, rue Crenelle St. Honors, and at the various coach-offices. (See p. x.) Posting, Malles-Postes. — Parties travelling by post should be provided with a livre de posts, price 4 fr., which con- tains all the necessary information. The remuneration to the postilion is, legally, 1 fr. per myriamelre, but two francs are generally given if he has behaved well. Carriages may be hired for journeys from the postmasters at from 7 fr. to lo fr. per diem. The malles-postes, or mail-coaches, carry two or three passengers, who are allowed solb. of luggage each ; the trunk must not exceed 27 inches in length, J4 in breadth, and i 3 in height* The fares are 2 fr. per myriametre (al)out 654 miles). Places are booked at the General Post-oftice, rue Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Paris, and at the country Post-offices, on producing passports and pre-paying a part of the fare. All parcels sent to the Continent must have a written de- claration of their contents and value annexed to them, with Hie name and address of the person sending them. RAILROADS. — Ten of these, having stations in Paris, are in operation; vie. : I. The St, Germain railroad, 124, rue St. Lazare, the first constructed, opened in 1 837 . A section of it, between Chatou and St. Germain, is on the atmospheric principle. It has a branch to Auteuil and Neuilly. — II. The Rouen railroad, 9, rue d* Amsterdam, opened, in 1843, asfap as that dty, and continued to Havre in 1847, with » braneh to Dicppe.-^IIl. The Versailles raifroad on the nbr^MTA )Mi^ of the d<^; 124, rue St. Lazare, opened in eoirreTANCGS. ) 1839, coixMunieating Willi St. Cloud Atid Mem^diate places. —IV. The Renne9, or Western railroad, bi&rricre du Maine, intra muros, opened in 1840 as far as Versailles (by Mendon and Sevres), aud in 1855 as far as Laval. — V. The Orleans railroad, rue Neuve de la Gare (facing the north-east corner of tbeJardin dos Plantes), opened in 1843, and continued to Nantes in 1852; it couununicates with the steamers on the Loire to Nantes, and thence to Bordeaux. (1) — ^VI. The Corbetl railroad, a branch of the preceding, opened in 1840. — VII. The Sceaux and Orsay railixwid, barricre d'Enfer, extra mu- ros, construcled in 1846, on the ArnoUx system (Sec p. 544.) VJJI. The Northern railroad, 24, rue de Dunkerque (near the barriere St. Denis), opened in 1846, connecting Paris with the Belgian frontier by Amiens, Arras, Douai, Erqudinnes, and Valenciennes. It has branches to St. Quentin, Bonlognc, and Calais. — ^IX. The Strasbourg rsdlroad, place de Strasbourg (near the barriere St. Martin), opened in 1852 to its whole extent. — ^X. The Lyoris railroad, boulevard Mazas, opened in 1849, and touching at Fontainebleau. Besides these, is the Chemin de fer de Ceintttre, or railway round Paris. (2) Notices of the fares and hours of departure, may be obtained gratis at the respective stations. Connecting omnibuses for (i) This company has lately provided an imperial train, con- sisting of five or six carriages, fitted up with luxurious elegance. They communicate with each other by means of an external gal- lery, and contain sitting rooms for the Emperor and Empress, a room for the ladies of honour, a study, &c. (2) This railway forms two distinct sections, that of the west, and that of the north-east. The former, starling from the rue St. Lazare, passes under the Batlgnolles, crosses the plain of Monceaux, passes under the village of Courcelles, across the old Neuiliy road, and, skirting the Bois de Boulogne, ends at Auleuil. The other section, starting ft'om the same point, crosses the plains of St. Denis and Les Vetlus, after touching the Northern and Strasbourg lines, and passes over the Route de Flandre, the Canal de I'Ourcq, and the Pautin road. It then enters the double tunnel under Belle\ilhe, tooo metres in length, coming out atCharonne, behind Pferc Lachalse. Thence it crosses the Vincenncs road, thii Avertue de St. Mand^, the Charentoh road, and the Lyons railway by a viaduct, detaching a branch line to it. It then crosses the Sfeine over the Pont Napoleon at Bercy, and joins the Orleans station at Ivry by a viaduct. This railway, besides diminishing the encumbrance caused in the streets df Paris by the conveyance of goods, also diminishes the cost of cohveyanee 20 per cent. Its entire length is 17,000 miettes (ti miles), comprising 4 tunnels, t bridge over the ieine, 26 viadutils ibove roads, quuys and canalfe. and % passafeB Mii>^ f aUv*>». th^ cost m l>«ett 1jj,o\>i>,oW ». 4' GENERAL IM^ORHATION. these railways may be found at dlfifereut points of Paris. (1 STEAM-BOATS leave the Quai de la Greve for Melon an Montereau every morning during summer, and vice versa, b; Corbeil; office, 60, Quai de. la Greve; charge cheap. Steani boats start from the Quai, near the Pont Royal, in sommer for Sevres and St. Cloud, several times in the day. CARRIAGES, HACKNEY-COACHES, CABRIOLETS.— Foi tures de remise (glass coaches) may be hired by the day o month, at from 20 to 30 fr. a-day, or from 400 to 500 fr. a month. They will go a certain distance out of Paris, but mus be back again before midnight, unless a particular agreement b< made ; and with a small additional charge a lad is given to gc behind the carriage. In the fiacreSy holding six persons (there are very few now), a drive from any part of Paris tc another without stopping is 30 sous, from six a., h. to midnight ; if taken by the hour, 2 fr.; from midnight to six A. bi. the drive is 2 fr., the hour 3 fr. ^ For two-horse coupis, carrying four persons, or one-horse fiacres, holding two and four per- sons, for a drive 25 sous; the hour 35 sous. For cabriolets with two or four wheels (not always a good shelter against rain), for a drive, 22 sous from six a. h. to midnight; the hour 30 sous. From midnight to six A. m., the drive for the small fiacres or cabriolets is 35 sous, and the hour 2 fr. 10 sous. It is customary to give the coachman a few sous above his fare. (2) There are also cabriolets de rSgie and one- horse caUchbs and coupes, speedier, which hold four or two (i) The total length of all the railroads of France actually 'Working in 1855 ^as 5,335 kilometres; their total receipts amounted to 269,258,810 fr. The capital invested in railroads amounts to 30oo millions of francs, of which two-thirds have been paid by the Companies and the rest by Government. (2) Hackney coaches beyond the barriers, but within the continuous wall of the fortiilcations , and including the Bois de Boulogne, can only be taken by the hour ; the fares are : /lacrM, 2 fr.; coupes and small fiacres, i fr. 75 c; ca- briolets, 1 fr. 50 c. For distances beyond the continuous wall the fare of the fiacres is 3 fr.; that of the other vehicles 2 fr. For cabriolets and voitwres de rigie beyond the barriers but within the fortifications the charge is 2 fr. an hour for the former, and 3 fr. 50 c. for the latter; beyond the fortifications the charges are 2 fr. so c. and s fr. so c. an hour. There are no legal fares for drives beyond the barriers after midnight, nor beyond the fortifications after 7 p.m. in winter and 9 p.m. in summer ; and, in the latter case, the return of the empty carriage must be paid as far as the barrier, in proportion to the time spent in going. Passengers pay all tolls. In all cases the fare is regu^ ited by the time Qf departure, and iiot by that of arrival. CARRUGES AND UACKNET-CO ACHES. I persons ; (1) 30 sous are paid for the drive, and 1 fir. 75 c. by the hour. After midnight, they can only he taken by the hour, at a charge of 50 sous. Carriages to railway-stations or theatres are paid beforehand, or before arriving, to avoid de- lay. The railway-station of Sceaux outside the barriers, and the cemeteries, are considered as being in Paris. It is neces- sary to mention whether the party engages them d la course or d Vheure; otherwise the drivers can demand the price of a *' course " for each stoppage. The traveller should show the driver the time by his watch, or by the clocks set up, for the public convenience, in the inspectors' boxes, at the difTerent stands throughout the capital. After the Orst hour, charges are made for fractions of hours, and not for full hours. — The driver is bound to give a printed card with his number, which it is well to preserve, in case of forgetting anything in the coach. (2) All vehicles are numbered both within and without ; and, in case of accident or insolence, redress can al- ways be had by sending a written complaint to the Bureau de la Police pour les voitures publiques, 19, rue de Pontoise. (3) (i) The cabriolets or voitures de remise are numbered with small red figures, the voitures and cabriolets de place on the contrary with larger yellow ones. Since 1855, nearly all these Yehicles have become the property of one company. Every morning the over- seer of the stand inspects them, to ascertain if they are in a fit state for service. The fare is stuck up inside for the information of the public. Impositions of the driver arc severely punished. (2) Yearly rewards are given to such drivers as have shown the greatest honesty in restoring to the owners articles of value left in their carriages. In 1855, the value of articles restored amounted to i54,066fr. including bank notes and gold and silver coin. Sixty-five drivers were rewarded. Things found in the streets are called epaves. There is an ofiTice at the Prefecture where they are received from the Commissioners of Police with whom they have been deposited by the finders ; and upon due identification they are restored to the owners. There were 1970 epaves deposited there in 1855. (3) The number of public carriages authorised by the police 18 2670, thus classed: — 733 cabriolets, 44 1 coupes, 9i 3 fiacres, 125 voitures suppl^mentaires, 125 cabriolets de I'ext^rieur, and 340 omnibuses. — The taxes levied on these vehicles are — for a cabriolet 215 fr. ; coup^ 130 fr.; coach 150 fr. ; supplementary vehicle .50 fr. ; cabriolet de I'ext^rieur 115 fr. ; omnibus 400 fr. —The amount levied by the city of Paris on these 2670 public carriages amounts to 432,532 fr. The expense of maintaining 85 ofiices for the superintendence of the various stands is 1 12,200 fr. The number of vehicles circulating in the streets is stated at 60,259, including 27,938 public andprivale carriages^ the number of persons circulating daily in the former Is 20o,oo^^ The number of horses in Paris is slated at u 4,000. i GtSOMML nmowATiQir. Besides those Ipr the intenqr service of Paris^ t)iere are ve- hicles for the environs. Those wliich go to St. Cloud, Yers^les, and St. Germain, start from the Rue de Rivcli. There are others, popularly called coucous, which generally hold nine persons ; they have no fixed charge, hut it is generally very moderate, except on festival occasions, when they increase it. For starting-places see Preface, page x. OMNIBUSES. — There are numerous lines of omnibuses (l) established in Paris, which go to all parts of the town, and at all hours between 8 m the morning and U at night. The price is 6 sous inside, and 3 sous on the imperiale, or top, if any. They atop at different offices or bureaux on their way, to take up passengers, and set down those who have claimed a check, called correspo7idance, delivered gratis by the cad, for the purpose of deviating from the direct line. lu the follow- ing list the capital letter denotes the line, the rest its extre- mities and the offices where the oimiibus may be waited for : i . A —Palais Royal, Passy.— Along the quays and the Cours la Relne. B.— Chaillot, Slrasburg Railway.— Ofi. Avenue dcs Cbamps Elysecs; 15, Rue Royalc; 27, Boulevard dc la Madeleine ; I3i, Rue St. Lazare^ Versailles tcr- uiiuus ; 9, Rue Bonrdaloue ; 27, Place Cadet ; 2, Rue Blcuc. C— Louvre, Neuilly.— Place du Louvre; place du Palais Royal ^ Avenue des 4 Chami>5 ElysCcs. corner of Rue Neuvc de Berry. D.— Rouie, Filles du Calvaire.-ll7, Faubourg St. nonor6; 45, Rao Royale; 27, Rue St. Uonord: 179, Place du Palais Royal ; 202, Rue St. Honoro E.— Madeleine, Ba.stille.— Along the Boulevards. Correspondence with D. F.— Balignollcs-Monceaux, Bastille.— i3"), Rue St Lozare; Vei-saillcs tcruu- nns ; 27, Boulevard de la Madeleine ; Rue Calinal; 33, Rue Ranibutean. G.— Louvre, Batignolles-ClicUy.— Place du Palais Royal ; Z'J, Chausscio d'An- lin ; 78. Rue St. Lnzare. U.— Barrltre Blanche, Od6on.— 9, Rue Bonrdaloue; 8, Bonlevard des Italiens: Place du Palais Royal; 4, Rue dc GrenoHe St. Germain ; 10, Place St. Sulpice. J.— Panthdon. Barri6re dcs Martyrs.— iO, Place St. Sulpice; Croix Rouge; G9. Rue de GrcncUe St. Germain ; \o. Rue Royale ; 39, Chauss<^c d'Antin. J.— Barriere St. Jacques, Barrifere Rochcchouart.— 14, Riic Soufaot ; 21, Quai St. Michel ; Quai aux Fleurs ; 2. Rue Bertin-Poirec ; 27, Place Cadet. K.— Chapello St. Denis, Barriire dliufer.- Porte St. Denis; o. Place do Pont St. Michel ; 3). Place St. Michel. L.— Place St. Sulpice, Villolte.— »0. Place St. Michel ; 21, Quai St. MicUol ; 2. Quai des Gcvros ; Porte St Martin ; 3 , Rue de Strasbourg. M.— Iloulevards Exterieurs.- Barriere de TEtoilc, and following barriers, up to Belleville. Corrcbpondcnce >\ilh U and 1. (I) All the omnibus companies are now amalgamated into one, chartered for thirty years, on condition that no company or individual be allowed to start other lines during that period; that the amalgamated company shall pay the Cily an annual sum of 640,000 fr. for right of station, and t,ooo fr. per annum besides for every vehicle it may start over and above the pre- sent number; that it shall organise special services for the con- veyance of workmen at the option of the municipality ; and lastly, when required, furnish so carts for the rcmova3 of lee or -•now, or conveyance of sand to put down on the public way. Jf.-Ptece d^ victoires. Be]leTiUe.~7S, Bovtetard aa TeBpto} HtU WL Uutio ; Porte St. Denis ; Roe CatiDst. O.T-](arrite« MtoilmooUot, Barrl^re MontptraaiM.— TS, Bootaravi 4aTc»* pie; S, Qnai de Gr^ve; 3^ Place Dauphine; s, Place St. Solplee. P.~Bastiile, P^re la Chaise.— Correspondence ttith E, F, Q. R, S and Z. Q.— Palais RoTal. Tr4ne.— Place du Louvre; Qj Roe Bertin-Poir^e ; 24, QmI deia Greve; 2, ficmlevard Beanniarchais. R.— Faubourg St. Honors, Barriire CharentoB. — Place dn Palais BqjaI; Place do Louvre ; facing Caserne Nai)olean ; 223, Rue St. Antoioe. S.— Louvre, Berc^.— Place dn Palais Royal. T.- Place Cadei, Rarriere de la Gare.^Porle St. Denis; SO. Rae Rambotcan ; RoedeRivoli. facing Caserne Napoleon; 24, Qnai de la GrHe U— Notre Dame de Lorette, Barri^re de Fontainebleau.— Its. RgeSt. n^ Bor6; i, Place Dauphine; Place du Pont St. Michel; 19. Qnai de la Tour- aelle. v.-cheniin de Per du Nord, Barrijire da Maine.->S5, Rue de S^raa; Croii Rouge; 3, Place Dauphine ; Place du Louvre. X.— vaugtrard, Place du Havre.— Place du Palais Royal: 9)3 and 193, Rue $1. Honore ; S4. Rue Croix desPetits Champs. Y.-Grenelle, Porte St. Martin.— Corner of Rue de l^Use; 902»naa9 dv Palais Royal ; 192, Rue St. Honord^ Porte St. Denis. Z.— Champ-de-Mars^ Bastille— Corner of Rue de I'EgUse ; 69. Roe de Gre- nelie; 10, Place St. Suipkei ao. Rue de la Harpe. POST-OFFICE.— The administration of post-letten is CQ% ducted at the General Post-office in the rue Jean-Jacqueg RoMt- seau; also at 27 auxiliary bureaux, called bureaux d*afTonr dissement, situated as follows : — 4, Place de la Bourse ; ^ the Exchange ; 14, rue Fontaine Moliere ; 28, rue de Seze ; 75, Fbg. St. Honore; 3a, rue de Londres; 3, rueChaillot; 2, rue Bourdaloue; 19, rue d'Antin ; 8, rue St. Nicolas d'Antin ; 5, rue Ste. Cecile; 8, rue Lafayette; 160, ru^du Faubourg St. Martin; 48, rue d'Angouleme ; 174, rue du Faubourg St. Ad- toine; 195, Boulevard Beauinarchais; at the Salpetriere, boule* vard THopital ; 28, rue du Cardinal Lemoine ; 173, rueMouff%- tard; 29, rue St. Louis en I'lle ; at Hotel de ViUe; 4, rue Neuve Bourg-VAbbe ; 4, rue des Vieilles Haudriettes ; 13, rue de Seine; 15, rue de la Sainte-Chapelle ; 19, rue de Vaugirard; 5, Petite rue du Bac; 148, nie St. Dominique, Gros CaiUou, and $6^ same street; 3, rue de TEchelle ; i, rue Tirechappe^ and at the N Tthern, Rouen, and Orleans railway stations. Besides these, there are also offices having the same pri- vileges as the General Post-office at the Legislative Palace, an4 at the Luxembourg. Likewise 293 smaller offices dependent on the preceding, called boifes aux leitres. Since July 1854, letters for France, if prepaid, cost one-third less than sai^ as are not ; thus, a smgle letter withxn Paris (by what is called the Petite Poste, established in 1760), if franked, costs 10 c, and if not 1 5 c. Throughout France, a single letter, weighing 7»/i granunes is franked for 20 c. ; one not exceeding 1 5 gram, for 40 c. ; within 100 grammes, 80 c, and for every loo fram, more, or fraction thereof, 80 c. more. If not Irank^j 8 GENERAL INFORMATION. the above charges are increased one-half. (1) Postage-stampfl of to, 20, 40 cent., and 1 fr. are to be had at all the bureaux d'arrondissements ; postmen, tobacconists, and keepers of the bodes aux lettres are also bound to have stamps for sale. The boites of the letters for Paiis are cleared 7 times a-day; viz.^- 7*4, 9*4, li»/a a. m., and at VA, 3%, 5, and 9 p. m. The bureaux d'arrondissement ai S'a and lo a. m., and at 12, 2, 4, 5, and 9»/2 p. m. The box at the General Post-office at 5 in summer, 5*/3 in winter, 9, 10, a. m., and at 12*/^, 2^4, 4V^, 6, 9% p. m. The distributions of letters take plac« at 7 54, 954, 1 1 /«, iVa, 3*/j, 5J4, and 7 o'clock. On Sundays and holidays, the 7th clearance of the boxes, and the 6th distribution do not take place, and the last clearance is fixed at 5 o'clock for the boites^ S% for the bureaux, and. 6 o'clock for the General office. (2) Letters for foreign countries, and for the departments, are in time at the boites till 5 o'clock, at the bureaux d'arroft^ dissement till 5J4, and at the Exchange, General PostK)ffice, and privileged offices, till 6 o'clock, except holidays ; the General Post-office then closes from 2 to 4 hours earlier at each of the offices, according to the nature of the f4te. There are two departures daily for England, at U»4 a. ni. and 8 p. m., and for Belgium id 7% a.m. and 8 p. m. Letters arrive at Paris from those countries at 5 aud at 10 a. ra. For Great Britain and the British colonies, Belgium, and the ad- joining German States, letters are received, if bearing sufficient ^)ost-offiee stampai at the Northern railway station, and at IGO, rue du Faubourg St. Martin, up to 7 p.m. for transmis- sion the same night. Pre-paid letters for the Havre line are received at 28, rue de Seze, up to 10 o'clock at night. (3) Letters for England arrive in London the next day. (4) Let- (1) Letters to the French colonies or foreign countries, bear- ing an insufficient number of stamps, are considered as not franked atall. Letters for France^ not bearing a sufficient number of stamps, are liable to a supplementary charge equal to the difference. For the interior, and most foreign parts, franking is optional ; but letters mwt be franked the whole way for the French colonies, and those of all other nations except the British ; for Persia, the East Indies. China, and the South Sea. They must /be franked to the frontier for the Ionian Isles and Greece. (2) The sorting of letters for distribution from all parts of the world is performed at the General Post-office by t4o men. (3) By contracts with the different railway companies, there are now two (and to some places more) general posts a-day, for many places distant 450 kilometres (280 miles) and more from Paris. The carriages destined for the service of the post accomo- date clerks and sorters, who do their work while travelling. (4) Letters for London put into the Post-office in Paris on Sa- turday are delivered on Monday, with those put in on Sunday, POST-OFnCE. 9 ten from England reach Paris in the same time, and are r^ ceived every day except Monday. — Letters not exceeding 7% grammes, and pre-paid either m France or England, cost 40 c. and double if not pre-paid. The slightest weight above 7^3 grammes renders them liable to double postage ; above 15 grammes, to treble, and so on. Registered or money letters {lettres chargies) may be sent to London, and some parts of the continent, and vice versa, with a small additional charge. Patterns of goods, in covers open at both ends, may be sent at reduced rates of postage. Money may be sent through the auxiliary bureaux to any part of France on paying 2 per cent., and 7 sous for a stamped draft, when the sum exceeds 10 fr. A post-bill not exceeding 100 fr. is cashed at sight in all poslH)ffices in France; if above too fr., a written advice from the Administration is necessary. A foreigner may have his letters directed to him poste res- tante. The Paris poste restante is open from 8 a. m. to 7 p. m. except on Sundays and festivals, when it closes at 5 p. m. On the party showing his passport or card, the letter will be delivered ; but the best way is to have them addressed lo the care of a friend, or some established house. Letters mis- addressed or unclaimed remain a certain lime at the Bureau des BebutSj never more than 4 months ; after which they are opened, and, according to their contents, destroyed or returned to the address of the writer. Open from 9 a. m. to 4 p. m., but closed at 2 p. m. on Sundays and holidays*. By a conxention with Great Britain, dated Dec. 26, 1855, prepaid journals, periodicals, and other works, are now sent un- der a band by post to England and her dependencies, at a rate of 8 c. per 40 ^ammes weight. Those foreign countries where a similar arrangement exists enjoy the same advantage. For France, the charge is 4 c. per sheet. The bureau, which is a special one at the General Post-office, is open from ^A a. m, to 2 p. m. (1) {\) Tlie last published receipts of the Post-office for nine years give the following results : — iWt I 53.295,676fr. i I8S0 1 42,824,995 fr. | 4853 I 45,660,943 fr. 1848 52.940,150,, 1851 44,307,434,, 1854 49,8o2.000 „ 1849 1 41,946,129 „ I 1852 I 46,943,151 „ I 1855 I 50,807,000,. In 1821, the receipts were only 24,000,000 fr. Uniform postage began in 1849. Since the introduction of postage-stamps, about »5 per cent of the letters are prepaid. The total sum paid for the transmission of periodicals is about 5^700,000 fr. The number of letters conveyed by the post throughout France was, in 1847 I 124,650,600 | 1850 I 159,500,000 I 1853 I 17\602.102 1848 120,340,000 1851 159,4.'>0,CC0 1854 1 t94,726,8<0 - 1849 I 157,446,000 | 1852 I 168,(00,0(.0 I 1855 | 233,517,000 The total number of post-offices \n France in i855 wa8 3,800. APARTMENTS, HOTSILS, ETC.^Funushe4 Itpartiuents in frivate houses are fewer than in London, being supplied in aris by private hotels., or maisom meublees, which contain every grade of lodging, from complete apartments for families, including separate kitchens, to a single bed-room. Here the traveller enjoys the most perfect freedom from prying notice. It is not usual, nor is it advantageous, to go to a maison meublee for a slay oX a few days. Of hotels there is a gi-eai abundance in Paris, from the most luxurious down to those of the very humblest description. Lodgings may be hired by the night, week, oT month ; the price ought always to be agreed on beforehand, even for a single night ; the price of a bed-room for one night varies from 2 to 5 fr. (1) There are numerous boarding-houses at different charges, both French and English (See p. 94). Unfurnished apartments may be taken per quaiter, and furniture hired from upholsterers, or purchased cheap at second-hcind shops, the most econonncal plan for a long stay in Paris, provided a safe agreement be made with the upholsterer on quilting. The traveller may take his meals at his hotel ; the tablc-S*h6te, if there be one, is generally the cheapest plan. Restaurateurs and traiteurs charge more for the dinners they send out than for those served on the spot. Memice's hotel, 228, rue de Rivoli, is situated in a fine and agreeable spot, facing the Tuileries. A new and splendid hotel, called the Hdtel du Louvre, has lately been opened on the Place du Palais Royal. (See p. 215.J Apartments pay be had by the day, week, or month ; break- fasts are served in the coffee-room or in private apartments, and visitors may dine at the table-d'hote or in th(;ir own rooms. A list contains the charge for every article, servants, etc. Such hotels forward letters, and procure information of every kind with great regv^larity. Couriers, interpreters, an4 return-carriages may also be had there. The Hotel Bristol, Place Vendome, and Lawson's Bedford Hotel, rue de PArcade, are excellent family hotels. See also Directory. SERVANTS. — In almost every furnished hotel there are ser- vants who may be hired by the month, fortnight, week, or day. The cl\arge is 5 or 6 francs a-day, as they board themselves. They are called valet s-de-place ; they will be found invalu- able to the stranger who desires to visit aU the curiosities of the capital, and to examine those nmuerous localities of Paris, celebrated for the historical events extending from the middle ages down to the last revolution. A well-informed guide can (0 The average number of holelft and fuvnUbed bouKe in Pa* ris 18^ 5,000, affording acconimodaUc^n to 70,000 perftonp. Digitize REST4G^niiW 4K9 Tiunvuiis. \ t tlUll poiiil out bigUy inUfcstii^ tr«cea of tbe ol4«a 49ij and 6ay« ibe visitor iQuoh time and trouble, (l) INTERPRETEJBS.r-Ihere are in Paris interpreters of every language, also offices k^pt by sworn translators. GOMMiSSJONNAlBES.— Porters, under this name, and dift- tinguisi^ed by a numbered brass plate, are found at the corners of aU principid streets. Letters or parcels may be safely en- trusted to them, and tb^ir charges vary fiom 10 to 30 sous. RESTAURATEURS AND TRAITEURS.— These rank among the most striking establishments of the capital. Nothing is more common than for a great part of tbe Parisian community, including ladies and persons of the tirst distinction, to dine occasionally at a restaurateur*s. In fact, Paris nowhere pre- sents a scene more elegant than one of the spkndid saloons of # first-rate restauratei^*, fitted up in a style of the highest taste and luxury, and crowded with a brilliant compiuiy of botb sexes. If in summer, the traveller ought to select the Qoule* yards, and bespeak a table at one of the windows, thus adding to the pleasures of the palate the sight of one of tbe most animated panoramas Europe can afford ; for the evening scene of the Boulevards in this fashionable part of Pans, with its well-drGiiscd crowds, seated iu groups or promenading, its verdant trees, and its thousand lights, form a most enchant- ing picture. (2) Restaurants have private rooms called cabinets de socidtey in which a party may dine in private. Besides the prindpal restaurateurs, where the dinner is a /a carte, there are other houses where dinners are served for a fixed sum, from 2 francs, including wine. In most parts of Paris, a dinner may be had for 30, 25, and even 22 sous. The last of these prices will procure soup, 2 dishes at choice, a dessert, bread, and a modicum of wine. Tratteurs, or petty restaurar (0 Seivants are obliged Ip have a livret or book from the police, where the masters must write the date of their entrance and that of their leaving, wUhout expressing either satisfaction or blame. The book remains in tbe ma&ter's hands unltl tlie servant quits, when he must immediately cause it to be deli- vered to the Commissary of Police of his quarter. Any con\- plaint he may have lo make about his servant must be addressed separately to the i^ame ofncial. No person should take a ser- vant into his service without a livret. (2) Formerly privileged persons alone could keep eating- houses in Paris; but in i765 a cook prepared a room for re- freshments, placing over the door the following parody of a passage in Scripture : ^' Venile ad me omnes qui ttomacho labo- ralis, et ego restaurabo vos." This attempt was successful, and since i?S9^ these establis.bments have ii^creaced every ye^r, a^^ are pow to be fftund v^ s^U parts of Paris, i) GENERAL UVFORMATION. tears, send out dishes, or dinners ready dressed, to order. A family in lodgings, or at an hotel, had better bargain with the traiteuT for a number of dishes at a certain hour. After dinner Parisians go to a cafe, to take a demi-tasse of coffee, and di petit verre de liqueur, instead of sitting over the wine. For a fist of the best dishes in French cookery, see Preface. The principal restaurants are Trois Freres Proven^ux, Very, Ve- four, (all in the Palais Royal,) Cafe de Paris, Maison Doree, and Cafe Anglais, boulevard des Italiens. See Directory. CAFfiS. — The first cafe in Paris was estabfished by an Ar- menian in 1 697 , and was greatly frequented. These establish- ments multiplidi rapidly under Louis XV., and became cele- brated as the favourite resort of distinguished individuals. At present they are to be found in every quarter, and rank among the most remarkable features of Paris, decorated as they generally are on the western boulevards, and in other fashion- able parts of the town, with unrivalled costliness and splendour. Exceptions to this general expensive style of decoration la- vished upon them are of course to be found ; but on the west- ern boulevards, and other fashionable parts of the town, it is difficult to fancy anything more tastefully brilliant than the Parisian coffee-rooms. When lighted up at night, tlie effect, either seen from the exterior or within, is perfectly dazzling. Chairs and small tables are placed outside, where both sexes enjoy the cool of the evening, and witness the animated scene around them ; while within you see yourself reflected by mir- rors, remarkable for their size and number ; you find yourself bewildered with the blaze of light, amidst the confused glitter of gilding, painting, and glass. The eye is dazzled with gor- geousncss, and the effect is heightened by the degree of taste and luxury displayed in the fitting-up. Here it is, in these spacious rooms, resplendent with decoration and brilliant with l^ht, that the character of the French people may be seen, amongst the numerous guests who nightly crowd together to amuse and to be amused. Nearly all these places furnish coffee, chocolate, tea, ices, liqueurs, &c., and dejeuners a la fourchette, either hot or cold; but dinners and suppers are generally to be had only at the restaurateurs'. Among the pri- vileges which the gentler sex enjoy in 'Paris, and from which they are debarred by the ungallant customs in England, is the advantage of being able to visit these establishments, either in company or alone, without attracting observation. As many continental habits are gradually finding their way into the British metropolis, we trust that this one, which is dictated as much by good sense as by politeness, will speedily receive the honours of denizenship. Estaminets^ UONETART SYSTEM* 13 or smoking rooms, arcT not of course eligible places for ladies to visit. The most splendid are the cafe Riche and cafe Car- dinal, boulevard des Italiens, cafe Pierront, bocdevard Poisson* niere, cafe Yeron, comer of rue Vivienne and boulevard, cafe de la Banque, place desVictoires, and cafede Foy, Palais Royal. For a list of other cafes, see Directory. READING-ROOMS AND CIRCULATING LIBRARIES.— There are many establishments of this kind in Paris; but the most distinguished and most frequented by Frenchmen and foreign- ers, particularly Englishmen and Americans, is that of Messrs. Galignani and Co., No. 224, rue de Rivoli, which is conducted on a most extensive scale. The tables are covered with aU the European newspapers and periodical publications worthy of no- tice. Ladies are admitted. The admission is by the day, week, or month. . The Circulating Library of Messrs. Galignani is conspicuous above all others for its excellent selection and great number of volumes. The subscription is by the fortnight or month. CERGLES. — ^These are societies conducted on similar prin- ciples to the clubs of London, the members subscribing for the support of a magnificent apartment, in which they assemble for the purpose of conversation, reading the papers, and playing at cards and billiards. Members may also dine there. To be admitted, the candidate must be proposed by a member, and ballotted for, as in London ; they are intended chiefly for French society, and few foreigners belong to them, since their stay in Paris is generally short. The best are : the French Joc- key Club, 2, rue Drouot ; the Cercle des Echecs, at the Caf6 de la Regence, 161, rue St. Honore ; the Ancien Cercle, 13, boulevard Montmartre ; Cercle des Arts, rue de Choiseul, 32 ; Cercle de VUnion, 30, rue Grammont ; Cercle du Commerce, 4, rue Lepelletier; Cercle Agricole, 29, quai Voltaire; the Cercle Imperial, under the presidency of Prince Murat^ 5, rue des Champs Elyse,e8 ; the Cercle des Chemins de Per, at the corner of the rue dela Michodiere and the boulevard ; the Cercle du Commerce et de V Industrie, 14 his. Boulevard Pois- sonniere ; the Cercle Grammont, 112, rue Richelieu, and the Cercle des Etats-Unis, 16, rue Lepelletier. MONETARY SYSTEM,— Accounts are kept in France in francs, each of 10 decimes or loo centimes. The modern gold coins are pieces of 100 fr., 60 fr., (1) 20 fr., 10 fr., and 6 fr., commonly called "pieces de cent francs," **de cinquante francs," " de vingt francs," (napoleons,) ** de dix francs," " de cinq francs." The silver coins are 5 fr., 2 fr., 1 fr., Viit., and (ij The old i^ frr pieces arc now repUcei by these. 14 GE^^effAL iNFOftllAtlON. [iifeeefe 6t 20 c^iilittws. The eoptiei* coiM are 2 sous, 1 sou, and 2 and 1 centime, (l) I A the monetary system of France, (2) the coins, if accurately minted, may serve also as weights. Thus, iofr. ih copper (neW coinage), 200 in standai-d silver, or 3100 in standard gold, weigh 1 kilogramme; Ihe piece of 1 fr. weighs 5 grammes, and any other piece in the same 5)roportion. The silver coins of 5 francs are also called *'piec>es de cent sous;" two-franc pieces "pieces de quarante sous," and so on. the notes issued by the Bank of France are 100, 200, 500, lood, and 5000 fr. These are convertible into silver at the Bank, without discount, except 2 sous for the bag ; or, at a Small charge into silver or gold, at the money-changers' shops. (■^) In reckoning, instead of 25 sous they say 1 fr. 25c.; instead of 30 sous, 1 fr. 50 c, and so on. The gold as well as silver coins of France contain 1-1 oth alloy. The value 6f the pound sterling at par is 25 fr. ; but it varies according to the exchange. The following table will be found very use- ful for ready reckoning : — fi) The re-coinage of all the coppter- money in France (about 60,000,000 fr.) has been in progress since 1852, and is now nearly completed. The metal of the new sou pieces contains 95 parts of copper, 4 of tin, and 1 of zinc. (2) Before 1795 accounts were kept in livres, of 20 sous, or 240 deniers ; the terms livres and francs for many years were used indiscriminately, although so of the old livres were ^orlh about 81 fr. of the present coin. The double louis was rated at 48 livres ; the simple louis at 24 livres; the large crown-piece, or ecu, at tf ; and the small one, or petit 6cu, at three livres. There were also pieces of 30 and of 15 sous, of base metal. There are minis in France at Bordeaux, Lille, Lyons, Marseilles, Rouen, and Strasbourg, all under the authority of the " Commission des Monnaies." The following is an official statement of the gold arid silver coin struck in France from 1795 to 1 854 : GoM. Silver. iSt ReiiubUc . . . . fi-. 106,237,255 fr. Empire . . . 528,024,440 887,830,055 Louis XVin. to Louis Philippe 658,164,780 3,004,279,764 2d Republic (1848-1850) . 143,163,770 390,572,478 . 1851 . . . 269,709,570 59,237.308 Empire (l852-18S5) . 47,127,758 384,882,465 1854 . . . 556,528,200 2,123,887 1855 • . . 447,427j820 25,500,305 Totals: 2,619,146,338 4,860,663,517 The cost of coinage is fixed at 6 fr. 70 c. per kilo, for gold, a r fi*. 5t) c. tor silver, and at 4 fr. 89 c. for copper. (3) The ^old coin in France is now at par. In 1848 it was at 10 to f^ per ioo<» fi^* premium.

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'• •'•IHiiiif»*ij1ii O0)OOr<«>A^COC4 >©9d90lo»Hrt9*frt*- t •♦ CO c< «* i= 16 GENERAL INFORMATtON. WEIGHTS, MEASURES, &c.— Before the first Revolution the poids de marc was the standard weight of France. The boisseau was the corn-measure, the pinte the measure for li- r'ds, the pied, or foot, the unit of length, from which were ived the lieue, or league, and the toise, or fathom. Since 1795 the metrical or decimal system has been introduced, and confirmed by a special law, which came into operation on the 1st of January, 1840; but although parties using the old weights and measures are now liable to prosecution, they are still pertinaciously adhered to iu several parts of the country.— The ten-miliiouth part of the spherical distance of the Pole from the Equator is called a metre, and adopted as the unit of length (1) ; its square and cube are taken as stan- dards of surface, capacity, and solidity, and the weight of a cube of distilled water, at the temperature of 40 centigrade (39.2<> Fahr.), having Its side equal to the hundredth part of a metre, is the unit of weight. (2) The following tables will be found useful in converting the old or new French weights and measures into English ones, and vice versa. SYSTEMATIC NAMES. FRENCH VALUE. ENGUSH VALUE. Measwres of length, i 0,000 metres 6.2138 miles. 1,000 metres 1093.633 yards. % of a mile. 10 moires 10.93633 yards. Fundamental unit of 1. 093633 yard, or iveigUts and measures. 39,371 inches. Decimetre. . . . i-«oth of a mMre 3.937079 inches. GentimMre . . . i-iooth of a mMre 0.393708 — MillimMre. . . . i-iooolh of a metre. . . . o,03937 — (1) The length of the quadrant of the terrestrial meridian was ascertained by Messrs. Delambre and Mechain, by measuring an arc of the meridian between the parallels of Dunkirk and Bar- celona. (2) There was also a mixed system between the new and old, called the gystime vauel, having the mHre as the standard, but with binary divisions. As this has also been abolished by law, we need only mention that the toise wuelle (of 2 metres) equal- led 6M feet English, and the aune 3 feet 11% inches English, with their several subdivisions into inches and lines. The bois^ teau usuel was \i hectolitre, or 0.35474 bushel English. The li- iron was 2 1-1 9 English pints. Apothecaries used to compound by the sysUme nsuelj and diamonds were weighed by carats, each of 2.01 decigrammes, or 3 1-10 grains, English. The old pound weight of France, still spoken of, but now never used, was 1 lb. 1 oz. 10 dr. English and the quintal mMque, now in use, is 1 cwt. 3 qrs. 34 lb, 9 oz«  Myriam^tre. Kilometre. . D^cam^tre. . Metre WnOfitB, 1ISA80UB, Bie. 17 SYSTEMATIC HAHtS. FREUCH TALUE. ERGUSH TALVB. Superficial Measures. ' Hectare 10,000 square mMres. . . 9.471 14S acres. ^^e 100 — ... 0.098845 rood. Gentiare 1 — ... i.i9603S8qyd (1) Meaeures of Capacity, Kilolitre 1 cubic m^tre, or 1000 cu- 320.09668 gal. bic d^cimMres. Hectolitre 100 cubic d^cimMres. . . . 22.00967 gallosi. Di§ealitre 10 cubic d^cim^tres 2.20097 Litre 1 cubic d^cim^tre 0.220097 gallon, on. 760773 pint! Decilitre 1-1 oth cubic d^cim^ire. . . 0.1 7608 pint. Measuret of Solidity. Stfere .... 1 cubic mMre $5.31658 c. feet. Decist^re 1-1 otb cubic mMre 8.53166 e. feet. Weights, MillieT 1000 kil., or 1 French ton. 19.7 cwt. Quintal 100 kilogrammes 1.97 cwt. Kilogramme. . . . 1,000 grammes; weight of 1 2.6793 lb. troy cubic d^cim^tre of water, or 2.2046 lb. avoirdupois. Hectogramme • . • 100 grammes 3.2 ounces troy. Decagramme. ... 10 grammes 6.43 penny- weights troy. Gramme Weight of 1 cubic centi* 15.433 gr. troy. mfelre of water. Decigramme 1-1 oth of gramme 1.5433 gr. troy. Centigramme. . . . i-iooth of gramme. . . . o.i5433gr. troy. Milligramme t-i,oooth of gramme. . . 0.01 544gr. troy. It may assist the memory to observe that the terms for multiplying are Greek, and those for dividing, Latin. VALUE OF OLD FRENCH WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 1 livre : 2 marcs; 16 oz.; 128 gros; 9216 grains; 0,4895 kilog.; 7555 gr. English. imuid : 12 sellers; 144 boisseaux; 18.72 hectolitres; 58.124 English bushels. 1 muid : 144 quarts; 288 pintes; 288.128 litres; 70.8192 English gallons. 1 foot : 12 inches; 144 lines; 1728 points; 0.32484 mMres; 12.7893 inches English ; 1 aunede Paris : 1.I888 mMre; 46.85 Eng. inches. 1 toi$9 : 6 French feet; 1.949 m^tre; 6.395 Eng. feet. 1 lieue : % miles Fr.; 2000 toises; 2 miles, 1 furlong^ 28 pol. Etig* (t) The square yard ia o»«39097 of a square mMre. ft Digitized 18 GENERAL INFORMATION^ ENGLISH TROT WEIGHT IN GRAMMES* Grain (i-24th of pennyweight) Pennyweight (i-2oth of ounce). * Ounce (i-i2th of pound troy). • Imperial pound troy. 0.065 gramiti^. 1.555 — 3i.i03 grammes^ 0.373238 kilogramme. FRENCH FEET INTO ENGLISH FEET AND INCHES, (i) Fr. Inch. Enff. Inch. f 1.07 2.13 8.20 4.26 5.33 1 6.40 ^t 7.46 9.59 11.72 Fr. English Feet. Feet. Inch. 0.79 1.58 2.37 3.16 3.95 4.74 5.52 6.31 7.10 Ft. Feet. 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 English Feet Inches. 10 21 31 42 53 63 74 85 95 7.89 3.78 11.68 7.57 3.46 11.35 7.24 3.14 11.03 Fr. Feet. 100 200 300 400 500 700 900 1,000 2,000 English Feet. Inches. 106 213 819 426 532 746 959 1,065 2,131 6.91 1.84 8.76 3.68 10.59 0.42 2.27 9.19 6.36 FRENCH MtTRES INTO ENGLISH FEET AND INCHES. Mftt. F. Inch. M6t. F. Inch. M6t. F. Inch. M^t. Feet. Inch Mftt. F. Inch. 0.01 0i394 0.05 1.970 0.10 3.937 0.20 7.874 0.35 9.844 0.50 1 6.688 0.75 2 3 6 9 13 4.532 3.371 6.741 10.112 1.483 4.854 10 32 9.708 20 65 7.416 30 98 5.124 40 131 2.832 50 164 0.539 100 328 1.079 500 1640 5 395 1000* 3280 10.790 1609.31 5280 1 mile. 4000* 13123 7.160 5000 16404 5.950 0000* 32808 11.900 (») One kilom^re. («) One league. (•) One myriam^tre. FRENCH KILOMilTRES AND MYRIAMIsTRES INTO ENGLISH MILES, &C. Farlongs. Yds. Kilom. English Miles. Furlongs. Yd.9. Kilom. EngUsh Miles. 1 3 1 3 1 213 206 199 192 185 178 171 8 4 9 5 imyrla. 6 2 — 12 3—18 4 — 24 5 — 31 164 157 156 92 10 160 90 FRENCH LIEUES DE POSTE INTO ENGLISH MILES AND YARDS. L. Mis. Yds. 1 2 743.061 2 4 1486.122 3 7 469.183 4 9 1212.244 5 12 195.305 L. Mis. Yds. 6 14 938.366 7 16 1681.427 8 19 694.488 9 21 1407.549 10 24 390.610 L. Mis. Yds. 20 48 781.221 30 72 1171.832 40 96 1562.443 50 121 193.053 60 145 583.664 Yds. L. Mis. 70 169 974.275 80 193 1364.886 90 217 1755.496 100 242 386.107 200 484 772.214 (0 To reduce French toises into English feet and inches, re- duce the toises into French feet at 6 feet per toise, and then ap- ply the above table. An aune de Paris is 3.658 French feet, 3 feet 10.69 inches English, and 1.I88 French mMres* A m^re U $.0784 French feet. WSIGHTSy MEASUBCS, ETC. It Ili the following six tables the tens, hnndreds, &c., are found by carrying the decimal point one place further to the right for the tens, two for the hundreds, &c. The intermediato numbers are found by addition. Thus 356 hectolitres will be found to amount to 979.4296 bushels. FRENCH KILOGRAMMES INTO ENGLISH POUNBS [Avoirdupoit). Kaog.Bng.pd». KUog. Eng.i»ds. KUog. Eng.pd8. Kilo«. Bng.pdi. 1 2.2046 4 8.8184 7 15.4322 10 22.0464 2 4.4092 5 11.0230 8 17.6368 100 220.4642 3 6.6138 6 13.2276 9 19.8414 1,000 3204.642» Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Fr. Eng Ft. Eng, Fr. Eng. Fr. Eng. 1 1.0792 4 4.3167 7 7.5541 10 10.7716 2 2.1583 5 5.3958 8 8.6333 100 107.7164 . 3 3.2375 6 6.4750 9 9.7125 1,000 1077.1644 FRENCH UTRES INTO ENGUSH GALLONS. Ut. Call. Ut. Gall. Lit GaU. Ut GalL 1 0.2201 4 0.8804 7 1.5407 10 2.20ie 2 0.4402 5 1.1005 8 1.7608 100 22.0097 3 0.6603 6 1.3206 9 1.9809 1,000 220.0967 FRENCH HECTOLITRES INTO ENGLISH BUSHELS. Beet Bash. Hect. Bush. Hect. Bosh. Hect Busb. 1 2.7515 ( 4 11.004S 7 19.2584 10 27.5120^ 2 5.502^ I 5 13.756C 8 22.0097 100 275.1208 9 8.253( { 6 16.5075 ( 9 24.7609 1,000 2751.208$ FRENCH ARPENS INTO ENGLISH ACRES. Arp. Acres. Arp. Acres. Arp. Acres. Arp. Acres. 1 1.0430 4 4.1721 1 7.3012 10 io.43oa; 2 2.0861 5 5.2151 8 8.3442 100 104.3026 3 3.1291 6 6.2581 9 9.3872 1,000 1043.0262; FRENCH HECTARES INTO ENGLISH ACRES. Hect. Acres. Hect. Acres. Hect. Acres. Hect. Acres. 1 ^.4711 4 9.8846 7 17.2980 10 24.7ll4r 2 4.9423 5 12.3557 8 19.7691 100 247.114* 3 7.4134 6 14.8268 9 22.2403 1,000 2471.1430 In the French and English barometrical scales. r 704 millimMres equal 26 Fr. inches or 27.7 Eng. in. nearly 731 ^ 27 — 28.8 — 756 — 28 ^ 99.8 — 779 — 29

• -•

30.7 — In the thermometrical scales, the freezing point, marked 32* £» Fahrenheit's scale, is marked o*? in the Centigradeir or ft^^ j|(^ •BNERAL niVOftSlATlO!!* •eale, and m R^aunmr's. The boiling pdnt, whieh is 2l2» in Fahrenheit's, is 100» in the Centigrade, and 80«» m Reawnur 8 scale. Henee 5» C;entigrade=9« Fahrenheits=4o Reaumur. CENTIGKADE AND REAUMUR'S THERMOMETRIC SCALES TORNED INTO FAHRENHEIT'S. C. R. V. C. R. F 100 80.0 99 79.2 98 78.4 97 77.6 96 76.8 95 76.0 94 75.2 93 74.4 92 73.6 91 72.8 90 72.0 89 71.2 88 70.4 87 69.6 86 68.8 85 68.0 84 67.2 83 66.4 82 65.6 81 64.8 80 64.0 79 63.2 78 62.4 T7 61.6 76 60.8 75 60.0 74 59.2 73 58.4 72 57.6 71 56.8 70 56.0 312.0 210.2 208.4 206.6 204.8 303.0 201.2 199.4 197.6 195.8 194.0 192.2 190.4 188.6 186.8 165.0 183.2 181.4 179.6 177.8 176.0 174.2 172.4 170.6 168.8 167.0 165.2 163.4 161.6 159.8 158.0 55.2 54.4 58.6 52.8 52.0 51.2 50.4 49.6 48.8 48.0 47.2 46.4 45.6 44.8 44.0 43.2 42.4 41.6 40.8 40.0 39.2 38.4 37.6 36.8 36.0 35.2 34.4 33.6 32.8 82.0 31.2 156.3 154.4 153.6 150.8 149.0 147.2 145.4 143.6 141.8 140.0 138.2 136.4 134.6 132.8 131.0 129.2 127.4 125.6 123.8 122.0 120.2 118.4 116.6 114.8 113.0 111.2 109.4 107.6 105.8 104.0 102.2 C. R. F. 80.4 39.6 28.8 28.0 27.2 36.4 35.6 34.8 24.0 23.2 22.4 21.6 20.8 30.0 19.2 18.4 17.6 16.8 16.0 15.2 14.4 13.6 12.8 12.0 11.2 10.4 9.6 8.8 8.0 7.3 6.4 00.4 98.6 96.8 95.0 93.2 91.4 89.6 87.8 86.0 84.2 82.4 80.6 78.8 77.0 75.2 73.4 71.6 69.8 68.0 66.2 64.4 62.6 60.8 59.0 67.2 55.4 53.6 51.8 50.0 48.2 46.4 C. 7 6 5 4 3 2 - 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 7 - 8 - 9 -10 -11 -12 -13 -14 -15 -16 -17 -18 -19 -20 -21 -22 -23 R. 5.6 4.8 4.0 3.2 2.4 1.6 0.8 0.0 - 0.8 - 1.6 - 2.4 - 3.2 - 4.0 - 4.8 - 5.6 - 6.4 - 7.2 • 8.0 - 8.8 - 9.6 -10.4 -11.2 -12.0 -12.8 -18.6 -14.4 -15.2 -16.0 -16.8 -17.6 -18.4 F. 44.; 42.8 41.0 39.2 37.4 85.6 33.8 32.0 30.2 28.4 26.6 24.8 23.0 21.2 19.4 17.6 15.8 14.0 12.3 10.4 8.6 6.8 5.0 3.3 1.4 0.4 - 2.2 - 4.0 - 5.8 - 7.6 - 9.4 The French have now abandoned the division of the geo- graphical circle into 400 degrees, which forms theoretically the basis of the metrical system, and like all other nations, divide the circle into 360 degrees, reckomng the nautical mile as the 60th part of a degree^ and the league as a 20tb* DUTIES ON ARTICLES IMPORTED INTO ENGLAND.— Persons arriving in England, with goods in then- baggage for private use, liable to the payment of duties. Are allowed to kave them at the Gustenv-house, for six months, in oHder to a^y% ^tfm aa vppvrtvmtjr of kUis Am l)Mk to the Q/oM- nouiBBDm. u nent withocit payment of duty; but, on taking th«in, Hiey are charged with a rent of 2d. per week for each package. If al the end of six months the goods are not taken hsA, or the duties paid, they are sold to defray duties, and other charges. Regulations as to Passengers* Luggiage :— As soon as ail the luggage is landed, passengers are called in aceording to the list forwarded by the captain. Passengers must see that their names are properly inserted in the list. A passenger having only a small carpet bag is allowed to take it on shore after examination by the officers who come on board. All merchandize brought with luggage is liable to seizure unless duly reported as such by the captain of the vessel. — Caution : If any person, on being questioned by an ofticer, whether he or she has any foreign goods upon his or her person, or in his or her possession, deny the same, and any be discovered, such shall be forfeited, and such person forfeit treble the value of such goods. — ^British carriages and plate, and foreign books, nvips, of musical instruments, re-imported into Great Britain, allowed to pass tree on declaration. Notice. — ^False dedaratious subject parties to a fine of £100. Five per cent, must be added to the following duties :-— ID Agates, or cornelians, free, but if set, for every £ioo value. Amber, free. Armour. See Iron, Pasfcets, Berlin, the cubic foot. . • — all others, do. Peads, arango, crys- tal, glass, jet, and other heads, the lb. — coral .... N4|t charged on (riOiog quantitiesand actually personal f^ffecU of passengers. Bonnets. See Hats. Pooks printed prior to 1801, free. — printed in or since 1801, thecwt. . — admitted under trea- ties of international copyright, or if of or from any British pos- session, the cwt. . Foreign books and maps having once Said duty, or been purens * ind, are delivered tion Mine made, looti, shoes (wo^en'8) 1 10 15 purchased in Eng- iree, on a declara- the dozen pairs. . 6 4

• - of silk, satin, Jean,

or other stuff, kid or other leather, the dozen. . .046 Boots (men's) the do- zen pairs. .OHO — shoes (men's). . • f • — (ehildren's) two thirds of the duties. Boxes of all sorts, ex- cepting those made wholly or partly of glass, for £i 00 value to o • Brandy. See Spirits. Brass manufactures, the cwt. . . 10 Brocade, gold or sil- ver, the lb. . . s Bronze— All works of art, free. — other manufactures of, the cwt. . . 10 • Cameos, not set, tree. Cards, playing, per dpzen packs. . . o 15 Carriages, foreign, free. Casts of busts, statues, S3 or figures, free. China or porcelain ware, plain, gilt, or ornamented, cwt. Cheese, the cwt. . Cigars, see Tobcicco. Clocks, not exceeding the value of ss.each per dozen, '— exceeding ss. and not 12S. 6d. each, per dozen . . . — exceeding 128. 6d. and not £3 each, ea. •-exceeding £3, and not the value of £10 each . . , . . «— exceeding the va- lue of £1 each, each Cologne- water, each flask, 30 not being more than a gallon Confectionary of su- gar, bonbons, &c., the lb. . . . Coral, polished or un- polished, free. — negligees, the lb. . Cotton articles wholly or in part made up, for £100 value. . _ , . This duty attaches on all articles not feeing the wearing-apparel of passen- gers in usc^ and in trifling qnantity. Crayons, free. Crystal, cut, except beads, free. Drawings. Sec Prints, Earthenware, the cwt. Embroidery and nee- dlework, for £100 value.

• — of and from British

possessions 4 8 2 4 10 01% 1 5 .500 Reasonable quantities are delivered duty free J but any large quantity, whether worn or not, and all neW worlted cap8,coUars, tippets, pelerines, «tc., pay duty. ^ *^' ;*■ ; Enamel, free. Feathers, dressed, per lb Flower-roots, free, flowers, artificial, of 6ENKBAL INFORMAIION. Bilk or other mate- rials, per cubic foot as packed ; no al- lowance for vacant spaces^ the cubic foot 12 Fossils and minerals, free. Frames of pictures, drawings, &c., free. Garnets, free. Gauze, or crape, free. Ginger, preserved, lb. l^i Glass, painted, an& ■,i glass manufactures, free. — See Crystal, Gloves, habitr-gloves, the dozen. . .036 — men's, the dozen .036 —women's long, ditto, 4 6 Gloves for sale only imported in {tackages of lOO dozen pair; any quan- ity found in baggage, exceeding six dozen requires a petition to the Board of Customs : but quantities under six dozen are received; at once. Hair manufactures, for £100 value. .500 Harp or lute-strings, silvered, free. Hats, straw, the lb. . 2 6 [ron, fancy orna- mental articles of iron or steel, cwt. . 15 Jewels, emeralds, ru- bies, and all other precious stones, set 10 — unset, free. Lacquered or japan- ned ware, for £100 value. . . . 10 Lace, Brussels, made bythehand,for£ioo value. . . . to — thread or cotton pillow, not exceed- ing 1 inch, the lb. . 1 00 — exceeding 1 inch .200 Liqueurs. See Spirits, Leather manufac- tures, for £100 value 10 Linen, either mixed with cotton, or with wool, for £100 value 5 10 10 S This duty applies to damask an4 other table-cloths, shoets and hous^ ENGLISH Dimm. 33 hold linen of ererf sort whctber worn or not 'P; Maps or charts, free. Marble in slabs, or otherwise manufao tured, free. Medals of gold or silYer, free Minerals, free. Mirrors. See Glass. Models of cork or wood, free. Musical boxes, not ex* ing 4 inches the air ) — larger, the air. . S — with extra accom- paniments^ the air 2 6 — Harmoniums,3 stops 13 — — from 4 to 7 1 4 -^ — from 8 to 11 1 10 — — exceeding 1 1 Needlework. See Em^ broidery. Orange-flower water, free. Pain I crs* colours, free. Paper hangings, paint- ed or stained paper or flock-paper, per square yard. . .001 Other paper, per lb. o 2>4 Perfumery, the lb. . o 3 Pictures, firee. Pianofortes, horizon-' tal, grand . . • 3 o ^— upright or square .200 Plate of gold, the oz. i i o — or silver, do. . •018 — battered, free. Plums, dried, per cwt. 15 Prints and drawings, plain or coloured, the lb. ... — admitted under treaties of interna- tional copyright, lb. Olf^ Drawings executed by travellers for private nse, are free, on satisfac- tory proof. The aI>ove duties are in- dependent of tlie quality. Seed, (garden) free. Shoes. See Boots, Silk, viz., articles of manufactures of silk, yelvet, gauze, crape, ribbons, &e., wholly or in part made up, for £ioo Yalne. . is o • This dnty applies only to atUdes brooght by passengers for private nae. Any articles of dress, etc.. uthoogh for Rrivate use. not accompanyinR parties > whom tney belong, are liable lo Ike following duties : Silk turbans, or caps, each. . . • s 6 — hats, or bonnets, • T • ^ dresses, each. . t lo o — Or, at the option of custom officers, for £ioo value ...!$•• Skins and fun, vii., any article manu- factured, free. Snuff, per lb. . . o 6 o With same reatricUon as for eigan- Spa ware, cubic foot, o o 6 This is the same as Tunbndge ware. Specimens of mine- rals, fossils, or ores, free. Specimens of natural history , stuffed birds &nd animal 8, shells, live animals, free. Spirits,not sweetened, the gallon (not less than 30 gallons). . o is o —sweetened liqueurs, the gallon . • . i o o Spirits, remains of passengers' stores, unexpended on the Toyage, are admit- ted when less than a pint: or half a pint of eau de Cologne, or other cor- dial water, or any medicated or per- fumed spirits or liqueurs. Steel or iron manufac- tures, &c., see Iron. Succades, & all sweet- meats, per lb. . . n Ci}i Sulphur impressions, free. Telescopes, free. Tobacco unmaQufae- tured, per lb. .090 — snuff, per lb. • o o o — cigars. . . . o o Duties are received upon less than 31b. of cigars, but any greater quantltv recpiires a petition to the Board eC customs to be admitted. Tobacco-pipes, of clay, free. lToys,maFbles,percwt, o i o t4 GENOIAL INFOMIAIION. —all other leys, the cubic foot . . iBclodes besidM diildren't vartety of trifling omamenU. Truffles, free. Turbans. See Silk. Turnery , the cubic foot Vases, ancient, not stone or marble, free. Velvets. See Silks. Watches, exceeding £10 value, each 1 — others, gold, open faces, each . . — — — hunters . — — — repeaters. — silver, open faces. — hunters . . . —repeaters ... Water, mineral, free. Wine of all sorts, and 5 per cent, thereon, the gallon ... Woollens, viz. manu- factures of wool. 4 loyi, • 4 5 7 6 15 3 6 8 6 8 5 6 (Botgoat'i) er 'ml&ttd with cotton, free. — carpets and rugs, the square yard . — shawls, scarfs, and handkerchiefs, plain the lb. . . . — printed do. . — gloves, the dozen . — wholly or in part made up, not other- wise charged with duty, for £100 . . NOTICE. Goods, either in part or wholly manufac- tured, and not described, charged with duty or prohi- bited, for £100 value 10 Goods, not manufac- tured, and not de- scribed, charged with duty, or pro- hibited, free. • <> 5 DUTIES ON Articles imported from Englamo imto France. — ^Extracted from the government official tariff :— Ten per cent, is added, an4 claimed, in addition to tlie du- ties specified. Plate and jewellery for the use of traveller^, free, if not exceeding the weigtit of 5 hectogrammes. Parties going to reside in France, and wishing to take their furaitiire, tinen, plate, &c., must apply (0 the Director-General, at Paris, sending a statement of the articles, and, if admitted, generally pay 15 per cent, on the value; if a^ piano forms part, the duty on it is considerably reduced. Various articles, lately abso- lutely prohibited, even when a p^t of passengers' baggage, are now admitted, and are charged with a duty of 30 to 33 per cent. The same favour is extended to portions, or whole pieces which have not or have scarcely been made up. In those cases, the condition and supposed intentions of such passen- gers as may have brought them are taken into consideration. According to the Customs regulations, every thing that is new, or not used, either made or not made up, must be de- clared before the examination of the baggage, under penalties of seizure and fine. But the officers generally tax those things not duly declared, or give them back for reexportation. The regulations as to passengers' baggage arc much the same as on landing in England, nsMCH Doms. %s Beer, ale, or porter, 6 fr. the heetolitre (about too bottles) Books, foreign, in dead or living iaoguages, to fir. (ss.) per loo liJs. (2001b.) B ooks in French, printed abroad, 100 fr. (£4) per loo kiU. Boots and shoes, prohibited Boxes, Spa work, 2oo fr. (£&) per 100 kilos. (200lb.) — white wood, 3i fr. (£i 48 lod.) per 100 kil. Bronze, manufaetured, prohi- bited. Calicoes, prohibited. Cards, prohibited. Carpets are subject to high da- ties, 250 to 500 fr. per loo kils. (£5 to £iopercwt.) according to substance and quality Some sorts are prohibited. Carriages. One-third of the value of a carriage to be de- posited on landing, and three- fourths of this returned if re- exported within 3 years. (The real value is never given.) Cheese, 15 fr. (12s.) per 100 kils. Clocks, prohibited. Cotton manufactures, ditto. Earthenware, common, 49 fr. per ioo kiU. Embroidery, prohibited. £ngraTings,lithographed prints, maps, charts, &c., 300 fr. per 100 kils. ; or £6 per cwt. Frames, (picture,) 1 5 per cent Furniture of all sorts, 1 5 per cent. Glass, for domestic use, pro- hibited. Gloves, prohibited. Horses, 25 fr. (£1). — Colts, 15 fr. (128.). Hardware, prohibited. Jewels, set in gold, 20 fr. (les.) per hectog. — ditto in silver, 1 fr. (8s.) ditto. Lace, cotton or linen, & per cent. Lace, silk, is percent. Lacquered ware, prohibited. Leather manufactures, pro- hibited. Linen, for personal or house- hold use, free, unless )m lirge quantity ; in lueb case a per- mit must be obtained from the Director of the Customs Liquors (including factitious wines), 100 fr. to iso fr. (£4 to £6) per hectolitre (1 00 bottles) . Musical instruments : flutes, 75 c. (6d.) ; violins, guitars, &c., s fr. (28. 6d.); harps, ss fr. (£1 8S. lod.); pianos, square, soo fr. (£12), grand, 400 fr. (£i6) ; church organs, 400 fr. (£16). Paper, white or ruled for music, isofr. (£6) per 100 kils. Pictures and drawings, t per cent, on value, and ts per cent, on the frames. Plate, new or used, in gold is fr. (8s.), or in silver, 3 fr. (2s. 4d.) per hectogramme, exclu- sive of 20 fr. for gold, or 1 fr. for silver, per hectog. stamp- duty. The whole of this duty is reimbursed If the plate is re- exported within three years. Plated ware, prohibited. Porcelain, common, of one co- lour, and without gold or or- naments, 164 fr. (£6 lis.) per 100 kils. (20olb.) — fine, S27 fr.(£is IS.) per ditto. — with gold ornaments, pro- hibited. Silk goods, all silk, plain, iS fr. (12s. lod.) per kil. (about 2lb.). — figured, or brocaded, is fr. 15S. 2d.) per ditto. — ditto, with gold and silver, 31 fr. (£1 43. led.) per ditto. — imitation, brocaded, prohib. — mixed with thread, 13 fr. (10s. 5d.) per ditto. — mixed with gold and silver, 17 fr. (13S. 7d.) per ditto. Skins, prepared, prohibited. Steam-engines, for machinery, 30 fr. (£1 4s.) per 100 kils. — for locomotives, 65 fr. (£2 128.) per ditto. — for ships, 45 fr. (£1 168.) per ditto. Sticks and eiiiie«, from India 29 GENERAL mPORMATIOlf. 40 fr. (£i 14S.) per too kil. Tea, from China, ifr. 50C. (is. 3dO per kil. — from the Baltic and Black Sea, 2 fr. 50 c. (28. id.) per ditto. — from other places, 5 fr. (4s.) -» from England, prohlhlted. Telescopes, 30 per cent. Toys, 80 fr. (£3 4s.) per lOO kite. Wine, by sea, port, 35 fr. (£i 8s.) per hectolitre, (loo bottles). — sherry, madeira, malaga, &c., 100 fr. (£4) per ditto. Woollens, prohibited. From. Hours. Miles. Amsterdam. . . 16 298 Berlin. . . . . 32 593 Brussels. . . 8 189 Constantinople. . 288 1574 Copenhagen. . . 60 659 Dresden. . . . 34 630 Frankfort. . . . 18 339 Geneva. . . . 22 315 Hamburg. • • . 31 535 Lisbon. . . . . 84 1104 PHYSICAL STATISTICS. GEOGRAPHICAL SITUATION. —Paris is situated in 48« 50' 49" north lat.,and 2® 20' 15"east long, from Greenwich; height above the level of the sea, 199 feet. The longest day is 16 hrs. 7 min., and the shortest 8 hrs. 10 min« Its distance from the principal towns of the Continent is : — From. Hoars. Miles. Madrid 72 775 Milan 62 518 Munich .... 36 460 Naples 108 1U8 Rome 96 925 Stockholm . , . 96 ii4i St. Petersburg. . 107 1405 Stuttgardt. . . . 18 358 Venice 120 593 Vienna .... 60 678 The drcumference of Paris is 23,755 metres, or 25,978 yds; and its area contains 35,240,000 square metres, or 42,150,640 square yards. Its meridian from north to south is 5,505 metres, or 6,020 yds. ; and the greatest perpendicular to its meridian from east to west is 7,807 metres, or 8,533 yds. CLIMATE. — ^The maximum average heat is 34® Centigrade; in 1802 it rose to 37^^. The average maximum of cold is 9^ below zero ; in 1795 it fell to 22® The mean temperature is ISVa^ above zero. The greatest height of the barometer is 28Ji inches, the least 27 Y* inches, and the mean 28 inches. The average quantity of rain per annum is 20^4 cubic inches per square inch. The prevailing winds are S.W. and N.E. The chmate is variable, but not wifavourable to health ; snow does not lie long, and fogs are not frequent. GEOLOGICAL CONSTITUTION.— The dty lies in a vast plun, 60 metres above the level of the sea, and watered by the Seine. The Paris basin, which has the great chalk forma- tion for its lowest stratum exposed by natural denudations, poppri^9 the following geolo^cal beds in ^ ascending order ; RIVERS. 57 —plastic clay; marine limestone (cakaire grossier, buildings stone); siliceous limestone (fresh-water); gypseous strata alter- nating with marls, fuU of fossil remains and freshwater shells; sands; mill-stone beds; and gravel. Two of the strata of the general series are famous in commerce-— one for furnishing the stone of which Paris is built, the other for the fine gypsum, from which the Plaster of Paris is made. (1) This plain, though not barren, is not remarkable for an exuberant fertiUty; the manure, however, furnished by the capital supplies any natural deficiency of the soil, and the lighter species of grain, vegetables, fruit trees, and vines, flourish here in perfection. (2) RIVERS. — ^The Seine, which traverses the capital from S.E. to N.W., rises in the forest of Ghanceaux, 2 leagues from St. Seine, in the department of the Cote-d'Or. It receives, besides smaller streams, the waters of the Yonne, the Aube, and the Marne, before it enters Paris; and beyond it after collecting the tributary streams of the Oise, the Eure, and other smaller rivers, falls into the ocean between Havre and Honfleur. The direct distance from its source to its mouth is 70 leagues. In the interior of Paris its length is about 2 leagues. Its breadth at the Pont d'Austerlitz is about 166 metres, at the PontNeuf 263 metres, and at the Pont d'lena 136 metres. The mean velocity of the water is 20 inches per second. In summer the Seine is very low, and often fordable; during the winter it rises high, and flows with much impetuosity. When the river rises more than 6 metres above its bed, parts of the town and adjacent country are liable to be inundated. The Seine communicates with the Loire by the canals of Briare and Orleans; with the Saone by the canal de Bour- gogne ; and with the Somme and the Scheldt by Uie canal of St. Quentin. Modern improvements in ship-building now enable sea-going steamers to reach the ports of the Seine at Paris. The navigation is impeded when the waters are unusually low or high, or when the thermometer falls to 1 o® below zero, at which temperature the river is frozen. In its course through Paris the Seine now forms two islands. The He St, Louis, about 1,800 feet long, has been built on since the time of Louis XIII. (1) See Cuvier, and G. Cuvier and Brongniart. (2) The last ofiicial returns of the area, cultiTatlon, &c., of the department of the Seine are as follows :— area, 2A square leagues. Arable land, 72,558 acres; meadow land, 3,8 li acres; vineyards, 4,876 acres; woods, 3,344 acres; waste lands, 6i5 acres; forest land, 5,663 acres; roads and public ways, 6,543 acres (their length is 150 miles); houses, 47,804; mills, 77; manufactories, 45o; proprietors, 67,918. The cost of keeping the roads of the department in repair amounts yearly to about 550,000 fr. The forest land in a}} France is 8,786,ooo hectar^i. 28 GENERAL INFORMATION. The other, the origiaal seat of Paris, is still called the lie de la CiU; it formerly terimnated at the rue de Harlay, but was eularged under Henry lY., by annexing two small islands to it. The little stream of the Bievre, or the Gobelins, as it is sometimes called, rises between Bouriers and Guyencourt, near Versailles, and, after a course of about 8 leagues, falls into the Seine above the Jardin des Plantes; it is not navigable, nor is its water wholesome to driuk. Several mills are worked by it, and it is excellent for dyeing and tanning ; it also serves as a city drain, and has its bed lined with masonry. CANALS. — ^The canals on the north of Paris are all branches of the same undertaking for bringing the waters of the river Ourcq to the capital. Projected in 1799, the works were uot completed until 1830. These canals convey water to a spa- cious basin for the supply of the inhabitants, manufactories, and fountains of the capital, as also for a canal composed of two navigable branches, the one extending from the Seine at St. Denis to the basin, and the other from the basin to the Seine at the Arsenal. The various branches go by the names of the Canal de VOurcq, Bassin de la Villette, Canal St. Martin^ Gare de r Arsenal, and Canal St. Denis. The Canal de TOurcq receives the water of the Ourcq beyond the mill of Mareuil, about 10 leagues from Paris, and, after collecting divers streams, falls into the Bassin de la Villette. It furnishes 13,500 inches, yielding 260, 820 cubic metres every H hours, for the locks on the two canals St. Denis and St. Martin, and for the supply to the public fountains, markets, and houses. The declivity is 92 feet 9 inches ; the water falls at the rate of 1 foot per minute. Its length is 24 leagues ; between Mareuil and Lizy its breadth is 31 feet; thence to the Bassin de la Villette 1 1 feet. It cost 25,000,000 fr. The Bassin de la Villette, outside the Barriere de Pantin, begun in 1806, and finished in 1809, forms a parallelogram of 740 yards by 77, and receives the waters of the Canal de rOurcq at the northern extremity. It supplies water to the Aqueduc de Ceinture and the Canal St. Martin. The Canal St. Martin is 3,467 yards by 7, and connects , the basin with the Gare de TArsenal. It falls into the gare in the Place de la Bastille. It cost 14, 200, coo fr. The Gare de V Arsenal, in part formed of the moat of the Bastille, is 651 yards by 64. It can receive upwards of 80 , barges, leaving the middle clear for a passage. The Canal St. Denis begins near St. Denis, where the small river Bouillon empties itself into the Seine, and terminates at the Canal de TOurcq, 900 yards beyond the Bassin de 1^ Vil- lette, Its length is 7,333 yurds. It cost 8,000,000 frs. irOtmtAlMS. SO AQXJEDVCt^.^Aqueiucd'Arcwil. The Romaiis erected an aqueduct oyer a valley, south of Paris, for the oonyeyance of water to the Palais des Thermes, from Rotigis, at 4 leagues distance. Part of this ancient construction, consisting of two arches substantially built, still exists, near the modem aque- duct at Arcueil, which was built after the designs of Des- brosses, and finished in 1624. This magnificent aqueduct extends across the valley of Arcueil upon 25 arches, 72 feet in height. Its totid length, from Arcueil to the reservoir near the Observatory, is 18,200 yards. Nine arches are open for the passage of the river, but it generally flows through two in the centre. It supplies 36,000 hogsheads daily, distributed to 1 6 fountains, besides those of the Luxembourg, Garden of Plants, and several hospitals. Strangers may see the interior by applying to the keeper at Arcueil. The Aquedue de Ceinture extends from the western angle of the Bassin dela Villette as far as Monceaux, bounding Paris on the north. Its length is 10,300 yards. The first of its 5 branches supplies the Boulevard St. Martin, the Place Royale, and the Marche des Innocents ; the 2d, the faubourgs Mont-^ martre and Poissonniere, with the Palais Royal; the 3d, the Ghaussee d'Antin ; the 4 th, the Champs Elysees, Tuileries, Place de la Concorde, Invalides, "and Ecole MiUtaire. A^uedue de Belleville, — This aqueduct was built under Phibp Augustus. The first reservoir is situated upon the most elevated point of Belleville. At the Barriere de Menil- montant is another reservoir, whence the water is distributed to the adjoining parts of Paris. It supplies 432 hogsheads. Aqueduc de St. Gervais or de Bomainville, — It conducts water into a reservoir in the village of Pre St. Gervais, whence it is conveyed to Paris by pipes. It existed in the time of St. Louis. Supply, 648 hogsheads daily. FOUNTAINS. — The necessity of constructing numerous fountains in Paris, is owing to the rocky soil on which it is built, which renders springs extremely rare. (1) The pur- diase of water is an ordinary article of domestic expense, Ci) In the 15th century Ihere were only 12 public fountains, and under Franeis I. not more than 16, supplying only 1 inch of water, though the population amounted to 300,000 inhahi- tants. Under Henry IV. and Louis Xlil. 14 new fountains were made. Under Louis XV., when the population was 600,000, the putnps at the Pont Neufand the Pont Notre Dame were the principal sources of supply, and furnished from 60 to 100 inches daily. The Pompe d feu at Chaillot, and that at Gros Caillou, afterwards supplied 320 additional inches. The water that wUl pass through an Idch conduit (un pouce de fontainler) in a 4 hours^ is 19 cubic metres, or 19,000 Utres. Digitized by VjOOQ IC 30 OENERiL INFORMATION. and the city has new fountains or pipes opened dlinost every day. The number of fountains at present is 244, viz., 35 monumental, 68 plain, 14 for markets, 62 for watering the streets, and 65 for prevention of fires. Besides these, there are 1844 horneS'fontaines, or water-plugs, which are turned on daily, for 3 hours to purify the streets. Moreover, the City distributes water to 4300 houses. The total length of water- pipes laid down is 212,700 metres, or 132 miles. RESERVOIRS.— There are six jgreat reservoirs in Paris, for receiving and distributing water from the Bassin de la Yillette, and the Artesian well at Crenelle. They are situated : 9, rue Racine ; 111 , rue Yaugirard ; 16, rue de la Yieille Estrapade ; in rue Cassini, near the Observatory ; adjoining the Strasbourg railway-station, and at the Barriere de Monceaux. There are others at Montmartre, Belleville, and Passy. (1) BRIDGES. — ^The bridges at Paris have little ascent, owing to the elevation of the quays above the river. There are 23 bridges over the Seine, of which 3 are suspension bridges, 4 of iron and stone, 1 of wood, and the rest of stone. For descriptions of them see the Arroudissemeuts. QUAYS. — The banks of the Seine are skirted with spacious quays, forming two lines of road. The most ancient, the Qua! des Augustins, dates from 1312, and the Quai de la Megisserie, from 1369. Under Louis XIII. and XIY. some progress was made in the construction of qua^rs in the He de la Cite, and lie St. Louis. Napoleon directed his attention to the construction and repair of quays, and his plans have been completed. The banks of the Seine now display about 1 1 miles of quays un- equalled by any city in Europe. The longest are the Quai Jemmapes, 3,423 metres; the Quai d'Orsay, 3,123 metres ; and the Quai de Yalmy, 3,171 metres. They form large terraces, with macadamised carriage-ways and foot-pavements, skirted with trees, lighted with gas and furnished at intervals with benches. Next to the boulevards and public gardens, they afford the most agreeable promenades of Paris. AbreuvoirSf (i) The insufficiency of the supply of water, in consequence of the daily-increasing population of Paris, has induced the municipality to take a plan into consideration for bringing the waters of the Somme Sonde to the capital— a plan which would entail an expense of about so millions of francs. The City receives 5 fr. annually for the daily supply of one hectolitre of water from the Canal de TOurcq, and to fr. for the same quantity sup- plied frpm the Seme, Arcuell, and the Artesian well of Cre- nelle. The total sums received for this item, in i83o, amounted to 575,641 fr.; and in 185S, to 1,265,762 Ar. The quantity of water used daily is 7oo,ooo hectolitres, Qf ihW,99^ gallons. Seine ^ater '» the best. - STREETS AND BOUSES^ 31 or watering-places for horses, are visible in many iMirts. PORTS OR WHARFS.— The principal are the Port de la Rapes, for wine and fire-wood ; aux Tuiles, for tiles, bricks, slates, &c. ; St. Nicolas, for merchandise from Rouen ; d'Or- say, for wine, stone, &c. ; des InvaUdes and Amterlitz, for fire-wood. — ^There are depots for fire-wood aloug the river; the wood is brought down the river either in floats or barges ; the latter bring the best. Charcoal is sold on board Iwats that lie off the Pont des Arts, He de la Cite, He St. Louis^ and along the Canal deTOurcq. (1) STREETS AND HOUSES, &c.— There are about 45,000 houses and 13,000 shops in Paris. The streets within the octroi wall are 1,494 ; avenues and alleys, 32 ; boulevards, 21 ; squares, 106; carrefours, 118; courts and ctt^s, 37; pas- sages, 170 ; blind alleys, 131 ; bridges on the Seine and the Canal St. Martin, 35; quays, 39; ports, 13. The total area of the streets is about 5,489,200 square metres, and their length 4 1 8,399 metres, or 105 leagues. The total length of foot pave- mex^t, or trottoirs, is at present 1 60 kilometres, or 40 leagues. (2) Sinc« 1830, the municipality of Paris have constantly devoted their attention to the widening and embellishing of their road- ways. (3) The proprietors of houses are bound to scrape, paint, or whitewash the fronts of their houses once at least every ten years. No rubbish is allowed to be thrown into the streets except at night or early in the morning; and every proprietor is bound to sweep his half of the road, in front of his walls, every morning, and in the summer to water it. (i) From the departments above Paris^ about i?,ooo boats arrive annually with fruit, hay, corn, flour, tiles, bricks, wine, flax, paving-stones, &c.; besides about s,ooo floats of timber, ftre-wood, and charcoal. Havre and Rouen send yearly about 600 boats with glass, cider, wine, brandy, salt, foreign com, &c. (2) Streets were first paved under Philip Augustus. The fol- lowing table shows the increase of pavements since i38o. Years, Length, Surface, Cost, 1280 35,000 met. 178,000 sq. met. ifr.persq.m. 1638 160,000 848,000 1700 270,000 1,672,000 1800 350,000 2,500,000 1820 380,000 2,755,000 1854 400,000 3,000,000 10 (3) The following is the length of some of the principal streets; — ^rue de PUniversit^^ 2,4i7 metres; Vaugirard, 2,143 ; St. Dominique, 2,429; St. Maur Popincourt. 2,223; Grenelle St. Germain, 2,251 ; Rivoli, 3,6oo. From the Barri^re de TEtoile to the Barri^re du Trdne, 8,000 metres along the Boule- vards. The sweeping the streets of Paris costs the City 1,500,000 fr. a-yeari the contractors clear 500;Qoo fir. by the sale of the rub- 3t GENCRAI IMPORUATIOir. The stone nsed for the pavements of the streets and sqnares of the metropolis, is a compact and hard sandstone, highly crystallized, found on the outskirts of the Paris Basin, The footways are partly made with the laras and basalts of Vol- vic, in Auvergne, and partly with a mixture of asphaltum and gravel, which, being poured in a hot fluid state on a level plastered surface, hardens immediately, and will endure great wear and tear. The cost of lava flagging is about 13 fr. per sfpiare metre; that of bitumen flagging is 8 fr. per square metre, but the latter is little used in the streets. Wood pave- ment has been tried in Paris, but without success. (1) It was not till 1 7 2 8 that the useful plan was adopted of placing the names of streets in a conspicuous situation ; and the names then given to them remained unchanged till the revolution of 1789. Previous to the former period, most of the streets had changed their denominations several times, to perpetuate the name of some distinguished individual, or the occurrence of some extraordinary event. The names of the streets are now painted on $labs of lava, affixed to the corner houses, with white letters on a blue ground ; all the colours being fixed by fire and quite indestructible. Great regularity is observed in the numbering of houses. In the streets parallel to the Seine the numbers follow the course of the river; in those perpendi- cular to it or nearly so, the lowest number begins at the ex- tremity nearest the Seine. In either case the even numbers are to the right, and the odd ones to the left of the visitor follow- ing the course of the river, or turning away from it. Until. Louis XVI., Paris was lighted during only nine months bish, which, after having rolled in pits, is sold at the rate of 3 and 5 fr. per cubic mfetre, and produces about 3,500,000 fir. ! The number of scavengers in Paris is 2500, including both sexes. They are divided into 4 legions, comprising 12 battalions, or 36 companies of 4 sections each. The cost to the City for keeping the streets in repair is about 2,600,000 fr. per annum ; foot-pavements, 800,000 fr. ; number- ing houses and names of streets, 80,000 fr. During the last 55 years, the city of Paris has spent more than 200 mil.ions of francs in the widening of streets. (1) The streets of Paris are classified into streets of great, mean, and small circulation. The former are entirely repaved in the course of 8 years; the second class within 20 and the lat- ter within a period of 35 years. The number of paving-stones laid down in Paris is estimated at 60 millions, and about two millions are renewed yearly. Their cost is on an average 470 fr. yer thousand, and that of laying them down from 10 to 12 fr. per square mMre. The boulevards, quays^ and some of the prin- cipal streets, Which arc macadamised, cost 500,000 tt. annually in repairs. The watering of streets costs iH^ooofr.per annnm. PBIVATC EDIFICES. 33 of the year, and then only in the absence of moonlight. That monarch decreed its continuance during the whole year. Fonner- ly the city was lighted by lamps suspended from ropes hung across the streets. Gas has^ however, long superseded these old contrivances. (1) PMVATE EDIFICES.— It would be difficult to detennine what style of architecture prevails throughout Paris, smce it varies according to the antiquity of the different quarters. Most of the fine Gothic palaces which once adorned the city have been sacrificed to modem improvements; the pure Italian style is rarely met with except in buildings of late construction. The oldest parts of Paris, in the immediate neighbourhood of Notre Dame, and on the banks of the Seine facing the lie de la Cite, still contain many houses that belonged to the bourgeoisie of the 13th and 14th centuries. The most remarkable of ttie royal and noble mansions of the middle ages are the Hdtels de Sens, and de Cluny. The Hdtels de Lamoignon, de Sully, and de Carnavaletf may be quoted as fine specimens of the Italian taste which prevailed under Henry IV. Under Louis Xrv., the magnificence of the court, and the increased extravagance of the nobility, led to the erection of many of the finest amongst the old hotels of the faubourg St. Germain. The other residences of that quarter date firom Louis XV., or the early years of his unfortunate successor. A check was given to all progress ui architecture by the revolution of 1789, tUl the accession of Napoleon I., who contributed by his example to the revival of the taste for elegant mansions. But the prin- cipal improvements in building have been effected since the revolution of 1830 ; and in most of the edifices of this pe- riod the connaisseur will meet with some tasteful application • of the Italian or Gothic styles. The new streets in the neigh- bourhood of the Bourse, the Boulevards, the Champs Ely- sees^ &c., abound with instances of the kind. (i) The lighting of Paris is effected by 1,595 oil, and 1 3,900 gas lamps, fed by 446,300 metres of pipes, supplying 1 5,470 cubic metres of gas. During six months, the lamps are lighted every night, and during the other six months, a certain number for part of the night. There is but one contractor for the oil- lamps; the gas is furnished by a company chartered for- so years, commencing from 1 856, which furnishes 3o,ooo,ooo of cubic metres of gas per ann. to all Paris, at the rate of i5c. per cubic metre to the City and Government, and of 30 c. to private per- sons. No gas-works are to be allowed for the fiiture in the in- terior of Paris. The Company pays 200,000 fr. a-year to thB City for the space occupied by the pipes. At the expiration of the charter, all the pipes and accessories belonging to the comr- pany'revfirt to the gity on paywent of a sum of »,ooo,ooofr# Digitized by LjOOQ IC ^4 GpiiaUL IfTFOfil^i^ON. PALACES. (l)^The kings of Franee ehangeci the plaee of their central residence at almost each of the grand distineti^e epochs of the national history. On the cessation of the Rpman $way in Gaul, the Palais des Thermes was in all probability the residence of the chief magistrate of the country ; and about the and of the loth century the Palais de Justice became the seat of royalty. Of the form^ a Hall of Baths alone exists ; but of the second, the Sainte Chapelle, may give an idea of the splendour that prevailed in its construction. From the time of St. Louis, VincenneSy the BastHk, and the Old Isuvre became successively the residences of the sovereign. The two latter have entirely disappeared ; the fwmer, though greatly muti- lated, still retains some of its feudal terrors as well as mag- nificence. The present Louvre is one of the finest buildings on this side of the Alps. The c^tral part of the Tuileries comes next in order of antiquity ; and then the eastern part of the Long Gallery that connects this palace with that of the Louvre. In historical associations the Palace of the Tuileries rivals, while in scenes of slaughter and mournful recollections it surpasses, the great monument of the age of Loui^ XIV., Ver- sailles. The Luxembourg is the best specimen extant of the reign of Louis XI 11. Next to this comes the Palais Royal, which has replaced an edifice of nearly the same date as the Luxembourg ; and the late Palais Bourbm, now appropriated to the use of the Legislative Body. Both edifices have a strong claim upon the attention of the stranger, having been Long the respective residences of the fainiUes of Orleans and Gonde. The Palais de VElysSe Napoleon must not be omitted, since the interest it derives from history is now enhanced by its having been the official residence of the present Emperor, when President of the RepubUc. If to this list be added the ehMeaux near Paris, belonging to the State, such as VersailleSf Les Trianons, St. Germain^ Compiegne, Fontainebleau, Meudon, and St, Cloud, the magnificence of the ancient court of France will in some degree be understood. CHURCHES.— Of these St. Germain des Prds is the most valuable relic of the Romanesque style of architecture now re- maining in Paris. Of the Early Pointed style Notre Dame is the great type ; and, both frem its siie and numerous historical recollections, the cathedral church takes the lead of <dl others. There are hardly any speciii^ens of tlie early Flamboyant style remaining. St. Severm and St- Germain VAuxerrois belong ' to its middle period (1400-=«ri^oo) ; St. Qervais and St. Merri, with the still remaining ^way M S^.- J^^u^ de Ic^ Boucherie, 49 lis latter period (1 600»-i 560). The styk of th« Renaissance (i) For des^ii^tlanft of all ihodfi e4iftc98, see Jln4«^^ FP9W WlUkUCf . 35 ^ ^ilft«li4s a ttoei magnificent aad perieet Ulugtratioii k Si. Eu8t0che, wai. a curious one in St. Etienne du Mont, Of the iifdbe8 iNiilt in tiie Italian or Palladian style, the eailiert is St. Paul et St. Louis j which is one of the most beautiful edir Sees of the reign of Louis XIII. The age of Louis XIV. has its ecclesiastical architecture represented by the churches and domes of the Val de Grdce and the JnvaUdes, the latter bdng of its kind the chef-d'odume of that magnificent epoch. The churdi of St. Sulpice is the only large specimen of the style of sacred architecture under Louis XV. The Pantheon, or Church of St. Genevie¥e, exemplifies the skill of French architects under Louis XVI. This edifice by its associations points rather to the times of the first republic. The era of the empire produced the designs for the Madeleine; the honour of finishii^ that splendid classic pile bdongs to Louis Philippe. As to the accessory decorations of churches, the splendid paintings of the d<Nne of the Invalides, the pictures and altars of Notre Dame and St. Etienne du Monty with the pictures of Ste. Marguerite and St. Nieolas des Champs, are particulariy worthy of notice. The interiors of the Madeleine and St, Vincent de Paule are the best specimens of the decorative taste of the present day. The churches of St. Roch, St. Eustache, and Notre Dame de Lorette are celebrated for their mu^c, and on high festivals are much erowded. Notre Dame, St. Sulpice, and St, Etienne du Mont, are also much frequented. All the Catholic places of worship in Paris are open from an early hour in the morning till 5 or 6 in the evening ; on Sundays and festi- vals, persons using chairs pay for each 2 sous. PUBLIC BUILDINGS.— The Hotels of the Ministers are in general splendid residences, and contain all the offices, 6cc., conneefaed with the functions of each ministerial deparUnent. The Hotel of the Minister of Finance is the largest, and is situ- ated the nearest to the Tuileries ; the others are in the Faubourg St. Germain, or in the Place Vendome, and that of Foreign Affairs on the Quay d'Orsay. Soldiers mount guard at each. Of the residences of the Foreign Ministers, the largest and most sumptuous is that of the British Ambassador. The finest of the municipal buildings of Paris is the Hdtel de Ville, where the Prefiect of the dq>artment resides, and the se- v^al offiises dependent upon him are located, councils held, and public meetings for various purposes summoned. It is the centre of the municipal jurisdiction of the department, in the same way as the Prefectwre of Police combines the offices Gonnected with the dvie branch of the public force. The PakUs dd Justice unites wiUiin its preciDcts the supreme ctvU jurisdicUaa of the State, the Cour de Cassation, the Cowr 36 GENERAL INFORMATTON. d'Appel, the Tribunal de Premiere Instance, and the Tribunal de Police Municipale. The Tribunal of Commerce is placed at the Exchange. The chambers of the Parisian barristers are not generally in the vicinity of the courts ; legal societies, as the Temple, 6cc., in London, do not exist in Paris; and, although many lawyers reside in the neighbourhood of the Palais de Justice, there is no particular place of abode for them as a professional body. As to the other public offices, such as the Mint, or Hdtel des JdonnaieSy the Record-office, or Hdtel des Archives, the Im- perial Printing-office, &c., they are in general well adapted to their intended purposes. Most of the principal bankers are established in the vicinity of the Exchange^ the most remark- able of the commercial buildings. The edifices connected with literature and science are mostly on the southern side of the river, situated within, or grouped around, the limits of the ancient University. The Observatory is almost at the extreme point of Paris, to the south ; and in the inunediate vicinity of the Pantheon are the buildings of the old University, such as the Sorbonne, and others now occu- pied by the Ecole Poly technique, and some of the Imperial Lyceums. The University formerly presented an extended front to the river ; now the corps d^ elite of science and literature, united in the Institut, holds its meetings on the spot where the an- cient College des Quatre Nations stood. Of the scholastic establishments one of the most prominent on many accounts is the Sorbonne. The great establishment of the Jardin des Plantes lies to the east of the Pantheon, in a less frequented quarter of the town, and boasts some of the completest museums of Natural History in Europe. The chief literary estab- lishment on the northern side of the river is the Bibliotheque Imp^riale, rue Richelieu, the richest collection of books and manuscripts, perhaps, on the Continent. These literary edifices, and the relics of the once powerful University of Paris, with its 30 colleges, most of which are still traceable, are all of high inter^t to the antiquary. Some buildings in Paris are purely ornamental, such as the triumphal columns and arches; their description is given in ample detail. The Arc de Triomphe de VEtoile, and ihe Column of the Place Venddme, are the most prominent and interestmg. The charitable buildings of Paris are, on account of their monastic origin, remarkable for their soUdity and size. The //dfe2 D/eu possesses no architectural beauty ; the hospital of the SalpHriere is the most remarkable for its construction as well as for its extent ; and with these may be dassed the ^dpt- tdl St. Louis, a picturesque edifice of the time of Henry lY^^ PUBLIC BUILDINGS* 37 After these should be named BicStre, which, though act within the walls of the town, is yet essentially an institution of Paris. These edifices are maintained, by public as well as private foods, in a manner worthy of the nation to which they belong. The military hospital of the Val de Grdce is placed in what was once the most richly-adorned convent of Paris; and the Hdtel des Invalides, scarcely within the class of hospitab, is a splendid and colossal pile of building. Next to the military hospitals rank the ci8emeSt or barracks, some of which are entitled to attention for their size and magnificence. ( They are about 40 in number; most of them were erected about the year 1780, by order of Marshal Biron; tiiey meet the eye of the stranger constantiy in his walks through Paris. The principal one, the icole Militaire, in the Champ de Mars, is one of the most admired buildings of the reign of Louis XV. The Caserne NapoUon, behind the Hotel de Yille, is the most recent construction of the land worthy of remark. As a class of public, edifices at Paris distinct from all others, we may mention the Barrieres, (1) which are ornamental edi- fices for the collectors of the revenue at the barriers. They were commenced by M. Calonne in 1783, but suspended in 1786> on his being dismissed from office. On the Ist of May, 1791, the entrance-duties were abolished, in consequence of which the barriers became useless. Under the Directory, about tiie year V., a small duty was levied, and the barriers were repaired. The product of this duty being given to the hospitals, it took the name of octroi de bienfaisance. During Napoleon's reign the walls were finished, and the duty at the barriers considerably augmented. In 1817, the enclosure on- the south was prolonged, in order to include the Abattoir d'lvry, the Hopital de la Salpetriere, and two suburbs. The total extent of the inclosure is about 29v^ miles, comprising 56 gates or barriers. At the eastern and western extremities of the bar- riers, boats called pataches are stationed upon the river to collect the duties upon the goods entering the capital by water. We would recommend the traveller to make a tour of the bar- riers. Of those most entitled to notice we shall give a brief description. The Barriere de Neuilly consists of two pavilions and a handsome iron railing, beyond which rises the triumphal arch de Ffitoile. — ^The Barriere du Trdne, or de Vincennes, (0 The farmers-general, in order to increase the octroi duties^ prevailed on the minister Calonne to execute these works, not- withstanding the opposition of the Inhahltants of Paris, which gave rise to the following pun : jue mwr murftut Pvis r9n4 Paria rnvrmoranl* Digitized by VjOOQ IC 39 GESffiRAL DUrORHATION. htd two parOiofi^j a&d two columiis seventy feet in liei^.-=^ The Barriere St. Martin presents the form of a temple, aad ift vpon the same aiis as the basin de la Villette. This edifice has been transformed into barracks for gendarmes, and two small pavilions built for the officers of the octroi duties.— The Bar- ri^re de Fontainebleau consists of two symmetrical buildings ornamented with a Doric entablature. — ^The Barriite de la Gare is a pretty square building, with a belvedere on the summit.— ^The Barriere de Reuilly is a rotunda of brick, sur- rounded by a peristyle of 24 columns supporting arcades.-^The Barriere de Chartres is in the form of a circular temple, with a colonnade. — The Barriere de Passy is richly sculptured; to the right and left of the building are pedestals, supporting eolossal figures personifying Britanny and Normandy. PLACES .-^Every open space at the junction of streets, See, of more than usual size, is termed a pktce. Some of them are ponarkabie for their surrounding edifices, and a few for their size. The principal are the Place de la Concorde, du Carrou- sel, du Palais RoycU, Venddme, des Victoires, Hoyale, &e. THE BOULEVARDS.— About 1670, Paris ceased to be a fortified city ; the Walls and towers were pulled down, and a road made which took the name of Boulevard (bulwark), and was planted with trees from the rue St. Antoine to the rue St. Martin. A triumphal arch was erected on the site of the Porte St. Denis, and the boulevard soon extended from the rue St. Martin to the rue St. Honore. The northern boulevards being finished in 1704, similar works were ordered on the south $ they, however, were not finished till 1761. Under the first Empire, the northern boulevard was prolonged from the rue St. Antoine to the river. The boulevards which, since the formation of a similar road outside the barriers, have been distinguished by the name of Boulevard interieur, form two grand divisions, called the Bo%^ hoard du Nord and the Boulevard du Midi. The former is 5,067 yards in length, and is subdivided into 12 parts, each distinguished by a particular name. (See Map.) The Boulevard du Midi is 16,100 yards in length, and is divided into 7 parts. I They are planted with four rows of trees, forming a carriage- road with a double walk on each side. (1) The Boulevard ex- tSrieur, which was not finished till 1814, is also planted with trees, and divided into several parts. The northern boulevards are now the pride and glory of Paris. Ouce its bulwark, they have become its ornament. Their great extent, the dazzling (f) The Item of planting costs the City of Paris 4o,od» fir. a-year. The number of trees planted in the public gardens, walks, streets^ &c., including those ef the exterior boulevards, is i9S,770. Digitized by VjOOQ IC ffMSAOli, IfAAfttri. ^ b«a^y, the hxbtty of tll# shops, th6 resUtiirttiits, the etM§, on or uear ibetik; ^e lofty houses, some of them of the most ornate architecture ; the crowds of well-dressed persons who frequent th^m; Uie glancing of lights among the trees; the sounds of music; the incessant foil of carriages, all this forms a medley of sights and sounds anything but unpleasing to the visitor who walks the boulerards for the first time on a Ane erening. The Boulerard des Italiens is the most fashionable part, and, in fine Weather, is densely crowded iKitti ladies and gentlemen seated on chairs hired for two or three sous each. The people prefer the Boulevard du Temple, Where puppet-shows, pan* tomimes, rope-dancing. Sec, are always ready to amuse them ; and on Sunday evenings this spot resembles a fair. The boulevards to the south offer a striking contrast to this lively picture. On their sides, at considerable distances, are some elegant houses and gardens d Vanglam^ but no crowds, no noise ; the air is pure and salubrious, and those who like a solitary shady walk will here be gratified. The exterior bou- levards are studded with guinguettes, where the lower orders of Paris resort to dance, and to drink wine duty free. PASSAGES.— These are a grand resort of all'the loungers of the town. The most remarkable are . the Passages des Pano* ramas, /(mffroy, Verdeau, Vivienne, Colbertj Choiieul, De*- lorme, du Saumoriy Viro-Dodat, 5cC. The shops in them, though small, are let at a very high rent. BAZAARS.-^There are six of these establishments of some note now existing in Paris, on the northern boulevards. The best of them is the Bazar Montmartre, MARKETS, &c. — ^The first marketrhouse in Paris was situ- ated in the Cite, near the street still called rue du Marcfae Palu. A market, cdled Marche de I'Apport, was afterwards held near the extremity of the rue St. Denis, till Louis YI. transferred it to a piece of ground near the cemeter^^ des Innocents, named Ghampeaux, or Petits Champs. Philip Augustus established two other markets near the same spot, and they took the name of halles. Each class of dealers and every neighbouring town had its particular halle. Francis I. caused all the halles to be rebuilt, with pillars of stone opening into dark galleries, obstructed with irregular stalls. The inconvenience of these places began to be felt in the last century, and market-houses, for all sorts of provisions, have since been constructed in every part of Paris. — ^For the principal markets, see Index^ under MarcM and Halle, (l) A new market, a private concern, has (i] A halle signifies a place where goods of any kind are sold ' wholesale; a warc/ie' is where commodilies are purchased retail. There are W present a2 of the fbrmer, and a* of the latter. 40 GENERAL INFORMATION, lately been opened in the Rue da Croissant, under the name of Dock'Modele a bon marcM. The dealers in the market-places amount to nearly 9,ooo. (1) BATHS, &c. — The use of baths was introduced into Gaul by the Romans, and spread rapidly among the inhabitants, parti- cularly at Paris. In the middle ages public baths, called ituves, were so common in Paris, that six streets or alleys derive their names from them. These establishments long maintained their reputation, and their proprietors, called barbiersStuvistes, formed a corporate body. Under Louis XIII. and Louis XIV. they became places of debauchery, to which cause may be at- tributed their decline. At present there are 125 bathing-estab* lishments in Paris, which afford every kind of accommodation at a low charge, and furnish on an average 2,116,300 baths per annum to the public. They are formed of ranges of small rooms, furnished with every necessary appendage. Mineral, and vapour baths are also numerous in Paris. The bains am- bulants, or poitable baths, are a great accommodation to the public. There are also cheap hygienic baths for workmen, under the direction of a society. The establishment of Lavoirs, or public wash-houses, has been encouraged by the City by a reduction of the water-rates in their favour. Ecoles ae Natation, or swimming-schools for both sexes, and baths of every kind, are to be found every summer in floating esta- blismnents on the Seine, covered in, and fitted up with gal- leries, bathing-rooms, plunging-bridges, &c. Net or wood- work is placed at the bottom, which can be raised to the surface on occasion. Men are always in attendance to give instructions in swimming, and ropes and poles are in readi- ness to prevent accidents. Their price generally is 12 sous, but there are some for the lower order of people, at 4 sous. CEMETERIES.— Before the seventh century, the Parisians buried their dead in the Roman fashion, without the city walls, along the sides of the high roads. Interments were subsequently allowed in churches and the contiguous ground. The increase of the population gradually extending the bounds of the city, the cemeteries became inclosed within the walls. At length, in 1790, the National Assembly passed a law prohibiting interments within churches, and enjoining all towns and villages to discontinue the use of their old burial-places, and form others at a distance. During the reign of Terror, men were buried (I) The kiiehen gardens in the environs of Paris produce 50,000,000 fr. annually, and employ upwards of 50,000 persons. There are also about 200 flower-gardens in and about Paris ; and the sale of flowers, especially on great ball days, or similar occa- sions, amounts to between 30,000 and &o,ooofr. daily. 41 without any ceremony or memorial to mark the spot where they lay. In 1800, 1804, and 1811, yarioug decrees were issued for the regulation and improvement of the cemeteries, and at the latter period they were constituted nearly as at present. The cemeteries of Paris are three in number, occapying an extent of ground of about 750 acres, viz., the Cimetiire du PSre Lachaise, for the eastern part of the metropolis ; de Atontmartre, for the northern ; and de Mont Pamasse, for the southern. There is besides at Mont Pamasse a cemetery appropriated to the use of hospitals, and also to the interment of criminals. They are laid out in a picturesque style ; the mo- numents are often in good taste, and many of the inscriptions interesting. On Sundays and on All Souls' Day, whole families of the Parisians visit the graves of their relatives, and the cem^ teries are crowded. Any person or company may be entrusted with the erection and repair of the tombs, &c. The interments take place with or without religious ceremonies, as the friends of the deceased please. The tariffs will be found at each cemetery, where full information on all particulars may be obtained. (1) Chaplains are attached to the cemeteries for gratuitous service at the burials of the poor. (1) There were formerly three kinds of grayes in the cemete- ries, namely : common graves [foues commune*), graves conceded for a certain period, and perpetual graves. The latter are now only allowed on condition of parties giving up certain rights as to space, allovired them by the law as it stands. The ground is usually hired for 5 years or more, subject to renewal. Up to seven years of age i m^tre is sufficient for a grave ; above that 2 metres must be purchased. Two bodies cannot be buried in the same ground except the extent be 2 mMres, and that there be a vault constructed in it. In the fosses communes, iy, feet deep, the poor are gratuitously buried, in coffins placed close to but not upon each other. They are re-opened at the end of 5 years. The monopoly of burials is granted to a company under the title of Entreprise des Pompes FunibreSf subject to a certain tariff. Funerals are distinguished into 9 classes; the lowest costing 18 fr. 75 c, including the religious ceremonies, and the ist class 2829 fr. see. This last is but a rough esti- mate, for no exact maximum can be set down, as there are no legal limits to funeral pomp. The chief office of the Entreprise des Pompes Fun^bres is at lO, Rue Alibert. There are besides branches at all the Mairies, where all inquiries respecting forms, expenses, &c., will be answered. In cases of English persons dying in Paris, application should be made to clerks of any of the places of English worship, who will generally under- take the management of the funeral. Government receives from the Entreprise des Pompes Funibres 83^4 per cent, on the produce of ftmeral ornaments, and i$ per cent, on articles fanU8hed» Digitized by CjO.OQ IC 4i GENERAL rfV^OlUtfAtlON. ABATT()iRS (SLAtGHTER-HOUSfiS).— Previous td the foi*- matiou of these estabiishments for the slaughter of cattle. But- chers were accaslomed to drive oxen and sheep throtigh the streets, to the great danger of the inhabitants, besides the in- convenience arising from dirt and noxious effluvia. To remove these nuisances Napoleon in 1809 decreed the construction of five public abattoirs at the extremities of the city, and thd suppression of the slaughter-houses in the central parts of Paris. Of these establishments three are to the north of the city ; vi2. the Abattoirs du Roule, de Montmartre, and de Popincciurt ; and two to the south, viz. those of Villejuif and of Crenelle, the five abattoirs being finished in 1818, at an expense of 16,518,000 fr., they were opened by order of the police, and the use of private slaughter-houses prohibited. Houses for melting the tallow and drying the skins are attached to each of these establishments, and are placed at the disposal of persons called fondeurs (melters), who must not be tallow- chandlers. The abattoirs of Popincourt and Montmartre have each 64 slaughter-houses; that of Crenelle 48, and the two dthers 32 each. Strangers should visit one of these establish- ments (See p. 283). (1) There are also special abattoirs for pork-butchers, at the Barriere des Foufueaux, outside the Bar- riere Montmartre, and La Chapelle. COMMON SEWERS, &c.— The Seine and the BieVre ih the southern part of Paris^ and the Seine and the rivulet of Mehil- moutant in the northern part, were formerly the only reeep- tacles for rain-water, &c. The ditches round the city-walls served as sewers, and some parts of them, now arched over, are still devoted to that purpose. About the year 1370, the grand igout from Menilmontant to Chaillot and several smaller ones were formed ; but, owing to their bad construction, in- jurious to the sanitary condition of the capital, it was deter- mined, in 167 1, that "the sewers should be vaulted, and at the (i) The duty upon the animals slaughtered is included in the octroi-duty paid on entering the abattoirs, and amounts to 12 1-3 centimes per kilogr. of meat. There are 500 butchers at Paris, who each find security for 3ooo francs. The country butchers bring meat to the markets of Paris on payment of a duty of 11 1-5 c. per kil. The cattle bought at Poissy or Seeaux is obliged to follow a fixed route to Paris. The fees to the driv- ers are lo c. per sheep, 70 c. per ox, and i fr. per calf. The driver is responsible for the death of the animals under his care. The lilaughter-men at the abattoirs receive from i fr. to ifr. so c. for each animal, besides the entrails, brains, and blood. Since October, 1855, the price of meat is regulated by a tariff, fixed every fortnight by the Prefect of Police, according to the ave- rage prices paid for cattle at the markets of Seeaux and Poiss^ SOCIAL STATItfnOi. 4^ mm yme th6 egotit de VHMel ie» IiitalMM was fofmril. fttef siaee 1829 immense additioBS bate been annually made to fbe leweFs of Paris^ wbkb at present ferm a length of 1 60,000 metres, constnicted at an expense of 40 millions of francs, in*^ tldding 5900 metres extrcHnuros. They «re cleaned twice a- week, at the cost of about 1 fr. a mMre per year. The gutters, formerly in the middle of the streefe, are now mostly plaeed by the sides of the foot-parements. Closely coimected with the drainage of the town, is the system adopted ier remoTing the night-soil from the houses. (See p. 267.) SOCIAL STATISTICS. POPULATION OF PARIS.— In 1474 the population of Paris amounted to 150, ooo souls; in 1710 to 490,000, in 1798 to 640,000 ; in 1802 (war) to 672,000 ; in 1809 it had fallen to 581,000 ; but in 1817 (peace) it had risen to 713,966 ; in 1827 to890,431; in 1836 to 909,126; in 1851, (last census) to 1 , 53, 2 f^2 . In that year, Ihe whole department of the Seine con- tained 1,422,065 souls, and, including strangers from the de- partments and foreigners, the number amounts to about 1,500,000. The total numlWr of births in the capital for 1854, according to the last official documents, was 36,464; atiU- born children, 2,603; deaths, 40,968; marriages, 11,329; Of the births, 18,381 were males, and 18,083 females; 5,919 took place in hospitals, and 11,717 were illegitimate, of which 3,083 were recognised by their parents. Of the deaths, 20,620 were males, and 20,348 finales ; 24,969 died at their homes, 13,896 in civil hospitals, 1,582 in military hospitals, 227 in prisons, 293 were deposited at the Morgue, and i exe- cuted. In the depattment the number of births in 1853 was 46,707 ; deaths, 44,330; marriages, 15,675. The last return of the population of the twelve arrondissements was as fol«  lows: — 1st arrondissement, 112, 740; 2d, 114,616; 3d, 65,359; 4th, 45,895; 5th, 97,208; 6th, 104,540; 7th, 69,735; 8th, 114,271; 9th, 60,198; 10th, 113,875; 11th, 09,581; 12th, 95,243. (1) Sceauxhas 135,011, and St. Denis 233,702. Of the population of Paris nearly one-half are working (t) The total population of Frande in isoi was S7,34§,ooo;in 1830 it was 30,451,197; in 1831, 39,S60,934; in 1841, 34,240,178$ in 1846, »5,4oe,486; and in 1891 (last eensuB) 89,781)628. The increase in fifty years has been 8^482^821 < the feUowing is tlie ftatem^dtfor isss : 44 GENERAL INFORIIAIION. people, the rest being in businefls, or living upon their iiio<»ne«  There are about 8o,ooo servants, and 70,ooo paupers. Nearly 15,000 patients are always in the hospitals, and 4 times thai number pass through them in the course of Uie year. Found- lings and old and infirm persons, are about 20,000 in all. The population of the prisons is about 5,000. (1) It has been remarked that families constantly residing in Paris soon become extinct. The effects of this mortality are observed to be more active upon males than females. REVENUE, TAXES, &c.— Paris generally comprises the city with its faubourgs or suburbs, now an integral part of it, and the banlieue, or precincts and environs, comprising 37 conmiunes, fast merging into one body with the city. The rec>eipts of the city of Paris for the year ending March 31st, 1855, amounted to 89,579,287 fr., besides 25,808,454 fr. raised by loan for public works ; the expenditure was 63,385,214 fi'. (2) The contribution fonciere, or land-tax, is I Legitimate... (B^^y-;;*^^^^^^^^^^ Births. . . . ^Illegitimate . .(B?y8; ; ; |^;0j; j a7,968 I Total (Boys. . . 477,575 j ( Total (Girls. .. 450,842 i'*^'®" Marriages ^ . . * 277,693 •>-»»••• •••KlieV:::::::::",K)"^'»' ^—••ttie.:::: :::::: Zl>'-'"' The annual average of suicides in France is s,350, being t in 8,656 oftlie adult population. Suicides of males are to those of females as 4 to i. The mean duration of life in France is at pre- •sent 36.7 years ; before 1719 it was but 28.75, showing an in- crease of nearly s years in the average life of man In this coun-«  try. See the ** Annuaire du Bureau des Longitudes." (i) The population of France comprises the following classes: Agriculturists, 2o,S5i,628 ; manufacturers, 2,094,37i ; artisans, 7,8io,i44 ; liberal professions, 3,991,026 ; domestics^ 755,505; various, 780,496. The 20,351,628 agriculturists are divided as follows : — Persons who farm their own land^ 7,159,284 ; farmers renting the land, 4,ooo,348 ; day labourers^ 6,122,747 ; farm-servants, 2,748,265 ; wood-cutters, 520,986. (2) Among the items of receipts we find -.—Octroi Duties, 40,021,838 fr. ; Market Duties^ 4,156,868 tr. ; Public Weights and Measures, 382^562 fr.; Hydraulic Establishments^ i, 307,97 1 fr.; Gaisse de Poissy, 28,800 ft.; Slaughter-houses, 1,177,591 fr. ; Entrep5ts, 448,408 fr.; Rents of Standings on Public Ways^ 521,943 fr.; Dues on Burials, 405,665 fr. ; Grants of Land in Cemeteries^ i,050,904fr. ; Night-soil, 230,1 59 fr. Among the items of expenditure are :— Interest of Debt of the OCTROI AND ENTRANCB DC1IE8* 45 estimated at 8,000,000 fr. ; the (xmtribution per9(mneUe et mohiliere, or house and furniture-tax, at 3,800,000 fr.; and the contribution des portes et fendtra, or window-tax, at 2,600,000 fr. Since 1851, the contribution personnelle has been regulated as follows ; persons renting lodgings of less than 200 fr. a-year pay none ; from that sum to 400 fr., 2Vi per cent, on the amount of the rent ; and whatever is above that sum is taxed at 9 per cent. Thus a person paying looo fr. is charged 64 fr. The debt of the city in 1865 amounted to 128,442,971 fr. It contributes 12,8oi,OOOfr. yearly towards the expenses of the State, and about 2 ,61 2,000 fr. towards those of the department. The revenues of the 37 communes of the banlieue amount to more than 1 ,200,000 fr. The richest of them are the Batignolles, with a revenue of 155,832 fr.; Belleville, 140,000 fr.; Neuilly, 115,000 fr.; and St. Denis, 108,200 fr. Tariff of the Octroi and Entrance Duties. — Per hecto- litre : Wine in wood, 9 fr. 87 c. ; do. in bottles, 16 fr. 92 c; vinegar, verjuice, 8cc., in wood or bottles, 9 fr. 87 c. ; pure alcohol in wood, brandy and spirits in bottles, liqueurs, fruit in brandy, and scented spirits in wood or bottles, 23 fr. 50c. ; perry and cider, 3 fr. 76 c; beer brought to Paris, 3 fr. 76c.; do. brewed in Paris, 2 fr. 82 c; (1) olive oil, 37 fr. 60 c. ; other oils, 20 fr. 68 c.; charcoal, 47 c. ; cx)als, 28 c; oats, 56 c. — Per 100 kilogrammes: butcher's meat brought into Paris, 10 fr. 53 c. ; (2) ditto from the abattoirs, 8 fr. 84 c. ; (3) sau- sages, hams, &c., 20fr. 68 c; spermaceti candles, 9 ifr. 40 c.; tallow and tallow candles, 2 fr. 82 c. — Per stere: firewood, 2 fr. 49 c. — Per hundred trusses of 5 kilog, each : dry hay, 4fr. 70C.; straw, 1 fr. 88 c. Every driver of articles subject to duty, is bound to make declaration thereof at the bureau before he enters Paris ; to show his way-bill to the officers, and pay the duties, upon pain of a fine equal to the value of the articles in question. City, 12, 1 S6,499 fr.; Expenses of Collection^ Salaries^ &c.^ S,703,730 francs; Primary Instruction^ 1,557,764 fr. ; Public Worship, 9S,789 fr. ; National Guard and Military Service, 7i7,32ofr.; Re- pairs of Public Buildings, 4,244,372 fr.; Hospices and Charitable Establishments, 6,478,65 ifr.; Libraries, Promenades, and Works of Art, 297,219 fr. ; Establishments of Public Instruction^ 126,454 fr.; Public Festivals, 902,829 fr. ; Expenses of the Pre- fecture of Police, 9,624,323 fr.; New Public Works^ 48,t77,i05fr«  (1) Beer was drunk for the first time in Paris in 1428. (2) In 1793, the octroi duty on oxen was 15 fr. a-head ; cows, t fr. 50 c. ; calves, 3 fr. ; sheep, 5o c. In I8i5 these duties had risen to 23 fr. 10 c, 13 fr. 20 c, s fr. 56 c, and 1 fr. 32 c. (5) The difference is owing to the droits d'dbatage, or tax for kill- ing in the slaughter-houses Qf Paris, which ia i 4-5 c. per kilog. 4tB «»mAL wrefm^nfnip Am aHiele ktrednoed wiUioul being deelared, or upoH a Mae deelarotion, is liable to be seized* The officers caanot use the prohiDg-iron in their examination of boxes, packages, ficc, declared to contain goods that may suffer damage. No ing dividual is exempt at the barrier in his carriage, from inspection or the duties. There are also octroi offices at the abattoirs Cor cattle, at the railway-stations, and on the ports. The navi- gation of the Seine produces a net income of 1,000,000 fr. The produce of the Octroi duties amounted, in 1846, to 33,988,181 fr.,; the expenses of collecting amounting to 2,034,000 fr. In 1848, owing to revolutionary disasters, it was only 9,974,324 fr. But in 1849 it rose again to 32,925,611 fr. There are 943 persons of various grades emr ployed in the Octroi service. (1) Thade. — From an enquiry set on foot by the Chamber of Commerce of Paris in 1851, it appears that the number of trades in this city is 325, carried on by 65,000 masters, 205,000 workmen, and 112,800 women, besides 16,600 boys and 7,700 girls. Men's salaries vary from 3 to 5 fr. gene- rally per day, only 8 per cent receiving more, and 14 per cent earning under 3 fr. Women's salaries average from 60 centimes to 3 fr. per day. Apprentices generally have board and lodging, sometimes their washing, and in a few cases a trifling salary. The chief trades are : those relating to dress, which produce annually about 24 1 millions of francs ; those of food and nourishment, 227 millions; architectural trades, 1 4 5 millions ; furniture of every kind, 1 37 millions ; jewellery, 90 millions ; bronze trades, 20 millions; basket-making, and minor trades, 20 millions; hats, 16 millions, and gloves, 14 millions. (2) Of the manufactures in Paris, or its (0 The produce of the Indirect taxes for all France was : In 1847 I 820,6 43 .Odfr. i 1850 I 738,2S2,(>00fr. i 1833 I 846.8 4.rO)fr. 1848 G70.7SO.1 ) „ 851 i 737 ^43.0U0 .. 18.i4 847,2{;0.0i)il ., 1M9 i 7 1,713.000 „ I 1852 ] 804.334,000 „ ! 1855 I 950,87S),000 ,, Among the items of i8S5 we find: Registration and Mortgage dues, 266,778,000 fr.; Stamps^ 5i«529,ooo fr.; Customs^ Naviga- tion, &c., 125,736,000 fr.; Salt-duty, 28,210,000 fr.; Foreign su- gars, 35,199,000 fr.; French Colonial do., 37,191,000 fr.; Home- grown ditto, 27,818,000 fr.; Potable liquors, ii4,os2,ooo fr. ; Letters, and Duty on sending money, 5e,807,ooo fr. (The rer «eipts on this item were 49,500,000 fr. in 1847 and 1848, before the uniform postage system was adopted.) Tobacco Monopoly, 1 52,524,000 francs. Th£ collection of taxes for all France costs 151 millions of francs. (2) The average yearly amoBi^t^ calculated on the last ^^iiseii years, of the exports from Pans, is ii6,022,2o« fr. The number of tradesmen's licences annually issued in Paris is U]^war4« of ^,099, prodttcing 11 milliens a-year. nUlNI CMT FABV. «T visiiiifaf , ttoee Moag to the goverimieBt, vis., om, ttie GM^ Uns, for tapestry and carpets ; one for snuff and tobaoeo; and tfae third for porcelain. The first of these does not sell its produce ; hut the second ftimishes nearly a fifth of the snuff and tobacco consumed in the country, the sale of which amounts to 140,000,000 £r. The third, at Sevres, is rather a laboratory for useful experiments in the manufacture of porcelain than a source of profit ; its sales, though very great, barely cover the expenses. There are 999 manufactories of haberdashery ; the shawl trade counts 752 looms ; the number of maisons de modes is 879; of ready-made clothes shops, 226; stay- makers, 653; hatters, 644; cabinet-makers, 1,915; carvers, 222; upholsterers, 519; manufacturers of paper hangings, 141; looking-glasses, 120 ; bronze and gilt work, 450. The trade of Paris is distributed among the different arron- dissements as follows : — The 1st Arrondissement produces to the amount of 102 millions; 2d, 177 millions ; 3d, employs 32,000 workmen, producing 127 millions ; 4th, 21,000 work- men, 7 2 millions; 5th, 5 i ,000 workmen, 169 millions; 6th; 08,000 workmen, 235 millions; 7th, 41,000 workmen, 153 millions; 8th, 50,000 workmen, 132 millions. This arron- diss^nent is the great place for furniture, paper-hanging, car- penters' work, and breweries. 9th, 1 5,ooo workmen, 55 mil- lions; 10th, 10.000 workmen, 66 millions; 11th, 19,000 workmen, 63 millions; 12tfa, which is the great rendezvous for tanners, chiffonniers, and brewers, 70,000 workmen, producing loo millions. In Paris, the cotton-spinners are paid the worst and work the hardest ; since they receive only frpm 1 to 2 fr. per diem, and work for 12 hours. The rag^coUectors, or ehiffimniers, realize from 1 fir. 50 c. to 2 fr. arday. Young women in shops receive their food, washing, and lodging, and are paid firom 200 to 500 fr. per annum. The ordinary expense of a journeyman is from 20 to 30 sous daily for food, and from 5 to 6 fr. per month for lodging. A great part of the Paris workmen do no work on Monday or on Sun- day afternoon. Their condition has been observed to improve yearly in proportion as Savings' Banks have increased. (1) (i) A sum of s,oo«,ooo fr., resulting from the confl»cation of the Orleans property, had been since i853 placed at the disposal of the Minifiler of the interior, in order to enter Into arrange- ments with capitalists for the building of houses for the working classes. But this plan not having led to satisfactory results, the Emperor has this year (i 656) bought i8,ooo square metres of building ground on the Boulevard MazaS; fbr the purpose of erecting houses for the working classes and persons of limited ineome, The h^Hses, when fliiiehed, are to be sold by auetioo. 48' GENERAL INFORIIATION. CONSUMPTION.— The following is a statement of the con- sumption of Paris for 1854. (1) Wine, 1,073,849 hectolitres (2) ; spirits, «i,683 h.; cider, 34,872 h.; beer, 166,590 h.; vinegar, ai,452 h.; fine oil, 5,i is h. ; butchers' meat, 63,079,137 kilogrammes; pork, 8,541,766 k.; hams, sausages, 810,945 k.; pies, prepared meats, 76,745 k.; cheese, 1,672,880 k.; bread, 1 65,000,000 k.; grapes, 800,912 k.; sea-fish, 4,260,384 francs ; fresh-water fish, 648,3oo fr.; oysters, i,39i,096fr; poultry and game, 14,319^003 fr.; butter, 15,544,345 fr. ; eggs, 7,724,256 fr.; apples, 363,228 baskets; pears, 103,000 baskets; melons, 1,000,000 fr.; plums, 5,000,000 fr.; strawber- ries, 5,000,000 fr.; onions, 23,7S5 cartloads; cabbages, 29,930 carts; carrots, ii,680 carts; turnips, 10,220 carts; artichokes, 9,855 carts; petatees, 3,250,000 kil. ; water-cresses, 7,200 carts; pea^, French beans, haricots, S49,ooo sues; sugar, 12,600,000 kil.; mushrooms, 2,525,000 small baskets; chesnuts, 3,000 beet.; walnuts, 4,500 sacs; hay, 7,780, 810 bundles; straw, 12,940,743 bundles; oats, 1,088,522^ hect. The ordinary consumption of Paris in grain and flour, sold at the Halle au Ble, is estimated at 2,000 sacks, each weighing 159 kilogranmies, daily. -The price of hread is fixed« twice a- month, by the authorities ; it varies with the price of flour, hut may be averaged at a sous a-pound for best quality. (3) In the winter of 1846-1847 it was as dear as 6 *4 sous. (4) (1) The coftt of the consumption of Paris is estimated at 9^0,000,090 fr. Wine enters this amount for 49,000,000 fr. ; milk, 22,000,000 fr. ; groceries, 78,000,000 fr. ; salt, 2,000,000 Cr. ; bread, 38,000,000 fr.; meat and pork, 40,000,000 fr.; vegetables, 15,000,000 fr., including 1,200,000 fr. for early fruit and vege- tables. Paris contains 600 bakers, soo butchers, i72o restau- rants, and 3182 wine and liquor dealers. (2) The vineyards of France are estimated at 800,000 acres, producing 4o mililons of hectolitres of wine (value soo millions of fr.), which pay an octroi-dxity of 80 millions of {r,, besides 1 20 millions of fr. to the State. (3) The present number of bakers in Paris is 60 1, and this number is to remain unaltered until after the official census of 1861, when the number is to be fixed in the proportion of one baker to every 1800 inhabitants. In the rest of the department of the Seine there is to be one baker for every i500 inhabitants. Nevertheless, if found necessary, a baker, or a depot of bread, may be allowed to communes of an inferior population. The reduction of the establishments is to be effected by purchase. (4) According to an official statistical return, the prices of bread and meat during the last 150 years (from 1700 to i853) have been as follows : — Bread : 1700 to 176S the average price of the two-pound loaf was 1 sous 6 den.; i763 to 1812, 2 sous ; 1812 to 1846, 3 sous; and from 1846 to 1858, 4 sous. — Meat: 1700 to 1773 the average price of two pounds was 5 sous; 1703 to 1812, 9 sous ; from 1812 to 1^46, u SQUS ; from 194^ to BISIOIUCAI. Monci. i| The greatest niupber of oxen for the Pari» market* 91% brought from the defjartments of Calvados, Maiae^i-J^e, Eure, Manche, Orne, Vendee, and Haute- VicDue ; their price varies from 300 to 600 fr. a-head. Cows come from the districts of Maine, Noraaandy, Beauce, and Brie ; their value i$ fi'om 190 to 450 fr. Calves come from Auvergue and Nor-, mandy, but are bought up by the dealers of Pontoise, and there fattened for the capital ; their average value is from 7 5 to 120 fr. Sheep are sent in the greatest numlicrs from th9 Seine-et-Oise, Indre, Marne, Orne, and Germany ; they sell from 25 to 30 fr. each. The capital employed in the purchase of rattle for Paris last year was upwards of 47,000,000 fr. (i) The annual sale of tobacco in Paris is estimated at 708,793 kilogrammes; hard wood (bois dur), about 500,000 sleres; white wood (bois blanc), 120,000 slcres; charcoa^^ 2,C60,00O hectolitres ; and coal, 3,800,000 hectolitres. HISTORICAL NOTICE OF PARIS. Th£ ori^n of Paris and of its founders is involved in gseai obscurity. A wandering tribe oMained permission of the Se- nones, at a remote period, to settle upon the banks of the Seine. Upon the island now called la Cite they built huts, which served as a natural fortress to protect thefr property from the neighbouring tribes. To their stronghold they gave the name of Lutetia (2), and to themselves that of Famit. (d) Upon the conquest of Gaul by Julius Csesar, he found the Parisii one of the 64 tribes of the GalUc confederation, whose chief town was Lutetia. Two bridges established comn^um- catious with the opposite banks of the Seine, which were covered with extensive marshes or gloomy forests, and ^e in- habitants, who were remarkably fierce, suppoi'ted themselves chiefly by hunting and fishing. Under the dominion of the ' Romans, this tribe remained in the same state of insignificance 1833, 18 sous. The average yearly prpduclion of corn in a}} France is 8,046,ooo,ooo kil.; consumption: 7,900,000,000 kilos. (i) By order of the Minister of the Interior, a book, caile4 Stud-book FrangaiSy for the registration of the short-homed or Durham race of caltlfs, is to be puj)li8hcd regularly. {^) Lutetia, frosn toj^iou-Tiftsi, duelling of the water*. fi«4i*a«4b Seine,' from seacH, devious, and an/water, river; from avain», U) Pari* tir-probably from the Celtic bar or par, a frontier. 50 GENERAL INFORMATION. as before ; their progress in civilisation was slow, and even the worship of the Roman gods with difficulty superseded the human sacrifices of the Druids. Some antiquarian remains dug up from beneath the choir of the Cathedral of Notre Dame, and which are now deposited in the remaining vault of the Palais des Thermes, lead to the conclusion that temples were erected there to Jupiter and Mercury. In the year 54 B. C, Caesar convoked at Lutetia an assembly of the nations of Gaul. In the general rebellion of the Gallic na- tions, the following year, Lutetia was burnt by the Gauls to prevent its falling into the hands of the Romans ; but it sub- fiequently came into their power with the rest of Gaul. The Roman laws and a municipal government were gradually introduced, and the city was called Lutetia Parisiorum. During the next three centuries the place is hardly noticed. The emperor Julian, between A.D. 358 and A.D. 360, remodelled the government of Gaul, gave stability to the Roman laws, and equalized the privileges of the various towns. Lutetia changed its name to Parisii, obtained political franchises, and the dig- nity of a city. The trade of Paris was in the hands of a trad- ing company, called Nautas Parisiaci, which existed long after the fall of the Romans. For 500 years of Roman do- mination, Paris was the residence of a prefect. A palace was erected in the Cite for municipal purposes, and another on the south bank of the Seine, remains of which may still be seen. An arena was formed upon the declivity of the hill of St. Victor, and a cemetery near where the Place St. Michel now stands ; an aqueduct was constructed from Chaillot, remains of which were discovered in the last century in the Place de la Concorde and the Palais Royal ; and a second aqueduct, to convey the waters of Arcueil to the Palais des Thermes. Con- stantine and Constantius visited the capital of the Gauls ; Ju- lian passed three winters in it; Yalentinian issued several laws here, which are published in his code ; and Gratian, his son, lost a battle under its walls, which cost him the empire. According to a legend of the monks of St. Denis, the gospel was first jNreached at Paris, about the year 250, by St. Denis the Areopagite, who suffered martyrdom at Montmartre. As early as the reign of Yalentinian I. a chapel dedicated to St. Stephen was erected on the spot where Jupiter was wor- shipped, and where the cathedral of Notre Dame now stands. In 406, Gaul suffered greally from the incursions of hordes of barbarians from the north. In 445, the Sicambri, of the league of the Franks, crossing the Rhine, made themselves masters of the cities situated on its banks, and, marching thence to Paris, stormed it. The Roman government, however, still HISTORICAL NOTICE. 51 lingered on in Gaul, in the last stage of existence. When Ghil«  deric, king of Toumay, having died in 481, his son Clodovech, or Clovis, in 486 marched against the Roman general Siagrius, whom he routed ; and, extending his conquests by degrees, he made himself master of Paris, in 494 or 496. Here he mar- ried Clotilde, embraced Christianity, and buUt a church to St. Peter and St. Paul, but -which shortly after was dedicated to Ste. Genevieve, who died in his reign. At this period the island was surrounded by walls with gates and towers. Childefaert built the abbey of St. Germain des Pres and the church of St. Germain TAuxerrois. The walls built by Clovis subsisted till the time of Louis VI., who, to defend himselfofrom the attacks of his feudal lords, determined on protecting the faubourgs on the north and south by a wall. Under the kings of the Merovingian dynasty, which lasted 256 years, the arts, laws, and literature, introduced by the Romans into Gaul, fell into decay. Few of the princes of the second or Carlovingian dynasty resided at Paris. Charlemagne afforded powerful protection to letters and the sciences, and did more for the establishment of the monarchical authority than any of his predecessors, but, under his feeble successors, Paris became the private patrimony of hereditary counts. In 845 the Normans, attracted by the riches of the churches and con- vents, made a descent upon Paris ; they sacked and burned it in 857, and again besieged it in 885. After appealing in vain to Charles le Chauve for succour, the Parisians, by their own efforts, seconded by the valour of Count £!udes, or Odo, com- pelled the enemy, at the end of two years, to raise the siege. Charles was then deposed, and the crown given to Eudes, in whose family it became hereditary in the person of Hugues Ca- pet, elected king in 987. In the first year of his reign he be- gan the palace which now bears the name of Palais de Justice. The inhabitants commenced buildings in all directions ; and so great was the increase of the city that it was divided into four quarters, whence the term quartier, to express a division of Paris. At that period, however, the city was not very large, as ten men sufficed to collect the taxes. The duties of the northern gate, situated at the intersection of the rue St. Mar- tin with the new rue de Rivoli, produced, under Louis le Gros, only 12 fr. a-year (600 fr. present money). This monarch re- built the Louvre, which existed as early as the time of Dago- bert. Bishop Maurice de Sully began the foundations of Notre Dame, the first stone of which was laid in 1163, by Pope Alexander III. ; and the Templars erected a palace upon the spot where the Marche du Temple is situated. Under the early reigns of the third dynasty, many privileges were con- 4^ GENEIUX INFORMATION. (erred uppu the Parisians. A royal prevot administeyed jus- tice in t^e king's name, and a prevot des marchands watched over the municipal interest. The schools of Paris became celebrated, and in the 14th century colleges were founded. Philip Augustus built several churches and the lower of the Louvre ; he caused some of the streets to be paved, and fortiBed the city with a wall and turrets, which, beginning on the right bank a Uttle above the Pont dcs Arts, and proceeding northward as far as the rue Grenicr St. Lazare, ended on the Quai des Ormes : on the left bank it commenced near the pre- sent site of the Palais de Tlnstitut, and, after running south- ward to the rue des Fosses St. Jacques, took an easterly direc- tion, and ended at the Quai de la Tournclle. The river was bar- red by a heavy chain fastened to piles, and supported by boats. Paris then formed three divisions, la Cite, in the centre ; la VUle, on the North ; and I'Dniversite, on the south of the river. In 1250, Robert Sorbon founded his schools in the quarter still called de la Sorbonne, which was also named le pays latin. Under St. Louis many vexatious customs were abolished, a better system of jurisprudence introduced, and many religious and commercial institutions established. A corps of munici- pal troops was formed, and a night patrol orgamsed. An hos- pital for the blind^ a school of surgery, and a body of notaries were instituted. Philippe le llardi unproved the streets and highways; and Phihppe le Bel established several courts of justice. During the captivity of King John in England, Paris was agitated by the faction of the Maillotins, headed by Etiennc Marcel, prevot des marchands, and instigated by Charles le Mauvais. Marcel was however slain by his own partisans, and the Dauphin quelled the revolt. Under Charles V., the faubourgs being much extended and in danger from the incursions of the English, new ditchc* and walls were begun in 1367, and completed in sixteen years. During this period the BastLUe and the Palais des Tournelles were built, and the Louvre repaired and enlarged. Paris was then divided into 16 quarters, and contained 1084 acres of ground. Charles V. was succeeded in 1380 by Charles VI., who became insane in 1392, and died in 1422. Durii^ tliis disastrous reign, the revenues of the state were squandered in the struggle between the dukes of Orleans and Bourgogne ; the factions of the Bourguignons and Armag^cs distracted th^ country, and the English occupied Paris m 1421. The Pont St. Michel was built in 1384, and the Po^t Notre Da^e i^ 1414. Under Charles VII. the English were driven from Pa- ris, m U36 ; and the Greek language was taught for the Brst . tin^e ii^ the University /which contained 26,000 students. Un- HISTORICAL IftynCE. 5^ 3er him and succeeding monarchs, Paris was desolated by famine, the plague, and by wolves, to such a degree, that in 1466 the malefactors of all countries were invited thither as a sanctuary, with a view of repeopling the capital. Notwith- standing the dreadful mortality, the population, under Louis Xr., amounted to 300,000 souls, and the space comprised within the Walls was lloo acres. In 1470 printing was in- troduced, and the post-office established. Francis I. gave to Paris a new aspect. The old chateau of the Louvre, an as- semblage of towers and heavy walls, was demolished, and a palace commenced on its site. Several churches were rebuilt, a royal college for gratuitous instruction in the sciences and learned languages was founded, better communicalions opened between the different parts of the city, the fortifications en- larged and repaired, and the rebuilding of the Faubourg St. Germain, ruined during the preceding wars, commenced. In 1533, the Hotel de Ville was begun, the Quai de la Toumelle was formed in 1552, the Place Maubert in 1558, and the cha- teau and garden of the Tuileries in 1563. About the same time the Arsenal was constructed. Under Henry II. the col- lege of Ste. Barbe was endowed, a protestant church established in defiance of his persecutions, and the coins of the realm bore for the fii-st time the effigy of the king. The wars of religion, and their disastrous consequences, among which the Massacre of St. Bartholomew was the most conspicuous, arrested for a while the progress of letters and the fine arts, until Henry IV., having restored peace to the kingdom, turned his attention to plans for promoting his subjects' happiness and embellishing the capital. During his reign the Pont Neuf was finished, the hospital of St. Louis founded, the neighbourhood of the Arsenal improved ; the Place Royale, the rue Dauphine and the neigh- bouring quays, were laid out ; great additions were made to the palace of the Tuileries, and the gallery which joins it to the Louvre was partly constructed. Under Louis XIIl., the Palais Cardinal, now Palais Royal, was begun by Richelieu, and the Luxembourg by Marie de Medicis ; the Cours la Reine was planted ; the quays and bridges of the lie St. Louis constructed ; magnificent hotels arose in the Faubourg St. Germain ; the college which aftrrxi^ards as- sumed the name of Louis le Grand, the Academic Royale, and the Garden of Plants, were founded ; the Faubourg St. Honord became united with the villages of Roule and Viile-l'Eveque, and the Faubourg Saint Antoine, with Popincourt and Reuilly. Louis irV. 6ompleted the projects of llenrjr IV. and Louis XIR. Mor« thMi eighty new streets wei^e opetted, and most of 64 GENERAL INFORMiTiON«  the old ones improved and embellished. The Place Vendome and Place des Victoires were formed. Thirty-three churches were erected, many of the quays were faced with stone, and a new one formed ; and, for the greater convenience of the courts of justice, the Grand Gh^telet was erected. The Hotel des Invalides, a foundUng hospital, the Observatory, the co- lonnade of the Louvre, and the Pont Royal were completed, and the Champs Eiysees planted. The palace of the Tuileries was enlarged, and the garden laid out on its present plan. The college Mazarin, now the Palais de Tlnstitut, was founded, as also the manufactory of the Gobelins. The old city gates were superseded by triumphal arches, of which those of St. Denis and St. Martin remain ; and the boulevards became an uninterrupted suite of promenades. Paris under Louis XV. occupied a space of 2842 acres. Among the improvements of this reign are the sumptuous hotels of the Faubourgs St. Germain and St. Honore, the Palais Bourbon, now the pdace of the Legislative Body, the church of Ste. Genevieve, (lately the Pantheon,) the Place de la Gon*i corde, the manufactory of porcelain at Sevres, the southern boulevards, and several fountains, among which that of the rue de Grenelle, by Bouchardon. Another foundling hospital was established, the flcole Militaire, the Hotel des Monnaies, College de France, facades of St. Sulpice and St. Eustache were built, and the Garden of Plants was enlarged. Louis XVL continued the church of Ste. Genevieve, com- menced that of the Madeleine, built St. Philippe du Roule, and several others. He also repaired the Palais de Justice, and founded or enlarged several charitable institutions. The French Theatre, the French, Italian, and Comic opera-houses, and other theatres, arose in quick succession. The old markets were enlarged, and new ones formed. Steam-engines were established on the banks of the Seine, to accelerate the distri- bution of water to different quarters of the city ; the Pout de la Concorde formed a communication between the Faubourg St. Honore and that of St. Germain and the octroi-wall and barriers were built. (See p. 37) The new boulevards and the villages of Chaillot, le Roule, and Monceaux, were enclosed within the limits of Paris, so that the area of the capital was augmented to 8,660 acres, and the galleries of the Palais Royal, furnished with shops of every kind, gave the Parisians an idea of the} bazaars of the East. The local history of Paris during the first revolution is in fact the history of the revolution itself. We need therefore hardly advert to the taking of the Bastille on July 14, 1789, or the erection of the guillotine on the Place Louis XV., now Historical notice. 5S t^ce de la Concorde. Many monuments of the middle ages were demolished in that eventful time, and the fine arts threal* ened with destruction. But under the Directory the museum of the Louvre was opened, and under Napoleon I. Paris assumed more than its former splendour. The Place du Carrousel was cleared of the unsightly buildings which stood in front of the palace ; the Louvre completed ; the northern gal- lery connecting the two palaces b^un; the garden of the Tui- leries embellished; the magnificent rue de Rivoli commenced ; the rue Gastiglione, connecting the latter with the Place Yen- dome, rue de la Paix, Boulevard, and Chaussee d'Antin, was designed and executed ; a new and spacious market formed on the site of the convent des Jacobins, near the rue St. Honore ; ' another near the abbey of St. Martin des Champs, and a Uurd near St. Germain des Pres ; three handsome bridges were built; and new quays formed on e^ch bank of the river. The Canal de rourcq was opened, and, in the basin made at the barriere de la Villette, a junction was effected between it and theCanaJs of St. Denis and St. Martin, while an ample supply of water was thus afforded to the capital. The Place de la Bastille, intersected by the latter canal, was begun, and near it a vast granary of reserve was constructed. The Bank of France was established in the Hotel de Toulouse, and a magnificent Bourse or Exchange begun. Fifteen new fountains were erected in different parts of the city, and several wide streets and spacious markets were opened. The palace and garden of the Luxem- bourg were improved and enlarged, and the column of the Place Vendome erected. Three great cemeteries were formed without the barriers; and five public slaughter-houses^ called abattoirs, were constructed at the extremities of the faubourg. The churches devastated during the revolution of 17 89 were repaired and embellished. More than £4,000,000 were expended on these works and embellishments in 12 years. Paris was taken on the 30th March, 1814, by the allied forces under the command of Prince Schwarzenberg, after a gallant defence by the garrison, supported by the National Guard, and the students of the Polytechnic and Veterinary Schools. On the 3 1st the allied sovereigns made their entry, a capitulation having been signed with the authorities of the city. Louis XVIII., on his restoration, extended the town, com- pleted the canals; constructed the Chamber of Deputies, three bridges, and several barriers ; erected statues of the kings of France in different places ; built a chapel in the Temple, an- other in the rue d*Anjou, and a third on the site where the Duke de Berri was assassinated (See p. 225). Several mar- kets and hospitals wejre ftnisUed or enlarged, the works at the 5« CAmRkt KSl^dRI^AfibN. jEii|fe(iidl defl Yifts and Grretder de Beserve re^ibM, And tire l^tnig and deansing of the city rtiueh improved. Under Charles X. the architectural alterations M Paris werfe ehiefly of an ecclesiastical character. The church of St. Ger- main des Pres was restored-, the Madeleine progressed ; at Gros Gailloa the church of St. Pierre was erected ; and other new ehurches rose from their foundations. Three new bridges were built; many of the Passages that now embellish Paris were begun, and the suburbs continued to increase rapidly. (1) ^ The people of France, dissatisfied with the return of the Bourbons through the aid of foreign bayonets, were not about this time very wamdy attached to the reigning dynasty. The

• impradent acts of the Villele and Polignac ministries, increased

tftetJ- disaffection, till ttie famous ordinances of July gave the fli^al for a gena*al outbreak at Paris. During the 27th, 28th, and 2^th of July 1830, upwards of four thousand barricades were raised, and after an obstinate resistance on the part of the Swiss Guards and the Gendarmerie, commanded by Marshal ^armont, Charies X. was dethroned, and the younger brandi oMled to the throne by the people in the person of Louis Phi- lif^e. Under the reign of that prince, the gatden and Palace of the Tuileries were much altered, some of the quays widened, those on the north planted, and several new bridges built. A gte&i number of handsome new streets were opened, the fl6tel de Ville was quadrupled in size, the Madeleine, the ehtHr^hes of Notre Dame de Lorette, St. Vincent de Paule, and St. Denis, were finished ; the Place de la Concorde was completely remodelled, and the Obelisk of Luxor was reared m it» centre ; the Triumphal Arch at the Barriere de Tfltoile was completed, as were the magnificent palaces of the Quai d'Grsay and of the Fine Arts. Vast works were undertaken for the drainage of the streets ; gas was generally introduced throtfghout the town; and health and comfort were more con- sulted in the improved construction of private edifices. Such was the state of apparent prosperity in the capital of France in the beginning of 1848, when political errors brought (i) The following table will show the area of Paris at diflerent periods : Under Julius Cffisar.. » Philip Augustus. » Charles VL . » Henry III. » Louis XIII. . » Louis XIV. . » Louis XV. » Louis Philippe^ Hectares. B.C. 56 15 A.D. 1211 253 1383 439 1581 483 1634 568 1686 1,104 1717 1^137 1«4$ 3,Jr!l4 * lil^TORtCAL KOTIcfe. 57 about the m^mt>fable revolution of JP^bniary (l). The sudden change from royalty to a rlppublican form generated a series of public miBfortanes, which pat a stop to all improvement ; and the greatest efforts on the part of the republican go- vernment and city magistrates Were hardly equal to the task of satisfying the cravings of a host of. starving workmen, by employing them in the demolition of some hundred decayed houses in the vicinity of the church of St. Eustache. Inl 849, the ravages committed by the ehotera at last roused the republican government to the conviction that the health of the metropolis' required the execution Of great works of public utility, which had been hitherto lost sight of in the thirst for mere magnificence. The Government, therefore, agreed to shar^ with the eity of Paris the expense of prolonging the rue dc Rivoli, a project Which had long slumbered un- heeded in the portfolios of the dty engmeers. - The new halles were alsc commenced opposite the church of St. Eustache, and the City xx)ntracted a loan of 50 millions Of francs, to complete these gigantic undertakings, which have caused many a filthy street to disappear from the map. The events of Dec. 2d, 1851, which caused the overthrow of the Constitution of 1848, and the proclamation of the Em- pire on the same day of the following year, being still fresh in the minds* of our readers, we may pass them over m silence here, merely stating, that on the 4th of Dec, 1831, some fighting took place in the rues St. Denis and St. Martin, and on the' adjoining boulevards. Since that period, however, and especially since the restoration of the Empire, the execution of works of public utility has proceeded with unparalleled acti- vity. The rue de Rivoli has been extended to the rue St. Antoine ; the works of the Louvre and Place du Carrousel, commenced in 1852, are nearly completed; the Boulevard de Strasbourg has been opened, the railway round Paiis con- structed, extensive embellishments have been executed in the Bois de Boulogne ; the rue des ftcoles connects the principal establishments of public instruction, and the central market, as well as the continuation of the Boulevard de Strasbourg, un- der the name of Boulevard de Sebastopol, to the vicinity of the Place St. Michel, are in active progress. Other works, the magnitude of which bewilders those accustomed to the slow improvements of former reigns, are already in contemplation, and a few years hence Paris will have undergone such radical changes as have never been effected in so short a time in any capital of Europe. (1) the damages paid by the City to compensate for the do -. 's\ruction of property in i848 amounted to 5,99»,ei5 fir. Digitized by VjOOQ IC 5d GENERAL iNt^ORMATIO^. As freiuent allusions are made in this work to the History of France, a chronological table of the Kings, with the dates of their accession, is subjoined. It begins with the first monarch of the second or Carlovingian race. A.D. 752 768 Pepin Charlemagne. . Louis I. Le Debonnaire. Charles II. Le Chauve. Louis II. Le B^gue, . Louis III. and Carloman Charles III. Le Gros, Eudes. Charles IV. Le Simple. Raoul Louis IV. d'Outremer. Lothaire. ... Louis V. . . . Hugh Capet. Robert. Henry L . . . Philippe I. Louis \l.Le Gros. Louis VII. Le Jeunt. . Philippe II. Auguste. Louis Vni. . . Louis IX. St. Louis. Philippe III. Le Hardi. Philippe IV. Le Bel. Louis X. Le Hutin. . Philippe V. Le Long. Charles IV. Le Bel. . Philippe VI. De Valois. Jean, Le B't . 814 840 877 879 884 888 898 933 936 954 986 987 996 1031 1060 1108 1137 1180 1333 1326 1270 1285 1314 1316 1322 1328 1350 Charles V. Charles VI. Charles VII. Louis XI. . Charles VIII. Louis XII. . Francis I. . Henry II. Francis II. . Charles IX. Henry III. . Henry IV. . Louis XIII. Louis XIV. Louis XV. . Louis XVI. States-General. Constituent Assembly. Legislative Assembly. Republic and Convention Reign of Terror. Directory. . Consulate. . Napoleon, Emperor . Louis XVIII. Restored. Charles X. Louis Philippe. Republic, — L. Napoleon Napoleon III. A.D. 1364 1380 1422 1461 1483 1498 1515 1547 1559 1560 1574 1589 1610 1643 1715 1774 1789 1789 1791 1792 1793 1795 1799 1804 1814 1825 1830 1848 1852 The following is a list of the most remarka])le spots in Paris, all mentioned in their respective places. (See Index,) Places of Historical Note, — ^House where the illustrious GomeiUe died. — Spot where the Ducde Berri was assassinated. — ^Rue St. Honore, where Henry IV. was murdered. — House replacing that wherein Moliere was bom. — Scene of Fieschi's Infernal Machine. — ^Street where the Gonnetable Clisson was waylaid. — Tomb of Lafayette. — Burial-place of Boileau. — ^Hdtel where Voltaire died. — House where Marat was assassmated by Charlotte Corday. — ^Burial-place of James II. — Spot where Marshal Ney was shot. — Old house where Gabrielle, the mis- tress of Henry IV., lived. Scenes of Popular Disturbances, The Champ de Mars. — Elysee Napoleon. — ^Place de la Concorde. — Church of St. Roch. ■—Tuileries.— Place du Carrousel.— Comer of rues St. Honore GO\'BRNM£NT. 59 and RichcKeu. — ^Palais Royal. — ^Place des Victoires. — Louvre. — ^Pont des Arts. — St. Germain TAuxerrois. — Church of SI. Merri. — ^Rue Transnonain, now rue Beaubourg. — ^Marche de«  Innocents.^Hotel de Ville. — Pont d'Arcole. — Notre Dame. — Site of Archbishop's Palace. — ^Palais de Justice. — Temple. — Place de la Bastille. — ^Faubourg St. Antoine. — Porte St. Mar- tin. -^Porle St. Denis. — ^Boulevard Poissonuiere. — ^Faubourg St. Marceau. — ^Convent des Dames Carmelites. — ^Barrack; of rue Babyioue. GOVERNMENT. CIVIL. MILITARY. A\D JUDICIAL. By the Senatus-consultum of Nov. 7 th, and the subsequent decree of Dec. 2, 1852, the Imperial dignity has been revived in France m the person of Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, now Napoleon III., who, on the 20th January. 1853. married the present Empress Eugenia, Countess of Teba, daughter to the Count de Montijo, senator and graudec of Spain. The throne descends to the issue of the Emperor, (1) and, in default there- of, to that of Prince Jerome, his uncle. The members of the Imperial family having a right to succeed to the throne, bear the title of French princes ; the first-born of the Emperor has the title of Imperial Prince. The EMPEROR governs the country constitutionally, con- jointly with a Senate, a Legislative Body, and a Council of State. As far as the executive is concerned, he is independent of either of those two bodies, and enjoys all the prerogatives commonly pertaining to royalty, lie exercises paternal power over all the members of the Imperial family. He appoints the senators and presides at the sittings both of the Senate and Coun- cil of State whenever he thinks fit. His civil list comprises the dotation of the Crown, which is fixed by a Senatus-consultum at the commencement of every reign (it amounts at present to 25 millions of francs), and all the palaces, museums, hbraries, and jewels belonging to the State, and which he cannot alienate without the sanction of a law. His private domain consists of whatever property he may acquire by purchase or inheritance, during his reign. — The princes and prmcesses of the Imperial family enjoy an annual dotation of 1 ,500,000 fr. SENATE. — The Senate is the guardian and interpreter of the Constitution, and regulates all matters which the latter has (i) Now Napoleon Eugene Louis Jean Joseph, Prince Imperial, of France, born March leth, i9$e. ^6 GENEtlAL INFORMATION. hot specially provided for. ft may refuse its sanction tb laws contrary to tlie Constitution, or endangfering the safety 6t the country. It may propose rhodifi cations of the Constitution, . provided they be not at variance with its fundamental prin- ciples, in which case they must be submitted to the universal suffrage of the people. The numbier of Senators is at present 1 C 1 , including the French princes, who become members of it from the age of 18, the French Cardinals, and the Marshals and Admirals of France. The Senators are named for life, and receive a dotation of 30,000 fr. per annum. The Em- peror appoints the President and vice-presidents of the Senate ; their functions last one year. The sittings of this body are not public. The members of the Senate are divided by lot into five bureauca. Each bureau examines the measures laid before the Senate, and elects one of its members to sit in a cominission for the further consideration of the meiasure in question, after which the coimnission names a reporter. The Senate may, however, decide on a measure Without referring it to the bureaux. It only pronounces on the expediency of the promulgation of any bill, either proceeding directly from the Government, or previously voted by the Legislative Body, and cannot therefore amend it ; but it may amend Senatus- cbnsultums, either proposed by the Emperor, or originating from a Senator. No amendment can be taken into considera- tion unless supported by 5 members. The Senate may also address a report to the Emperor on some subject of great natiohal interest. To pass a measure, there must be an abso- lute majority of all the members of the Senate. There is no secret ballot. Besides the President, there is also a Grand Riferendaire for the administration of the funds and other matters relating to the internal organization of the Senate. LEGISLATIVE BODY.— It consists of 262 members, elected by universal suffrage, in the proportion of one member for every 35,000 electors. The Legislative Body votes or re- i'ects the bills presented to it, and the taxes. It cannot amend )ills without the approval of the Council of State. Its annual sessions last three months. Its members are distributed by lot into seven bureaux for the preliminary consideration of legislative measures. Each bureau elects its own president and secretaries for one month. The bureaux name commis- saries for the further consideration of the bill in question, and proceed in every respect like the bureaux of the Senate. No amendment can be adopted without the previous consent of the Council of State ; but the Legislative Body may send three of its riaembei's to the Coilncil of State to support its amendments. The President and vice-presidents of the Legis'- lAtiv^fody are named for a year l)y the Emperor. No ouiuster can be ^ member of the Legislative Body. No petition can be addressed to it. The Emperor convokes, adjourns and dis- solves it ; in which latter case a new one must be convoked within 6 months. The sittings of the Legislative Body are public, but its debates cannot be reported ; nevertheless an abstract of the minutes of each sitting is delivered by the Pre- sident to the public press. Each deputy is named for sL\ years, and receives 2,5oo fr. per month during the session. COUNCIL OF STATE.—This body, the members of which are named by the Emperor, and revocable by him, framed the bills to be presented to the Legislative Council, under the guidance of the Emperor ; as also all regulations of public administration. It also solves all difficulties which may arise in administrative matters. It is presided by the Emperor or by a vice-president appointed by him. It supports the dis- cussion of the bills presented by the Government to the Senate and Legislative Body. The French princes and the ministers have the right of sitting and voting in the Council of State, but the former only after the age of 18, and with the Emperor's consent. The number of ordinary councillors is now thirty-nine; their salary is 25,ooo fr. There are besides ordinary Councillors not attached to any particular section, the number of whom is at picsent fourteen ; extraor- dinary Councillors, not more than 20 in number; forty Mas- ters of Requests, dinded into two classes of twenty each, and forty auditors, divided into two classes of twenty each. A Secretary-General, with the rank and title of a Master of Re- quests, is attached to the Council of Slate. For the belter dispatch of business, tbe Coi^ncil of State is divided into six sections, namely, the section of Legislation, Justice, and Fo- reign Affairs ; the section of Disputed Affairs ; that of the In- terior, Public Instruction, and Worship ; that of Public Wurks, Agriculture, and Coimnerce; that of War and the Marine ; and that of Finance. Each section is presided over by a Council- lor of State, ayfjpointed by the Emperor. COUNCIL OF MINISTERS.— This Council is composed of the Minister of State and the eight heads of the different state dcr partnaents. It is presided either by the Emperor, or by the Minister of Justice ai\d Keeper of the Seak. They deliberate oji administrative legislation, on all that concerns the general internal and external policy, the safety of the Empire, and th§ maintenance of the Imperial authority. The ministers are only responsible to the Emperor in so far as their dejpartment is concerned. The salary of each minister is 100,000 fr. The < MINISTER OF STATE AND OF THE IMPERIAL HQUS^r 62 GENERAL INFORMATION. HOLD is specially appointed to correspond in the name of the Government with the Senate, the Legislative Body, and the Council of State ; as also to countersign the decrees for the nomination of ministers, presidents of the Senate and Legisla- tive Body, Senators, &c.; and for such matters as do not spe- cially appertain to any peculiar department. The Imperial Household, the Civil List, the Archives, and all matters re- lating to the Fine Arts, are under his authority. Residence and office, Place du Carrousel. MINISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS. — His department em- braces correspondence with foreign powers, all political and conunercial treaties, conventions, &c. (1) Residence and office, 130, rue de TUnivcrsite. (See p. 348.) The offices for passports are open daily, holidays excepted, from 11 to 4. MINISTER OF WAR.— The duties of this minister compre- hend all that relates to the army, and all military esta- blishments. The government of Algiers is provisionally under his jurisdiction. Residence and office, 86, rue St. Dominique. MINISTER OF THE MARINE AND COLONIES.— He super- intends all that relates to the navy and military ports. Resi- dence and office, 2, me Royale. To this department is at- tached a valuable library of charts, maps, and plans, kept at 13, rue de TUniversite. MINISTER OF FINANCE.— The taxes, national debt, sinking fund, customs, post-office, mint, forests, extraordinary do- mains, and Government manufactories, are under his direc- tion. The residence and offices are at 234, rue de Rivoli. MINISTER OF THE INTERIOR.— The duty of this Minister is to correspond with the prefects, and all officers attached to the internal government of the State, to execute the laws ef elections, to attend to the organization of the national and municipal guards, &c. The Direction de SuretS G4n^rale, annexed to this department, has the supreme control over the police of the Empire. (See p. 75.) Residence and offices, 103, rue de Grenelle St. Germain. MINISTER OF JUSTICE AND KEEPER OF THE SEALS.— To this Minister all judges, law officers, &c., are subordinate. Letters of pardon, naturalization, &c., are granted by him. The direction of the national printing-office also falls within his jurisdiction. Residence and offices, 13, Place Vendome. The Chancellerie de France, belonging to his department, is at 36, rue Neuve du Luxembourg. (1) This department is divided into four Sections or Directions : the Political, the Commercial, the Financial^ and that of the Archives. The commercial direction has 28 consuls-general, 87 consuls, and 773 inferior agents under its conlrol. IMPERIAL HOUSEHOLD. 63 MINISTER OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION AND PUBUC WORSHIP— This Minister superintends the University of France, colleges, schools, the Institute, all scientific and lite rary societies, all public libraries and museums, all medical establishments, &c. He is also President of the Committee for publishing whatever relates to the monuments, arts, or history of France. He regulates every thing concerning public worship, the expenses of the clergy, ecclesiastical edifices, 6cc.; His residence is at 110, rue de Grenelle St. Germain. MINISTER OF AGRICULTURE, COMMERCE, AND PUB- LIC WORKS. — This department comprises the regulations affecting the. customs and commerce, trading companies, patents, weights, and measures, agriculture, fairs, markets, veterinary establishments. Sec, as also the supervision of bridges and roads, railways, mines, Sec. Residence and of- fices, 62, Rue St. Dominique St. Germain. AU the ministerial offices are open to claimants and peti- tioners, having previously inscribed their names on a list kept for the purpose, on Thursdays from 2 to 4 . An audience of a Minister must be applied for in writing. Official receptions are anounced in the Monileur. The persons employed are 2,380, receiving 6,500,000 francs annually. (1) Every mi- nistry has a library, relating to its department. IMPERIAL HOUSEHOLD.— It consists of a grand almoner, 2 almoners, a vicar-general, 4 chaplains, an ecclesiastical master of ceremonies, a grand marshal and 4 prefects of the palace, a governor of the Tuileries, Louvre, and Elysee, one of St. Qoud, a grand chamberlain, 1 1 chamberlains, a private secretary, a grand equerry, 7 equerries, a grand veneur and 6 other officers of the chase, a grand master of ceremo- nies and 4 assistant-mastars, 2 treasurers, 23 physicians and surgeons, a commandant of the military household, an adju- tant-general, 1 1 aides-de-camp, and other minor officers. — ^The household of the Empress comprises a grand mistress of the palace, a lady of honour and 12 ladies of the palace; a grand master of the palace, two chamberlains, an equerry, &c. — Prince Jerome's household consists of two equerries, a s^cre- 'atVe des command^ments, an intendant, 6 aides-de-camp, Sec. •— Prince Napoleon's household ; 2 aides-de-camp, a secretary, and an orderly officer. — ^The Princess Matilda's household is (1) The number of functionaries In all France is oiBelally stated as follows :— Justice, ii,ooo ; Foreign A-ffiiirs, Too : Pub- lic Instruction, 50,ooo ; Interior, 344,000; Agriculture, Com- merce, and Public Works, 10,000 ; War, 30,000 ; Marine, 13,000 ; Finance, 76,ooo: total, 554,800, eiclusive of men cm- ' ployed in manual labour. 6i Gl^ERAL IlSFORMATIpN. composed 0/ a private secretary, a cheyaUer d'l^omieur, audi 3 ladies of honour. ORDRE BE LA ^fiGION D'HONNEUR.— The Order of the Legion of Honour was instituted by a law of 29 Fioreal, an 10 (1802), and remodelled in i 8 52, for the recompense of civil and military merit, or length of public service. The order is entrusted for its administration to a grand chancellor. The Emperor is the Grand Master of the Legion, which consists of chevaliers, officers, commanders, grand-officers, and grand- crosses — all nomioated for life. The number of chevaliers is unlimited. Foreigners are admitted to the Order, but take no oath. The decoration of the Legion is a star, with five double rays, surmounted by a crown. The centre of the star con- tains the effigy of Napoleon, encircled with leaves of oak and laurel, with the legend, '* Napoleon, Empereur desFrangais" On the reverse is the eagle, with the words, '* Honneur et Pa- trie" In time of peace to be admitted in the order '* twenty years distinguished services in civil or military functions " are required. In time of war acts of valour and serious wounds ; and in time of peace, extraordinary and valuable services of any kind may be rewarded with admission or promotion. All officers, non-commissioned officers, and men of the army and navy in active service, nominated or promoted in the Legion since the decree of 2 2d of January, in the year 1852, receive annually — as Members 250 fr., Officers 500 fr., Com- manders 1,000 fr.. Grand Officers 2,000 fr., Grand Crosses 3,000 fr. Pensions of the same amount are granted to all mi- litary and naval officers, members of the Legion of Honour, placed in retirement after 2 2d January, 1852. Every sul> officer or soldier created before 1814, receives 250 fr. per annum, and the other members according to their rank. The quality of member may be forfeited on the same grounds as that of French citizen. The Grand Chancellor keeps the Seal of the Order ; and a secretary-general and council of ten menr - bers assist him in the execution of the statutes. (1) Besides this Order, there i^ a medal since 1852 for private soldiers, with an annual pension of too fr. It is also given to Marshals and Generals, but without the pension. • Attached to the Order are the establishments for the educa- tion of the daughters, nieces^ au^ sisters of the members. (1) At the end of i8«5, the Legion was compose^l ftf e.i^ ^a^- crosses, 225 grand ofBcers, i,o80 commanders, 4,7 69 officers, and i|8,503 chevaliers. Among the foreign member^ ar.^ 35 crowne^ heads and princes of royal blood, exclusive of the Emperor and Imperial princes. No French subject is allowed to wear foreign decorations^ unless duly authorised by Government. UDDGST* %5 (See p. 10«.) The Grtod Chancellor resides in the hotel of tlie Order, in the rue de Lille, where the offices also are. BUDGET.—The pubUc expenditure for 1857 is estimated at 1,696,057,164 fr. (1), the Ways and Means at 1,710,474,512 francs, showing a surplus of 15,417,348 fr. Public Debt.— The funded public debt, including the in- crease occasioned by loans amounting to 1,530,000,000, con- tracted for the late war with Russia, now stands as follows, exclusive of pensions and temporary loans for public works : New 454 per cent 172,071,749 fr. interest. Old ditto 884,560 —

• per cent 2,353,568 ^

3 percent 133,335,414 — Sinking Fund 86,560,932 — Total 395,206,223 — TELEGRAPHS.— The central station is at the Ministry of the Interior. Common telegraphs are now entirely superseded by electric ones along the raQway lines. The oflfices that re- ceive pnvate telegraphic despatches for transmission are eight in numbw, viz., at the General Post-office; at the Hotel da Ville; at the Home-office, 103, rue de GrenJle St. Germain- at No. 83, rue Richelieu; at the Luxembourg, and at the Rouen, Northern, and Orleans railway-stations. (2) Night dispatches are only received at the Home-office. NAVY.— The following is at present (1856) the naval war establishment of France on active service in Europe :— • Steam- Sailing- vessels. No. Guns. Horse-powen 12 1172 7360 18 294 8250 32 192 8160 26 2430 ff 9 358 tf 4 82 §9 Line . • i Frigates. Sloops, &c. line . . , Frigates . . Sloops, ficc. Total . . 101 4528 33,760 (1) This sum is equivalent to £67,802,286. The chief items are: dotations, 39,470,080 fr. ; Legion of Honour, 1 1,059,950 fr.* Ministry of State, 9,028,300 fr.; Justice, 27,476,270 fr.; Foreign Affairs, 10,006,600 fr.; Publiclnstruction & Worship, 64,217,586 fr. ; Interior, 140,860,080 fr.; Agriculture, Commerce, and Publio Works, i26,329,300fr.; War, 340,223,143 fr.; Marine, 124,687,824 fr.; Finances, 848,228,064 fr. (2) Paris is connected by telegraphic wires with 10s towns of France, and with England, Belgium, Switzerland, Bavaria, Ba- den, Prussia, Austria, Corsica, Sardinia, and Spain. Thars- s •• GENERIL INFimMATlON. ixelBilTe oi 51 stoanwrs and 26d other vesiels lyii^ in peri or disseminated on various distant stations, making in all 4 1 1 Vessels, with 11,773 guns, and 40,270 horse- power. The total complement of all these vessels amounts to 60,000 men ; but the number of men liable to serve is 160,000. (1) MILITARY ESTABLISHMENT.— The average force of the French army is38o,000 infantry, 80,ooo cavalry, 57,000 ar- tillery, 8,200 genie, and 33,800 other troops (including 25,000 gendarmes). Total, 558,000 men, with 1,182 guns. The num* ber of horses for the army amounts to 9o,ooo for France, and 14,000 for Algeria. There are 7 Marshals of France ; includin ; Prince Jerome, ex-king of Holland, named in 1849. There are 90 generals of division, and 149 generals of brigade. The garri- son of Paris is now about 40,000 men. — General Staff, 7, Plac9 Vendome. Court Martial, 37, rue du Cherche-Midi. Since May 1854, a squadron of picked men has been created under the name of Cmt Gardes a Cheval, as the body-guard of the emperor. It consists of a lieutenant-colonel, 1 1 officers, and 137 non-commissioned officers and men. Since that period, also, the Garde ImpSriale has been re-established, and consists of 2 divisions of infantry, comprising 1 regiment of gendar- merie, 4 of voltigeurs, 3 of g;renadiers, and i of zouaves, with a battalion of chasseurs ; a division of cavalry, comprising 37 squadrons ; and 2 regiments of artillery, with 2 companies of engineers : in all about 30,000 men. In field service and aeremonies, these troops have precedence over all others, ex- cept the Cent Gardes, National Guard. — By decree of January 11, 1852, all Frenchmen between 25 and 5o are liable to serve in the na- tional guard. It is under the control of the mayors, sous- prefets, prefets, and the Minister of the Interior. All officei*s, from the lieutenants upwards, are named by the Emperor ; the lower grades are under the nomination of the majors or chefs de bataillon. The legions, or battalions may be dis- solved and re-oreanized at will by the Government. At present the national guard of l^aris, including the banlieue, is composed of 52 battalions of foot, and six squadrons of cavalry, amount- faig in all to about 40,000 men. The staff of the national ieipts for priyate dispatches amounted last year to s millions of Intnos. The rate varies according to the distance, the highest hB\ti^, in France, for a dispatch of 25 words, lofr. 52c. The mean time of Paris is now telegraphed from the Observatory to the Hotel de Ville, and thence to the principal public clocks. (I) There are 8 admirals, 1 1 vice-admirals, 20 rear-admirals, lie captains of men of war, 29e captains of frigates, 650 lieu- tillaVltt, and lie mates kk the Freneh navy. fomifffCinaiis. %y gaardMtoJsitMNo. 22, Plac«V«nd6iiie(l) Hi* eliwges lo the dty for rent, guvd-honset, staff, mn^idttM, elerks, Sec , are about 900,000 fr. The artillery of the national guard, whichwasdiri>andediBl832, was reH>rgaiiized in March 1848, but again disbanded after the disturbance of June 13, 1849. Genoarherie. — ^This force, which is under the ortkan of the Prefect of Police, is oomposed of 2 legions, 1 for Paris, and 1 for the department of the Seine. It is composed of 4,44 1 olfieers, sub-oifficers, and privateft, including 813 horse, and ig entrusted with the maintenance of public tranctuillitj. (2) Sergents de Ville or Garde ns Paris. — These are the municipal police, considerably increased since 1864, and or- ganized somewhat on the London system. (3) Sapecrs-Pompiers. — ^The battalion ot soldier firemen consists of about 1000 men and officers under a chef de bataillon, A portion are on duty every evening at the theatres, &c. This corps is under the contrd of the Minister of War ; but in case of fires, it obeys the orders of the Prefect of Police. (4) FORTIFICATIONS OF PARIS.— Projects of fortifying Paris had beoi entwtained at various times since the revolution of 17 89. Napoleon had one in view in the latter years of his reign, and in 1814 and 1 8 1 5 , a few works were hastily thrown up to oppose tiie allied armies ; but it was not until 1841 that 140,000,000 fr. were granted for the erection of the present fortifications. They form — 1. A continuous enceinte, embracing botti basics of the Seine, bastioned and terraced, with lo metres revetment. 2. Seventeen out-works, with casemates (forts Machds), besides several detached trenches. The body presents (i) In March 1 848, the national guard amounted to 24 1 ,884 men* [2) The whole Gendarmerie of France is composed of 27 legions. (3) The force comprisea : I. For general service , i com- missary of poliee, 8,o»ofr.^ i offlcier de paii at 4,oeo tt., i brig- adier at 1,800 fr., 2 sub' brigadiers at 3,o«o ft.^ 2e inspertors from i,400 to i,500 fr. ; II. For service on the London system : one chief commissary at io,ooo fr., i rab-cbief, &^o»q ft., it clerks at 2,000 fr., 24 officiera de paia> at from 9,000 ft. to a,oe# fr., 12 inspectors at 7,000 ft,, 54 brigadiers at i,8oe fr., 819 sub- Drii^iers at i,(Soe tr., 2876 sergents de ville at from 1,200 fr. to 1,900 flr., 261 sttpernumerartes at tj fr. a-day, 1 chief physi- cian at 3,600 fr.^ 12 ditto, one per arrondissemont, 6,100 fir. (4) The Mpfiwn^^pompten are cffieient soldiem no less than ac- tive firemen, and are carefnliy drilled and trained in gymnastics. Medals are annually awarded to such as have distinguished themselves by their exertions and good conduct. Last year the number of fires which took place in Paris was 30 1, besides 1230 ohimneys that took fire. The whole number of lives lost was se. No fireman lost his llfs, but 1 4 were wounded or hurt. The aanvfti eost to tlia State «f the Btftim^mpi^rs Is $eo,90o fr. ^#. <GENERAI. INFORlfAHON* 94 fronts of 355 metres, with a ditch of the meah depth of 6 metres, and breadth of from 18 to 50 metres; thence to the erest of the parapet is a height of 14 metres, or about 46 feet. At different points there are drawbridges, magazines, &c., and several military roads of communication (routes stratSgiques) connect all the forts with one another and Paris. The distance

• of this zone or belt, from the line formed by the octroi wall of

the capital, varies from 700 yards to nearly 2 miles. It em- braces, besides Paris itself, the principal suburbs of the metro- polis, as, for example, Batignolles, Montmartre, La Yillette, Belleville, Bercy, Vaugirard, Grenelle, &c. The forts ditaches present 93 fronts, and are as follows: 1. Fort Vharenton; 2. Nogent; 3. Rosny; 4. Noisy; 5. Romainville; 6. d^Auber- villiers; 7. de VEst, between the latter and Pantin; 8 and 9. Courcmne du Nord and Fort de la Briche, one on the hither, the second on the thithor side of St. Denis; 10. Fortdu Mont Valdrien, the most imposing of all; 11. Fort de Vanvres; 12. d'Issy; 13. Montrouge; 14. BMtre; 15. Ivry; 16. Lu- nette de Stains; and 17. Fort de Rouvray. These fortifications are calculated for 2,238 mortars, cannons, or howitzers, 57 5 rampart guns, 200,000 muskets, i,500 Cougreve rockets, 2,760 gun-carriages, employing a million of projectiles of va- rious sorts, in all 9,129,000 kilos ; 800,000 kilos of lead, and 2,000,000 kilos of gunpowd^. COURTS, TRIBUNALS, &c.— The Minister of Justice is the supreme head of all the judicial courts in the State. (Seep. 62). High Court of Justice. — ^This Court, established in virtue of art. 54 of the Constitution of January 1852, judges, with- out appeal or remedy by cassation, the persons accused of crimes or conspiracies against the Emperor and the security of the State. It cannot take cognizance of any case without a spe- cial decree of the Emperor. It is composed of a Chambre des mises en accusation, a Chambre de Jugement, and a high jury composed of 36 members of the Councils-general of the departments. Each chamber is composed of 5 judges and 2 deputy-judges, annually appointed by the Emperor. Court of Cassation, Padais de Justice. — This is the supreme court of appeal from all the tribunals of France. It is divided into three chambers. In its collective capacity it can censure and regulate the Cours d'Appel, and even suspend the judges, or send them before the Minist^ of Justice to answer for their conduct. It does not try causes, but only sets aside sen- tences, in cases of informality or misapplication of the law ; after which it refers the affair itself to another tribunal. It may also order a case to be brought before a different tribunal from that which would otherwise be called upon to ju^e it^ COURTS, TRIBUNALS^ ETC. . 69 on the ground of pablic security. Generally speaking, there is no appeal to this court from the sentences of the juges de paix or those of military and naval courts. The time allowed for appeal; in dvil matters, is three months; in criminal ma^ tersy and breach of police regulations, only three days. The Court of Cassation is composed of a president, 3 vice- presidents, and 45 counsellors. It is divided into 3 sections, of requests, of civil, and criminal appeal. Annexed to the court of cassation are a procureur-imperial, 6 avocats-generaux, a chief registrar, besides 4 under-registrars. A college of 60 advocates has the exclusive right of pleading in this court. The 2 civil sections have a vacation, from September 1 to No* vember 1 , but the criminal section always continues sitting, CouR DES CoMPTES, Palais du Quai d'Orsay. — This court is the next in rank to that of Cassation, and enjoys similar prerogatives. It consists of a chief president, 3 presidents, and 18 masters of accounts, who form the chambers; there are besides 80 conseillers rSferendaires, who examine the accounts and report thereon, a procureur-general, and a registrar r It is cUvided into 3 sections or chambers, whose jurisdiction extends over the whole receipts and expenditure of the country. Coim Imp^riale, Palais de Justice. — ^This court is composed of a chief president, 6 presidents, and 59 counsellors ; there are besides attached to it a procureur-imperial, 6 avocats-generaux, 11 deputy advocates, and a registrar. It is divided into 6 chambers, 4 civil, 1 of appeal from sentences of the Correct tional Police, and 1 for indictments. To constitute the Court of Assize, which holds 2 sessions monthly, and consists of 2 sections which sit by turns, the keeper of the seals, or the first president, appoints a certain number of its counsellors as judges «  Audiences are held every day, except Sundays and holidays, from 9 till 12. (1) Tribunal de PremiIire Instance, Palais de Justice. — Tliis court consists of 1 president, 8 vice-presidents, 56 judges, among whom are 20 examining judges, 8 supplementary judges, a procureur-imperial, 22 deputy procureurs, 1 chief registrar, and 42 sworn registrars. It is divided into 10 cham- bers, 5 of which take cognisance of civil matters, (2) 3 of cases (i) There are in France 27 cours d'appel, and the solieitorfl «ir attorneys attached to them, called avoues, are licentiates in law. They nominate a ckambre for enforcing discipline and regulations. (2) The number of civil law-suits registered last year was 9,385 ; the number of cases heard, 8,632. The number ef sentences was 8,739; of seizures of landed property, 55T5 expropriations on the ground of public utility, i,805; separai^ tipns Qf married couples, 429; arrests for debt^ 724«  70 oi^siua* HffORAunoef. of eorreettonal jpolioe, one of civil and criminal cuet ja^ad la the Chambre m Conseilf and one of cases of expropnation on account of public utility. The court sits every day except Suor days and Mondays. Vacation from Sept. I to Nov. 1. (l) Tribunai. de Commerce, at the Exchange. — ^Tfae judges of this court are heads of mercantile houses, elected for two years in an assembly of commercants notables, or mfiuential mer- chants. The Ust of these merchants is drawn up by the pre- fect, and approved by the Minister of the interior, it cannot contain less than 26 members in a provincial town of 15,000 inhabitants; but in Paris, and other large towns it must con tain at least one member more for every additional thousand. No one can be elected a judge under the age of 30, nor unless he be a merchant of at least 5 years' standing. The tribunal is composed of a president, 10 judges, 16 deputy judges, and has a registrar, 5 under*registrars, and 4 hmssiers; also io gardes du commerce^ who arrest persons for debt. (2) Tribunal of Simple Police, Palais de Justice. — ^The justices of the peace sit here in rotation, and decide upon the breach of police regulations where the penalty does not exceed five days' imprisonment, or a fine of 1 5 fr. A conunissary of poUee acts as counsel for the prosecution. Tribunaux de Paix. — ^In each municipal arrondissement there is a tribimal de paix, presided by a juge de paix, prin- cipally for the adjustment of disputes on money matters. They sit at each oi the mairtes of arrondissements. (See p. 74.) Advocates. — ^The order of advocates comprises 900 mem- bers. They have a bureau for gratuitous advice to the poor, open on Saturdays, from 1 till 4, at the Palais de Justice. Avou^s. — ^The avoues, Sio in number, are licentiates in civil law, and act as solictors and attorneys ; in certain cases they have the right of pleading ; and are subject to a chamber of disdpline. They take the oath of an advocate. Notaries.*— The number of Paris Notaries, who exercise . their profession within the jurisdiction of the court of appeal, is (i) In 1854 the Courts of AsMze throughout all France heard 6S2S cases, including: cases of murder of every description, 550; cutting and maiming, 2 it; resistance to the authorities, 23; rape, 755; theft, 2768; arson, 286; forgery, 532; fraudulent bankruptcy, to 3, &c. (2) In the year ending June so, 1855,. the number of cases brought before the Tribunal of Commerce was 5i,042 ; of which ss,2S7 were judged by default, and io,465 were pleaded, 2,663 were settled by conciliation, i,985 were withdrawn, and the re- mainder still pending. During the same year there were formed a,25S commercial or jointr-stock companies, representing capital to the amount of 1,01 1,028,725 (t*. Number of bankruptcies : 747, Gcmis, rmmjM, tie. ft 144; ttr|r<lmrupwilk» Imscs, nortpagM. lilMiads of «» Utes, aad other deeds ; they ^iye seeunty to the fOTcnuiMit, and, on retireisent or death, their placet can be lold. Their cham^f ber of discipline meets at l, I^ace du Ghatelet, everv Friday. HuissiBRS.— These officers, 150 in number, fulfil the dutiea of sheriffs officers, attached to the different tribunals, and theif services are required in protesting biUs, &c. CoMMissAiRES Priseors (appraisers and auctioneers).--* Their number in Paris is fixed at So. They have the «z«  elusive privilege of appraising and selling by auction, and ava under the jurisdiction of the Procureur Iniq^rial. Ck>MSEiLS DES Prud'hommes, or Comcih of Arbttraton, (1) — These councils are instituted for the purpose of amicaUy settling disputes about wages, &c., between masters and their dependants, principally to obviate strikes and other irr^go* larities. By the new law of lS5d, the councils of prud«  hommes are composed of masters and foranen of a eertais trade, elected by their peers. Masters, being French snbjaeU, aged 25 or upwards, of 5. years' stan^ng, aiiid 3 years' domU cile within the jurisdiction of the Council, are electors for tha master-prud'hommes ; foremen aad workmen, under the sama circumstances, are electors for the foremen prud'hommes. All electors aged 30 and upw^s, and skilled in reading and writing, are eligible. The masters aud foremen are equally balanced in the council, which must consist of 6 members at least. One half of the council is renewed every second year. Their presidents and vice-presidents are named by the Empe* ror, and may be selected from among persons that are not eli^le as members. They remain 3 years in office, but may be confirmed anew. The different trades of Paris have been divided into four classes, namely, the metal trades, weay^ iug, diemioal pr^arations, and articles of Paris manufaa* ture. These counials deeide tiie most intricate questions with speed by the custom of ttie trade, generally to the satisfactiMi of both parties. These questions relate to counterfeits, indem- nities, apprenticeships, the condition of children working in factories, hours of labour, and wages. The judgments of the Conseils de Prud'hommes are without appeal for sums not vsl^ ceeding 200 fr. ; if above that sum, an appeal lies to the (i) Arbitration in matters of trade dates in France from very early times. Prud'hommes were named by the King, for a speci- fied time, or permanently, to exercise vigilance over certain manufactures^ to fix prices, &.c. In certain maritime distriels the fishermen used to assemble annually for the purpose of eUot- ing Prud'hommes to examine their accounts and settle their dif- ferences, Digitized by VjOOQ IC 71 GEWEIUL INFORHATION. Tribunal of Commerce. The Emperor may dissolve the oonn- cils at any time. They meet at No. 18, rue de la Douane. (1) CIVIL ADMINISTRATION OF PARIS.— Offices at the Hotel de Ville, open from lo to 5. The Prefect of the Seine is the chief municipal authority in the capital. Besides the duties common to the other prefects of the empire, he exercises nearly all the functions of an English mayor. He superintends all public works, establishments, churches, streets and public ways, barracks, excise duties, markets, hospitals, benevolent institutions, direct taxes, pubUc fetes. Chamber of Commerce, and domains of the State within the department. He also pre- sents to the municipal council the estimates for the coming year. Under him is a Council of Prefecturey composed of 5 members, and a secretary-general, with a municipal and de- partmental Commission composed of 36 members, provision- aUy. named by the government. The members of this com- mission are adso members of the Council-general of the de- partment, which comprises 8 members more for the arrondis- sements of Sceaux and St. Denis. The members of each arrondissement form its municipal council, and as such are •object to the control of the council-general. Communal and Departmental Administration. — ^Under this head are comprised four principal divisions. The First Division has a bureau for legalizations, patents, translations of foreign documents, sales, purchases and salaries ; one for elementary schools, boarding-schools for young ladies, the salles d'asile for infancy, ouvroirs, (see p. 108) learned socie- ties, the City library, and religious affairs ; (2) a third for commerce and statistics, the Bourse, joint-stock companies, Prud*hommes, and the Chamber of Commerce (see p. 112.); a fourth bureau for the organization of the National Guard, houses of correction, barracks for the Gendarmerie, Sapeurs- Pompiers, &c., also guard-houses, recruiting, &c. ; and a fifth for public festivals, &c. — ^The Second Division comprises a (1) The number of cases annually brought before these coun- cils averages 4,ooo, about two thirds of which relate to wages. They are generally settled by conciliation; the judgments rarely amount to more than a hundred, and appeals seldom occur. (2) The Comiti Central d' Instruction Primaire is composed of a . president, vice-president, 2 secretaries, all the members of the municipal commission who reside in Paris, and 9 members be- sides, among whom are the senior mayor and the senior curate of Paris, the Grand Rabbi, and 2 pastors of the Lutheran and Re- formed Churches. This committee has the inspection of all pri- mary schools, and nominates or revokes communal masters. Besides this, there is a committee of primary instruction in each of the 12 arrondissemefitB, under the presidency of the mayor. aVIL ADMINISnATlON. 73 bureau for inscription and delivery of deeds, the arduTet of the dyil department, the instaDation of municipal coundls, the nomination of maires in the communes of more than 6000 inhabitants, presentation of candidates for various functions and the Le^on of Honour, statistics, administration of rural communes, expenses of the mairies, sale and purchase of land, burials and verifications of deaths ; a second bureau has the direction of the octroi, slaughter-houses, public weights and measures, the letting of stands in the streets and public walks, coach-stands, and the Caisse de Poissy, (i) The third bureau superintends the hospitals and asylums of the Seine ; the Mont de Hete, foundlings, lunatics, wet-nurses, vaccination, ton- tines, and encouragement to charitable institutions. The fourth bureau is devoted to mortgage inscriptions, national property, fisheries, national pension list, sale of unclauned articles found in the streets, expenses of prosecution under the game-laws, &c. The fifth has the compilation of the electoral and jury lists, the division of electoral colleges, the verification and publica- tion of the results of elections of Deputies to the Legisla- tive Body, of members of council&^eneral, mayors, &c. — The Third Division has a bureau for the maintenance of canals and rivers, roads, bridges, railways, mills, manufacto- ries, and cleanliness of streets ; a second bureau for the canals of the Ourcq, St. Denis, and St. Martin; for hydraulic ma- chines, distribution of water and gas, fountains, sewers, street- pavements, foot-paths, and plantations ; a third for the direc- tion of the plan of Paris, the widening of streets, expropria- tions, the naming of streets, numbering of houses, and expenses relating to these various subjects ; and a fourth bureau com- prising the execution of public works ; the granting permissions for biuldiug, regulations relating thereto, building and repair- ing the Hotel de Yille, churches, prisons, and colleges, slaughter- houses, markets, the Palais de Justice, and the cemeteries of Paris. — ^The Fourth Division has a bureau for the collection and imposition of the taxes, &c. ; another for the verification of the lists of tax-payers, the reduction of taxes, &c. ; a third for the compilation of the budget of the department, allowance of pen- sions, reception of accounts of the treasurers and collectors of benevolent institutions and the octroi ; and a fourth for the liquidation of expenses ordered by the Prefect, deliverance of orders for payment, and accounts of the department. (i) This is a fund paying ready money to graziers for the cattle gold at the markets of Sceaux, Poissy, and the Halle aux Veaux, for the hutchers of Paris, from whom it afterwards reimbursea itself ; it also collects the ta^ on the cattle destined for the <;on- mmption of the city, 74 GBN^AL UNIKWaTION. Tk» offieet of the Treasurer of the City of P«r|8 eie at (h«  HML de yille.--'Tbe fioaneial service of the Deyartflnent of ti^ ^ine is conducted by the following admiBistratioBS i^-i-Direction de VEnregi$trement et des Domaines, rue Neuve de la Banque. ^^Direction des Contributions Directes, 9, rue Poulletier, He St. Louis. The Administration of the Customs, 2, rue do Luxembourg. — Direction of Indirect Taxes, 12, rue Duptiot. — Direction des Droits d'Octroi, at the Hotel de Yille. To the above may be added — The Direction of the Posteau39 Chevaux, 2, rue Pigale. To each of the arrondissements of St. Denis and Sceaux th^r«  is a sub-prefect, with a Conseil d'Arrondissem>ent» Mairies. — ^Paris is divided into 1 2 municipalorrondissemeiits. each headed by a mayor and two deputy mayors, whose prin* cipal functions relate to the civil state. The prefect of the de- partment is the chief mayor. Each arrondissem^t compre* hends 4 quarters. The offices of the mairies are open daily from 9 till 4, except on Sundays and holidays. The mayors and deputy mayors sit every day from 12 till 2. The arron* dissement of St. Denis has 37 mayors, that of Sceaux 43. Timbre Imperial. — ^Bureaux for the distribution of stamped paper are established in the different quarters |of Paris, besides the central office, 9, rue Neuve de la Banque. Electors. — The electoral law of February 2, 1862, gives the right of suffrage to every Frenchman bom, or foreigner naturalized, of the age of 21 and upwards, on condi- tion of a 6 months' residence in the commune in which he is to vote. Persons who have suffered condemnation for crimes and certain offences specified by law are excluded. Soldiers can only vote when present in the commune to which they belong. Electors of the age of ^ 6 and upwards may be elected members of the Legislative Body. The department of the Seine is divided into 9 electoral circumscriptions, each of which returns a member. The number of electors inscribed is about 340,000. Jurors. — By the law of 1853, a juror must be 30 years of age at least, and in the full enjoyment of his civil and political rights. The high functionaries of the state and those belong- ing to the police or customs' department, ecclesiastics, ele- mentary schoolmasters, domestics, such as have not learnt to read and write, and persons having undergone certain con- demnations, are excluded from the jury-list. Septuagenarians and persons earning their livelihood by manual labour are exempted. The annual jury-list of the department of the Seine contains 2000 jurors. Persons refusing or neglecting to serve on the jury are liable to a fine of from 200 to 500 fr, fl AJNfOWnUTION OF THB FOLKS.— ftiirMTimi m PoLici, me 4e J^nMdeBii, Qau 6m Orfevm.— <Offi€ci o|m everj day from 9 litt 4. Tht ^miu <k S^inUu optnaiglil and day. Tiia authoriiy of tlM prefect axlenda over the whole of the department of the Seine, the diitnet of St. Cloud, Sefieiy and MeudoD, in the department of the Seine^tOiw, and maiw ket of Poissy. He ia under the anthority of the miniater of the Interior. Be is president of a Comeil de Sahibriid, composed oi 20 membm, all phyajcians, surgeons, or ehemiata, specially entrusted with the superintendeoce of the sanitary r^* gulatioDs of the capital, the deanlineia of siiwts, marketa. sewers, &c. It hokte its sittings every other Friday at the Prefeeture. The Secr4l^riai-<M^neral has a bureau for transla* tions of documents, legalisation of the signatures of the princ^ pal fuBctioaaries of the Polio^department, statutes of joint'Stock companies^ statistics, and nomination and discharge of police officials. A second bureau has the management of the Garde de Paris and Sapeurs-Pompiers, the surveillance of theatres, and public balls, societies, hawkers, bill^tickers, public festivals, apprehension of deserters, smugglers, and control over societies of mutual assistance. Lastly, a third bureau is entrusted with the reprinting of ordonnances, the restoration of articles lost or seized, and the treasury of the Prefecture. Besides the Secr^ tariat-General, there are 2 divisions, the first of which has a bu- reau for the detective service, repression of vagrancy, and dassification of the sentences of the criminal courts ; a second bureau for passports, permis de sejour, licences for flr»arms» furnish^ hotels, Uvrets of s^rants and workmen. See. ; a third for prisons ; a fourth bnresu for prosecution of persona ar- rested on an order from departmental authorities, lihsralsd convicts, or p«raons to be sent to an hospital; a fifth hnf reau for licences to prostitutes, the surveflluice over mai9om$ de tolerance, the search after persons who have disappeared f r<mi thdr homes* the Mont de Piete, public salea, strikes among workmen, suicides, accidental deaths, lotteries, and gaming- houses ; lastly, a sixth for the insane, children abandoned by their parents, orj^ns, nurses, and maisons de sante.-— The second Division has a bureau for the inspection of markets, &c., the deposits of grain by bakers, the bread-assize, the de- struction of unwholesome victuals exposed for sale, the Bourse, brokers and workmen of the halles, the verification of weights and measures, the surveillance of ports, canals, floating manu- factories on the river, steamers, wine and coal-merchants. A second bureau is for the demolition of houses, and for other works to be executed in the streets, the emptying of sewers, the numbering of houses, public tboroughfsres, pedlars and 76 GENERAL INFORMATION. itmerant Tenders. The third has the surveillance of the clean- ing, watering, and lighting of streets, sewers, aqueducts, and fountains, public carriages and wagons. The fourth and last is for dangerous or noisome establishments, breweries, locomo- tives, fireworks, public health in general, exhumation of bodies, cemeteries, and the hours of labour in manufactories. — ^The Garde de Paris and Sapeurs Pompiers, in cases of fire, are un- der the Prefect of Police. During the night the Garde de Paris patrol the streets every half hour. They are also stationed at the theatres, concert and ball-rooms. (1) Connected with the Police are the following : Commissaires de Police, — In each of the forty-eight quaV' tiers of Paris resides a commissary of police, who superintends its cleanliness and lighting; takes cognizance of misdemeanors; makes the first examination of crimes and offences ; delivers certificates to obtain passports upon the attestation of two householders. The commissaries are in continual communica- tion with the people, and attend to the complaints they may have to make. Their residence is known at night by a square lantern of coloured glass hung at the door. Bureau de VMfication des Poids et Mesures, rue Chanoi- nesse, 17. — New weights and measures are stamped at this office before they can be used in commerce ; and inspectors verify every year those in use by tradesmen. Secours aux Noyes et Asphyxies, — Witnesses of accidents on the Seine and elsewhere are bound to afford the first aid, and to call the nearest physician or surgeon, or to make it known to the nearest military post or commissary of police. A reward of 2 5 fr. is given to any one who gets to shore a drown- ing person, if he be restored; and 15 fr. if the efforts of art Are fruitless. 80 sets of apparatus for restoring suspended animation are deposited on the banks of the Seine. La Morgue, Marche Neuf. — ^This is a place in which are deposited for three days the bodies of unknown persons who are drowned, or meet witli accidental death. They are laid upon inclined slabs, open to the inspection of the public, in order that they may be recognized by those interested in their fate. Their clothes are hung up near them, as an additional means of recognition. If not claimed, they are buried at the public expense. The average number of bodies exposed an- nually is about 300, of which five-sixths are males. (2) (i) The budget of the Prefecture of Police amounts to about 8,000,000 fr. The central administration comprises 280 employes. Of the 50 commissaries of Police, 24 receive 6000 francs a-year, the rest 5,400 francs a-year. (3) The number of medals given in U5» for acts of bumanity PU90NS* 77 PRISONS.— Daring the middle ages the prisons Of Paris were extremely incommodious and unhealthy. The first im> provement took place in 1670 ; and in 1675 Louis XIV. r^ duced their number to 9. Notwithstanding these arrange ments, the prison system experienced but little improvement. At the accession of Louis XVi. they were in a very bad state; labour was interdicted, and the inmates without classification. M. de Malesherbes first thought of separating lunatics and those confined for political offences from criminals ; M. Necker introduced still further improvements, which, however, w«re stopped by the breaking out of the revolution of 1789. The Constituent Assembly determined to reform the system, but the execution of the project was left to the succeeding legis- lative body. On Sept. 29, 1791, a law was passed which established houses d'arrU, of justice, and detention. All otiier prisons were prohibited, and mildness towards the prisoners was enjoined. The execution of the measure was scarcely begun, when the system of terror filled the prisons with those who ought to have been for ever strangers to them. The 9th Thermidor put an end to that state of things; and public opinion loudly demanded a change in the system. In 1795, by a decree of the Convention, separate prisons were appointed for the different classes of offenders, and the criminal and penal code was enacted, defining the competency of the tribunals with greater precision. The improvement of the prisons has since occupied the attention of the municipality of Paris and of the government; and the new buildings now produce satis- factory results. All the prisons of Paris are annually visited by a Conmiission selected from among the members of the Coun- cil-General. The conveyance of prisoners from one depot to anotlier is performed more rapiiUy and decorously, and the disgusting chaine, traversing the country slowly with felons to the hulks (galeres), is now abolished. The prisons of Paris under the jurisdiction of the Prefect of Police are 8 in number, viz. for persons under accusation or under trial ; debt ; political offences and offences liable to only 1 year's imprisonment; for those condemned to death or to the in saving persons from drowning or otherwise was sis, viz., 20 gold and 795 silver. The number of persons saved was S30. During the same year the number of bodies exposed was 977, viz. 239 men, 54 women, and 84 newly-born children. The causes of death among the adults may be classified as follows : suicides, 136; accident, 9i; sudden deaths, 55 ; drowned, 25; murdered, 6. The Morgue (from morguery to scrutinise), was formerly a police-prison in the Petit Gh&telet. (See p. 309 n.) The average nuni))er of suicides in France is 2^000. 71 GENERAL nvnmiiATION. MkB; luTWiQeeriiBiiudt; and fmalet. Besides thesether^ is 1 BiQitary prison, under the jarisdiction of the Mimster of War. In most of the penal prisons the criminals are allowed hooks and writiDg-materials ; (1) they are hound to ohserve the rehgiousdnlMS of their respective creeds ; meals are in common ; work is obligatory, but pemission may be obtained to exercise a particular trade. They may receive visits from their families. Men receive 750 gr. (ly, lb.) of bread a-^lay ; women 700 gr. For permission to visit any of the prisons, application must be made by letter to M. le Prefet de Police, k la Prefecture. It is, however, 4>ut rarely granted (2), except for those prisons which, Uk« this, only receive prisoners under trial, or juvenile offenders. A prison, important both for its site and its historical asso- ciations, la Force, (see p. 3 S 2,) has been replaced by the PftisoN Module, or Nouvelle Force, rue Masas, opposite the Lyons railroad. — ^This newly constructed prison was in < tended to serve as a model for other prisons, and as a decisive experiment on the solitary system ; the result, however, has been so far from favouraUe, that it has been deemed ad- visable to abandon that system. This prison is so con structed that a strict watch may be exercised over the pri- soners, while they are at the same time effectually prevented kcm communicating with each other. A semicircular building fonns a centre, to which converge six large wings, each con- sisting of a ground floor and two stories of 70 cells each ; so tiwt every wing contains 210 cells, and the whole structure isao. A round hall of observation occupies the central body, and communicates with the long mternal corridors which in eaeh wing separate the two rows of cells from one another. |a this rotunda is the altar, of white marble, placed on a cir- eolar platform supported by 8 Doric columns. Around the frine IS the flowing inscription : GiMdinm erit in cceh su- per uno peccatore pcenitentiam agente, quam sttper nana- (i) Most of the prisons have libraries for the use of the pri- soners. (2) There are in France 367 prisons (mawon* d'orr^O* and 21 maiaont centrales ; they are occupied by about 57,000 individuals ; . about 18,000 falling to the share of the maisons centrales. The bagnatt ivhere formats or galley-Blaves are kept, are now being gradually cleared, and the convicts sent to the penal settlenent at Cayenne; only one, Toulon, being kept up for aged and inflrm convicts. The work done by the prisoners in ttie maitom centraUs amounts to about i,s 00,000 fr., of which about one-fourth by women. The women are employed in BMdle-work, glove, fHnge, and lace^-making, &c. ; the men in taUorlng, shoe-making, cabinet-making, and smiths' work. The prisoners receive firom one-tenth lo o&e-half ^f the profits* 79 ginta funmn jvMin fut mm mdigini pmnitmtia. From tidt altar, which is approached by a bridge ooniimiiiieatiiig with the tower gallery which niiu around the circular hall, the visitor may surrey at a glance the A galleries which extend from it as from a centre. Each gallery has 2 wooden Mrwiigs esta* blishing a conunumcation with the odls of each story, and oon> nected with one anotlrar by bridges. The warders in ths galleries may communicate with the rotunda by speakin^tabes fixed in the walls. Every cell has a bed, gas4Nirner and water* closet, and oomdmnicates with an apparatus intended both for yentilati<Hi and the distribution of warm air. When ikprisoner is in want of something, he pollsat an iron knob, which canses an iron blade to project outside, on seeing which, the warder stationed in the galtory immediately attends to hhn. The dow of eacti cell has a small opening dosed by a shutter, from which food is passed into tlw ceil at meal4inies. The warder may, besides, by turning a button, open unobserved a small hole in the door, through which he may see what the prisoner is about. Besides these ordinary cells, there are ceUs of pQ«  nishment it each gallery, where nnrtdy prisoners are shut up with nothing but a straw-mattress, in total darkness. Eacn cell is about 12 feet long by 6 in breadth. There is kparhir for eadi ^ery on the ground floor, where persons who have obtained permission from the prefecture may converse with the prisoner they caQ for. These parloirs contain 7 stalls each, with iron grates, where the prisoners are introduced without the possibility of seeing or communicating with one another; opposite these are 7 cells for the visitors, also grated; a keqper walks between these two rows during the conversa- tion, so that no paper or other sus|»ciou8 article can change hands. There are also a guard-room, a cantine where prisoners, by means of the guardian, may buy what food ^ey like be* sides the pri8on*fare, a dispensary for medicines, and rooms for overseers in the upper stories, all contiguous with the cen- tral rotunda. In the oelliffs is the large apparatus for calefac- tion and ventilation, consisting of 6 lar^e stoves in wliich a constant fire is kept up, thus distributing warmth tlffough pipes m winter, and producing a draught in siunmer through the central chmmey, which carries off the impwe air from all the cdls. Railways run all along these cellars under the galleries, o(»nmttnicating with the kitchens, which are in a court apart from the prison. The rations are contained in tin saucepans, 18 of wMch fill an iron salver fitting in a wooden frame upon wheels. Each frame, holding 12 of these salvers, is, when full, wheeled on the raUway to the bottom of a gal- kry,wh«aee itisdiawftupby puileys to^ upper storiesyand S6 • GENERAL INFOEMAHONJ the oontetitfl distributed to the prisoners by th^ w^en. Tn the yards between the wings are the prSaux, circular enclo- sures divided by walls into 20 small courts conunuuicating with a central building, so contrived that the prisoners may each enter their court for the sake of exercise without being seen by the others. Each court is closed in front by an iron railing, and has a shed for bad weather. A warder stationed in the central building may survey them all. Every prisoner has an hour's airing here daily. A chemin de ronde runs all around the prison ; sentinels are placed there at intervals. The gas-apparatus consists of three gasometers of 150 cubic metres each, there are in the estabbshment 1460 gas-burners. In another part of the chemin de ronde is the dead-house, and further on a yard containing the guard-house for 100 men, and another in which is the sick-ward. Here the prisoners live in common. The walls facing the rue Mazas and the first court are pierced with loop-holes intended for the defence of the prison in case of a popular outbreak. This prison is reserved solely for persons awaiting trial. Its annual cost is about 95,000 fr. Maison d'Arr^t des Madelonnettes, 12, rue des Fontaines, opposite the Temple. — ^These buildings formerly belonged to a society of nuns, called the Filles de la Madeleine, who de- voted themselves to the reclaiming of abandoned women. Since the revolution of 1789 it has beieu used, first, as a prison for females, and, on their removal to St. Lazare, as a tempo- rary prison for men and boys. Its present population 13 about 600, and consists both of condemned criminals and per- sons awaiting trial. The adult prisoners sleep together in wards of from 20 to 60 beds ; they pass the day in the prdau, or prison-yard, where they also take their meals. In the centre of this yard is a covered resertoir of water, where they are allowed to wash themselves. There are several trades car- ried on here, such as shoe-making, tailoring, stitching, weav- ing, &c., the work and materials being furnished by a contractor, who receives one third of the profits ; the prisoner receives one third for his immediate wants, and the rest on leaving the prison. The yard and wards for boys are in a separate part of the building. The juvenile prisoners, who are sent here for vagrancy, theft, &c., are organized on a military plan ; the best behaved become c>orporals and Serjeants. They stay here till they are 21, unless their friends claim them. They are tauglit to read and write, and obliged to work at a trade ; they earn 20 centimes a-day, which tiiey receive on leaving the prison. Political prisoners are some- times sent here, and put with the boys as a favour. The parloir is so constructed that the visitors and prisoners we ftt a distance of three feet tola each othei^, tepamted by iroa rail- ings, between Whicb a warder cbusfantly goes to and fro* The chapel is plain. During religious service the men are separated from the boys. Its annual cost is about 30,000 fr. Dtpdr DE LA Prefecture de Police. — The prison adjoining the Prefecture was built in 1828, at an expense of 300,000 fr. It is a place of temporary confinement, where persons arrested are detained 24 hours and then either set at liberty or sent ta one of the other prisons. The ward on the ground-tloor is reserved for prostitutes, who generally are released after a few hours' confinement, their only fault being disorderly behaviour. The beds, which line the walls around, are hinged, and pull^ up daring the day, leaving a bench around for sitting. The parloir is on the other side of the entrance. Opposite this are cells for the insane, who are not kept there more than 12 hours at the utmost, as a medical man attends twice anday to decide whether or not they be in a state to require being sent to aa asylum. On the first story are cells, called prisons de pistole, for such women as are willing to pay for them. On the second story are similar cells for men, and a room set apart for the children o! prisoners, or such as have been found lost or abandoned in the streets. The third story contains a common prison for men, sunilar to that for women below. The distribution for meals is effected as follows : a keeper stands before the door, from which one prisoner at a time emerges with a bowl in his hand, where he receives his portion, and immediately passes into an adjoining room to eat. In the mean time the common prison left empty is cleaned, and at the next meal the prisoners by the same process return to their old quarters. The floating population of this plac« amounts on an average to 230 in- dividuals; the mean entrances and exits per day being 120. This prison is far from being even tolerable, and new buildings are to be erected to render it less disgusting. ( See p. 305.) The Conciergerie, in the Palais de Justice, is used as a depot for prisoners during their trial, and sometimes for no- torious offenders before their committal. For the historical associations connected with this prison, and its description, see p. 303. It costs 25,000 fr. annually. Military Prison, 38, rue du Cherche Midi. — This prison, supersedes the old Prison de VAhhaye, which stood at the corner of the rue SI . Marguerite, and was formerly a house of correction within tile jurisdiction of the Abbaye of St. Germain des Pr^. (i) The new building serves as a bouse of arrest for (1) Tbe horrors which took i^ace there during the Revolution of 1789 fi[ave the Abbaye a /earful interest. U was one of tbe first prisoiis entered by the banas of auaBsina In September 1792. Digitized by VjOOQ IC 82 CEMOUa iN^RItATlON. military offences. (Sec^ p. 402) To visit this prison application must be made to the Minister of War, but permission is seldom granted. Prison for Debtors, 70, rue de Clichy. — ^This prison is of plain construction, airy, and well situatcMl ; it holds from 30O to 400 persons, and costs 30,000 fr. yearly, (i) Ste. P^lagie, rue du Puits THennite. — ^This prison, formerly a convent of nuns, suppressed at the revolution of 1789, was afterwards converted into a prison for debtors. It has for some years been appropriated to persons condemned to im- prisonment for not more than a year, or awaiting trial, and to political offenders, sentenced to short terms of confinement. The internal arrangement of the prison has therefore been much improved. Political offenders are kept apart from the rest, and are at liberty to occupy themselves as they please. Pri- soners receive soup and boiled meat twice a-week. They are not obl^ed to work, but may if they choose. There are three courts, one of which is set apart for political offenders. About 550 p^sons are generally confined here. The buildings are large and airy. Its cost to the city is 40,000 fr. St. Lazare, 107 , rue du Faubourg St. Denis. — This was the ancient convent of the Lazarists ; but it is now converted into a genersd prison for females committed for trial, or condemned to imprisonment for terms not exceeding one year. The Mai' son Centrak, to which they are sent for longer periods, is at Clermont. This prison is divided into three sections, altogether distinct from each other ; the first contains, 1, criminals com- mitted for trial ; 2, those who are undergoing a sentence of im- prisonment; 3, chOdren under 16 years of age. The second section is devoted to prostitutes condemned to short impri- sonment for offences against sanitary or other regulations of the police. There is an infirmary for each section. The children are locked up at night in separate cells, where they are strictly watched by means of galleries extending aU along them, which have windows opening upon them, but protected by bars and lattices. The number of these cells is 200 ; there are besides other cells in an unwholesome part of the building, which are only had recourse to in cases of extreme necessity. The other sections have dormitories of various sizes. There are also pistole cells here, containing from 2 to 3 beds, where prisoners able to pay 25 or 32 sous for every ten days may A mock tribunal here sat upon each victim, Tt^hence they were dismissed to the hands of the furious mob who were waiting with<> out, by whom they were all mercilessly massacred. (1) The annual number of debtors sent here ranges between 450 and 500. The floating population averages 11 per day. ^njoira.ukte moee comlbrt. 'The infinnary of the, proetitatea contaiBS: 340 beds, distributed' into 17 wara. The prisonefS of each section pass the day in different halls, not unlike schooL-nKHBS.x JL! sister of St. Joseph, 40 of 'irbpm attend this prison^ presiidefl at ah elevated de^ ; strSet silence i» enforced during the hoars of labour. The work eonsistsin making hooks andieyea, cabhaiere yarn, kaitling,^ and' needle-work. The pcisoB£i» receive one quarter of \IMt eaitiings dnily, and anottar qliarter ^oni leaving the prison;' the rest goes to the expenses oC'theiestalblifilimeiit. The ehOdtett aire taught to road an^ wtite ; int^se of ill-<behaviour, they ai'e ^nkiished by being} ^tcduded kaaa, the dasa lor a ^hort- period, and this punistaaerit is kfosaA ^xtiem^ effekstiial; ' ' IHe' ref^dory is on the groitiuMear; and cepabtsof a ^eiouis hieal, the eoL'ng of which ia.i^pGarted by nine columns itt a r6w; bisecting it lengti^^waysJ Hnethi^prisoiiers awaiting trial, the eondemned pidsQium, and the heidtfay prostfiltit^ take th^ meals at difi^eofhotosi.. The cantvne, ^ei^ pri^ersmay buy any humble daitities tiiey may fancy, fsmiBhed -part of the prison revenue. .tThe-diet-coDBists of half a "litre of broth, with two^^yoiistdf puke lAt vegetables { 6n Sunday^ and Thursdays ea^ jfdttmdrha^ in 5r grammes ^(inea^. ' A ohetnin de rande sutnMoiidS'ihe Building. - The prison has its bWn bakehouse ; the^Ioftv^ weigh 7O0 grammes daoh, tbat being the daily ra- tiooi .Thei chapel eoiwistft of 4i naite afld gaQeriesr capable of omdaihingiOdo persons. Tb^ numi^er of prisoners is from 900 > taipiooy the anflMial mo^eihedt of the i^ypulation of this pdedDia^abeiEt'iovooo, and the coBt 70,006 f]^. (i^p. s-s^.) , ]j^P0TMt£s GfOiDAHN^s, 0r Nouvocfu BibSt^, hi^ de la Ro- qnettei-^VhlB prison is intended as a tehij^y^aty place of ceiifineiMit; Eanely exceeding six ' months, f6r ' crua^nt^ con- deimiBd tobajtd.laboor in the ^^^e". It» cbn^jst^ of a piteiofibuikding! surrounding a large quafdrangUl^ ^oil^t 180 ft. by iflSO .ft;^. ilihice^tdifies high ; the k»wer of "Vfi&tW i6<t)eeupied by.w»riifehoJ)^.&d^:<jhe two upper by thrS(>iri^ttfaps* cells. TbOigfdater parfitof dte western «id4i$ allotted ^ '(h<3 Mgtngs of Ibo/dii^etfoh :ahd'«^ther offlcerdy ' Ihe' gekriEfM Meft^ sfoi^, 6cc. Iii{this aide^toovisth^entraneei; the porter'^^lMg^^ t^brps^le- gioBde^ ificua: A osmaili oourt, added tx^' this ti^K^if 's^de^ is sur- rean^.h^xit eommodious chapel and' an iiiftnii^V dbntaining 3ejb6daiA oeilrtyiB which ^vrreiHantsand^ehtln^ieonistantly keep euar^, siu[^pun4s .the whole ^ each.prisone«;|m a separate ro6% ^!l«^&ii& be Is locked at night; and there^ are- tackots, or oarE cbiainl]|^«»)ior refractory priaoners^ asrl^vieUi^ three condflP^;^e*ior prison^sunder sentehoet^f MDteHlh. There is a foiuiMti inilte laiddk^ of th^ greal court; tlxe average. 0^ GENERAL Df^OfiHATION* fiumber oi pridoner? is 400. Prisoners condemned for crime* 6f cotaparatively minor importance may, by applying to th©" kini^ter of the Interior, obtain permission to pass the time of their sentence in this prison, on condition of paying 60 cen- times a-day, or 219 francs a-year, to the State. During their stay in the prison, the convicts are generally obliged to Work at a trade, such as joinery, lock-making, coarse weaving. Shoe-making, tailoring, 5cc. There is for every trade a con- fractor who fiirni^hes the raw materials to the prisoners, and receives the manufactured goods for sale. The convicts are Skid by the piece, dnd may earn from 60 c. to 1 fr. 50 c. a- ay, according to their ability or habits of industry ; but Covernment takes one-half of their earnings for prison expenses ; of the rest, they receive one half every Saturday, and the remainder on their discharge. But, owing to the limited Aumber of trades pursued in the establishment, few of the convicts here are set to the trade they had been brou^t up to ; 80 that they are generafly obliged to learn a new one. Nor is there always work sufficient for all the inmates, as that depends upon the demand in the markets ; owing to this cir- cumstance, there are often upwards of 250 men without work, who lounge in the yard, or crowd in winter to the chauffbir, a large heated room on the ground-floor. Every prisoner who has employment works ten hours a-day, but is allowed two hours' exercise in the open air. The prison diet consists of I'/a lb. of Coarse but wholesome bread per day ; a broth soup in the morning, and another soup of some kind of pulse for dinner, except twice a-week, when a piece of boiled meat is given instead. The distribution is effected with great regularity ; the provisions are brought into each ward, and each man, on hearing his name called, steps forward and re- ceives his share. The relations or friends of the pri- soners are admitted to see them in the parloir on Sundays and Thursdays from 11 to 3 ; they are separated from the convicts by a strong double iron railing. The prison is yarded by a detachment of 34 soldiers, and 18 keepers or surveiUants are attached to it. This building may be looked upon as a model, both as regards solidity and sanitary condi- tions. It was designed by M. Gau, built in the short space of is months, and cost 1 ,245,000 fr. Its annual cost is 35,000 fr. MaISON CenTRALE D'fiBUCAtlON C0RR£CTl055ELLE, Or PfiSon des Jeunes Di tonus, "-This prison, immediatelv opposite the kst-named one, is constructed upon the CdlUlar principle^ and has the appearance of a feudal castle". It Was planned hy |I. Lebas. It consists of a hexagonal pile, With drcular tur- ^li at the angTes, from eac& QivUBlm wifiK^ conreitQ to^ $ ska^^cminU^eenttt. Six oralis are lhi]tiiM{kMd» aU 9f which ar^boSt 00 preeifteiytlietaxQeaiodel. l)te lateHor ar- raiige|9(ient does not d^er malmally Irom tlvit 4>f Uie Pnsoa Mazas. (See p. 78) Each story contains 95 separate chomr hen, 7H ft. square by ^y» ft. hi^, with A yindow looku]^ into Ihe court, and a door opening into a passage. Tbi^ prison is inr tended for snch male offenders nnder the ag^ pH c^ as havp bQCf declared by the tribunal incapableof judgment^ ti^^ ace tben sul^ jected to correctional education (or a certain tim^, not exceeding tlieir 20th year. EvenbeforesentfinceyouogpUewlersarf; hro^^ here and subjected to the severe je|^tions,9f t)i« prison. If the parents or relations of the culprit declare themsclvef answ^able far his fntiva good hehavioui', ^ is released .and delivered into their hands notyJAstantog th« sentence .( i ]^ 7b# prisoner is perpetually ooahned to im c^U^ ^i«^pt >yhen bfi i» tajLen to the chapel to hear maasy or to the parlQtr, to cgn versa with his frieoads. His cell is both Jus wiocksnop ana bttl-i-Qom, He risQs at 6, n^akes his bed» washes himsell, says h'l^ praynrs^ and breakfasts. He works from. 7 to 9, and kQjfi. ip to ^3^ his dinner is thai brought to him, and at 4 ha resumes ins work till 6 p:m. From 6 to a, he xaads an^ writes* A mo- nitor stani^s in the passage, and dictates u» a loud voice, so as to be heard in all the eeUs under iiia ^oontrisl, % ^JMl grated window in the door of each cell being kit fip^ for the pur? pose. Such IS the monotanoas lile ftlie youDg convict leads from day io day, till bis tm» exaum* Wb^n the weather allows of xt^ he ^as an hour'swalkajonain/wie of the s^ prui- cipai courts, pr lii one of the sihatl ones wh^ Wv^ been added ibr this pmpose.. Thus 40 prisoneis may Jlake CKerpise at a time«  withdut scemg iodh other. Ihe name of th«pris(^n^ is unknown even te the ovefi^eer, who can aidy distinguish each individual by the number which is fixed abwe Ab^ 4<yx ol ihe celL Twdve trades are tdttght here by Q4 teacbars, ,\i)hp ifi^trupl •(t) A' late tCRart, puhlisbpd by. flie Minister of th* hii«riof^ khow« tl^t 4r isa? t^ere were in franco t ,33f youngr j^rliMuni^ In lS42,.a^(^3^ tn J 8.4?, 4,2^6; in ISSa, 6,4*»; lA U8a« T,?l>; aiidia tiH,.%i^:' This annual ioereaae U o&t.^raU;pitoppr4iop) and ^.nuy ^^ questioned whether ehUdren <Q«itht to he subjected io prifion discipline. The expenses incurred l>y tiie State on ac- cmint of the youthful prisoners Are neatly ec^ual.to those of the foundling^ an() the psne^^nt aep^^mn^Qtlation for their recepMon ■whl'tfre Ipng'pi^bfe insufficient unlegs (he evil be stayed. Wbiiet •an^iClC.lns ^%\^rpmefiU tiave only furni^hed'ft continigeaiHt of fire or li^itp thii n^^ncboly list, that ol the geiae hMmppliedi ,«i9 young offend,erS ;" and wliilsrt the ordinary expense of a prisoner amounli to so centimes per day, that of a young prisoner, owing 4o the graatet wpexue of ihe estohlishment, exceedf as eeutimen 86 CfiNEIUI' iltFoAMAflON. the prisoners in ca^hfing, ta&loHng, shb^making, bntton-mak-^ ing, joinery, turning, and working metals. Contractors furnish the unwrot^it materials and receive the manufoof^nred articles for sale. Th^'ntisbner earns a certcliu sum per day, but is kept in utter i^orance of the amount. His account is kept at the office with minute regularity, and on leaving the prison he receives the (»um due to him. On the eastern side of the prison are the : director's house and apartments for other functionaries ; • on the western Is the infirmary. The average number of prisoners is 500, and their annual' cost 32,000 fr. Connected with this 'prison and that of St. Lazard are the two following benevolent institutions : — Socn^T^ DE Patronage j>es Jeunes Libj^r^sde la Seine..^ This excellent institution, founded in 1B33, is intended tor the management of young prisoners while in eonfinement at the Maison Centrale[, and for observing their conduct after the > Expi- ration bf their punSshinent. E^oh member hses one or more young prisoners under "His own especial care, and whose patron h^ is. The liberated prisoner is bound apprentice to a trade, and the society assist, me fanuly in maintaining him if their means axe insufficient; Every individual costs the society on an average 80 ft. a-year; The most ^^tifying effects have already resulJbed from the eff6rts of this s6oiety, which is also assisted by govern- ment. The conduct of the prisoners is ^eatly improved, and the number of cases of recommittal diminished from 75 to 7 per cent. The government allows the society 70 centimes per day for each pnrisoner liberated before the expiration of his time, but only durii^ the remaining period of his sentence, being the same allowamce as that given to a colony at Mettray ,' near Tours, (1) for young ofTenders sent thither from prison, and

• employed in mechanical and agricultural work. An annual

meeting for the distribution of prizes for good conduct, &c., is held at the Hotel deVille, and a report is published every^year. President: M. Berenger (de la Drome), president of the Court of Cassation. The secretary's office is 9, rue Mezieres. The other assodatioh is called Socidii de Patronage pour les Jeunes FiUes UbMm H d^kiiss^. The president is the Marquise de la Grange, 113, rue de Grenelle St. Germain. The City pays 4000 fr. a-year to each of these two societies, and 4,500 fr. to the colony at Mettray. LAWS OF FRANCE AFFECTING BRITIiSH RESIDENTS.— The foUowmg passages are abridged from the valuable vfork of (0 This admirable eoloBt receiwes T««nK oHendms no;! older tban i^^ from the difrerent priaoiiS of france, on condition ttmtthe time still remaining of their sentence be not less than 3 jeaacs. Being eent to Mettray is considered a boon. The colony consists of 13 farm-bonses enclosing a square space of ground ; each house contains a familf of from M to 90 lnuTi4iiU8% lUidar the • care of t cMf ,• ti(«ir ponoiU art asncnltoral. lAWS AFFECTING BRITISH BESIDEMTS. %1. Mt, Okey — ^a book that ought to be in the library of every Englishman setUed in France. (1) Births. — The French law requires that every birth be de- clared to the mayor of tlie commune, or arrondissement in Pa- ris, within three da^fs after it talies place; and that the child be produced to the officer who registers the acte de naiuance. The father, or, in his absence, the midwife or medical man who at- tended at the birth, must make the declaration. The acte must be drawn up immediately after the birth, in the presence of two witnesses, and this is one of the few cases in which women may be good witnesses, as it may happen that they only have knowledge of the birth. This acte is drawn up at the mairie. Parties not complying with these formalities are subject to fine and imprisonment. An authentic extract from the register is Talid, as a proof of birth, in England. Children born of foreign- ers are foreigners ; but, when of age, they can claim the rights of French citizens. (2) Marriages.— A marriage in a foreign conntry between British subjects is valid in England either when it has been solemnized in the house or chapel of the British ambassador by a minister of the Church of England, or as a general rule when the parties have married in the form established in the country in which the marriage is celebrated, and it is valid by the laws of that couniry ; or, lastly, since the recent statute of 12 and 1 3 Victoria, chap. 68, when the marriage has been celebrated before a* British Consul, who has been, duly authorized for that purpose. For a marriage in the Ambassador's house or chapel no notice or previous residence is necessary. The parties intending to marry at the Embassy tn this city are required to make oath or declaration before the consul to the effect that they are of age, or that the proper consent has been obtained, and that there is no lawful impediment to the marriage. A fee of 29 shillings is paid for the offtce in London in which the register- book of these marriages is kept. To marry according to the French law, notice or publication of the marriage is twice made by the mayor of the commune of each of the parties, with an interval of eight days between each publication. A civil cere- mony is celebrated by the mayor of the commune in which one of the parties has lived for six months. The parties must pro- duce the certificates of their birth or baptism, or, if not to be had, a declaration of seven persons made before the juge de paix of the date and place of birth of the party, and the consent of their parents properly authenticated; and, if they are dead, certificates of their burial and the consent of the grandfather and grandmother, if living. When the man is upwards of 25, and the woman upwards of 2i,it issufftcient to show that the parents have been applied to for their consent in the manner required by the French law.— To marry at a British Consulate (0 Concise Digest of the Law, Usage, and Custom affecting the Interoonne of the anbjects of Great Britain and France, by C. H OkeT, Svo., 5 flrancs. (2) Births and deaths are now registered at (he Consniate. whfcn reouested. on payment of 4s. 6d., but this 4oe8 not relieve the parties from the dnty pt r^isteriD^ them in tbe omc9 M t|ie maypr* 58 eomuL DnroBM^^ fn Paris bo(h the parties must baTe dwelt wiihio iladistiktiioi Seat than pne calendar month, heat precedlnff when nftli«« fa given by one of them to tbe Conaul of the iateiMie4 ttarrlagv. JL copy of the notipe is su^peod^d at IJbie Con#«la|^. T)»e -Gotianl may grant a license for a marri^^e. When tbfi mwti»9» it b^ license, both parlies have to mal^e oal^ or ffecUrA tMattliereta 'iio impediment to marriage^ tha<t both of them have bad foriiiie calendar month previously their usual {^a/^ea of abAde -lailbbi the district of the Consul, and that |h# pr^piar con^eni bna teen obtained in case of either of them, being ^a.ii|i^or. jLtthe esd of 7 days, wb^n a license has been obtained, or «tber4»ise at the end of ^t dayi? from the notice. so gAV«ii, jthe oaretage mmj be 6olemni2^i^» i,n presence or the Consul, a^tcosdisg ta ibe foitn of the Cburch of England, or . au;ording to aiiy.oUiof religimia form, or, as a civil cerefnony, and by t^kA ConsMl hlmiM^ m ilM parties desire. Tbe fees are : Cor fBnt,ering and siASfending notiee, los. ; for every marriage solemnized by ^c«nee« oe*, ; wMbMit licence, los. For the attendance of the Cpn#4l at the mactialge when by license so§. Deaths. -^Ip case of deatli, a deciaratioi^ thev^of abound im- mediately be made at the mairiehy the relatives of friends of the deceased, or by tbe person at whose boupe ttie 4eAth took place. The body ia then, visited by a physieiaiai apipoioted by the mayor to ascertain the pauses of dissolotiop, apd cannot be interred without authorisation fro^ him, i^otr jmtil 24 hours . after the decrease, except in cases otherwise provided for by ihe regulations of the police. In case a deceased 9§non Uaves personal property, seals are afiUxed thereon by iM jiigie de ^x, till the heirs or legatees cap establish their claims, in order that the etfects may not be exposed to depredation { and in ike «Jk- aence of the parties interested, tbe seals rei^Mil unhno!fc«ii till they can take possession in person or by proKf . The alBjiiiig of seals may be required by the heir or represojitalives of .ttie deceased, by any person interested in the property, by eredUora, aervants, etc. With regard to foreigporf^, the jug© de paix may proceed to this formality of his own ap^ecd* «« §oq« as iaialil*- gence of a death reaches him. Wills.— (The subject of wills M ^»o Qf PBUch importaoee, md it is desirable to have recourse to professional aeaistaikae in the drawing up of such documents.) Wills disposing of real pro- perty in England must, whether made there er abroad, beJn the English form, namely, signed by the i«|itator,ior by another person in his presence by his direcUon, and 4Me»ted lin hia pre- sence by two witnesses. For personal property (he English law requires that the will be in the form of tl>e country ija which the testator has his legal domicile, as distinguished from mere or temporary residence. When tbe property ;is in ftance, atten- tion to the French law is necessary ; and, according la aorae recent decisions, the French courts applying tho ndc, UMa trgit actum, will not give effect to any will math in franco- ainJeaa it U in the French form — that is, either written throughont, dated, tod signed^ by the testator, which is called an olographic will* LAWS AXnCTBtC BEfflSH INDENTS. $9 or i»aAe belbre a Vteiich notary public and French vitaeiaei^ .or t^nei by ifac tn^or, sealed np, and preseoled by bioa to a mtaery and six witnesses. Ktiglish subjects Uvini^ In France may fttspose •f tbefr real properf}- in England, and also, if tbey are not doab^teiffin Ibfs ceantry, of their personal property, with all the Hberiy allowed by the English law; but real properly In "Vrxoee, though possessed by a British subject not even residing In ftvBce, and, if ire has acquired a legal domicile in France, his per* aooal property, follow the French law of succession. Under this law, a testator^ leaving at his decease one legitimate child, may diapoce of not more than half of his property; if two children, of Hut third partj if there ate more than two children » a fourth pait o'ttly wilfbe at his disposal. The right of each child is ex- ecrlsed on bis ifealh by his posterity. The testator's power of difipesinf^ of bis property is also restricted when he leaves rela- liODB in the aseending line, neither can he give to a natural child more than the law allots to him upon ah intestacy. Natural efaiklMii^ when the issue of adultery from the father or mother being married to another person, or of incest, are incapable of la&iiig under a will. In default of a will, all the children inherit ali&e; withoiutdistlneflon of sex or age ; the natural children when recognUed, aftso Inheriting, but- only, in case there are legitimate ehildren, fEHr one-third of the share ibey would have taken if leg!- timate, and fbr one-half of such share if the deceased left a parent or mother, or sisters, or for one-third if he left no such relations. B^erently from the English law a^ain, representation Is admitted ftr cbllaterab in fhvour of the issne of brothers or sisters only. On lUlnre «f legifimaffe heirs, the property passes entirely to the reeo^ised natnral children, and failing such, to the jBurviviog bnsbaad or wife of the deceased. DosiGiLE, Natorauzation.— All pcrsons residing i^ France aro aalncct to the police laws, and are bound to observe every regula- tUDdcoiiiieeied with the public safety. A foreigner who has not obtaiiied tlie pemilsslon of the government to esfat)lish bis do- micile is France can only exercise such civil rights [as distin- guished from rights conferred by the law of nations) as may b^ secured to Frenchmen by treaty with the country to wnicb the foreigner belongs, with this exception, that every foreigner ejkjoys the right "of inheriting and of receiving by will or by deed' of gift. In conformity with the rule that every person must he sned in the courts of the country where he is domiciled, the French courts exercise no jurisdiction over the persons or property of fot^i^ners not In point of fact domiciled in France. This 'rule, 1iowev«r, is liable to a great number of exceptions, and is departed from in favour of French citizens, who have the right of suing foreigners In the French courts, although the fo- reigner sued imay^not be residing in France, and although the .engogeuent' on -which he is sued may have been coor tracked in another country. The Emperor decides on apr plications for natikalizatidn ; it can only be granted after en- quiry into th» etoa^ractef of the foreigner And on the favourablu TCpprt ef 1JJ« <5ou*ci} bf State. The applicant must have obr 90 GENERAL INFORMATION. tained permission to fix bis domicile In France, and have resided ten years in the country subsequently to this permission. But such residence for one year will be sufjlcient for foreigners who have rendered the country great service, or who have brought to it either a useful discovery or distinguished talents, or who have opened great establishments in it. Until naturalization, a foreigner may be ordered by the Minister of the Interior to leave the country, without assigning a reason. Arrest for Debt.— Foreigners who have not been authorised by the Government to establish their domicile in France, are liable to arrest on a judgment recovered against them at the suit of a French creditor, whether the Frenchman is the original creditor, or has become so by indorsement of a bill of exchange or promissory note, for not less than ibo fr. ; they may also be arrested before judgment and without notice by order of the President of the tribunal, given on application of such French creditor, unless they can show that they possess in France a commercial establishment, or real property of suffi- cient value. In case of a commercial debt, and after judgment, the recovery can be enforced by arrest, whether the parlies are French- men or foreigners. A law of the National Assembly has soft- ened the rigour of the law in regard to imprisonment for debt, and it has been held that it extends to foreigners as well as to French citizens. By this law the length of imprisonment, when the debt has been contracted in the course of trade, or arises on a bill of exchange, is limited to 3 months, for a sum under 500 fr., to 6 months for under 1000 fr., to 9 months for under 1500 fr., and to a year when the sum does not amount to 2000 fr. The imprisonment is not to exceed 3 years for a sum of 6000 fr. or up- wards. When the debt is not of the nature above described the length of the imprisonment is to be fixed by the judgment, and must be from six months to five years. Arrest neither prevents nor suspends proceedings and execution against the goods of the debtor. Arrest must not take place before sunrise nor after sun set ; nor on fi&te days ; nor in buildings dedicated to divine wor^ ship ; nor at the seat of constituted authorities ; nor in any house whatever, even in the domicile of the debtor, if entrance is re- fused, unless authorised by the Juge de Paix, who must in such case accompany the officer. The prisoner may demand to be taken to the President of the Tribunal de Premiere Instance, who will decide as an arbitrator. — The keeper of the prison, on re- ceiving the prisoner, must enter in the prison-book, or register, the judgment which authorises the arrest. This must be written in a certain prescribed form, and must also certify the deposit of at least one month's prison allowance by the creditor, who must always make this deposit beforehand. A debtor may obtain his liberation by the consent of the creditor, and of all who have lodged detainers against him, given before a notary, or entered en the register of the prison ; by the payment of a third of the amount and costs, and giving for the remainder a surety accepted by the creditor, or approved by the Court ; by the default of the preditor to deposit one month's prison allowance, filled at 30 fr . ; LAWS AFFECnNG BRIIISH BBSIDENTS. 91 or by the prisoner haying entered his Toth year. In ease of non- payment of prison-allowance, the debtor is entitled to an order of the coiart for his release, proTided he apply before the money is paid ; And he cannot again be arrested by the creditor, except en payment of all costs incurred by the former in obtaining his libeiration, -with a deposit of 6 montlis' allowance in advance, in the hands of the prison-keeper. Bills of Exchange.— By the law of France all endorsements upon bills of exchange, &c., are required to be special. Unless a bill 6f exchange is payable to order it cannot be negotiated. Thehohter of a bill of exchange protested for non-payment may, upon procuring the order of a judge, distrain the goods and chattels of the drawer, the acceptor, and the indorsers ; which, when so' taken, are deposited in the hands of justice to answer the amount of the debt. Actions upon bills ofexchange are li- mited' to B years from the date of the protest, or from the last proceedings upon it ; but different and frequently contradictory opinions have been held by judges respecting the interpretation of the law of isd^z, and of certain clauses of the cod - regarding biHs of exchange, and all questions concerning ^* debt." AvBASSAbDRS, CopfstJLS, &c.— By the law of nations, the bote of an ambassador is considered as forming part of the territory of the nation which he represents. This, however, does not invalidate the right of a child of a foreigner, born within the pre- cincts of the hotel, to become a French subject on its coming of age. The ambassador is privileged from all civil and criminal pi^oceedings, and so are his servants, secretaries, &c. ; but Ihe same privilege does not apply to a consul. The duties of a consul are very extensive : he has to watch over the commercial interests of hfs nation ; to protect his countrymen who may be in distress, and in some cases to exercise judicial authority over them. In Paris the consular department is added to that of the embassy, and the olfice is in the same hotel. GoPTRiGHT.— The French law gives to the authors of works of literature, and to composers, painters, engravers, &c., the sole property and disposal of their works, during their own lives ; to their widows for life, if entitled to it under the marriage-con- . tract ; to the children of the author for 20 years from his decease, or from the decease of the survivor of him and his widow, if the latter takes a life-interest; to the author's other heirs or assignees (if he leaves no children) for 10 years from his decease. The copyright is possessed by dramatic authors during life, and by their families or heirs for 5 years after. The importation into France of works originating there, and pirated in a foreign country, is a misdemeanor. Authors may dispose of their property to another person, who then becomes entitled to the same rights. English authors have since 1852 equal rights with French authors, on depositing within 3 months after pub- lication 2 copies of their works at the Ministry of the Interior, and registering a proper declaration. Patents.— Formerly patents were taken out either for five, ten, or fifteen years, the respective charges being 500 fr., sso fr jin4 i,$ap Dr. By Uxb utm law all that U required U the paymeoi Id advance of too fr. per annum during the term of the patent, and the patentee can nl any time discontinue ttie payment, if he finds his patent unproductive, i^blcb in that case becomes puUie property. The non-payment of the annual sum of loo fr. wlthiQ the period allowed immediately annuls the patent right. The Minister of the Inferior and Commerce has not the power undef the laws of receiving this payment even a single hour after it has become due. Patents of importation ar^ no longer granted, hut a patentee in a foreign country^ and he pnly, can take out a jEUitent for the same object in France, either In person or by im agent in Paris duly authorized by him. Although patents may still he inXen for five, ten, or (Ifteen years as before, yet most persons lake them for the extreme term, as th/are Is no ohligatlo^ to continue the payments if they do not find H wor^h wb^e i^Q do fiO) and It yrould t)ierefore be absurd to apply for a patent far e shorter period than the fifteen years, AVhen, however, a patent for the same Invention exists in a forei^g^ country, it wil), be good in France no longer ipaii for the term ih^t remai^ji^ Qq the drig^nal. We extract the following from sonjie notes on the Lf^w on Patents, published by the l^^te Mr« Merle^ palest age^t.

• • Foreigners have the same patent rights as natives; but, by

the new law, only tne inventor can take out a patent. Hitherto any pi^rson could takeout. a pa tept In France for an invention already patented abroad^ and it lias frequently happened that tl^e original patentee has been forestalled by sorxijs persons who had obtained a knowledge of the patent^ a^d taken out.a pfitent in France. It is very important to consider what is the pubticity in a foreign country which invalidates a patent in France-^ i at, apy pnnte4 and pubUshed description pf the patent; iindly, any Suhllc exhibUion of it \yhich would enable a person witn^ssiag to car^y it into exec\iiioh ; 3i:^ly, th^ sale of tl:^e article in f foreign country previously to \}i& appUcatioit for a patent ii^ Franpei.eitlierof these jgrounds of pubiicity woyld vitiate the French patejpt, Sf^ch are thje principles upon wh ich hitherto th^ law has peep interpreted ; hut from the expose of the new patent ^AW as given in Uie Cha.iii)ers, it would ^ipppar <hai the mere d§- po3;ii of t^e spec^caUoa /li t^ie patent ofHce ip England wpuM 6ia cpjapidered a puhlica(;|0i\, . ii^asmucV ^* U ^an be Ahe^f^ reait j^nd «i copy of i)l.)}e ohh4ne^., ^p. ^rder (9 guard, .?gAiu«t .Uiee^tn*- sequencies of such jihiiUerpretfiUop eJT the. i,rih|inal m)hex^yie»t qfapy action for, dfclariiig. tble iiullUy pf a pat^i, per#^a^ ^hfi haye pat^nU$'4p l^ntgjtand.andint^pd.tb,^^ jLh^m^out iateQ.in Ffonce yfAl do i^eH lo apply fpr Uiem here, before they have odt r/jlled their. specifications ifi,FR gland. 7hprighWp^,thARatj5ji}e«  in France are secjar^^frqin the h^ur when hpdi^positshi^.f^ e>- inajid at th^ H6tel de Ville in Paris, aliboi^g^ the official cerRfi- .ca'te of that deman^ may apt l^e ^eifveired to hio} for weeks anil even months afterwards. The patent also incomes vitiatfsd.if not carried into execution in France within a period of two years from its date, or if it he not worked for any two consecutive yeari durlai the eiisteQce of \\k^ patent, unleu food groun^p LAWS A#yjl6ftfRf MliiSIf nlttlDEM19« f ^ MB bethoti^ in either ease for fblt ieaetten. R frequently 1i«ih pens that a patentee is nnable to work bis patent within the first two years, but in such case he mnst not rely too much on the grounds which he may assign for inaction, although the tribunal usually pots a liberal construction upon the motives assigned for delay. Illness, absence, or pecuniary difficulties, have been sometimes pleaded successfully." Port D'ARvcs.—Permlssion to carry arms may be obtained at any prefecture, but must receive a visi at each change of depart- ment. It is not transferable ; it costs 3S fr., and is valid for only 1 year. The sportsman should always carry it about him, since any authorised guard may always demand to see it ; and, if not produced, a summons l>efore a tribunal may be made, which will be attended with expense. Sporting must not be on an- other's property without leave, and on no nnioclosed property out of the season, which is generally from ist Sept. to ist March. Fishing.— Every person is allowed to ftsh with the line only, the 3pawnlng-«eason excepted, in all rivers, canals, and navigable streams belonging to government, and in all dependencies of such streams, «c., where a fishing-boat can pass. Every person fishing in private waters, without permission of the owner, is liable to a fine of from 20 fr. to 100 fr., besides damages. National Guard.— Foreigners who have not been authorised by the Government to establish their domicile in France, are not liable to serve in the national guard. Carriers.— The proprietors of public carriages are liable in France (unless specified to the contrary in their receipt) for the full Talue of objects entrusted to their care and lost, although the Yalue of them may not have been declared. This does not. apply to the luggage of a passenger, if given to the conducteur' without having been entered on the way-bill. Irn'reepers and masters of hotels, in France, are responsibU for the property brought into their house by a traveller, and for all robberies committed by servants or strangers, except in the case of an armed or superior force, or where the property, being of a very considerable value, was not shown to them, or the existence of it mentioned when the traveller came to the hotel, especially if any negligence as to locking-up, &c., can be shown against the owner. Their responsibility holds good even if the traveller leaves the key in the lock of his door during the night, because he has a right to count upon the same security as If he were in his oWn house ; but not so if he leaves the key in during the day, because that is held to be an act of imprudence. Innkeepers and persons letting furnished lodgings may detain the effects of a lodger in case of non-payment, except the clothes sctttally in use ; they cannot appropriate the effects of a deceased or departed guest, but must obtain the authority of the Tribunal de Premiere Instance to sell sufficient to satisfy their claim. SERVARTS, if hired by the day, are paid accordingly, and diJ-«  itHssed act pleasure ; those hired by the year are paid by th.e ca- lendar Aonth, and are entitled to 6ight days' Wamiog or wage^ on bett^ dbtttiiMed/ &ut ittaist; it required, tfdrrethe eilSht dayt. d4 GENERAL iNFOBUATIONi When the servant gives warning, or demands to be dismissed, t^e eight days are not payable unless the master requires the service of the party during that period. The contract for hiring is not binding upon the servant until money has been received as an earnest^ but this rule has fallen into disuse. The master is in all cases believed on affirmation as to the amount and pay- ment of virages. (See p. lo.) APARTMEMTS.^An apartment, botel, houae^.or shop, may be rented in France either verbally or by writing. Leases are either executed before notaries or privately ; they must be written on stamped paper, and care should be taken to observe all the formal- ities required by the law for actes. In Paris, the rent of unfurnished apartments, and where there is no agreement to the contrary, is always payable at the end of each quarter or terme : the quar- ter-days being in reality on the first day of January, April, July, and October; but in all cases 1 4 days' .grace are allowed when the rent exceeds 400 fr. per annum, and 8 days when that sum or under. The lessee, on quitting the premises, should return all keys, as a sign that tenancy is at an end ; before th^ pay-day of the terme, the repairs requisite ^ must have been completed, the rent paid, and proof of due payment of taxes having been made must be given. A lessee may underlet or assign his leasey if there is no provision in it tq the icontrairy ; but he is respoiialble for the conduct of his tenant^ and ^r^his own. rent.as principal tenant to the proprietor. The assiginee, or under-tenant* is ^pt liable to the original lessor ^beyopdi the amount ot r eiit d^e by the under-lease or assignment ; but he cannot set up pi^ymept of rent made by anticipation to bis own landlord as a bar to a legal claim by the. original lessor. A Ifessfe^ who does ndt pUt upoil the premises sufficient fUrnituk^eo^ mo veabl'e'd to 'answer the amount of the rent may be ejected; unless he ^veaeifefllciefli additional security. When a^pljUi of the furemi^es, 9r»iklurenn tory of their fittings, has beep ifA^ by the, cputyac^g pariliftsv. the lessee is bound to restore every tbing as tt^erein^ d.eacribe4f excepting what may have perished or become damag€!4pytiipe and fortuitous events'. ., If no plaii or invcniory bas beeh made, the tenant is' botind to give up possession bf-them In' good condition . The Icfssee i« liable for the dam;a$^ in< M t&^i of fire, unless he can prove 1!hat it was isommnhieatedi^lrotn ar neighbouriBg house» or hapiHened bf acoident, mo }^Sn^\^ttxmi^ struction of the premises he ocoupAes^ , If during- a^easer^Xisawft' become absolutely necessary, the lessee is, bomd to,^to thw;;" but if they last more tha)i 40 days, .the rent is dfrn^nisjioble ^n, consequence. In takih^ an apartment, It is uktial'ib glve'a* trifle as earnest-money to th^ po'rtefr. For ah apiirtmeht tak'fen iin- furriished, and in Paris/ notice of quitting liaudt' b*^4Ven'^ weeks at least, previous to quarter day wlnen the annOali'eht is 400 fr. or- less, and three months before a quarti^-day lKh«[di the rent is above that sum. . A notice of /.« ^ont^s, is^req^if^^t, for a house, and an acknowledgment must.be obtaine4,.^b|u, the landlord of such notice being accepted. ' As soon as juoUce.. i0 given, the teuant cannot refuae to sho^ the apattmehts. Mtuc iNsmcnoNs* ik» FORM OF A LEASE. Je -i— . propriMaira [or] principal loeaUire d« -— * maiMii, la kma A M. — J {or) lone a M. — -, — anwrtement, av Atate, dant udita malaoa {describing them accurately)^ poor ann^ qui oommeneeront Aeouir ce {the day) poor — ^ prlz {amount) payable * ( time of payment ). et sona toates las obligations impwtes anx locataires et Ht,l6e§ par le Code cl?U. Et laaol ( the leeeee) je prendsla pr^sente location eomme et alnti quelle est ciHlessos sUpnl^. Fait double entre nous. * •>— , le — , mil hnit cent dn- quante — . ( S^nalnres . ) PUBLIC nsTmrnoNS. INSTITOT DE FRANCE.— The National Convention, by a decree of 1793, abolished all the literary and scientific societies, denominated accMmies, established under Louis XIII. and Louis XIY., and the arts and sciences seemed condenmed to oblivion. After the fall of Robespierre, however, the Con- vention appointed a committee for the preservation of the monuments of France, created the Polytedmic school, opened the colleges, founded the Conservatoire de Musique, Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers, &c., and by a decree of Oct. 26, 1795 (3d Brumaire, an III.), established the Institut, to replace the acade- mies, and the Directory appointed a number of members, whom they authorised to elect others. The Institute was divided into three classes; 1. physical and mathematical sciences; 2. moral and political sciences; 3. literature and the fine arts. Bona- parte, who was elected a member of the first class (Dec. 26th 1797), having become Consul, divided the Institute into four classes (1803): 1. physical and mathematical sciences; 2. French language and literature ; 3 . ancienthistory and literature ; 4. the finearts. In 1816,LouisXyin.changcd the four classes into four academies, viz. 1 . the AcadSmieFranoaise ; 2 . iheAcademie Roy ale des Inscriptions et Belles-lettres; 3. the Acad^ie Roy ale des Sciences ; 4. the Acadhnie Royale des Beaux-Arts, and some of the most celebrated members being dismissed, others were substituted by royal nomination, and the .acade- mies taken under the special protection of the king. In 1832, a. fifth Acad^ie, under the name of Acaddmie des Sciences Morales et Politiqiies, was added. The funds common to aU the academies are managed by a committee of 10 members, two from each academy, presided by the Minister of Public Instruction. The nominations to vacant places are balloted for in each acadway, subject however to the approval of the i9 GESteAAt DV^OlLHAltOll Emperor. The memberg of one aeademy are eligible to all the others. Each receives a salary of 1 500 fr. Every time a m^oiber attends, he receives a silver eounter to denote that he Was present; non-attendance during the year exposes to a fine, and permanent absence, without sufiicieut cause, to ex* puMon. Eacix academy has its special rules and funds. The library, &c., are common to all. Their annual meetings are held as follows. — AcadSmie Frangaise, the first Thursday in May ; — Acaddmie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, the first Friday in July ; — AcadSmie des Sciences, last Monday in Ja- nuary; — Academie des Beaux Arts, first Saturday in Oc- tober ; — AcaMmie des Sciences Morales et Politiqiies, the first Saturday in January. A general annual sitting of all the acade- mies is held in August. The Institute compi ises 223 members, besides 7 secretaries, 35 free academicians, who receive no salary, 31 associates, and 225 correspondents. The Acadimie Frangaise consists of 40 members; this se6- tion is specially charged with the composition of the Dictionary, and the extension and purification of the language. It adjudges an annual prize of 2000 fr. for poetry or eloquence, besides two annual prizes founded by M. Monthyon, one for tiie work most useful to public morals, and another for some distin- guished act of virtue displayed by a poor native of France; it likewise awards a prize each year, given by M. Gobert, of 10,000 fr., for the most eloquent work on French history, and aecords a gratuity of 1,500 fr. every alternate year, the gift of Count Maille de la Tour Landry, to some deservmg but indigent young man of letters. Private meetings every Thursday at 3 p.m. The Acad^ie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres is composed of 40 members, and 10 free academicians, besides foreign as- sociates and correspondents. The learned languages, antiqui* ties, and monuments, the translation of Greek, Latin, and Ori- ental works into the French language, and the formation of archspological collections, are within their sphere. (1) This academy awards an annual prize of 2.000 fr. for the most learn- ed work on French History, and another for numismatics, founded by M. d'Auteroche. It further awards 3 medals of 500 fr. each for the best works on French antiquities, and a pifize founded by M. Gobert. It meets on Fridays at 3 p. m, (1) TItig Academy pnbUsbes — i. Ses M^moires, 4fo ; 3. lea If^ moires qvi lui sent pr^sent^a par divers savanls, 4lo; 3. Les Notices des Manuserits, 4to ; 4. Les H^moires sur les Aotiquit^s de la France, 4to ; s. L'bistoire litt^raire de la France, 4to } 6. CoUection des Hisloires de France, folio ; i. Les Ghartes et Do- cuments relatifs & I'Histoire de France, et les Lettres dea rois de Ftanee, folio $ a. Le Catalogue des Chartes, filler* BUREAU DES LONCmiDES. 97| The Academie des Sciences contains 65 members (indnding the two secretaries), 10 free academicians, and 8 foreign asso- ciates, besides correspondents. It is divided into 1 1 sections, as follows : — geometry, 6 members; mechanics, 6; astronomy, 6 ; geography and navigation, 3 ; general natural philosophy, 6 ; chemistry, 6 ; mineralogy, 6 ; botany, 6 ; rural economy and the veterinary art, 6 ; anatomy and zoology, 6 ; medicine and surgery, 6. The annual prizes adjudged by this academy are 1 of 3,000 fir. for physical sciences; 1 for statistics; 1 for experimental physiology ; and 1 for mechanics. It also ad- judges prizes for improvements in medicine and surgery ; for the means of rendering trades less insalubrious ; one by M. De- lalande for the best astronomical discovery or observation ; and one, founded by the widow of M. de La Place, the astronomer, to the most mentorious pupO of the year in the £coIe Polytech- nique. (1) Public meetings every Monday, at 3 p. m. The AcadSmie des BeatioD-Arts is composed of 41 members, including the perpetual secretary, and 10 free academicians, besides associates. It is divided into five sections, viz. paint- ing, 14 memliers ; sculpture, 8 ; architecture, 8 ; engraving, 4 ; musical composition, 6. It also distributes annual prizes for the best works of students in the arts, and those who are sue- cessful are sent to the French academy at Rome, and educated at the expense of the state. Meetings every Saturday at 3 p. m. The Academie des Sciences Morales et PoUtiques, restored by an ordonnance of Louis Philippe (Oct. 26, 1832), is, since April, 1855, composed of 40 academicians, divided into 6 sec- tions : — philosophy; moral philosophy; legislation, public law and jurisprudence; political economy and statistics; his- tory and the philosophy of history ; and lastly, a new section of 10 members, under the title of ** Political, Administrative, and Financial Section." At least one annual prize is given. This academy has 5 free academicians and also 5 foreign as- sociates, among whom are Lord Brougham, Mr. Hallam, and Mr. M'Gulloch. It meets on Saturdays, at noon. A perpetual secretary is attached to each academy, except to that of sciences, which has two. BUREAU DES LONGITUDES.— This society, formed in 1795, for the discovery of methods for the more accurate de- termination of longitudes at sea, and for the improvement of ' navigation by means of astronomical observations, holds its meetings at the Observatory. By a decree of January, 1854, it is composed of 9 titular members, viz. : 2 members of the (1) This Academy publishes — i . Compte-Rendu de ses Stances ; 2. Becueil de ses M^moires ; 3. Recueil de M^moires pr68ent6# par divers savants. Digitized by VjOOQ IC ^8 ssN9nAi4 i^roEBc^Tiojir. Academy of Sciences, 3 astronomers, 2 members belengiB^ to Ihe department of the Navy, 1 belonging tp the War depart- ment, and 1 geographer. There are besides 4 assistant- members, viz. : 1 member of the Academy of Sciences, 2 astronomers, and 1 member belonging to the Navy-office. To these are added 3 artists. The Bureau compiles the Anntuiire des Longitudes and the yearly astronomical tables, called Con- naissance des Temps, which last is published 3 years at least beforehand. It devotes its attention to improvement in astro- nomical science and instruments, tides, and magnetisin. I proposes missions for scientific purposes, completes the fn^bli^ cation of old observations, &c. The OBSERVATORY is a distinct establishment, under the management of a director, 4 astronomers, a professor of na- tural philosophy, and several assistant-astronomers and pupils* The instruments, observations, &c., are under the control of the director, who publishes the observations made duriug the year, and corresponds with the Minister of Public Instruction and with foreign observatories. The observations of chronometers, Ac, are communicated to the mercantile navy. Director^ M. Leverrier. ' CONSEIL IMPERIAL DE L'INSTRUCTION PUBLIQUE.— • It is believed that Charlemagne was the founder of the Uuiver- Bity of Paris, so celebrated in the history of France. In J 7 89, the 10 or 12 universities in France, and all its religious col- leges, were suppressed, and no definite plan of public in-^ struction adopted, until Napoleon I. established one im- berial University, consisting of twenty -five academies, lor 'all France, under the direction of a council and a grand master. Louis XVIII. abolished the latter, but kept up the aca- demies. The council was afterwards re-estid)lished under the title of Conseil Royal de r Instruction Publique, and, in 1 822, the office of grand master was restored, and the minister of public Instruction invested with it. Since then, a decree of March 9th 1852, has established a Supreme Council of public Instruction presided by the Minister of Public In- struction, and composed of five bishops or archbi^ops, t|iree Senators, three Councillors of State, three members of me Court of Caseation, three mipisters belonging to the Lutheran, Reformed and Jewish creeds, five members of the Institute, eight inspectors-geperal, and two heads of private establishments of instruction. All the members are named J)y the Emperor for one year. The Supreinu Couacil asse^ibles at least twice a-year. It gives its opinion on bills poncerning l^ablic instruction, on regulations respecting exainipatioas, Sec, find has the control over aU the Councils of Academies |i} jPrance, fuwc issnwTifas, . 9^ ^i^ ffS ^^ ^^» ^^' '^^1 Be«an^^, Bordeaia, Caen, Cler- jaonU p^n, Douai, Grenoble, Lyon, MontpeUier, Nancy, Pa- ri^, Poitiers, Bennes, Strasbourg, and Toulouse, Every de- partment ba^ a departmental Council of Public Instruction ui^ der tb^ presideope of the prefect. All the academies have lyceums feraimpar-scbools), colleges, and schools of primary instruction under their juri^iction, and some have faculties of law^ n^edicine, literature, and sciences. Public Instruction in France is distinguished into Instruc- tion Superieure, comprising the faculties ; Instruction Secon- dQire, comprising lyceums and communal colleges; and In- struction Primaire, comprising elementary schools. There are 8 Ipspectors-general for the faculties, 6 for the establish- ments of secondary, and two for those of primary instruction. Tpc A(UP£ii¥ of Paris possesses a library at the Sorbonne, and consists of 5 faculties — Sciences, Letters. Theology , Law, and Medicine, The first three are established at the Sorbonne, and comprise the following professorships : — Sciences : comprising superior geometry and algebra, ^iffereptial and integral calculus, probabilities, astronomy, natural philosophy, mechanics, physical and experimental jnecb^nics, chemistry, botany, general physiology, and com- parative anatomy, physiology, and zoology (at the Jardio des Plantes), by U professors. To obtain the following degrees the candidate must be bachelier es lettres, or else un- dergo a previous trial, consisting of a translation, both oral And ip writing, from the Latin into French, and then pass the following examinations : logic, history, and geography ; pure and mixed mathematics (arithmetic, geometry, trigonometry, isonic sections, surveying, levelling, projections, cosmography, and mechanics); natural philosophy, chemistry, zoology, ani- mal physiology, botany, and geology, — all within the limits of the programmes of llie imperial lyceums. Licencid es sciences mathimatiques : differential and integral calculus, mechanics^ and physical astronomy, Licencides sciences physiques: chemis- try, physics, and mineralogy, Licencie es sciences naturelles : botany, geology, zoology, and anatomy. To become a licen- tiate, the degree of bachelor must have been taken, and two courses of the faculty must have been followed in the same year. Docteur es sciences : candidates are required to sustain two 4hes^ on the subjects of ona of the 3 licentiates' examinations. Letters : Greek literature, Latin aloquenee, Latin poetry, French eloquence, literature and poetry, philosophy, history of philosophy, cpmpar|ijive grammar, ancient and modern his- tory, gpograpby, fflirejiin literature, by ip professors. Tp ob- tain the degree of Bachelier is lettres, th^ caud^date must be TOO GENERAL INFORHAnON. 1 6 at least, and produce a certificate of haTing attended a course of rhetoric, and two of philosophy. (1) LicencH is lettres : the candidate must be a bachelor of one year's standing, and have taken four inscriptions in the faculty. The examination consists of compositions in French, Latin, and Greek, and in literary, philosophical, and historical questions. Docteur es lettres, he must be a licentiate, and sustain two theses; one in Latin, the other in French, on two distinct subjects within the compass of the instruction given in the faculty, and at the choice of the candidate. Theology : dogmatic theology, moral theology, sacred scriptures, ecclesiastical law, sacred eloquence, and Hebrew. The degrees of bachelor^ licentiate, and doctor, are also con- ferred in this faculty. (2) The Fctculty of Law is established at the £cole de Droit, Place du Pantheon. There are 17 professors and 8 supplemen- tary ones, who lecture on the general introduction to the study of law, Uie civil code, civil and criminal procedure and cri- minal legislation, commercial code, administrative law, code Napoleon, comparative criminal law and penal legislation ; law of nations, Roman law, Pandects, history of Roman and French law. To be admitted to follow these courses, in order to obtain a certificate authorizing the student to follow the pro- fession of avou6, he must inscribe his name as a student ; but to graduate in this faculty he must besides be bachelier es lettres, Bachelier en droit : two examinations are necessary for this degree, which is taken at the end of the second year ; the first in the civil code and the institutes of Justinian ; the second in the civil code, and the codes of procedure, penal laws, and criminal process. UcenciS en droit : a third year's study is requisite for this degree, and two examinations, be- sides a public act, one in Roman law, the other in civil and commercial codes, and in administrative law. Docteur en droit : a fourth year is necessary for this degree ; two exami- nations and a public act ; one in Roman law, the other in the civil code, the law of nations, and the history of law. The Faculty of Medicine, and everything relating to that science, is specially treated of in Chapter VII. (p. 134). 1) See '^ Manuel du Baccalaur^at ^s Lettres." (2) By an ordonnance of Dec. 25, Uso, no one can be a pro- fessor of theology without having taken the degree of doctor in that facility; nor curate of a chief town of a department, or any higher functionary in the church, without being a UcentiaU ; nor curate of a chief town of a canton without being bachelier, unless the functions of curate or officiating minister have been performed by him for lO years, SCHOOLS AND LYCEDliS. iOt The tiile of agrdgS, which is independent of the usual d»- gtees, is obtained after a most difficult examination by com- petition, by such as aspire to a chair in the UniTcrsity. The salaries of the professors vary from 2,000 fr. to 8,000 fir. All their lectures are public and gratuitous. (1) The numbers of the students attending the faculties of the Uoiversity of Paris cannot be exactly ascertained. For the courses of law they amount to about ?,ooo, those for medicine 3,000 ; and from 1,200 to 1,500 for the sciences. Foreigners wishing to follow the lectures of the faculties of law, letters, me- dicine, or the sciences, are admitted to take out their first in- scription on producing certificates of study or examinations required in their own countries for admission into facidties of the sam^e order, if these certificates are found to be equivalent to the French diploma of bachelier is lettres, SCHOOLS AND LYCEUMS.— College Imperial de France, 1, Place Cambray, instituted in 1530 by Fran<^is I. — ^At this college 28 professors give public and gratuitous lectures on the (oUowing subjects: — astronomy; mathematics; general and experimental philosophy; medicine; chemistry; natural his- tory ; comparative embryogeny ; natural, comparative, and national law; history, political economy, arcJiieology, the Hebrew, Chaldee, Syriac, Arabic, Persian, Turkish, Chinese, Mantcbou-Tartar, and Sanscrit languages ; Greek literature ; Greek and Latin philosophy ; Latin eloquence; Latin poetry; French literature of the middle ages, as also modem ; foreign literature of modem Europe; Sclavonic languages and lite- rature- Mus^E Imperial d'Histoire Naturelle, Jardin des Plantes. —A college or body of 16 professors gives lectures on the fol- lowing subjects ; mammiferse and birds ; reptiles and fishes ; niolluscffi and zoophytes ; insects and Crustacea ; palaeontology ; comparative physiology, anatomy and natural history of man ; comparative anatomy ; general chemistry ; practical cnemistry ; mineralogy; geology; botany; vegetable physiology; rural Wlany; cultivation of plants; physics applied to natural higtory. There are 15 assistant preparers, 1 librarian, and other officers, besides 2 masters for instruction in drawing (1) In France there are 6 faculties of catholic theology, esta- l)H8hed at Paris, Rennes, Bordeaux, Lyons, Aix, and Toulouse; and ^ of protestant theology, at Strasburg and Montpellier. There «re 9 faculties of law, at Paris, Caen, Dijon, Grenoble, Toulouse, Aix, Poitiers, Rennes, and Strasburg. Three faculties of medi- cine, at Paris, Montpellier, and Strasburg. Six faculties of sciences and letters, at Paris, Caen, Dijon, Grenoble, Montpel- lier, and Bordeaux. I6i GfejnSAAl lN#dRllAfl6N. and painting flowers, and an efttablishment of pdnierff of sub- jects bf natural history, CoNSERTATOiRti HfisAftTscT METIERS, 208^^116 St. MaHin.-^ This establishment, especiallv intended for the technii^al edu- cation of manufacturers, mechanics, and other workmen, con- tains, according to the last regulations, 14 professorships of practical and descriptive geometry ; natural philosophy and explanation of machines; agriculture; mechanics, economy, and legislation, relating to manufactures; statistics, Civil ar- chitecture, drawing; practical chemistry, the Ceramic arts, zoology applied to agriculture and manufactures, spinning a|ia weaving, dying and printing textile fabrics. There are also Sunday lectures on various subjects. (See p. 264.) All are gratuitous, and the expenses supported by the State. ficoLE NoRUALE, 45, ruc d*Ulm. — This institution, esta- blished in 1808, is intended for the education of young men who wish to become candidates for professorships. To be ad- mitted, they must be between the ages of 17 and 23, hiust have taken the degrees of bachelier es leitres and bochelier es sciences, and must have terminated f ii^ir studies, philosophy included, in a lyceum or in a *' college communal de plein exercice." The course of education in this school lasts three years ; but two additional years must be passed in a superior division of the school by such pupils as are desirous of taking the doctor's degree, or becoming agrdgis in a faculty. The es- tablishmenl is administered by 3 directors, who govern the institution under the immediate control of the Minister of Public Instruction. There are la professors and 80 pupils. CO Lyceums. — Since 1852, the lyceums or grammar-schools comprise three divisions ; viz. an elementary one, one of gram- mar, which all the pupils belong to until the a|e of 14, when they must make their choice either to follow literature or the sciences ; and another, called the superior division, where both those branches are taught, and the pupils of th6 on^ have nothing in common with those of the other, except certain classes of secondary importance. The division Of grammar comprises the sixth, ftfth, and fourth classes' j the' other, the third and second classes, and that of rhetoric^ The Kterary section of the upper division prepares pupils for the faculties of letters and jurisprudence ; the scientific section prepares them for the faculties of sciences and medicine, the Polytechnic and other special schools, and commercial pursoits.. Pupils must pass three years in the division of gnmtttftr^ aflid three (1) All towDs possessing faculiieB have also normal schools for providing tbe lyceume^ wttb masters and elementary ieachers*^ Tkey are called J^co^< N9rmaU9 Suptrieuret. ill tiie vifper due. the^ must study lo^c for one vear be- sides. The lyceams are visited once a year at least by in- spectors. Each iyeeufn has a proviseur, or bead of the estab lishment. a censeur des iiudes, who has the discipline of the school, a treasurer, arid a chaplain. In Paris, the terms for boarders are: 1st division, 950 fr. ; 2d, lOjOfr. ; 3d, il60fr.; for outdoor pupils, 120 fr., 150 fr., and 200 fr. respectively, and 60ff ., 7 5fr., and 100 fr. for extraordinary classes. For the higher mathematies the charges are : boarders, 1500fr. ; out- door pupils, 2 5 Ofr., extraordinary classes, 12ofr. Music, danc«  lag, 6cc . , are extra charges. The course of education (^Drnpriset the Greek, Latin, English, and German languages ; philosophy, physics, chemistry, letters, mathematics, history and geogr*- graphy. There are in Paris five lyceums, between the pupils of which, and the lyceuin of Versailles, there is a general com* petition for prizes at the end of each scholastic year. To this effect eight or ten pupils of each class who have most distin- guished themselves ai-e selected, and the adjudication of the . prizes is conducted with great pomp at the Sorbonne, in the- presence of the whole corps universitaire. — The following if a list of the imperial lyceums : Lycde Louis le Grand, 123^ rue St. Jacques ; 42 professors, comprising four lecturers oa the Arabic, Turkish, and Persian languages; 370 boarders, and 600 day-scholars.— Iyc^ciVapo/<fon (formerly Henry /r*), rueClovis; 18 professors, 350 boarders. — Lycie St. Lom$, 94j rue de la Harpe; 45 professors, 340 boarders, and 500 day- scholars. This establishment has acquired additional im«  portance from its having, since 1852, been increased with pre- paratory dasses for the special schools of government.— L«f(itf Charlemagne, 120, rue St. Antoine; 40 professors, 800 day- pupils. — Lycie Bonaparte, 65, rueCaumartin; 33 professors and 1100 day-pupils. (1) Of the private establishments of a similar nature, the follow 4 ing are the most considerable : College Stanislas, 22, rue Notre Dame des Champs; 10 professors, and 200 boarders. College Ste. Barbe, place du Pantheon, which, including an (i) Besides the governnicnt and commercial schools, there are also nijiny private establishments of the kind. Last year, there were 82b private schools under the management of laymen, and 256 conducted by members of the clergy, besides i23 ecclesi- astical seminaries. There are nine monastic bodies possessing 53 establishments of secondary instruction ; of these the Jesuits have 1 1 and the Marittes is. The number of pupils in these S3 establishments is S285f the other ecclesiastical schools comprise "> U,9io pupils ; the lay schools, 42,4S2 ; the si lyceums, 2t,o7«, and the 253 communal colleges now in eiisteneo, a7»«QI« lotw* ■ exclusive of seminaries, ios, 33 3 pupils. 104 CEN^RAt INl^OiUtAttON* establishment dependent from it at Fontenay aux Roses, had SO professors and 1,000 boarders and day-scholars. The CoU Uge des Irlandais, 5, rue des Irlandais, is a Catholic institu^- tion for young Irish priests. (See p. 435.) SPECIAL SCHOOLS. — Resides the colleges before mentioned, there are a number of schools for special purposes founded in Paris, mostly by government ; of these we subjoin a list. £coLE POLYTECHNiQUE, ruc Dcscartcs, Montague Ste. Gene- vieve. — ^A decree of the National Convention, dated March 1 1 , 1794, created a Conmiission des Travaux Publics, and an ficole Centrale, the latter of which, by a decree of Sept. 1,1795, took the name of ficole Polytechnique. The object of this justly-celebrated institution is to form pupils for the artillery, engineering, the marme service, bridges and highways, min- ing, telegraphs, and other departments. Pupils are admitted from the age of 16 to 20. They must be French by birth, or naturalized, and free from any physical defect which might render them unfit for service. Every year candidates for adnussion undergo a very severe examination in Paris and the departments. The terms are l^ooo fr. a-year, the pupils also ^providing themselves with books and other objects necessary for the pursuit of their studies, and a uniform. The affairs of the school are under the superintendence of a council of ame- lioration, and an administrator. The period allowed for study is two years, to which, in certain cases a third year is added. The number of pupils is about 300. Strangers cannot visit this school without permission from the Minister of War. (l) It possesses a library of 26,000 volumes. (See p. 435.) EcoLE Ihp^riale des Ponts et Chaussees, 28, rue des Saints Peres. — ^This school, placed under the authority of the Minister of Public Works, consists of about 100 pupils, taken from the 6cole Polytechnique, who receive instruction in what- ever concerns the different branches of civil engineering. Fo- reigners are allowed to follow the lectures, on receiving an author- isation from the Minister of Public Works, which must be ap- plied for by the respective ambassador. It has 1 5 professors. £cole d'^tat-Major, 138, rue de Crenelle. — ^This school is destined to form pupils for the staff service. The usual term of study is two years, when those pupils who have passed the examinations with honour are appointed in their turns, as va- cancies occur, to lieutenancies of the staff, but are attached during four years to infantry or cavalry regiments of the line. £cole des Mines, 30, rue d'Enfer. — ^This establishment, erected in 1783, is under the control of the Minister of Public \ (1) The fullest information on this remarkable institution will \ found in the publication called ** Programme des Etudes.^ SPBCUL SCflOOtS* 106 Works, and intended for the study of mineralogy, geology, mining, ficc, Sdt which purpose it possesses a considerable collection of minerals, and a library specially devoted to the above branches of science. At its bead is a Conseil des Mines, composed of 8 inspectors, vhidi directs all affairs relating to mining operations. Gratuitous lectures are given in geology and mineralogy during six months, commencing Nov. 15. There are three classes of pupils : 1 . the Sieves ingMieurs, taken from the Polytechnic School; 2. the dleves extemes, a^itted by public competition ; 3. foreign pupils, admitted by a special order from the Minister of Public Works, on application by the respective ambassador. Ihe library is open daily to the public from 10 to 3, holidays excepted. £gole des Gbabtes, at the Palais des Ardiives, rue da Chaume. — ^This institution was founded by Louis XVIIl., for encouraging the study of the ancient manuscripts contained in the different libraries, and the depdts of the archives of the kingdom. Three professors and four assistant-professors give lectures daily on palaeography, and the art of decyphering do- cuments. The number of pupils is unlimited ; to be admitted the candidate must have the degree of bachelor, and undergo an examination ; his age must not be under 18, nor exceed 25. The establishment is open dafly from 10 to 4 ; it consists of an elegant lecture-room for iod pupils, a small library with desks, where students are at liberty to study between lectures, and a few other apartments. The students who distinguish them- selves receive 600 fr. yearly, fromt the Minister of Public II^- struction, till they obtain places as professors of the school, assistants of the Academic des Inscriptions^ or librarians. £coLE DES Langues Orientales Vivantes, at the Biblio- theque Imperiale, 12, rUe Neuve des Petits Champs. — Here 9 professors lecture publicly and gratuitously on the following languages : — Pure and Vulgar Arabic, Persian, Turkish, Ar- menian, Modern Greek and Greek palaeography, Hindoostanee, Vulgar Chinese, Malay, and Jatvanese. £cole des Beaux Arts, 14, rue Bonaparte. — ^This school, which is imder the control of the Minister of the luterior, is divided into 2 sections, painting and sculpture, and archi- tecture. Lectures are given gratuitously on every subject connected with the arts by 20 professors. Annual prizes are distributed , the first prizes entitle the successful candidate to study at Rome at the expense of the State and to pass 4 months at Athens. (See p. 385) £cole Imperials Gratcitb de Dessin, de Math£matique, ET PE Sculpture d'Ornement, 5, rue de VBcole de Medecine. f60 ctsi&xi te#oAttATid*(. For tM isifthicfidn df ^rtisati m dratvihg atnt ai^faltdCtttTe, ^^ometry, arithmetic, meu^ratioti, tiihber-cuttitigy Stt. £C0LE lUP^HIALE, SPfiCIALE, ET GllATUITE DE DeSSIN, 7, rue de Dnpuylren.-^This school, for the 4DStructioii of young women intended for the arts or manual professions, dfibrds the means of studying figures, landscapes, flowers, &e. CcotE Centrale des Arts et Mancpactukes, i, itie dei Coutures St. Gerrais, founded in 1828, and estahlished 6n the plan of the old ficole Polytechnique, for the education of person^ intended for civil engineers, directors of manufactories, builders, and teachers of the application of the sciences. It does fiot admit pupils under 16 ; candidates must pass an examination in arithmetic, algebra, geometry, and mathematical drawing. ficOLE SuP^RiEDRE Du COMMERCE, ^4, rue St. Pierre Popin- court. — ^This school was founded in 1820 by the late Casimir Perier, and by Messrs. Chaptal, TernaUx, and Laffilte. More than 4,000 pupils have, since its foundation, deceived a prac' tical commercial education, at an expense for board and tui- tion varying according to age from 1,200 to l,400 fr. a-year. GONSERVAtOIRt:DE MuSfQUE ET DE DECLAMATION LtRIQUE, 15, faubourg Poissonniere. — Founded for the gratuitous instruction of young persons of both sexes in singing, music, and declamation. There are lo bour$B$ of l,000 fr. founded by the City and the Government for ad many boarders. Out- door pupili are admitted after passing an examination, and must have attained th6 age of lo for the piano br other in- fitrumentd. Of 15 for declamation, and of 16 for singing. Their number is 600; a valuable musical library, public from 10 to 3, is attached to this establishment. (See p. 24^. J {IcotES D'EOUTTATiON.— The best are at 95 bis, rue St. La- zare; 15, rue Duphot; and 42, faubourg Montmartre. Gymnase, 36, Avenue Montaigne, Champs filysees. — ^At this iii^ftution, conducted by M. Triat, instruction is given to pupils of both sexes in gymnastic exercises. It is very well attended, and the public aire adinitted at 4 and 8 p. m. Colleges Municipaux. — There are three of these establish- ments, belonging to the City of Paris; the College Rolh'n, 42, rue des Postes, which affords the instruction necessary for the. University; the College Chaptal j 30, rue de Ch*- chy, intended for commercial education, and in which French and foreign languages, history, geography, cosmography, ele- mentary and descriptive geometry, algebra, geology, minera- logy, chemistry, natural philosophy and history, mechanics, itK study of unwrought materials, technology, Surveying, per- spectire/and singing, form the subjects of ifisfi^ctiou; and flHfilikftr MSfMU. M IttAf, M Cfin^e Tufget, dt^fMite the SNmAgtgiMi m Keure Sti Laiir«iit^ dfording k soin^liat inferior degM ef Htttraetion. The Collie Chaplal alone admits hoardere at 1,600 fr. a-yeai", everything indilded. Outdoor papite pay ioo fir., or 150 fr., if only the hi^r branches be Kquired. Institutions, pENdiONs.— These establishments are equi- tAient to academies and boarding-«;hools in England, but arO under the eontrol of Government. In Paris there are SO in- stiiutions or preparatorr schools for the lyeeums, and 240 pensions. The nomber of ttMf/fuftons for yoang ladies is l9o» And of pensions 123. There are many mote soch estabUsh" menfs m the rest of the department of the Seine, besides smaller schools, which in Paris and its ticinity amount to more than 500. (Sec Dibectort.) BleOLES PRlMAlltES SlTP^RIEURES VE LA VfLLB W PARIS.— The name of these schools indicates their object. They form the fourth class under the direction of the Imperial Conneil of Public Instruction. There are two for boys, and one for girls. Adult ScnooLS. — ^There are in the department of the Seine 54 schools or classes for aduKs, containmg 2,700 pupils in Paris,- 800 in the arrondissement of St. Denis, and i ,08S in that of Sceaux. The schools in Paris are 22. The pupils receive gratuitous instruction in reading, writing, arithnieticj gram* niar, drawing, geometry, vocal music, &c., every evening from S till 10, so as not to interfere with their avocations. OuvRotRS.— -These are useful establishments kept np by thi^ adminislration of hospitals for furnishing work to young girls ♦ there are l or more in each arrondissement ; their total number i« 30, and the children ft^quenting them are 1,600. Their cost, including the adult schools, is 632,125 fr. per antram. Of the ficoles Priiiiaires for children, there are, for boys, 33 ficoles Mutuelles and 30 ficoles Simul lances ; for girls, 35 ficoles Mutuelles, and 32 ftcoles Simullanees. The former have about 13,700 pupils of both sexes, the latter 15,600. The ex- pense of all the Ecoles Primaires to the municipality is about 1,370,000 fr. (1) annually. The funds contributed by chari- table associations to some of the above-mentioned schools amount to 50,ooo fr. Children are admitted from the age of 6 to that of 1 5. Elementary singing is taught in all these schools, the monitors receive prizes according to merit. The salaries of the masters are 1,S00 fr.; the mistresses 1,500 fr. per an- num ; and all are either provided with a house, or receive an allowance of 300 fr. towards their rent. Their salaries are inereaeed every & years by 2oo fr., till the total increase (t) iflTC cost of primary luglructton In Parts ttudcr ttoe itertora* tiin was only tMtft fir. 108 GENERAL INFORUATION* amounts to 600 fr. If they bold an eyening class for adults/ they are paid in addition 10 fr. annually for every pupil, (l) EcoLES Spicules de Dessin. — Of these schools there are 7 for males, and 2 for females, maintained by the City of Paris. Salles d'Asile, or Infant Schools, — ^There are 39 such establishments; they receive during the day 6,730 children, 3,720 boys and 3,010 girls. Their annual expense is 175,600 francs. Infants are received till their sixth year. The society for the promotion of these schools holds its meetings at 58, Ghaussee d*Antin, where the Inspectress-general resides. (2) By a decree of May 16, 1854, the Salles d'Asile have been placed under the protection of the Empress. By another decree of the same date, a central Committee of Patronage, of 27 members, mostly ladies of rank, has been appointed for the propagation of those institutions, under the patronage of her Imperial Majesty. The same illustrious lady is also, in virtue of a decree of Nov. 1855, protectress of The Maison Imperiale de St. Denis and its branch estab- lishments, now collectively known as the Maisons /m- pSriales NapoUon, devoted to the instruction of the daugh- ters, sisters, and nieces of members of the Legion of Ho- nour, and which deserve to be mentioned here, although not in Paris. This institution was originally established by Napo- leon in the Ch&teau of £coueu, under the superintendence of Madame Campan, and has been rendered illustrious by the peculiar favour of the Emperor, who often visited it; by the Letters and the enlightened cares of its excellent gover- ness; and by the numbers of accomplished women who have received their education within its walls. Since 1815 it has been fixed in the vast buildings of the confiscated Abbey of St. Denis, and according to the latest regulations, is thus constituted. The Grand Chancellor of the Legion presents the Lady Super- intendent of the establishment to the Emperor for appoint- ment, and names the other ladies by his own authority. All pupils are nominated by the Grand Chancellor. The esta- blishment consists of a lady superintendent, an inspectress, 3 directresses^ a treasurer, 6 ladies dignitaries ; 12 ladies (1) The City has provided a school for children of the Jev^ish persuasion in the March^ des Blancs Manteaux. The total num- ber of children frequenting the primary schools of Paris last year was 45,361. The Ecoles Primaires for all France, according to the last returns, contained 1,388,964 boys, 943,6i6 girls. The expense of communal schools was 9,oi7,427 ft*., and the votes of councils- general for maintaining them amounted to 4,33i,608 Tr, (2) The most authentic accounts of the institutions for public instruction in France are to be found in the '* Almanach de runi- versit^/' and in the ** Reports" of the prefect of the department. HUSEDMS. 109 of the 1st class, 33 ladies of the 2nd class, 20 novices, be- sides candidates for the noviciate, and 500 pupils, of whom 400 are taught gratuitously, the remainder at me expense of their families. The superintendent, dignitaries, and governing members of the institution wear orders and decorations cor- responding to those of the members of the Legion of Honour ; and retiring pensions are allowed them after a certain number of years. A highly finished education is given to the pupils; and the young ladies who are brought up here receive all the advantages that can result from a well-matured system of col- legiate instruction, aided by eminent professors of the fine arts and music. 3 almoners and a large medical staff are attached to the service of the estabbshment. The rules of the house are exceedingly strict, without bemg severe ; all the members of it wear the same uniform, black dresses, black bonnets and gloves, with aprons and collars; all dine together, and are subjected to almost military discipline. Frequent examinations take place, and prizes are awarded according to merit. Per- mission to visit the establishment is granted by the Grand Chancellor on a written application. Two succursal houses, belonging to this institution, are esta- blished, one at £couen, with 200 pupils, the second with 300 pupils, at the Maison des Loges, at St. Germain. They are superintended by the Congregation de la Mere de Dieu. PUBLIC MUSEUMS.— Besides the Louvre, containing the richest and most important collections of ancient and modern art, there are several other museums of art, numismatics, natural history, ficc, described in their proper places, and enumerated in the Index under Mush, Gaterie, and Ca^ hinet. PRIVATE MUSEUMS.— The following is a list of private collections, to which access may be obtained, by application in writing to the owners : — Ancient and Modem Art : — ^M. Mo- reau, 38, rue Neuve des Mathurins. (9 to 11 .) — ^M. Lacaze, 118, rue du Cherche Midi. (Sundays, from 1 1 to 2.) — M. Marcille, 3 1 , me de Toumon. (1 to 5.) — Paintings by Living Masters : — M. Paturle, 21, rue du Paradis-Poissonniere. (In winter only, I to 5.) — Historical Miniatures: — M. Laurence, 342, rue St. Honore. (11 to 2.) — Antiquities and Curiosities:— 'M. D'Yvon, 20, rue de la Chaise. — Birds and Shells : — M. da Gama Machado, 3, quai Voltaire. (Sundays and Mondays, 3 to S.)--- Numismatics ;— M. Rollin, 12, rue Vivienne (from 12 to 5). — Herbaries : — M. Adrien de Jussieu, at the Garden of Plants. The following are only accessible upon proper introduction : Paintings .—Baron James Rothschild, 19, rue Laffitte ; M. De Mhfchild, 40y rue Taitboat ; M^rcput of Hertford, t, ra$ IMr tittd ; Merquig Maison, 34, rue Neuve des Capcicine8.*^ititi» quities: Count Pourtales, 7, rue Troncbet. (Wednesdays from 12 to 3.) — Mineralogy:— U. Cordier, at the Garden of Plants. PUBLIC LIBRARIES.-^This city possesses many valuable libraries, for which, see Index, under the head Bibliotheqxieg, PRIVATE LIBRARiES.'-Tbere are several atUcfaed to the different public offices and institutions ; but cannot be visited without a permission granted for some special object. Thus every ministry bas one relating to its peculiar department ; the Cour de Cassation and other tribujials have theirs at the Pa- lais de Justice ; and the Ecole Polytechnique, the icole des Fonts et Chaussees, the Seminaire St. Sulpice, and the ObservatoirBy have each their particular one. The libraries of the Palaces of the State are under the Minister of State. PERIODICAL EXHIBITIONS.— Of these the most important «re — ^the quinquennial Exhibition of National Industry, which, is held in the Palais de VInduttrie, (see p. 187), the annual Exhibition of the works of Living Artists (see p. 16fiJ (1) and the annual Horticultural Exhibitions, in the Champs Elys^s. (Seep, in) LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES.— The names of most of these denote their object. In the following list those marked with an asterisk publish essays or periodicals, or ap- ply considerable funds towards the advancement of human knowledge. SocniT^ DES Antiqcaires i>T5 France,* founded in isos ; devotes itself to the history and antiquities of the Gauls and French down to the 16th century ; so resident members, and numerous corres- pondents. Meets on 9th, i9th, and 2»th of each month. SOGi^Tifi DE L'HiSTOiRE DE FRANCE.*— Mccts 00 ist Monday of every month, at the Biblioth^cjue Imperiale, 12, rue Neuve des Petite thampg. Publishes original documents on the History of France, previous to 1789. • IKSTITUT HiSTORiQUE,* 12^ Tuc St. Guinaumc-^Holds an annual eonferenre, wherein matters of history are discussed and prizes are awarded. Public and gratuitous lectures. INSTITDT d'Afrique, t, rue St. Fiorentin.— Founded in isss, to promote the civilisatipn and colonisation of Africa. Soci^rt DE G^OGRAPHiE,* 23, Tuc dc I'lJuiversit^.— Founded in ^821. Annual subscription, 86 fr. This society possesses a library, pontaining valuable geographical collections, and many curious objects presented to it by travellers. (1) The first exhibition of the kind occurred in 1699 \ that of 185S was the 76th. There were 2 under Louis XIV., 44 litider Ltuii XV., 9 under Louis XVI., s under the first Republic, 4 un- 4«r tbe fimpire* s under tht Rcitoratioji, «nd 21 fUiQe iiio* Soqtrt vss Gens db Lettres, U bU, CM Tr^visM.^X» attyra Rights of liferary and scientific authorship, meets every Monday. ^ocntrt DEs BiBUOPHiLES, Hdtel Pimodao, Ue St. touts.— Printa very scarce or inediled works. Athen^e DES Arts, Sqences, Belles Lettres, bt iNDCsnuB, 'H6tel deVille.— Founded in 1 793. At the annual public meetings ia Hay, prizes are adjudged for useful inventious and improvemeots. The ordinary sittings on Mondays; literary and musical soir^ every three months. Society des Enfants d'Apollon, s, rue de Valois, Palais Royal. —Holds an annual meeting, devoted to music and poetry. Society du Caveau.— This society was founded in i7j7 by Piron, Cr^billon junior, and Coll^, and met at that period in a tavern called Careati, in the Carrefour de Bussy. Duclos, Bernard, Mon- crif, Belv^tius, and Bameau, were successively members of it. The inemt)er8 meet twice a-month to cultivate lyrical poelry, and on the first Friday of every month at 348, rue St. Honor^, for the pleasures of (he tabic. CoviT^ Central des Artistes, for the promotion of the fine arts and affording assistance to poor artists, meets at the H6tel de Yillc ion the ist and 3d Friday of every month. SocitJi DEB Amis des Arts.*— Us object is to encourage the fine arte by purchasing original paintings, statues, drawings, engrav- uigs, &e., by living artists of the French school. The objects of art purchased during the year are eihihited at the Louvre, and distributed among the shareholders by means of a lottery. Such shareholders as do not gain prizes are entitled to a proof engrav- ing. Eighty proofs before letters are drawn of every engraving ordered by the society, and distributed by lottery among the shareholders. Socn^Tii des Beaux- Arts.— Meets at the H6tel de Tllte on ist and ad Tuesday of the month. Public sitllng in May. SociJ^TE Philotechmiqce, 148, Galcrio Yalois, Palais Boyal.— ' polds public half-yearly meetings, at the Hdtel de Ville, at which papers are read, musical compositions performed, and pictures^ designs, or sculpture exhibited. Society Entohologique, at the H5tel de Ville.— Meets on 2d and ith Wednesday of every month. Society Philovatioue/ s, rue d'Anjou Dauphine.— Neit to tha Institute, the most scientific body in Paris; so members. SociETii G^OLOGiQUE DE FRANCE, 24, Tue du Yicui Colomluer.^ It meets on ist and 3d Monday of every month. It has a good library. i[n the same house is the Society M^tiSorologique de France. SOCI^TlS iMPl^RI^LE ET CENTRALE D'HORTICULTimE,* «, QUSi Mala* guais.— Under the p]M>tection of the Empefor. Annual exhibition pf horticultural produce in th« Ghamps Elysto, tntX distrUnition of gold and silver medals. Soci^Tjf Gi^Ni^RALE D' AGRICULTURE, s, ruG de TAbbaye.— 1(7 mpm- bers. Meets on Wednesdays. S0CI1£T]£ IMP^IALE ZOOLOGIQUE D'ACCLIMATATIQTV,* 3, Qual MaU- quais.—for Jhe Introductioni "of iisefUl breeds of animals lnt0 fsaoee.— Fauadad ia 1114. Hi 6ENERAL INFORIUTION. SoaM FOUR t^BNCOUBAGEKENT DC L'IndUSTIUE NATIONALB,* 44 » ru6 Bonaparte— This society has but recently erected at its own eoflt the buMin'g it now occupies. Since l8oi, it has expended 500,000 fr. in ptime. If has a collection of models to which visitors are admitted mi i apgl^ng to iht director between 1 aad 4 . Pre- sident : M. Dnmask ACAD^MIE NATIOJ^ALK . AGWCOLB, MAIfUFACTURltRE Et GOMMER- aALE,* 2i,.ru9 Louis le Grande-- Meets at the Hotel de Vllle on the 3d Wednesday of every ;month; awar4^ prizes and me-ir dais. In the 'same house is the SOCl^Tlfi bE ^TATiStl^tE tlNiMlRSELLE. ' Soci^-rt PHiLANTHROi*lo-MAGNETiOTJE.--H6ld8 a gratuUous public Bitting on the tat Saturday of tfvery month at 35, rue de Crenelle, St. Honore, s^t whitk esiperlments In animal magnetism are per- formed. , ^ 1. ; Besides thesd'theri^' at'6 numerous other societies in the ca* pital, full information respecting the objects and coBstitution of which may be obtained at the addresses amiexed to tbem^ The following ar6 the principal : — Societd Seriokole, 3, Quai Malaquais. — Sociite des Jmtifuteurs et Imtitutrices^ at the Hotel de Ville. — SocUHAsidU^uey 3 , Quai Malaquais* It pub* lishes the Journal 4siatiqm,^SociStd pour VImtruction EUmentaire, 3, Quai Malaquais.— Soc/c^^ des Archit^tes^. 3, . Quai Malaquais. ... Freemasons-— This is the only secret society in France not forbidden by law,. It is administered by the Qraiid: Orient of France, which has its oftices and holds its sittings at JKo. i», rue Cadet; ft.hM ppwards of five hundred ateliers undcF. its authority in France, (he French Colonies, and foreign parts. General or sectiofiidneetiu^ take place bnce a-^oh^. Visiting brethrea boring' the^d^ee 6f Master are admitted to them. Prince Murat is Presidei^t of the. Grand' Orient. , th^ private me^tiut^s 6f th6,'dltffereht ateliers of Paris are held every evening at i p, m„ at No. 3^, .rue de Grendle St. Hcmoce* FreemasQus are\admij^e4 to tbQm on presenting their diplomadt > COMMERCIAL EStABLlSHMBNTS.*^THECHiiiMBEli of CW- ' MERCE consists of the pref^ot^f ^e department and "ii banket!^ - ormerchants> s of whdniaJre elected annujdly by the pat0iite4 ' merchants of ^>aris,'"w^ho have parried on busmess ifi it for.pne year at least. They communicate with the government upon, . commercial afitairs, superintend buildings Qooneotedwitii tradba^ . attend to the e^ecutiioii af the kws against smogg^ng; Ud > They meet at No. 2, Place de la Bouorse, erery Wednesdiay. » * ' ■ - The Exchange is opeil dadly fh>m 1 till 3 for the nego^tldli' of public effects, and tOI s% o'clock for other transactions. 60 agents de change^ 60 courtiers de commerce, and 8 cqury , tiers d*assurance, named by the govermnent, are sdonfi aatboer GOMnnciii' gsTABtummrra. Ill filed (o tranMct public business here. Tht nemyiiUMi «( Stock, railroad shares, bills of exchange, 8cc., bebaos exdu* lively to the agents de change, but bills are alloweany tole* raoce to be negotiated by brokers. The courtiers de eommeres certify the price of gold aud silver, fix the price of merdiandize. ratas of freight, ^c. The oourtiers d'assurance fix the rates of insurances, ace. The legal price of public ^ccts and goods if fixed daily at the close olf Change by the agents de change mi4 courtiers, and registered by the Commissaire (see p. 9A3), Bank or France, rue de la Yrilliere. — ^This institution was formed in 1 803, by a law which gave it the exclusive privilege of issuing notes payable to the bearer at sight, until the 3 lit December 1867. Since 1848, the indenendent banks of tbf departments have become mere branch-nanks of ttie Bank of France. It also has a branch-bank at Algiers. It is directed by a governor, 2 deputy governors, 15 regents, 3 censors, aid a council, composed of twelve members, which superintendi the discounts. The governor presides over the council of re- gency, and every year a general council, composed of 200 tt the greatest shareholders, audits the accounts. The operaUoM of the Bank consist in discounting bills of exchange or to order^ at dates not exceeding three months, stamped and gua- ranteed by at least three signatures of merchants or others of undoubted credit; in advancing money on- government bills, of fixed dates ; on bullion or foreign gold, silver coin, and public securities ; in keeping an account for vduntary deposite of every kind, government securities national and foreign, shares, contracts, bonds of every kind, bills of exchange, other bills, and all engagements to order or to bearer, gold and silver bars, nation^ and foreign coin, and diamonds, with a charge for keeping, according to the value of the deposit, which cannot exceed an eighth of one per cent, for every period of six months and under ; in undertaking to recover the pay- ment of bills on account of individuals and pubUc establisli- ments having accounts current with the Bank; to receive in a current account sums from individuals and public estabUiil- ments, and to pay the engagements it thereby contracts, to the amount of the sums entrusted. The bank is open from 9 to 4 daily, except Simdays and festivals, for the exchange of bills against specie and for discounting. To be admitt^ to dis* count, and to have a running account at the bank, a request must be made in writing to the governor, accompanied by the certificate of three well«^known persons. The usufruct of bank shares maybe ceded, b«rt the fe^«imple ma^ still be disposed of. The shares may be immobiUsees, that is, converted into real property, by a declaration of the proprietor, The capital I 'iii GENERAL INFORMATION. of the Bank, which at first consisted of 45 mOlions of francs, would now be represented by 90,000 shares of 1,000 fr. each, if the administration of the concern had not bought up 22,100 shares; but by the fusion with the banks of the de- partments the total capital is now represented by 9 1 ,2 60 shares of the above vdue. The interest on the original price of these shares, which varies commonly from 12 to 15 per cent., can never be under 6 per cent. A law of 1 834 fixes the reserved fund at 10 millions. The lowest rate of discount since 1852, is 3 per cent ; it is now 5 per cent. The notes of the Bank are of 5,000 fr., l,000fr., 500 fr., 200 fr., and, since 1848, of 100 fr. The value of the notes now in circulation is 653 millions; the specie and bullion in reserve amount to 432 millions. The accounts are made up, verified, and submitted to the governor every evening, and a balance-sheet is published once a-month. (l) (See p. 249.) This establishment com- prises a printing-office for its private use. Gaisse d'Ahortissement, et Caisse des Depots et Consi- gnations, 2, rue de LiUe. — ^These two establishments, both under the control of the Government, are administered by a committee, composed of the governor of the Bank of France, the president of the Chamber of Commerce, a director of the Ministry of Finance, and four members appointed by the Emperor from among the members of the Senate, the Council of State, the Legislative Body, and the Cour des Comptes. The Caisse d'Amortissement conducts all operations ielative to the reduction of the public debt of the country. The Caisse des Depots et Consignations, which is open from 10 a.m. to 2 p.m., receives all moneys deposited in it in con- sequence of legal awards, and other public proceedings, or by any public functionaries, for which it allows interest at the rate of 4 H per cent, per annum after the money has been (1) The following tabular statement shows the amount of busi- ness transacted by the Bank of France since i847, it being kept in mind that the departmental banks were independent of the Central Bank during that year : — • Bins Di8C0unt€d Central Bank Departmental Banks by Central Bank Year 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 .1853 1854 2,714,000,000 fr. 1,874,000,000 „ 1,328,000,000 „ 1,470,000,000 „ 1,592,000,000 „ 1,089,000,000 „ 1,790,000,000 „ 1,563,289,000 „ .|,««8,O49,e0Q „ 1,342,000,000 fr. 960,000,000 ,, 770,000,000 „ 852,000,000 „ 907,000,000 ;, 1,306,000,000 ,, 2,098,0003000 „ 2,160,000,000 „ 2,745,505,028,, 1,329,000,000 fr» 692,000,000 ,) 257,000,000 tf 340,000,000 ,t 359,000,000 t» 608,000,000 ,t 951,000,000 tt 907,000,000 M 1,156,598,000 If COMMEBCUL ESTABUSHlfKNTS. 11!p deposited lo days; No interest b paid for less than 30 days, and 10 days' notice must be given in order to withdraw the capital. Private individuals may also deposit money here on the same terms. During the legislative session the president of the commission makes a report, which is published. (1) Connected with the foregoing establishment, is the Caisse des Retraites pour la ViEiLLESSE, instituted by a law of June 18, 1850. Its capital consists of voluntary con- tributions of 5 fr. at least by persons of any age from three years upwards. Foreigners enjoy mg civil rights are admitted to contribute. Every contribution bears 4 H per cent, com- pound interest. The capital contributed is reimbursed in toto at the contributor's death to his heirs, provided he has notified his intention to that effect at the time of his flrst pay- ment. At the age of 50 and upwards, the contributor may, two years after the first payment, claim an annuity, not exceeding 600 fr. Every contributor receives a Hvret, where his accounts with the establishment are registered. The Caisse des Retraites is conducted by a permanent committee, of which the Minister of Agriculture and Commerce is president. All the sums it receives are employed in buying rentes. {!) CoMPTOiR National d'Escompte, rue Bergere, 14. — This establishment, created by the Provisional Government in 1848, to meet the commercial crisis of that period, has been found so useful, that its charter has been prolonged to 1887. It is under the management of a director, an assistant dii*ector, a Board of 15 administrators, and three censors. There is also a Conseil d'Escompte, composed of tradesmen named by the Board. Capital, 40,000,000 francs. The operations of the Comptoir d'Escompte, which, since 1854, is under the authority of the Minister of Finance, consist: 1. in dis counting bills with two signatures and falling due within 105 days, provided they be upon Paris or towns possessing a branch of the Bank of France ; 2 . in discounting bills upon other towns of the departments or foreign parts, bearing two signatures and falling due within 65 days; 3. in opening accounts to private persons depositing their capital, which bears 2 per cent, inte- rest. It also discounts receipts of goods deposited in the ge- neral warehouses of the State, in accordance with the decree (i) The following is the account of the Caisse for i855: Re- ceipts, 4 98,089,977 fr.; payments, 235,394,720 fr.; in hand, Dec. 318t, 494,273,507 fr. (2) The total receipts of the Caiue des Betraites amounted in 4855 to 1,443,547 fr. The retraites of all the functionaries of the State are now become a separate source of revenue, to provide for a Civil Service Superannuation Fund. Digitized by VjOOQ IC 4 If esmiuii information. of March 81, 1848. (l) The present rate oldigcaiint is 4 per oent. There are also in Paris five Sota-Comptoirs de Ua* rantie. Cor as many particular trades, connected with this esta- bUshment. They have been opened by joint-stock companies, for the purpose of endorsing commercial bills for discount at the Comptoir d*Escornpte, The capital of each sous-Camptair is 100,000 fr. at the least, and is deposited at the Comptoir d*Escompte in guarantee of payment. (2) Credit Fomcier de France, 19, rue Neuve des Gapucines. — A joint-stock company, authorised in 1852, for the purpose of investing money upon mortgage throughout France on the fol- lowing principles, viz. : — ^The property to be unshackled by previous mortgages ; the loan not to exceed one-half of the real value ; maximum interest 6 per cent. ; the mortgage ex- tinguishable by an annual payment of from 1 to 2 per cent. Auotha* annual charge to cover the ordinary expenses of the company, which may issue bonds of loo b. and upwards, payable to bearer or otherwise, up to the amount of the loans effected, bearing interest, and to be withdrawn from circula- tion in the same proportion as the loans are reimbursed. If a mortgager fail to pay his annuity, his property is liable to sequestration and sale by public auction. The company is under the authority of the Minister of Finance, and cannot turn its capital to other purposes. It is bound to extend its loans to the amount of 200 millions of francs, the State con* tributittg 10 millions thereto. Its Board of IMrectors consists of a governor and two sub-governors named by the Emperor, and 15 members, including three receivers^eneral of the taxes. It has 26 branch establishments in the departments. (3) Soci^Tjg Gi^NigRALE DU Gri^dit Mobilier, 15, Placc Veu- dome, authorised in 1852. This company buys up public bonds, shares, or scrip in railway undertakings, canals, mines, &c. ; issues its own bonds to the amount employed in such purchases ; sells, raises money upon, or exchanges the bonds, shares, &c., in its possession ; makes tenders for public loans ; (i) The .scarcity of money was so great at that time, that the Provisional Government had recourse to the expedient of open- ing the warehouses of the State to tradesmen, that they might there deposit their goods, which they had no prospect of selling at the time. Receipts were given, upon which they raised money by loan at the Comptoir d'Eacompte. This system still continues. (2^ During the year ending June so, 1855, the Comptoir d'Et* eompfe discounted S77,995 hills, to the amount of 653,943,80s f^. The central Comptoir delivered i538 receipts for deposited goods, to the amount of 1 6,133,1 68 f^. Dividend t 7 fr. 20 c. per cent. (8) The number of loans contracted with this Company up to Jan. ist, lafts, was 827, and amounted to 54,337,800 fr. RSUGIOUS OWrmTfKMIS. Ill lends 00 public bonds, shares, &c. ; opens mniiing acoouiiti OB suefa deposits, and receives sums on snch accoants ; eallt in moneys for other companies, pays their dividends, ace. It nerer engages in time bargains or in optional ones. Capita) , 00 millions of francs, in 120,000 shares of 500 francs each. Its board consists of a president, two vice-presidents, and 15 members, elected by the shareholders. (I) RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS.— Under the Restoration tha Roman Catholic creed was declared to he the religion of the State, all others being merely tolerated. But, since 1830, all the persuasions professed at that time by French subjects have equal rights by law. In point of fact, however, the Roman Catholic Church predominates. 1. Romish I!«stitutions. — ^Bishops and archbishops are named by Government, and confirmed by the pope ; they take their oath of allegiance to the State before taking possession of their sees. Bishops name their vicars^eneral and curates, subject to the approbation of Government. The Romish clergy of Paris is composed of 1 archbishop, 13 vicars-general; 3 se- cretaries, 2 metropolitan and 2 diocesan officiab ; 1 14 canons; 1 1 superintendents of the edifice of Notre Dame ; 3 superiors of seminaries, and 48 curh or parish priests, besides an inde- finite nomber of priests not attached to any particular service. In Paris each of the 1 2 arrondissements has a parochial church, and a number of others called Eglises Succursale8, or chapek^ of-ease. Pull descriptions of these will be found m their proper places. We would however particularly recommend lo the attentbn of strangers the Mmeleine, Notre Dame de Iprefte, St, Vincent de Paukj the Cathedral of Notre Dame, Eglise St, Genevieve, St. Etienne du Mont, St, Germain I^Auxerrois, St. Eustache, St. Gervais, and St. Sulpice, — Churches or chapels not parochial, but deserving of particular attention, are the Eglise des Invalides, Chapelle Expiatoire, Vhapelle de St. Ferdinand. (See Index,) Convents. — ^There are above 30 such establishments in Paris, principally of nuns, who devote themselves to the education of young ladies, th? relief of the sick, and other useful pur- suits. Among the principal we may mention : the Dame$ du Sacri Coeur, 77, rue de Varennes; the Dames de St. Michel, 193, rue St. Jacques; the Dames de St, Thomas de yUleneuve, 27, rue de Sevres; the Dames Augustines An- glaises, 25, rue des Fosses St. Victor; the Dames Carm^lites^ 5, rue de Messine ; the convent of Capuchins in the rue Sta- (i) The following was the finaneial situation of this eomyftny In 1855:-- Assets, 192,567,708 fr.; liabilities, 165,7 J»,S«1 »-f (livMend, 40 per cent, on capital paid up. Hi •6E^eRAL INfFORMATION* nislas, established in 1852 ; and the Congregation des Sceurs de St, Vincent de Pauley or sisters of chanty, i40, rue du Bac. The latter, about 800 in number, devote themselves to the care of the sick in ihe hospitals, in private houses when requked, and to the superintendence of schools for the poor. But to prevent them from making the sick-bed an instrument for pro- selytism, ministers of any established creed are admitted iuto the hospitals.. The following other institutions belong to the same creed : Sdminaire St, SiUpice, Place St. Sulpice. — It has a supe- rior, a director, and i3 professors, and 160 students in theo- logy. A succursal house is established at Issy, for the study of philosophy, with a superior, 5 professors and directors, and 50 students. It possesses a library of 20,000 volumes. Seminaire de St. Nicolas du Chardonnet. — ^Forms two di- visions : one established at the ancient seminary, 1 8 bis, rue de Pontoise, and the other, called Petit Sdminaire, at 21, rue Notre Dame des Champs. The two houses contain 300 pupils. Seminaire des Missions Etrangeres, 128, rue du Bac. — Missionaries are instructed here in the Asiatic languages, and in whatever may fit them for the missions in the East. Seminaire du St, Esprit, 30, rue des Postes. — ^The pupils are destined for missions to the French colonies. Institut des Freres des Ecoles Chrdtiennes, 27, rue Oudinol. •^It has a noviciate for the teachers of the ficoles Chretiennes. There are in Paris 10 establishments and 80 classes. Caisse Diocesaine. — This fund is destined to afford pensions to aged or infirm priests, and to grant allowances to young men destitute of fortune who devote themselves to the ecclesias- tical state, to enable them to prosecute their studies. II. Protestant Institutions. — ^By the decree of March 26th, 1852, every protestant parish has a presbyterial coun- cil composed of from 4 to 7 lay members elected by the pa- rishioners, and presided by the pastor. One half of the mem- bers is renewed by election every three years. The presby- terial councils of the chief town of the circumscription are called Consistories, are composed of double the number of members, and exercise authority over the others. They elect their president from among the pastors who are members of it. Calvinists, — ^The pastors of this creed are appointed by the consistories. There is at Paris a central council of all the reformed churches of France, composed of members named by the government, and two senior pastors of Paris. This per- suasion has a faculty at Montauban. Its churches in Paris are: VOratoire, 157, rue St. Honors ; la Visitation de Ste. Marie, 216, rue St. Antoine; le Pent^mont, 106^ rue de RELIGIOUS iNsnnmons. 1 1# Crenelle St. Germain; a chapel at 38, Boulevard extfirieur atBatignolles Monoeaux. The number of pastors is seven. The eloquent M. Athanase Coquerel is of the number. Lutherans. — This church, divided into parishes, consistories, and inspections, is governed by a Directory, composed of a president, a lay member, and an ecclesiastical inspector, all appointed by Government, and two deputies named by the Superior Consistory. The latter is composed of two lay de- puties for every inspection, of all Uie inspectors, one professor of the seminary of Strasburg, the president and the lay mem- ber of the directory. It is convoked by the Government at least once a year, and oftener upon application. It takes cognizance of all that relates to the discipline and administra- tion of the Church. The Directory appoints the pastors, vicars and professors of the college with the approbation of the Go- vernment, and recommends the appointment of the professors of the theological faculty. The seat of the Superior Gonsi»- tory is at Strasburg, but it is represented at Paris by the Con- sistory of the capital in all its official relations with the Go- vernment. The inspection is composed of the pastor and one elder of each Consistory within its jurisdiction, and elects 2 laymen and one clergyman as inspectors, who exercise gene- ral vigilance over the other pastors. This persuasion has a seminary, a college and a faculty at Strasburg. — ^In Paris its churches are: La Mdemption, 5, rue Chauchat; les Carmes Billettes, 1 6, rue des Billettes (sermons in French and German), and a chapel, 147, rue du Temple. These churches have to- gether 5 pastors. —The following are not paid by the state : Church of England. — ^The clergy of this church is composed of the chaplain to the embassy, and 3 ministers. The episcopal chapels are : at the British Embassy, 39, rue du Faubourg St. Honore ; 5, rue d'Aguesseau, Faubourg St. Honore, and the Marboeuf Chapel, 10 his, Avenue Marboeuf, Champs Elysees. French Independents, chapelle Taitbout, 54, rue de Provence; service in French and English. Schools with chapels annexed are at 74, rue St. Maur, faubourg du Temple, and at 19, rueNeuve Ste. Genevieve. — Weslemn Chajoel, 23, rue Roy ale ; service in French and English. — Swiss Criurch, 357, rue St. Honore. For the hours of divine service at these churches, the reader is referred to the Stranger's Diary, in every Saturday's Galignani^s Messenger. Protestant Schools. — ^There are several communal and other schools of various Protestant persuasions in Paris. The prin- cipal are at 13, rue Raii]J)uteau; 39, rue desficuries d'Artois; 95, rue deReuilly; and 6, passage Colbert. English Free Schools, for boys and girls, 192, rue du Faa- lit GffimiAL DIFOllMAYtON. bmitg St. HoDori.— These sdiools, whieh ere under th« pa^ Iranaie of the Britiah Ambassador, aud under the mani^encient of a committee of English clergymen and reddents, proVide for the children of the English working classes the advantages of a moral and religious training, combined with the elements of useful knowledge. Upwards of 150 children are under the eare of three teachers, at an annual expnse of 7000 fr. , mainly obtained from the roluntary contributions of English and Ame- rioan yisitors. Connected with the^e schools is an Asylum for destitute English and American orphans. The school is open daily, Thursdays excepted, from 9 till 4. Ck)ntributions re- ceived by Messrs. de Rothschild, Callaghan, and Galignani. The following are other Protestant religious institutions : — Sociiii Biblique Protestante de Paris, id, rue des Moulins St. Roch. — The object is to spread the Holy Scriptures, without note or commentary, in the versions received and used in Pro- testant diurches. It holds an annual public meeting. SocUti pour rinstruction primaire parmi les Protestants 4$ France, 3, ruede I'Oratoire St. Honors, instituted in is 30. Societi de» Missions EvangSliques chez les peuples non Chretiens, formed in 1832, 30, rue de Berlin, place de rEurope. Sociiti des TraiUs religieuXf 54, ruede Glichy. Sociiii Emngilifie de France^ 47, rue de Clichy. Sociiti Biblique jranoaise et itrangere, 49, rue de Clichy. III. Greek GHURCit.^€hapel, 12, ruedeBerri. lY. ABMBNiA3f PERSUA8i0N.--^minaire des Moines Arme- aieos If^k^tairistes de St. Lazare de Venise, 12, rue Monsieur. V. Jewish Persuasion.— The ministers of this creed are paid irjhihe State. A central Gonsistory, headed by the Grand Rabbi of Paris, exercises jurisdiction over the other Gonsistories throughout France in matters relating to religion. The syna- gogue in Paris is situated at 18, rue Neuve St. Laurent, having another entrance at 15, rue Notre Dame de Nazareth. A cen- tral Rabbinical school is established at Metz, for aspirants to the priesthood. (1) (1) The total number of Catholic clergy in France is about 49,000, comprising is archbishops, 65 bishops, 175 \'icars-gene- ral; 661 canons, 3,388 curds, and 29,537 priests of eglises suc'- cwrsala, 6 chaplains for the three cemeteries of Paris, 7,i90 vicars in the small communes, and 8,5oo theological students. The archbishop of Paris has 5o,ooo fr.^ the others, 20,000 fr. each, and .biihops 12,500 fr. The bishops or archbishops who are car- dinals, receive 10,000 fr. besides. Moreover, 23 bishops, residing in large and expensive centres of population, receive an addition of 73,000 f^. amongst them. The indemnities allowed for diocesan visits, &c*, amount to 1 43,000 tr. a-year. The total expense of tire ^ sees it Sitimated at i,iss,ee0 fr. per annum. The salaries of CBAftfTABtC DfStffOnOEIS. Itt CftiffiTADLE INSfiTUTIONS.'-^IosnTALS.'-NmiKrQat Ci» tablaftflKnts existed in Paris at a Tory early period ; bot tba object of their foanden waa greatly pcnreiW, and their re- reiues directed to other purposes. From the time of Hiflip ^i^gnstDs to the reyolntion of 1789, nothing coold eiceed tht 'BaiadmimstratioD, wretchedness, and consequent mortality, vfiich preyailed in these abodes of human suffering. In 1 7 as» owiog to the deplorable state of the H6lel Dieu, the constrain tioD of four new hospitals was ordained ; but the proflijEacy of the minister Galonne, the low state of the finances, and the ercDtfl which preceded the revolntion, caused serenl miUions of tbe hospital fund to be dissipated. By a decree of the Conventioo, %, 16, 1793, part of the patiento of the hospitals of Paris were transferred into convents or other structures which had become national property. By subsequent decrees the super* iQtendence of the hospitals was Tested in sixteen members of the National Convention, two new hospitals were establish' w, and the number of beds in those already existing coosi- J^ly augmented. By a decree of Jan. 10, 1849, every- ^ relating to public asnstance has been placed under a vicargp-general and canons vary from 2,006 to 4,ooo fr. ; oi curts from 1,200 to i,500 fr. A sum of 5S,ooo fr. ii allowed ™r pensions to cur^s retired since IS02- The noinber off ^^^ciits tor nuns of different orders is about 3,ooe, and the BUBiber of nuns about 24,000 ; there are also in France eon- jent« of Trappists, Carthusians, Capuchins, and Benedictines, oxides the priests of St. Sal]rtce. The total cost of the catholic Clergy in France is estimated at 3S, 300,000 fr.— Of the mlnisteis 01 other persnasioDS there are 507 Calvinists, of whom so an PTegidenta of Consistories ; 249 Lutherans, of whom s are in* Jpeclors, and 31 presidents of Consistories. The salaries of pro- tectant ministers vary from 1,200 to 2,000 fr., according to the Bamber of parishioners. The protestant seminaries are besides tndo^«d with 30 purses of 400 fr. each, and so half purses off l^^ fr. The Church of England has at least 4o minlslen in '^rance. The expense of the ProtesUnt worship amounts la ^^'^^,oo6fr. The Jewish creed counts S3 Rabbins and si offieialfnc •'JJaistere; the expenses amount to is4,4oo fr. There are ss mini- Jwg of other denominations. The number of Roman Catholics ^JFrance is 55,93i,o32 ; Calvinists, 480,507; Lutherans, 5S7,S2$ ; T^*» 7s,S75 ; and other creeds, 90,000. The expense of adral- '•'rtration of all these forms of worship, comprising a director ^<1 ss mployis of all degrees, amounU besides to 2i7,soo fir. '° n8» the total number of ecclesiastics was ii4,oof, indnding /M«« regular clergy, and 32,000 nuns. Their rcTeoues amounted

• ^ '2 millions of francs, and the tithe to 70 milUont, «^Ting a

^^\ of 142 millions. The sum expended for Roman Catholic •MBiOBs is 3,sso,ooorr. Sr-year, and the receipts, from subsen^- ^ioQs and other sources, 3,S70,ooo fr. 122 GENERAL INFORMATION. ^ special Administration called Administration G^nirale de V Assistance Publique d Paris. It is under the control of the Minister of the Interior, and is managed by a director and a Conseil de Surveillance of 20 members, presided by the prefects of the Seine and of Police. The medical treatment administered in the hospitals of Paris, and other particulars, will be found amply described under the head of Medical Institutions. (See p. 134.) (1) Hospices.— Under this name are understood in France certain establishments not unlike English alms-houses. The following description will fully explain their peculiar na- ture. Hospice des Manages, 28, rue de la Chaise — Is appropriated to aged persons of both sexes, married or widowed, who have resided in Paris, or the department of the Seine, for two years, and contains IGO large chambers for married couples, 115 small for widows and widowers, and 250 beds in the dormi- tories ; 815 beds in all. Thirty of the best chambers are re- served for couples of from CO to 70, who can give 3,200 fr. for admission ; the remaining 130 are for couples entirely destitute of resources, one of whom must be 70 and the other at least CO years of age. The 1 1 5 small chambers are destined for those widows and widowers who are CO years old at least, . have been married 20 years, and can pay l,eoo fr. on admis- sion. Of the 250 beds in the dormitories, 150 are appro priated to such men as have become widowers in the hospital; of the remaining lOO beds, 50 are for widows and widowers, and the others for persons CO years of age, who have been married at least 20 years, and can pay 1,000 fr. on their ad- mission. Each inmate is required to bring a bedstead, two mattresses, a bolster, two blankets, two pair of sheets, i^fi chairs, and a chest of drawers. Each rec>eives a pound and a half of bread per day, and half a pound of raw meat per day ; the sum of 3 fr. every ten days ; and a double steft of wood and two voies of charcoal a-year. The number of inmates amounts to 750, of both sexes. (See p. 373.) Institution de Sainte Purine j 99, rue de Chaillot. — This was an ancient monastery, called Abbaye de Ste. Perine, which was suppressed in 1790, and in 1806 converted into an asylum, by M. Duchaila, for persons of both sexes over 60 years of age, of small income. The empress Josephine was a great bene- factress to it. The number is limited to 193, and the vacanci^^ by removal or death average 50 annually. Admission is either (1^ In 1854, the hospitals of Paris received legacies and donations to the amount of 999,796 fr. in cash, rmtesp good8» and landed property. Digitized by VjOOQ IC CHAUTABLB nSRICTKKtt. 113 oD a specific payment, or the anniia] sum of 600 fr. (1) Tbe Smrsde la Sagessehxwt the care of the inmates. (See p. 194 .) Msm de Retraite, or Hospice de La RochefoucauU, oatside iheharriere dTEnfer, route d'Oricans, No. 16.— This house, 0oir devoted to the reception of old senants of the hospitak, ^d other aged and infirm persons, was originally established for 12 soldiers, and 12 ecclesiastics. The present buildings were erected in 1802, after tiie designs of Antoine. Persons who are 60 and upwards pay 200 fr. a-year, and those that are infirm, 250 fr. Infirm persons of small fortune, upwards of 20 years of age, may treat for admission by paying down, according to their age, &c., a sum which 'gradually rises from 700 to 3,600 fr. The number of beds is 246. The liouse famishes food, fire, medicines, 6cc. Dr. Bafibs and the Scturs de Charite attend this institution. Hospice DevillaSy 17, rue du Regard, founded in 1835 by a I^otestant of that name, for persons of either sex of the age of 70 or upwards. The number of inmates is 35; four-fifths, ac- cording to the founder's will, must be catholics. (See p. 402.) Hosjyice Leprince, 1 87 , rue St. Dominique, au Gros Cailloa. —This hospice was founded in 1819, m execution of the will of M. Leprince. It contains 10 beds for old men, and 10 for Women. The Sceurs de Charite attend patients. Hospice des Enfants Trotwes, 74, rue d*Enfer, founded in f 640 by St. Vincent of Paule, for the reception of foundlings. ^OT a child to be received at this hospice a certificate of its abandonment must be produced, signed by a commissary of police. (2) The commissary cannot refuse to give such a (t) Inquiries instituted by the Academy »f Sciences establish m singular fact, that the mortality of tlu5 inmates is greatest 'luring the first four years of abode ; beipK the i»t year in the proportion of 24 to loo, and in the 4th of 9 to lOO ; owing pro- Wy to the fatigue and disease in which tt^ey arrive, so that they do not profit soon enough by the quiel Hfe they lead. (2) At Paris, and in several parts of France, boxes called tourt ^Tft established, which work on a pivot, and, on a bell being "^ung, are turned round by the persons inside to receive any child that may ha\e been deposited in it, without attempting tc

• • certain the parents. The abolition of this humane custom In

^any departments has caused infanticide to become very frc- Jienl iu those parts, the average annual number of such cases having risen from i04 to 196. As for indirect infanticide before ^'rth, ibe number of such cases has doubled in most depart- "^ents; in the Charente, the Basses Alpes, &c., it has trebled,

• nd risen to four and five times its amount in the H6rauU, Mor-

^'^'kii; Orne, and Maine et Loire. Public opinion Is now atrongly '»» favour of the tours, and a bill, intended to ^^prt%^ them.

• • « withdrawn during the legislative session ol i»64 »T «»

Digitize 1^4 GENSRAti INFORMATION. MHificale on being af>^lied to ; but it is his duty to adm<mish th6 mother or party abandoning the child, and to prOcuro for them assistance from the hospital fiind, in case of their con- senting to retain and support the chfld themselves. Every encouragement is given to those who relinquish the idea of abandoning their offspring, and consent to support them at home. (1) Of the children received in the hospital, those that are healthy are put out to nurse in the country, those that are sickly are retained at the hospital as long as requisite. Nurses from the country, of good character, arrive daily at the hospital in search of employment of this nature, and receive from 4 fr# to 8 fr. a-month for each child, according to its age. They are kept here a few days, and leave after their charges are assigned to them ; care being taken to assign the children to nurses living as far as posible from their birth-places. After two years of age, the nurse may give the child up, when, if no other nurse can be fomid for it, it is transferred to the orphan department. The number of deaths is about 18 percent. The niunber of beds in this hospital is 597 . The number of children placed out at nurse in the country in 1854 was 1,744. The total expense of this institution for the same year amounted to 1,804,905 fr. The physician is Dr. Baron; surgeon, Dr, Jarjavay. The internal arrangements of this hospital are admirable. The children are first placed in a general reception-room, called La Creche, where they are visited in the morning by the physicians, and assigned to the dif- ferent infirmaries. These are four in number: for medical eases; for surgical cases; for measles; and for ophthalmic cases. In each of these rooms, as well as m tlie CrSche, cradles are placed round the walls in rows, and several nurses Imperial decree. The number of foundling-hospitals was 296 in 1882: at present only 152 remain In all France Agricultural colonies for foundlings and orphans have since been established in several departments ; they are at present 1 7 in number. The yearly average number of foundlings maintained at the Paris hospital, calculated upon the last is years, is 4400. It was 6154 In 1854. The General Administration of Public Assistance has lately done much towards the education of foundlings. At the age of 12, the boys are bound apprentices to some trade, at the expense of the Administration, which has, moreover, by contracts with certain private schools, provided a kind of penal establish- ments for refi'actory individuals at Montagny (Sadne et Loire), Varaignes (Dordogne), and other places. The director of a work- ing asylum at Yaugirard likewise receives about 20 young girls whose conduct is open to reproach. A portion of 1 48 fr. is award- ed by the administration to female ftmndlings when they marry, provided their conduct has been unexceptionable throughout. (t) IB I9S4, the sum of 9s,0«afr. was applied (0 thU purpose. CflABITABUS IMSnTUnONB. i%k are c^ofttaQtly ^onployed in attending to them. An inoliaad bed IB placed in front of the fire, on which the children who require it are laid, and chairs are ranged in a warm comer, in which children of safficient age and strength sit part of the day. Every tiling is conducted with great care, vigUance, and attention to the comforts of the inmates. The Hospice des Orphelins, founded in 1669 for girls, but, in 1809, opened to boys ako, forms but a section of the pre* ceding one. Childrm whose parents are dead, or whose parents certify that they have not the means of supporting them, are received from the ages of 2 to 12, by order of the Prefect of Police. Poor persons falling ill, and being obliged to go to an hospital, may send their diildren until they are themselves cured and able to return to their occupations. Persons con* demned to imprisonm^t have the same (acility. They arc all educated in reading, writing, and arithmetic, and arc placed out in trades, when the period of their residence is expired, which is at the age of 2 1. They are treated with great care and kindness, and the institution has been very suocessful in producing useful members of society. Children under i& fall- ing ill in this hospice are transferred to the Hdpital de$ En' fants Malades, if older they are sent to other hospitals. Both this and the preceding establishment are under the especial superintendence of the Scsurs de St. Vincent de Paule or Sceurs de CharitL Friends or relations are admitted on Tuesdays and Thursdays, from 12 to 3. (See p. 439.) Hospice des Incurables (Hohubcs), 8, rue des R^coUcts, and 150, rue du Faubourg St. Maitin. — This hospice, founded in 1 663 by St. Vincent of Paule, was established in the ancient convent of the Recollets in 1802. The buildings are spacious and airy, and have an extensive garden attached to them. The number of beds is 497 . About 30 of the old men work for their own benefit. It formerly contained children, but these are now sent to Arras, where, if their health admits of it, they learn trades ; on attaining the age of 20 they are sent to Bicetre. Physician, Dr. HilUaret ; Sceurs de Charite attend. The in- mates are under no unnecessary restraint, and may receive visitors daily from 12 to 4. Hospice des Incurables (Femmes), 42, rue de Sevres. — In this institution there are 036 beds for women, 70 for children, and 15 apartments or rooms for the persons employed. Vi- sitors are admitted from 9 to 12. The physician m Dr, Lager, the Sceurs de Charit4 attend. (See p. 365.) Hospice des Quinze^VingtSy 29, rue de Charenton, for the re- ception of adult blind persons. The number of families living here is 300; the blind are received with their families, ana 126 GENERAL INFORMATION. encouraged to marry, if single. In a few instances both husband and wife ai'e blind. None are admitted but those both blind and indigent, and such are received here from any part of France. Each blind person, if unmarried, receives 474 fr. 50 c. a-year, including 1% lb. of bread daily ; if mar- ried 684 fr., and for every child of his, 54 fr. more; they are lodged gratuitously. The children arc sent to a primary sdiod; and an asylum is instituted for them in the hospital, where boys and girls remain tilll4. Their apprentice fees are paid by the estabhshment. Those children that are blind are sent to the Institution Imperiale des Jeunes Aveugles (see p. 363). Besides the inmates of this hospital, there are 600 out-door pensioners attached to it, divided into three classes, who receive respectively 100 fr., 150 fr., and 200fr. per ann. Physician, Dr. Lacroze. Strangers, with passports, are ad- mitted daily from 12 to 3. (See p. 295.) Infirmerie de Marie Th&resej 116, rue d'Enfer. — ^This hos- pice, founded by the Viscountess de Chateaubriand, in 1819, derives its name from the Duchess d'Angouleme, who became its patroness. The persons received here are sick ecclesiastics, natives or foreigners. The house contains 50 beds, but the institution being destined for persons who have moved in respectable society, the furniture, linen, food, &c., are greatly superior to what are generally found in establishments of the kind. Physician, M, Charpentier; surgeon, M. Hervez de Chegoin. The inmates are attended by the Soeurs de St, Vin- cent de Paule, The infirmary is supported by voluntary contributions, and is under the control of the Archbishop of Paris. Maison Hospitaliere d'Enghieny 12, rue Picpus, is a small hospice called after the unfortunate duke whose name it bears, and was founded by his mother, the Duchess de Bourbon, in 1819, and after her death it was supported by Madame Ade- laude. The situation is airy, and the utmost cleanliness and order prevail in the establishment. It contains 50 beds, of which 18 are for women, 12 for old men, permanently resid- ing there, and 20 for convalescents. The Sceurs de St. Vin- cent de Paule attend. Physician, M. Pain. (See p. 297.) Asile Ste, Anne, Rue de Lisbonne, for loo aged females, 22 of whom are maintained gratuitously on the recommendation of their cures. The remainder pay a small annual sum. Besides these, there are the Asik Lambrechts, at Courbevoie; the Hospice St, Michel, at St. Mande, for 12 septuagenarians, a Blind Asylum for girls at Vaugirard, conducted by the Sceurs Aveugles de St. Paul, and the Hospice de la Recon- naissance, at Petit-Letang, in the commune of Garohes, gob- CHARITABLE SOOEnES. 127 taming 316 beds for workmen belonging to certain specified trades^ and being upwards of 60 years of age. See also the Salp^triere, or H6pital de la Vieillesse (p. 448), the Institution des Jeunes Aveugles (p. 363), and the /ns/t- tution des Sourds Muets (p. 430). Asile de la Providence. — ^This institution was founded in 1804 by M. and Madame Micaultde la Vieuville, and patronized by Louis XVIU. It offers a retreat to old persons of 60 and upwards, at the cost of 600 fr. each per annum. The Society de la ProvideDce (see below) contributes to the maintenance of this establishment; the Ministry of the Interior also pays 10,000 fr. per annum, and has the right of nomination to 16 gratuitous places. A few of the pensioners pay only 500 fir. At present tlie number of inmates is 68. The director is ^ pointed by the Minister of the Interior. The cstabUshment is at No. 13, Barriere des Martyrs, extra muros. Charitable Societies. — SociSte de la Providence. — It gives out-door relief to poor families and blind persons, pro- cures poor children a Christian education, besides teaching them a trade, and contributes to the maintenance of the Asile de la Providence by an annual payment of 6,000 fr. SociStS de la Morale Chritietme, 12, rue St. GuiUaume. — This society, founded in 1821, principally by the Duke deLa- rochefoucauld Liancourt, has for its object the protection of orphans during their apprenUceship, the aid of poor working people, the gratuitous defence of prisoners, and tiie protection of liberated convicts, by procuring them work. The society exercises a strict superintendence over those it protects. Societe de St. Prangois de Regis. — Founded in 1826 and under the direction of the Archbishop of Paris. It promotes marriage among poor people living in unlawful intercourse, and contributes to the legitimizing of their offspring. Socidte Centrale d'Education et d'Assistance pour les SourdS'Muets en France. — ^Founded in 1850 by the Deaf and Dumb Institution of Paris. It procures the Deaf and Dumb the advantages of instruction ; binds them apprentice, affords them assistance, and aids them iu their old age. President, M. Dufaure. Honorary presidents, the Prefect of the Seine and the Archbishop of Paris. There is also an Asile des Sourdes* Muettes, 33, rue Neuve Ste. Genevieve, maintained by twelve charitable ladies, under the direction of Mile. Vivier. Sociki Tut6laire et Paternelle des Orphelins. — This society was founded in 1850, under the patronage of the Archbishop of Pans. It affords protection to orphans, and sends them to the Colonies Agricoles of France to learn agri- culture. President, M. de Turenne. Digitized by VjOOQ IC (38 GfiNJSaAIf WFWIWtU^. SpQiit4 (k Chofliti Mat^rneUe, 4, rue ^ Mavn^--^^^* eight ladiescompoee the council of adauoistratioa, «nddistri)Hite ag^istauce ia \\iQ different arrondiwemenU^ to aid poor women in childbed, and encourage Ujbem to nur^ their d^ldren. (i ) Societe Philanthropique^ 12, rue du Grand Chantier. — Founded in t7 SQ, under the [lationage of Louis X\h The fundi^ are for distributing food to the indigeni, advice and me* diciue to the $ick, and for assisting charitHble eatablifibments. They have l o public kitchen^, called f&ummux, open 6 moiiths of the year, to distribute c^eap provisions to the poor, to whom oon$ of tiie value of 2 sous ar« gratuitously given, enabling them to get dishes of a sous value upon payment of 1 sou. Charitable p^sons may buy these bans At lo fr. <^ hundred, for distiibution to the needy. (2) Soditd Protestante de Prwoyanee el de Secours Mutuels, 54, rue TArbre See. Formed in ta26» to afford medical advice, medicine, and 2 fr. a-day to dek members, who pay a subscription of 24 fr* aryear. Society des Saiweteur$ de la Seine.^^li devises measures for saving persons in danger of drowning, and rescuing boats on the Seine. Its meetings are held at the Hotel de Villc. Socidte pour le Placement en Apprentissage des Orphelins, — Subsidized by Government. Meets at the Hotel de Ville. Association po%^r ks Jeunes Orphelins^-^U^Qis at tlie Hotel de Ville. Besides these, we may mention the following *. So- dete de St, Vincefit de Paule ; SooUt^ philanthropiqiie des Classes Otwrieres ; SociSte humanitaire ; Socidti des amis dts Pauvres ; (Wuvre de la Visite des Hdpitaux; (Euure du place- ment gratuit; (Euvre des prisonniers p&wr dettes ; Sooidlede Patronage pour les AveuglesTravailleuars, and others, devoted' to special br/mches of charity, such as the Sociiti protectrioe des Animaux, 3, Quai Malaquai^.-^ Awards medals to such persons of the lower classes as have displayed particular humanity towards animals. There are also in Paris several assoeiaUons de travail powr ks pauvres (work-societies), directed by ladieft of high rank, who meet to nmke articles, to be sold at publie exhibitions for the benefit of the poor. Lotteries ate ^so formed during the wiuter in the arrondissements, to which artists ^nd be- nevoknt persons axe invited to contributsi iheir wp^ks, ict, . ' . ".'1 (i) On the occasion of her marriagie, the Smpreffsenl iw»W ftancs to Ihls Boelety. Her Majesty has sinee been d<jclared,pec- petual president of all such socief tes receiving State subsidies* (3) Cheap kiteheni, mucb on the same plan, have now been established in various parts of Paris under th^ patronage of tlietr^ Majesties. CtlARlTABLE SOCIFnES. 129 Large siims w thus raised by the sale of the tiekets, and distril)uted to the poor hy the Mayors. In jnqst of the pakahea of Paris ther^ are associations de bienfamnce, far the edu^ cation of poor children, ^ the relief of the aged and inOrm. British Charitable Fund. — This excellent institution was formed in i 8 2 2 , under the patronage of the British Ambaseador, for the relief of distressed British subjects, who have not the means of returning to Ei^land, The funds, raised by voluntary subscription, are managed by a committee, who meet on Moa«  days from 1 to 3, *t i7,, rue de Ponthieu. Few persons ol distinction or fortune visit Paris without contributing, by sub* scriptiQns or donations, to the Fund. $iU)scriptioitt and doaa- tions are received by the Committee, by the British Cowul, and Mes^r?. RothsQhild ; Callaghan; Galignani. Thenwnber(tfper'> sons relieved in 1855 was 3342 ; of tho$e sent to England, 363, Soci6l4 AUemmde de Bienfais^nce, 1 4 , lueBlene, eatabliahed in 1844. Its object is similar, with respect to Gmnws, to that of the British Charitable, Fund. Menfhecs pay from lo to 15 fr. a-ye^, or 150 fr. for life, SocidtelTelv6tique,'--E^LMishit6, in 1822, and composed of Swis^ of aQ the Qanton§, without distinction of religion. Its oh- jects are to establish a bond of union, and relieve their coun- trymen in disljress, Office, a, rue de TOratoire St. Honore. Maisan Si. Casimr, 28, rue 4u Petit Gentilly.— For tbi«  interesting Polish institution see page 446. Asik Ss Petits Orphelim, 1 19, rue MemhnoiOant. -^Found- ed in 1 849 for orphans who bave Wt their parents by ehokra; Sod4tidfi^Amis de rEnfame, d><quai Malaquai»-**<Foniied for^ the projtectionaftd instruction of male children. Bofiiete d^s Amia de la VieiUesse^^^t the Hotel it ViHe. Mai^(mpQur le^ Knfantf. D^issis, 31, rue Notre Dame des CJiaVfip, for protecting deserted youilg ^byand such as hs^ve lost Jtheir> mothers. After recdviag a ntoral education, • they,ai;eph^.0iita8 apprentices^ Tho number ofpupik is 950. i^^^tti^.5^^. ,/Vwfow, ti2, rue deVaugiraTd,for tbete- cepUo^ipf pialaorph^s. Their: number at presedds' 6 a<0. H - cont^ ^5« w<)^k9bpps^ where thei obildfen conlided -iO'its care may; l©jujpAbe.,<«ftdi3;th^ir4ri^dfi desirec GaiMknibg «tod com- merce are also taught. The cost of board is 300 fr., and 24Q fr. onlytof ior]phans having neither father nor n^iother . A branch estabhshment exists at Issy, containing 350 orphans!, 'Jiltaisofi des RlaconcSses^ 9io„ rue d,eRcuilly, fauhoui^ St, Antoiine.— This is an establishment of Protestant Sisters of Charily, institute in 1842, with a view to obtain the car© of . Protestant patient^ m the hd^itals of Pari?, to prevent their rdigious tenets froni being tampered with on then: death-bed. 9 Digitized by VjOOQ IC " 130 fiSNERlL INi^ORHATION. fhe City grants them a yearly subvention of 3000 francSi Etabiissement des Filatures, rue des Tournelles, 35. It be- longs to a society that gives work to about 3800 poor women, Who receive hemp and flax for spinning ; also to 160 weavers, for whom frames and tools are procured gratuitously. . Creches, or Nurseries, are benevolent institutions for the following purpose. Poor women, working out of doors, de- posit their babies there in the morning, return to suckle diem at the proper hours, and take them home in the evening. If weaned, the child has a little basket to itself. The creches, now 18 in number, are open from 8 a. m. to 8 in the evening. The number of children that have enjoyed the benefit of these institutions from their foundation to the year 1852, is stated at 11,000. The Government and the City contribute about 7000 fr. annually towards the support of the Creclies. Each mother pays 20 centimes per day to the nurses of the establishment. Medical and every other necessary attendance is provided at these really philanthropic establishments. The SocidtS des Creches meets at the Mairie of the 1st arrondisse- ment, 1 1 , rue d'Anjou. To visit an establishment of this kind, strangers may apply at the Creche St. Louis d*Antin, 148, rue St. Lazare, which receives about seventy children daily ; they are superintended by a matron and six assistants. Direction G4n6rale des Nourrices, 18, rue Ste. Apolline, This establishment, which is attached to the Central Admi- nistration of Hospitals, procures respectabk wet-nurses for families, and secures the nurses the payment of their wages. The City pays 31,000 fr. annually towards its support. Bureau ae Bienfaisance et Secours a Domicile. — In each of the 12 arrondissemenls there is, under the superintendence of the Prefect of the Seine and the General Commission of Pub- lic Assistance, a bureau to afford relief, gratuitous advice, and medicine to the aged, infirm, and indigent, at their own homes. An infirmary is attached to each bureau. The relief consists of bread, meat, firing, and clothing; besides which a monthly allowance of 3 fr. is given to those who are affected with palsy in two Umbs; 5 fr. to those who are blind, and those who are upwards of 75 years old; and 8fr. to those who are turned 80 . Each bm-eau consists of the mayor (who is pre- sident ex-offido), the deputy-mayors, the rector of the parish, curates, and protestant ministers; 12 managers, chosen by the Minister of the Interior ; and the commissaries for the poor, and Dames deCharite, whose number is fixed by the bureau. (1) (i) It appears firom an official statistical statement, that from 1 800 to 1814, the Bureaux de Bienfaisance and other similar esta- blishments receiyed through legacies and other gifts 5,942,26$ fr.; MONT DB PIET^f 191 Out-door itaedicd relief is now afforded to tiMS indigent of erery r arrondissement, i 69 medical men having been appoints! to the Bureaux de Bienfaisance for this purpose. SociJ^T^s DE Secours Mutu£ls entre Ouvriers. — There are 29 of these benefit societies, comprising about 7,000 mem* kfs, under the patronage of the municipality, and 324 othersy comprising 37,000 members. The most ancient, St. Anne, dates from 1694. (1) Members of the liberal professions have also similar societies under the name of Associations de Pr4» myance ; there is one of physicians, another of literati, &c. Administration du Mont de Pitrt, 18, rue des Blancs Manteaux, and 7, rue du Paradis, au Marais. — ^This establish- ment which, by a decree of March 1852, is under the autho- rity of the Prefect of the Seine, and the Minister of the Inte- rior, is managed by a Du-ector named by the latter, and a Council presided over by the Prefect, and composed besides of the Prefect of Police, 3 members of the Municipal Council, a of the Conseil de V Assistance Publique, and 3 citizens of Paris, all named by the Minister of the Interior. It has on«  succursale at 14, rue des Petits Augustins, and two auxiliary- offices, one at 6, rue de la Mont^^e Ste. Genevieve, and another at 14, rue de la Pepiniere. The Mont de Pi^te was. created in 1777 for the benefit of the hospitals. It enjoys the- exclusive privilege of lending upon movedale effects, four-fiflhs. of the value of gold and silver articles, and two-thirds of the- value of other effects. The interest for money which it bor- rows varies according to the pressure of the times ; it is gene- rally 4 per cent.; the lowest rate at which it has ever becni able to effect a loan was 2 /a per cent. The interest to tho showing a yearly average of 424,447 fr. From I8i4 to isaov they received 51,026,774 fr.; yearly average, 3, 1 89,173 fr.; and from 1830 to 1846, the receipts were 3i,25&,8i6 fr.; yearly ave- rage, 1,953,488 fr. Tlius, io a space of 46 years, upwards of 122,504,450 fr. have been expended in public charity under tb^ management of tbe Bureaux de Bienfaisance, legacies under 300 fr. not included, tbose not requiring an authorisation from the government. In 1854, the expenditure was 2,022,477 fr. The number of poor relieved were 76,728, distributed as follows in the 12 arrondissements :— 1st, 4,594; 2d, 5,875 ; 3d, 3,3i4 ; 4th, 2,056; 5tb, 7,453; 6th, 6,694; 7th, 4,591; 8th, 13,317; 9th, 5,575; 10th, 6,679; llth, 4,494; 12th, 14,088. In 1854 there were 32,553 heads of families dependent on the charitable institutions of the capital. The average proportion of poor in all France is about 8 per cent, of the population. (1) In 1854 there were 2940 benefit societies throughout all France, comprising 351,101 members. Their aggregate receipts amounted to 5,720,911 fr« Expenditure, 4,535,209 frr 139 GENERAL IN^RIIATION. public upon pledges used to be 12 per cent; it is now re- duced to 0, or % per cent, for 1 5 days, being the shortest term on which it can be lent after the lapse of the first month, the interest of which must be paid entire, even though the loan last but a few days. The pledges of the day before are brought every morning from the offices of the different commission* naires to the warehouses of the central establishment, or to the succurscUe, A caisse d*CHiomptes enables borrowers to refund at intervals portions of sums advanced (even 1 fr. is received), so as gradiMtUy to extinguish the loan ; few, however, avail themselves of it. Parties must be known and domici- liated, or produce a passport or papers en regie, otherwise they cannot pledge any article. About 3000 are pledged daily. Loans are effected from 9 to 4, and articles are redeemed from to 2. After a year, or rather 14 months, the effects, if the duplicate be not renewed by paying the interest due upon it, are liable to be sold by auction, and the surplus paid to the borrower, on application within three years from the date of the duplicate, after which time the surplus is given to the Administration de I* Assistance Puhlique. There are 23 com- missioners established in different quarters of the town to re- ceive articles in pledge for the Mont de Piete, but they take an extra 2 per cent, for the first loan, 2 per cent, more for every renewal, 1 per cent, on redeeming, or l per cent, more for eashing the surplus in case the pledge has been sold. (1) AU the appraisers are conjointly responsible for the value set upon (1) The yearly average of the operations of the Mont de Pi^t^ for the last 1 5 years, calculated from of&cial documents, is as fol- lows : Articles pledged, i,3i3,ooo; amount of loans, 22,860,000 fr.; average sum lent upon each article, 17 fr. 40 c; articles re- deemed and pledged anew, 237,935 ; amount of money re- turned, 5,541,940 fr.; average sum per article, 34 f^. 80 c; arti- cles deflnitively redeemed, 996,669 ; sums received, i,584,i7o fr.; average sum per article, 15 fr. 90 c; articles sold, 73,694; amount cleared by sale, 1, 283,960 fir.; expenses of administration, 1,107,879 tr.; total of receipts, 1,577,028 fr.; total of expenditure, 1,848,955 tr. Balance in favour of the Mont de Pi6t^, 238,068 fr. In these averages are included the operations of the Commwion^ naires, whose average account is as follows : Articles pledged (but including a great number of articles pledged only for a few hours, and therefore not entered into the books of the Mont- do Miii), 1.654,924 ; amount of loans, 22,987,864 fr.; total profitg, sales included, 176,834 fr. The average number of articles d^ liveredto the Police on suspicion of theft is 891, representing loans to the ameupt of 8,555 fr. There has been a progvessivo increase ever 'since the prigin of the estabUshment. The Ment de PiM employs 900 persons, whose sala^ 4ffiM>niit to loi^aao francst the artides. The Mont de Piete is insured for 6,000,000 fir.; the succursales tot 2,000,000 fr. (1) Savings Bank {Caisse d'Epargne et de PrSvoyance), founded in 1818 ; has its central office at 9, rue Goq Heron : there are lo dependent offices at the Mairies, those of the 3d aodlth arrondissements excepted, open on Sundays and Mon- ^s, and several in the'banlieue, open on Sundays only. The administration is conducted by a council of thirty direc- m, who lend their aid gratuitously ; the salaries of clerks iiid other expenses of the establishment are provided for by !0,ooo fr. of rentes on the State, possessed by the Sayings Bank ; Old by a deduction of from 54 to 1 per cent, from the interest •ayable to the holders. Deposits of from 1 fr. to 3oo fr. are eceived at a time, and inscribed in a livret given to the !<?ogitor, who is not allowed to have more than one in his wn aame. The rate of interest for the ensuing year is fixed tythe council of directors in the month of December; it is t present 5 per cent. Not more than 1000 fr. can be held 7 the same person ; beyond that sum, the bank at once invests 8 much of it as will ensure 10 fr. interest, in the rentes or locks. It will do the same upon demand with any inferior am, provided it be sufficient to ensure 10 fr. interest. The elay between the demand and the reimbursement of any deposit lust not exceed 12 days. There are in France 368 of these stablishments. All tlie money received, which here, as in the departments, mostly belongs to workmen and servants, is paid ver to the Caisse des Depdts et Consignations, (2) (0 There are 45 Monts de Pi^t^ in France, of which five lend ratuitously. Before 1789, there were only 22 in operation. Last ear the number of pledges was 3,40o,087, representing a value [ 48,922,251 fr. 20 c. ; Paris alone doing more business In ad- ^ning money than all the rest put together. One half of the ►ans vary from 1 fr. to 5 fr., and scarcely two-thirds reach Jfr.; only about 700 are above 1,000 fr., and 36 abave 5,000 fr. (2) This establishment suffered to such an extent from the evolution of 1848, that it was scarcely expected to survive the 'ioclt. The danger, however, was averted through the timely "erference and support of the National Assembly. The follow- ^8 table shows its progress since thai period : — Years U50 1851 1852 18S3 18S4 1855 Beceiptg 16,256,906 fr. 25,678,692 „ 25,305,434 „ 33,703,578 „ 30,749,289 „ 28^728,311 „ 34,539,874 „ No. of Depos. Parments To Holders 173,029 3,314,718 fr. 17,877 191,395 9,893,725 „ 53,911 205,751 19,048,957 „ 65,408 253,396 19,650,368 „ 70,744 269^894 24,132,788 „ 89,056 ai«/9S8 36,902,189 „• 100,676 228,985 23,350,908 „ 91^846 S34 gcneaal information. MEDICAL INSTITIITIONS. The study of medicine being carried to such a degree of perfection in Paris, that it attracts hundreds of foreigners from all countries to this capital, we have, for the convenience of our professional readers, devoted this chapter to whatever re- lates to thj^t branch in the public schools, hospitals, and medi- cal societies of Paris. I. PUBLIC SCHOOLS.— r/ie Faculty of Medicine, Place de I'ficole de Medecine, is composed of 26 professors, named by the Government, and 24 agreg6s appointed by competition. The former receive a Died salary varying from 7,000 to 10,000 fr. A dean, the head of the faculty, ii elected every five years. (1) He regulates the expenses, convokes the Faculty, superintends the nomination of committees of examination or discipline, and may suspend a course of lectures if he thinks proper. He is assisted by two assessors chosen from among the professors. The agreges act as examiners, and deliver lee- , tures when the professors are unable to attend. A student whp wishes to take his degrees m Paris must have attained the age of eighteen ; he must pursue his studies during four years; and at the conunencement of every third month he must inscribe his' name at the bureau of the Facultjr. On first presenting himself, he must produce th6 registration of his birth, with the authorisa- tion, if he be a minor, of iiis parents or guardians for the step , he is taking, and also the diploma of bachelor of sciences. The school is open to persons of every nation and creed. (2) The total number of inscriptions is 16. Before taking the (0 The following is a list of the professorships, wi^h the pames ' of the gentlemen holding them : — Anatomy, Denonvilliers ; Pfl- thological Anatomy, Cruveilher ; Phymlogy, B6rard ; Hygienic Medicine, Bouchardat ; Pharmacy, Soubeiran i Organic Chemistry t Wurtz ; Medical Pathology^ Dum^Hlj Surgical Pathology, Cloquet ; ^ Operations and Bandages, Malgaigne; Legal Medicine y Adelon ; Ge- neral Pathology and Therapetftici, Andral ; Thi^rapetttics and Materia Medica, GrisoUe ; Medial NAt^ral Philosophy, iSavarret ; Medical Natural History, Moquin-Tandon ; Clinical Surgery, JoberC de Lam- balle and Laugier at the Hdtel-Dieu, N^laton at the &5pital de Glinique, Velpeau at the Charity, and Becquerel at La Pitie ; Cli- nical Medicine, Piorry and Bouillaud at La Charity, Bostan and Trousseau at the HdteKDleu ; Clinical Obstetriet, P. Dubois at the H6pital de GUnique ; Obstetrics and Diseutee pf FrmalMund Ckil^ , dr«n, Moreau. (?) The total number Qfsiudents last year was i,497* MEDICAL INfflffimONS. US 5th, 9th, or i3th inscnption, the student must each time pasg an examination ; the final examination, called Bxamen de fin d'annie, takes place at the expiration of the 4th year. The examem de Doctoral, 6 in number, including the thesis, may he passed after the expiration of the fourth year, i.e. one year after the payment of the last inscription. Fourteen insciiptions in a preparatory school of medicine or pharmacy are consi- dered equivalent to twelve inscriptions at the Facdty, on pay- ment of an additional sum of 5 fr. per inscription ; but the four last inscriptions must be taken at the Faculty. Those who have graduated elsewhere cannot obtain a Fiench diploma of the same degree without paying all the university dues, which are as follows : — sixteen inscriptions at 30 fr., 480 fr. ; three annual examinations (30 fr.), 90 fr.; five final, ditto (50 fr.), 250 fr.; five certificaU d:aptitude (40 fr.) 200 fr.; thesis, 100 fr.; another certificat d^apti.uOb, 40 fr. ; diploma, 100 fr. ; totals 1260 fr. The examinations are conducted in French, and the subjects they comprise are detailed in a printed programme. The last examination is, with the exception of midwifery, entirely prac- tical; it is conducted at the bed-side. Two cases are selected by the examiners, at either the Hdtel Dieu or La Charite, on which the student is expected to give the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. The candidate for medical honours is moreover required to write a thesis, (1) the subject of which may be selected by himself; and before taking his doctor's degree he must have served a year in an hospital. The expense of a medical education in Pans is trifling com- pared with that of the British schools. All the. lectures at the Ecole de M^decine, and most of those at the Ecok Pratitjme, s^e public and gratuitous; nor is any payment made for ho9r pital attendance. The library of the Ecole de Medecine, con- taining upwards of 30,000 volumes, and its excellent Museum of comparative anatomy, are daily open to students, except from Sept. 1 to Nov. 1 . Gratuitous lectures are also given at the Jardin des Plantes, the College de France, and the Sorbonne, on general science and subjects relating to medicine. The Ecole Pratique d*Anatomie is a kind of supplementary school, composed of 150 students. Fifty new students are yearly admitted by competition, and an equal number leave the school at the same time, after 3 years* study. It is here and at the establishment of Clamart that the dissections are performed. For these, including a proper supply of subjects during the whole season, a payment of 30 fr. is expected 10 The total number of theses for the doctor** degree read at the Faculty of Varls 4uring the last zt years, amounts to »5t«, from gudi stttde&ts as do not Moag to the Ecoh Prattq%*6, Maily of thecoursesattheficolePratiqae ate gratuitous ; for others a small fee, from to fr. to 30 fr.^ is required. Annual prizes are given at this school to the amount of 1680 fr. The sub- jects treated of at this sdiool vary frequently, as tiiey depend on Uie choice of the pr(tfeBsors, who, althou^ authorised, are mostly agreges who have not yet obtained a regular chair ; their lectures are therefore private undertakings. They may at present be stated as follows : — Operative medicine, by Fou- cher, Trelat, Gaudmont, and Ghassaignac ; surgery, external pathology, and operative medicine, by Fano; pathology and therapeutics, by Christophe ; legal medicine, by Humbert ; descriptive anatomy, by Dupre and Sappe^r; lithontripty) by Philipps ; internal pathology, by Mautin and Behior ; percussion and auscultation, by Durieu ; diseases of the eye, by Goursserant, Tavignot, and Desmarres; midwifery, by Blot; syphiliography, by Glerc ; mineral waters, by Durand-Fardet ; physiology, by Beclard ; anatomy and sur- gical pathology, by Batailhe ; mental diseases, by BaiUais ger, Gourses on various subjects are also given by other gen- tlemen at their own houses or private dispensaries ; on ban- daging and the minor operations of surgery, by Ribail; on diseases of Uxe eye, by Sichel and Desmarres ; on chemistry, by Robin ; on midwifery, by Gazeau, de Paul, Pajot, and Gampbell ; on anatomy, by Dennee; on pathology, by Dupr6, and Barcus. Eibairs course on bandaging is viery useful to students who may wish to acquire the ready use of the hand. The clinical lessons of Sichel and Desmarres are excellent. Their dispensaries are resorted to by poor patients from all quarters of Paris. The lectures of M. Bernard on experimental physi- ology should be followed by every student; the researches of this gentleman have completely altered our notions on many impoi'tant physiological points. At the Hopitai des Enfants Malades Dr. Guersant gives lectures on the diseases of chil- dren, and at the other hospitals private lessons are given by the internes, on percussion, auscultation, ajtd the diagnosis of disease ; (1) these ai*e very instructive, and are conducted by gentlemen of talent. The medical session commences early m November, and finishes in July. Many of the private courses continue until September ; dissections are not allowed in the summer, but (i) A certain number of students of medicine, surgery, and iJharmacy, varying ftpom 30 to 4o, are annually selected, after H ^oHc&wrs, to attend the sick in the hospitals of Paris for the pur- pose of practical instruction. They are called internes ; they re- main in o&kee for 3 years, and reeelve a yearly salary of 500 tt. 131. iJ pwnm ie itt»ry ig ptttmitted. Manyoftlielioqpililiaret^ te^ f&ettodoitg; where tidLets are requind, as at the IMtal M^mt, (faej may be obtained on applicatioii at the baren of ftbc^}itaI. For admissioD to the Hdfntal dcs Cliniquee, a CicietffloBt be obtained from the borean of the Facolty, at the ^coledelledecine. To Yiait the Lourdne, an ho^ital deroted to i2ie dueases peculiar to fonalea, a special order w Decenary, ^m^ the Bumber of students is limited. The principal hospital icMT iymg^ women in the me du Port Royal is doMd to every In the hospitals the visits of the medical officers take i at an early hour, usually at 7 or 8 a. m. i peculiar feature of the medical school of Paris is the "cmi- cohsb/' All appointmrats, from the lowest to the highest, ex^ the prdessorships, are determined by this test. A series o# ssbjects is selected, on which the competitors are oUised to beat both in vmting and orally ; these are detennined oy lot; each lesson is delivered in public and before the Faculty, mmdii must occupy an hour. Each candidate must moreover ^wHte a the^ on a subject selected by the judges, and defend &t publicly against his oppon^ts. The coficours is a severe ml, and, ^ough it affords a fair opportunity for the display «r talent, it is nevertheless open to some objections. The more weady may sometimes app^ to greater advantage than his las fluent although more highly gifted rival, and thus impose vpon the judges ; examples indeed are not wantmg of such a raiit* fiowever, the concoors is a test, and, if not altogether peri^ it isinfinitdy superior to the system pursued in Eng- land, where ^* preferment too often goes by fevouf," and the incompetente of the aqiiiant is only dlsoovefed when too late. From this slight sketch of the medical Befao<d of Paris, it is evident that it possesses some advantages over those of Great Britain. The most striking is the small cost s^ which a firsts rate education may be obtained, and the drcumstance that k man, however lowly his origin, and humMe his worl<fly ad*- vanlages in oth» respects^ may yet rise to the stmnnit of his proJSBssion by industry and talent alone, a fact strikin^y ilius- IraM by tiiie career of many (of the most distingnidied members of the profession in this country. The facilities for the study of practicai anatomy and operative surgery are certainly un- eqoaikd in any either school, and it is perhaps chiefly on this account tiiat Paris is so much resorted to by the students of oUier countries. The diagnosis of disease is in gieneral pursued With more care and method here than elsewhere, and the man" ner of interrogating patients and drawing up their eases is worthy imitation • Great adv«ttta^ are offefed la the ttudy of e^A patho- ^3B GENERAL INFORMAHON. logy, hospitals being set apart for patients afiOicted with dis- eases of the skin, those peculiar to infancy and old age, scro- fula, calculus, syphilis, and mental derangement; and perhaps in no other country will the student have equal opportunities of observing these affectioas. A season may indeed be well spent in Paris at the Hospital St. Louis, one of the largest in Europe, chiefly dedicated to cutaneous and scrofulous diseases. Physicians with a foreign diploma who may wish to practise in Paris must either submit to the prescribed examinations, and become members of the French faculty, or address a petition to the Minister of Public Instruction. The privilege is now rarely granted except under peculiar circumstances. The fee to French physicians for a visit is from 6 to 10 fr. (1) Officiers de Sante. — ^These are an inferior class of medical officers. Before passing tiie examination of officier de sante it is necessary to have studied : 1 . Six years under a doctor ; .2. or five years in an hospital ; 3. or 3^^ years in a prepara- tory school ; 4. or, if the candidate be provided with the diploma of bachelier es lettres, to have taken out 12 inscrip- tions in a faculty, which supposes three years of study. The examinations take place in Sept. and Oct. They are three in number: i. Anatomy; 2. surgery and pharmacy; 3. the elements of medicine. Besides this the candidate has to write a dissertation on a question of a practical nature. The expense of the examination amounts in all to 300 fr. Officiers de sante can only practise in the department where they have under- gone their examinaticm. In order to practise in another, a new examination is requisite. Closely connected with the medical schools, is the ,- Musi^E DupuYTREN, 15, rue de Tficole de Medecine.— This museum contains many curious and rare specimens, some probably unique. It is especially rich in diseased osseous itructures, and one or two of the luxations are exceedingly curious. The collection contains a heart in which the peri- cardium is wanting, and the extraordinary case published by Breschet, of the foetus within the substance of the walls of the uterus. In the centre of the hall are numerous specimens of diseases of the skin from various causes, modelled in papier- m^che. This museum is open to the public on Thursday from II to 3, to students daily, and to strangers on application. (i) It has been calculated that France had, last year, no less than 18,081 medical practitioners, and 5,372 apothecaries. Amongst the former 10,9 5 5 are doctors in medicine, and 7,126 ofUciers- de-sant^. Paris has 1,337 doctors in medicine, and 179 ofticiers- de-santd. On an average, 1 medical man for 763 inhabitants in Paris, and one for ^yery 1900 in the departments. MEDICAL iNSmunONS. )3«  Closed from September l to NoTember 1. (See page 414.) Amphitheatre of Anatomy for the hospitals of Paris, 17, rue du Fer a Moulin, on the site of the ancient burial-ground of Clamart. It consists of well-ventilated galleries, one story high, lighted from the roof, a museum, a theatre for lectures, and several small private rooms for dissections. Bodies are removed hither from the hospitals; the number here and at the £:cole Pratique exceeds 4 ,000 annually. (See p. 4 49.) Di- rector, M. Serres, who lives at the Jardin des Plantes, and to whom application must be made for admission to the lectures. Medical Botanical Garden. — ^For this see pp. 404, 434. £coLE et Maison d'Accouchement, 5, rue du Port Royal. — ^This school and hospital which occupies the buUdings of the Al)bey of Port Royal, rendered famous by the Jesuits and Pascal, was devoted to public uses in 1796. It contains in all 402 beds, of which 308 are for patients, and 94 for pu- pils, besides cradles for infants. Women are received here in their last month of pregnancy, but, in case of urgency or distress, they may be admitted in their eighth month, on pro- mising to take charge of their offspring. They are attended in their confinement by women, or, if need be, by the &urgeoni of the institution ; and, if their health admits of it, are re< moved from the hospital on the tenth day after their confine- ment. If, notwithstanding the promise above-mentioned, a 'Woman refuses to take charge of her child, a commissary of police is called in, who draws up the necessary declaration, and the child is sent to the Hopital des Enfants Trouves. If, on the contrary, a woman takes her child home, she receives a small sum of money, and a supply of clothing. Work of different kinds is provided for the women received here. The mean term of a patieut*^ abode here is 18 days. Medical students are excluded from this hospital, which is devoted to the instruction of young women educating as midwiv«s. (Ecole pour les Eleves Sages-Femmes,) The average number of pupils is 80, some of whom are maintained at tiicir own expense, others by different departments of France. 600 fr. &-year is the charge for board and instruction. After a course of two years, the pupils are examined by a jury, composed of the professor in chief and the physicians of the hospital, a commissary of the Faculty of Medicine, and a commissary of the Council-general of Hospitals, and are allowed to practise on receiving a diploma. The number of licensed midwives is about 450. Strangers are not allowed to inspect the hospital; The average number of patients received here is 4,000 : the taortallty is nearly 1 in 18. The average cost of a patient is 2 fr. 26 c. per day, physicians, Dubois, and Delpecb \ 14^ OHIB^L iNFdRlIAlf^. ftuit^iiy Mons. D^yau ; diief midwife, Mme. Gharrier. Egolb Dfi Pharmagie, 11, rue d6 1'Arbalete,— There are lo professors attached to this school, who lecture on pharmacy, chemistry, natural history, and botany. Apothecaries are examined here before tiiey can practise as such. (See p. 434.) This establishment has a botanical garden of its own. £g0LE8 IUPERIALES Vj^tl^RlNAIRES, ET BeRGERIES ImPE- RiALES. — ^The former are three in number, at Alfort near Paris, at Lyons, and at Toulouse* The latter, for the breeding and treatment of cattle, are at Rambouillet, Perpignan, La Haye, Vaux (Vosgcs), and Mont Carmel (Pas-de-Calais). IL HOSPITALS. — The geheral administration of the hospitals of Paris, created in February, 1801, is now merged in the Ad ministration of Public Assistance. (Seep. 122.) The military hospitals are Under the authority of the staff of the garrison of Paris. The Gonseil of Surveillance decides all administrative measures, and superintends the property, accounts, etc. of the hospitals and hospices. The bureaux of the administration are at 2, rue Neuve Notre Dame. (1) In all cases of emergency the medical man upon duty at any of the hospitals may receive a patient into his establish- ment. The head physicians also, at their morning consulta- tions, may receive into their hospitals such patients as they may think proper. Those who are not received in either of the preceding cases may obtain admission upon application at the Bureau Central d* Admission, opposite the cathedral of Notre Dame. This is a board of 1 2 physicians and 6 surgeons, ^ho relieve each other by rotation. From this body the hospital surgeons and physicians are selected as vacancies occur. They indicate the particular hospital for the patient, according to the nature of the complaint. Medical advice is also giv6n by the board to indigent persons, and children are vaccinated here on Thursdays and Sundays at 1 1 . This latter operation also takes place every Tuesday at. the mairies ; to encourage this useful practice, three francs are paid to the parents for every child; and children not having undergone the process are excluded from the free schools of Paris. All the civil hospitals of Paris are divided into three classes ; —1 . General Hospitals, open to those complaints for which a (1) It appears from the last general returns that the hospitals and hospices of Paris support every year (in round numbers) 13,000 aged and infirm men and women, receiving yearly nearly So,ooo patients, of whom 5,200 are always under cure or care ; of ehildren are yearly received 4,6oo, and t2,ooo are always out at nurse in the country ; 500 are apprenticed yearly. Besides this the directors grant relief yearly to 80,ooo indigent famUies, UOSFITALg. lit special hospital is not provided; of these the Hdtel IHeu is the principal ; 2. Special Hospitals, devoted to the sole treat- ment ot particular classes of disorders, as, for example, cu- taneous, mental, &c. ; and, 3. Hospices or Alms-houses. Those under the direction of the Council General of Public Aaustance are twenty-six. Upwards of 20 millions of francs have been expended since 1830 on the hospitals of Paris. (1) In 1 803 the population of Paris was 700,000, and the number of beds in the hospitals 5,e!20; in 1851, only 7,337, with a population of 1,100,000. (2) The total number of beds in the hospitals and hospices is at present 17,469. The reader will find all the necessary information coneeming the hospices, at p. 122. We here suhijoin a list of the hos- pitals or Paris, divided into two classes, general and speciaL General Hospitals. — Hdtel Dieu. — Consists of large build* ing^, separated by the southern branch of the river, divided ( t ) Ther » are in France i , 3 s 3 hospitals or liospices, the revenues of which amount to s 3,6 62, 093 fr.; i national hospital for the blind, 332,492 fr. ; 7,S99 bureaux de bienfaisance, 13,557,836 fr.; 40 monts de pi^t^, the annual loans of which are 48,oeo,ooo fr.; 3» asylums for the deaf and dumb; 4 school for the hlind, 156,699 francs; 144 foundling hospitals; 37 lunatic asylums receiving 4)826,168 tr,; and 1 Maison Imperiale at Gharenton, 459,875 ft*., making a total of 9,306 establishments, and an annual expenditure of 115,441,233 franes. (2) The following was the statistical condition of the above in- Blitutions for the year ending Dec. 31, 1854 (last return) .—Ganeral and Special H(»pt<a{ft.— Admissions, 68,863 medical, and 35,953 surgical cases. Cures, $b,067 medical, and 24,498 surgical cases.' Deaths, 10,479 medical, and 1,312 surgical cases. Average num- t>er of days passed in the hospitals by men 20*96 ; women, 20*77 ; ^y», 35'64 ; girls, 3f' 57. Mortality, men, 1 in 6*23 ; women, 1 in 7*25 ; boys, 1 in 5*46 ; girls, 1 in 5*84. The maximum of beds occupied occurred in March and December ; the minimum in July and August.— ffojpicea and Maiwm d« Retraite. — Admissions, i»>72i ; exits, 9,837; deaths, i,Sid. The financial condition of the Hospitals and Charitable Institu- tions dependent on the General Administration was as follows for 1854 : net receipts, 14,894,320 fr. ; net expenditure, 16,047,037 fr.; de&cieney, 1 , 153,8 17 fr. The receipts included, among other items, rents of land, houses, &c., ^,036,436 fr.; ra«(«f of the State, 1,844,810 fr.; Interest of capital lent to the City of Paris, ^&ii874 fr. ; contributions of theatres and places of amusement, <)i|2,&3irf.; dues from the Mont de Pi6t^, 97,os3fp. ; municipal subvention for the Enfants Trouves, 267,597 ; ditto of depi|rtment» Ui4i,s90 fr. ; annual eantribnUon of Paris, saf ,ft97fr. th^ expenses included : General Hospitala, 3,674,856 fir.; Sp^ cia^lBioapitals, i,»83,$»6fr.^ Maison Imp^ale do Sant^, if i,»6«fr.$ Maiiwns de *etr*it^, «o.*,*3a fr. ; HoapJcM, 4,ia4,53S fr, j BuUd^ ^ngs and repaiia^ iUr«4« fii4 OMvilabto tamdAtiona, 9ftft»«M fr4 141 fiENERAL tfnroil^'nON. into war^ for men and for women ; there are also gardens tot convalescents. The laboratory, pharmacy, laundry, &c., are all on a large scale. The Hospital is composed of three detached parts, connected by means of a covered bridge and a tunnel passing under the quay to the new buildings erected in the Enclos Saint JxUien. The modem portion of the Hotel Dieu in the Enclos Saint Julien contains 104 beds. The total num- ber of beds here at present is 8io. Thirty-three Augustinian nuns attend. In this house are received the wounded and sick, with the exception of children, incurable and insane persons, and those with cutaneous or syphilitic diseases. Ly- ing-in women are admitted only in cases of extreme necessity, there being a special hospital for that class of patients. (iSee p. 139.) The yearly average number of patients is 12,000, and the mortality 1 in 18. Physicians: Drs. Legros, Heurteloup, Piedagnel, Sandras, Guerard, Grisolle, and Trousseau. Sur- geons : MM. Laugier, P. Boyer and Jobert. Professional men ought not to neglect visiting the Hotel Dieu, since it may ber taken as a large model of the others. (See p. 309.) Hdpital Lariboisiere, Clos St. Lazare, a new hospital opened in 1 854. The same classes of patients as are admitted to the Hotel Dieu are received here. The number of beds is 612 ; twenty-four Dames de St. Augustin attend on the patients. Physicians: MM. Hervez de Chegoin, Pidoux, Bourdon, Tardieu, Pelletan, and Herard. Surgeons : MM. Voillemier and Chassaignac. (See p. 241.) The Hdpital de la PitiS, 1 , rue Lacepede, is a hospital an- nexed to tiie H6tel Dieu. The buildings are spacious, and contain 624 beds. The yearly average number of patients is 1 0,7 50 ; and the mortality 1 in 11*50. Physicians: Drs.Marrolte, Gueneau de Mussy, Gendrin, and Nonat. Surgeons : MM. Michon and out-door relief (Bureaux de Bienfaisance, &c.), 2,586,302 fr.; AdminislratioD, including physicians, i, 767,183 fr. ; Expenses of collection, &c., 350,000 fr. The average cost of each patient per diem was : — General Hospitals, 2 fr. 15 c; Special Hospitals^ 2 fr. 09 c; Hospices, i fr. 37 c; Maisons de Retraite, i fr. 47 c. The chief items of consumption in the hospitals and hospices in 1854 were : Flour, 2,424,34i kil.; bread, s,208,045 kil.; wine, 1,582,412 litres; meat, 1,328,554 kil. ; butter, 94,549 kil. ; milk, 1,125,251 litres. The total value of furniture and linen of every description belonging to the hospitals and hospices of Paris is about 5,000,000 fr. All public places of amusement pay a tax of 8 per cent, on their receipts towards the support of the hospitals. A heavy tax for their support is also levied on every piece of ground pur • chased for the purpose of burial in the cemeteries. Private mu- nificence contributes largely to their maintenance. HOffiRTALS* 143 Mamnheave. Clinical lectures by M. Becqtterel on Taesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays, at 9 a.m. Twenty-five sisters of Ste. Marthe attend. (See p. 454.) Hdpital de la Chariti, 45, rue Jacob. Clinical and medical schools have been established here. It contains 494 beds. The same diseases are treated as at the Hotel Dieu. The Dames de St. Augustin attend upon the sick. The yearly average of patients is 8,000, and the mortality 1 in 20. — Phy- sicians : Drs. Bernard, Rayer, Piorry, Cniveilhier, Bouillaud, and Briquet. Surgeons : MM. Velpeau and Jairin. (See p. 374.) H&pital Beaujon, 208, rue du Faubourg St. Honore. This fine hospital, spacious and airily situated, contains 440 beds. The annual average of patients is 5100; the mortality is 1 in 14. A new system of ventilation has been applied at this hospital, which answers admirably. It is well worthy the at- tention of all who are interested m the subject of hygiene. — Physicians: Drs. Barth, Behier, Gubler, andTessier. Surgeons: MM. Huguet and Robert. The patients are of the same class as those of the Hotel-Dieu, and are attended by the Sceurs de Ste, Marthe, (See p. 200.) Hdpital St, Antoine, 184, rue du Faubourg St. Antoine. — The patients here are of the same class as those of the H6tel Dieu, and are attended by 30 Sceurs de Ste. Marthe, The number of beds at present is 284. The average yearly number of patients is 4,800, mortality 1 in 22. Physicians : Drs. Moutard-Martin, Aran, and Oulmont. Siurgeon: M. Richet. (See p. 296.) B6pital Necker, 161, rue de Sevres. — Besides the cases of general disease treated at this hospital, there are 7 beds for mothers with infants at the breast, and two more, containing 12 beds, for calculary disease, under the care of Dr. Civiale, who gives clinical lectures there on Saturdays from 9 to H . The number of beds is 403. The yearly average number of patients admitted is 4800, and the mortality 1 in 17. — Phy- sicians : Drs. Monneret, Guillot, Bouley, and Vernois. Sur- geon: M. Lenoir. Twenty ScBwrs de Charite aiiend. (See p. 362.) Hdpital Cochin, 47, rue du Faubourg St. Jacques. The same cases are treated here as at the Hotel Dieu. The num- ber of beds is 1 2 5 ; and three Sceurs de Ste, Marie d*EspSrance attend upon the patients. The annual average number of pa- tients is 2,100, and the mortality 1 in 10. — ^Physician: Dr. ^au. Surgeon : M. Gosselin. (Seep. 442.) Special Hospitals. — Hdpitil St, Louis, — 40, rue Bichat. Though chiefly designed for the treatment of cutaneous dis- eases mi scrofula, it receives also cases 9? ac^^ toorders and t44 GENERAt ummMAnos. surgical caaeB. It had many patients danng the diolera. Male patients able to pay are received in a separate pavilion, at the rate of 2 fr. a-day. In-door patients, vho are able, are encouraged to work in the garden at 1 sou per hour. It contains 853 beds, the number of in-^)or patients having con- siderably diminished since the discovery of a new method for curing the itch, which is now performed in two hours. It has a large bathing-establishment for in and out-door patients, and is justly celebrated for its medicated and mineral baths, particularly those of a sulphureous nature. There is also a large vapour bath, admitting by distinct entries eight patients at the same time. Another, of a different construction, is fitted up with douches, &c. Upwards of 25,000 persons annually avail themselves of the baths, and in a single year 180,000 have been served. The average number of patients yearly is 9000, and the mortality 1 in 19. Gratuitous advice IS given by the medical men to the poor. — ^Physidanft : Drs. Gazenave, Devergie, Gibert, Bazin, and Hardy. Surgeons : MM. DenonviOiers and Malgaigne. There are also 10 internes for medicine, and 7 for pharmacy. The Dames de Sf . AugusHn attend. It has two clinical lecture-rooms. (See p. 257.) Hdpital du Midi, 15, rue des Gapucins St. Jacques. — ^This hospital is exclusively reserved for mlale syphilitic patients . It contains 336 beds, besides 2 1 for persons able to pay. All the attendants are males. The annual average number of patients is 3,300. — ^Physician : Dr. Puche. Surgeons : MM. Ricord and Philonnier. The clinical lectures of Dr. Ricord are very celebrated. Gratuitous advice given to out-door patients from 9 to Id. Mortality 1 m 257. (See p. 443.) Hdpital Umroim, 11 1 , rue de Lourcine, reserved for female syphilitic patients.— Contains 27 S beds, of which 226 are for adults, and 50 for children ; it is exceedingly well regulated. The average number of patients in the year is 2000, and the mortality l in 27. The nature of the diseases h^e treated being such as to make medical men rather unwilling to under- take the management of the patients, the Board of Health has imposed upon every physician desirous of a place in an hos- I»tal the obligation of passing some time in this, so that there are c(«itinual changes among the medical men attached to it. The actual physician is Dr. Bemutz; the surgeons, MM. Gullerier and Mor(d. Professional men easily obtain tickets. Hdpital des CUniques de la Facultd de MSdecine, Place de r£cole de Medecine. — ^This hospital, containing 134 beds, is appropriated to swgical diseases and midwifery. A course of midwifor^ is ^ven here to femafe aspirants to that professioo, wha durng their stay assist in the hospitati The average ffOfflHTAMJ Ui oomberof aeooucfaemeiitsis looo ft-year; thai of surgical cases 600. This is one of the most interestiiig medical ioati* tutions of Paris, and the only hospital of the kind to which stadeots are admitted. Clinicid lectares are given by the sor- geoo and physician, Nelaton and Paul Dabois, the latter for oiwtetrics. Strangers are not admitted to these lecturea without a card, to be obtained at the boreaa of the Faculty of the School of Medecine. (Seep. 416.) Hdpital des Enfants MakideSy 149, me de Sevres. — ^This establidiment, as its name denotes, is exclnsively devoted to the core of the diseases of dhildren. The salubrity of the air, and the neighbouring walks, contribute greatly to ttie speedy convalescence of the young patients. Gymnastics have beoi lately introduced here with ^reat advantage. It contains 666 beds. The children are admitted from 2 to 15 years of age. Gratuitous advice is also given tosick ctuldren in the neighbour- hood. The average number of patients yearly is 3525, and tho mortality 1 in 38. Physicians : Drs. Bouvier, Gillette, Royer, Bladie, and Bonneau. Surgeon : M. Guersant. The Dames de St. Thomas de Villeneuve attend on the patients. (See p. 363.) The Hdpital Ste. Eugenie, formerly Ste. Marguerite, 89, rue de Oiarenton, established in i8Ek4, under the patronage of the Empress, for the reception of sick children, contains 425 }}eds. Physicians: MM. Barthez, Legendre, Bouchut. Sur- geon : M. Marjolin. Ten Dames de St. Auguitin attend the patients. (See p. 295.) The Salpitrtere, 47, Boulevard de THdpital, which may be ranked among the hospices, is an hospital for incurable, epi- leptic, or lunatic female patients, and patients advanced in age. It contains 4,369 beds, of which 1,321 only are occupied by real patients. The physicians of this establishment are MM. Trelat, Gazalis, Moissonnet, Metivie, Leiut, Falret, and Bail- larger. Surgeon : M. Manec. (See p. 448.) The Hdpital Militaire du Val-de^dce contains 1500 beds. -—Physicians *. MM. Larrey , Legouas, Champouillon, and Mou- rner. Surgeon: M. Tholossan. (Seep. 432.) Connected with the hospitals are the following : Boulangerie G^n^ale, 13, Place Scipion. — ^This is the ge«  neral bakehouse for all the hospitals. (See p. 449.) Cave G^raUj 2, rue Notre Dame. — ^Here all the wines,' spirits, Sec, used in the hospitals are delivered. Pharmacie Centrale des Hdpitaux et Hospices, 47, Quai de la TourneUe. — X general dispensary, where medicines are prepared by steam* Etablissefdent pour Bkssis Indigents j 21, rue du Petit Muse. Surgeon^ Dr. Thi^jffy, «|45 GENEftit IHlMtATION* HdpitfU St' M^y, CloitrcSl. M^ry, for poor fMitidnts of the 7th arrond. It contains 7 beds for men, and 7 for women. The Jewish hospital recently erected by M. de Rothschild, at 76, rue de Picpus, contains loo beds in all, viz., 60 for patients, and 40 for the old and disabled. Physician : Dr. Brossard. Surgeon: Dr. Chonnow. (See p. 297.) There are also charitable societies for medical purposes, such as the : Sociite nationale de Vaccine ; SociStS inidicale ^Accmichement; SociM mSdico-philanthropique; Maison des sceuTS garde-^alades; SociH4 mMicale du Temple, &c. Besides hospitals, there arc certain establishments called Maisotis de Sant^, which receive patients, who pay various prices according to the accommodations they receive. They are conducted generally by a medical man of reputation, who boards, lodges, and attends the patients; they have gardens, and some are agreeable places for m'k people. Rooms con- taining a single or several beds may be had according to the means of tiie patients; and persons condenmed for political offences, whose health would be endangered by the confinement of a prison, are sometimes allowed to reside on their parole, and on the responsibility of the director of the establi^onent, in a Maison de SantA, Persons confined for debt in any of the prisons of Paris may be transferred to a Maison de SantS ; but the proprietor of the establishment is held responsible for fhe full amount of the debt due should the prisoner escape. The Maison Imp6riale de Sant6, 110, ruedu Faubourg St. Denis, is considered the best establishment of the kind. It eontains 150 beds. The number of patients admitted annu- afly is about 1600, and the average mortality 1 in 7. — Phy- iidan : Dr. Vigla. Surgeon : M. Demarquay. m. MEDICAL SOCIETIES.— The most important is the AoadSmie JmpSriale de MMedne, 51, rue des Saints Peres. —Previous to the revolution of 1789, there was an Academy of M^cine and another of Surgery. The former was created . in 1776, and the latter in 1731. Upon the formation of the Institute, the Medical Academy was annexed to the dass of the science. By an ordonnance of Dec. 20, 1620, the Aca- demy was restored, and definitively organized by decrees in 1829 and 1835. The object of its institution is to reply to inquiries of the government relative to everything that concerns the public health. The number of its resident members, now amounting to 114, is to be reduced to loo by extinction; so ttufd at present the Academy only nominates one member after three extinctions. It has besides 14 free members and 32 foreign a^Mdates, correspondents not incloded. The Academy holds public sittings «very Tuesday, at 3 o^doel* MEDICAL SOCIJEmSS. 147 I SociSti de MSdecine de Parts.— This society devotes its attention to epidemic diseases and the human constitation, and keeps ap a correspondence with physicians and scientific men in France and foreign countries. It publishes the Revue Medicale. President, M. Camus. Meets at the Hdtel de YiUe, Isf and 3d Friday of every month, at 3 P. h. SociSli de Medecine Pratique. — ^For the study and cure of epidemic diseases. It meets at the Hotel de Yille, the first Thursday of every month. President, Baron Paul Dubois. Soci4te de Chirurgie, rue de FAbbaye, No. 3. — Meets at the Hotel de Ville, on Wednesdays, at 7 p. H. Prcs., M. Deguise. Socidti d^Observation, for the reading and discussion of medical cases . — M . Louis is perpetual president . The meetings are at the Hotel Dieu, on Saturdays, but arc not public. SocUU Anatomique, one of the most interesting scientific societies of Paris. — ^The most curious specimens of morbid anatomy are brought to the society from the different hospitals. M. C luveilhier is the perpetual president . Meetings on Friday, in a loom attached to the Musee Dupuytren. The Parisian Medical Society, estiabiished in 1837, consists of English practitioners and students, as well as European medical men. The president is chosen annually. A library and reading-room are attached to this society ; its rooms arc at 44, rue Monsieur le Prince. Meetings every Friday evening. German Medical Society, 24, rue de FEcole de Medecine. This society meets every Monday. President, Dr. Medin. Soct^^e des Sciences M4dicales. At the H6tel de Ville on the 4th Friday of every month. President, Dr. Lemaitre Florian. Besides these, there are also the SociiteS MSdico-Pratimte and Midecine Vithinaire, at the Hotel de Ville; the SocUt6 Medicate d' Emulation, at the £cole de Medecine; the SociiUi deChimie Medicate de Paris, at 4, place de I'ficole de Me- decine; the Soci^ti de Pharmacie, 13, rue de FArbalete; and la Sociiti Biologique, at the Mus^e Dupuytren. PART !!• BESGR|PTi»N OP PARIS BY ARRONBISSEMENTS. The Palace of the Tuileribs. — ^This palace occupies the site of a rubbish^shoot and some tile^fields that existed in the time of Charles VL> 147 e, and had {umished Paris for four .J4S FIRST AteONBlSSBMBNT. cfinturieg. a) In 1318, Frands I. purchased a house erected l^S^y Dei Essarts ^ De Vflleroi, for l^^niother Lo^ Tsavoie, who found the air of the royal residence, ^e Pal^s des Tour^eUes in the Marais, unwholesome. In 1525 this princ^ gave the Hotel des Tuileries to Jean TierceUn, maitre SlWtdtothe Dauphin; it subsequenUy became the property of Catherine de Medicis, who had the present edifice begun as a residence for herself in 1564. P. Delonne and J. Bidlant erected the central pavilion, the two adjomuig ^g*. "»d the low pavilions by wWh they are terminated. Here her work stoDoed. for being alarmed by an astrological prediction bidding hCT Cwareof St. Germain, and the Tuileries bemg m the paridTof St. Germain UAuxerrois. she fixed her abode at the Hotel do Soissons. Under Henry IV. the palace was enlarged by Ducereeau and Duperac, who raised two other ranges of biildrng faced with large composite pilasters, aid ererted the lofty pIviUons at each end. Thiskmg also began the long galkry along the quay, and the works were terminated under Louis XHlT who fixed his residence in tiie palace. Under LouisXIV. Levau and d'Orbay added an attic to the centr^ bmld- in<« T niiis XIV resided in it occasionally until the buildmg of ^rwhl'the^urtentirelyforsookthecapitd. TheRe- ffSike of Orleans resided at the Tuilenesdunng themmonty ft LouS XV but from that period tUl the forced return of jiiTxVIfte families of pirsons officially attached to the S occupied it. This palace is inscribed on almost every na"e of the history of the first revolution. The mob entered it ?n June 20, 1792, and on Aug. 10 of the same year it was at- tacked and the Swiss guards massacred. It was the official re- sidence of the First Consul, and subsequently the imperial pa- lace In 1 808 Napoleon began the northern gaUery, to comnau- nicate with the Louvre. After the Restoration the Tudenes cLmued to be the chief residence of the Kmg and Royal Fa- milv After the revolution of 1830, when the people attacked and took the palace (July 29th), Louis PhSippe fixed Ins re- sidence in it, and continued to inhabit it tdl the 24th of Fe- bruary, 1848, when it was again myaded by the people, and the King made his escape. By a decree of the Proviaonal Govermient, dated Feb. 26th, 1848, which was never put mo execution, thU palace was to be thenceforth transformed into an asylum for invalid workmen. Durmg and after the insur- rection of June, it was used as an hospital for the wounded In 1 849 the yearly exhibition of pamtmgs was opened m it. At present it is the official residence of the Emperor. (I) The foundations of the old tile-kUns were discovered in om* «xc»Tatton» made In i»s«. Digitized by VjOOQ IC . ' PALACE OF THB TUILERIC8. 14^ ! Exterior. — ^The extreme length of the C^ade is 330 yards, i its breadth 36. Owing to the different periods at which it was f built, its architecture is not unifonn. The columns <m the ' lower story of the central fa^e are Ionic ; those on the second Conathian ; on the third Composite. The huildings on each side of the PavilUm de VHorloge consisted originally of a long gaUery to the south and the grand staircase to the north » erected in place of a similar gallery in the time of Louis XfV. ' Towards the garden, vaulted arcades extended in front of these galleries from the central pavilion, forming terraces on the top. Only one of these terraces now remains, the southern ooe ; the other has been replaced by a staircase. The extreme pavilions are remarkable for their lofty windows, and still more unusually lofty roofs and chimneys. That towards the Seine is called the Pavilhm de Flore; the opposite one Pavilion Marsan. Interior. — ^The entrance to the ex-King's private apartments, wMch have now been fitted up for the Empress, and are not visible to strangers, is by the Pavilion de Flore; they are on the ground floor of the southern wing, and were formerly oc- cupied by Marie Antoinette. The antechamber and the Salle des Aides-de-camp led to the Grand Cabinet du Rot, where the ex-King used to give private audiences. This was the room in which Louis Philippe consented to his abdication. (1) Then (i) Some brief particulars conceming that memorable event cannot fail to interest the reader. In the course of the night of February 23d, barricades had been erected in all the streets of the metropolis. At s o'clock in the morning, M. Emile de Girar- Ain, Ihe chief editor of the Presse^ arrived at the Tuileries, where he found MM. Thiers, Odilon Darrot, de R^musat, Duvergier de Hauranne, and Lamorici^re, apparently unconscious of what was going on. After a brief consultation, these gentlemen hastily drew up a short proclamation announcing the formation of a Thiers-Barrot ministry, and the dissolution of the Chamber of Deputies. M. de Girardin immediately took it to ihe printing- office of the Presae to get it printed. But ihe insurgents, when they learned its contents, ridiculed it and would not allow it to he stuck on the walls. M. de Girardin then returned to the l^uileries, and, having previously informed Marshal Bugeaud of what bad taken place, was admitted into the royal cabinet. 7he King was in an arm-chair near the window ; MM. Thiers ^(^ K^musat were leaning against the chimney-piece. '* What is the matter, M. de Girardin?" asked the King.—** Sire," was the answer, " your Majesty is losing most precious momenls; ^^ a bold measure is not at once adopted, in an hour royalty ^Ul be no more!" These words, confirmed by M. MeiTuau, editor of the Corutitutionnel, created unbounded astonishment. After a moment of desponding silence, the King said : ** What 18 to be done?"—" Your Majesty must abdicate," answered U* de Girardin,—*,* Abdicate ?"-~** Tes, Sire, apd confer the r^ no fnurr fpliUrarid tte KiBg's fNrnrate stiidy, sj^nnf^y gttt, uul OMdM^y furnished; his Cabinet de Toilette, hun^ with bluQ damask, and adorned with a picture by Bloiadel, representiag the three gency on the Duchess of Orlean»» for the Duke of Nemour* would not be accepted."—*' Tho King then rose and said :

• • Gentlemen, do you wish me to mount on horseback?" This

was not approved of; M. de Montpensier stepped forward and urged the King to abdicate. The King replied : ** I abdicate...** — ** And is the regency of the Duchess of Orleans accepted?" asked M. de Glrardin. At this moment the report of musketry began to be more distinctly heard; it became evident that the Tuileries might soon be attacked. *'*' Go, go, M. de Girardin," exclaimed the King. M. de Girardin obeyed, and attempted to reach the office of the Presse, in order to have a proclamaticn printed with the greatest possible expedition. But finding his progress impeded by countless barricades and dense crowds of armed people, he returned to the Tuileries. The entrance was thronged with persons who had repaired thithei^ to learn tho real state of affairs. He was recognized by a few, to whom he hurriedly communicated the important news of which he was the bearer ; whereupon they advised him to draw up the pro clamation on the spot, which be did, and wrote several copies of it, which were immediately passed from band to hand, and despatched to be posted up. All this time the Cbftteau d*Eau, on the Place du Palais Royal, was being defended against a large number of insurgents by a handful of detennined municipal guards and a small detachment of troops. Although about 8,000 men, consisting of infantry, cavalry, and artillery, were sta- tioned but a few steps off in the court of the Tuileries, no rein forcement was despatched to their assistance. Meanwhile the King had sent for Marshal Bugeaud, who had been ready to take the command of the city a few hours previous ; but the marshal told him frankly that the hour for repressing the insurrection had gone by. In the dismay following such an announcement, the Royal Family were alarmed by the increasing sound of musketry. The defenders of the GhlLteau d'Eau had just been overcome, and the victorious multitude were approaching the Tuileries. The palace might easily have been defended ; but the King, informed of the partial defection of the National Guards and of the troops, who had quietly surrendered their arms to the people, resolved nat to resist, in the hopo that timely resignation might remove any opposition on the part of the people to the accession of the Count of Paris to the throne. He therefore gave orders not to oppose any resistance to the peo- ple. A few minutes afterwards the excited multitude penetrated into the Court. The King resolved upon flight, and the Monarchy of 1830 was no more. A few random shots were fired from the ranks of the insurgents, one of which laid a young aide-de- camp, who had been the bearer of the King's last order, dead OB the spot. In a few moments afterwards, the late abode of royalty was uaresistingly iBTad«d by the people, who were far PAUcf «f van wftrnm- <«f I Graeeg; the King and Queen's iMd-room; and, liMrtly, the ' Queen's Ca6»n«l (fo. 7oi^<^6 and adjMiiiitf batb-rocm, which / were of the greatest simplicity. (1) Maaame Adelaide, tha ^ Prince and Princess de Jouville, and their respective suites, lodged in the same pavilion. The PaviUon Marsan at tha northern end, with part of the lateral gallery called the New Gallery of the Louvre, was occupied by the Duchess of Or* leans, the Goiote de Paris, the Duke and Duchess of Montpea- , sier. and their households. The DulLe and Duchess de Nemoors, and the Duke and Duchess d'Aumale also occupied apartp ments in this pavilion. The upper stories and entresols con- tain apartments for attendants, corridors, etc. At present the state apartments are the only portion of the palace viaiUe ta strangers with a qiecial ticket (see p. iv.j, but only when the Emperor is absent. The stranger is conducted up a staircase situated between the Pavilion de Marsan and the Pavilion de VHorloge, called the Escalier de la Chapelle, and which gives access to the Antichambre de la Chapelle. Here the ceiling, brought from Vmcennes, where it adorned the sleeping apartment of La Heine Kanche, is worthy of notice, both for its antiquity and frooi expecting bo easy a victory. While the eplendid Baloons ^d chambers of the palace were thus receiving (not for the first time) their revolutionary masters, a far different scene wu proceeding in the Garden of the Tuileries. Persons stationed on the balconies of the rue de Rivoli, a few minutes before one o'clock, could see a mournful procession, wending its way along the southern terrace of the garden. The King, accom- panied by some National Guards on horseback and about so of- ficers in uniform, emerged from the western gate, lending his rtght arm to the Queen. Both were dressed in black. His suite addressed the few persons on the Place de la Concorde with the words : '* Une grande infortunel " Louis Philippe and his consort, after stopping a moment on the very spot where SS years before Louis XVI. had been beheaded, retraced their steps to where two small black one-horse carriages were stationed. Two very young children were in the first. The royal couple entered the yehicles, and immediately set off at full gsliop along the quays in the direction of Saint Cloud, never to return. (i) After the 24th of February, is 48, a numerous party of ^meutiera installed themselves in the palace with some loose girls, made free with the ex-King's wine-cellar and provisions, and celebrated their orgies night and day in the most sump- tuous apartments. The King and Queen's bed-room was turned into a dining-room, and, as might be expected, everything be- longing to them was made subservient to the will of those lords of the hour. .It was not till afler the lapse of ten days that the Provisional Government felt itself suf&ciently strong to turn %m out by ms^n force, elaborate workmanship. To the left on entering, a door opens into the Foyer du Thidtre, which leads to the Theatre, an elegant saloon with a vaulted ceiling, supported by Ionic columns all around, two tiers of boxes, and the pit. A range of much smaller boxes runs immediately below the ceiling. This thea- tre, which is capable of accommodating 800 spectators, is used as a supper-room when balls are given at court. Returning to the Antichambre de la Chapelle, a door opposite to the former leads to the Salle des travees, or Salon de la Chapelle, from which doors communicate with the state pew of the Chapel. This and the following saloons are all decorated with gilt panel- lings, arabesques, &c., upon a white ground. The Chapel, wMch occupies the ground and first-floor, is plain, with a gal- lery and ceiling resting upon Doric columns of stone and stucco. The badustrade of the state-pew is decked with red velvet, em- broidered in gold. In this chapel there formerly stood a cele- brated organ, which was destroyed during the revolution of 1789. Adjoming the SaUe des travSes is the Antichambre de VEscalier d'Honneur, which has a ceiling similar to that al- ready noticed in the other antechamber, and also brought from Vincennes. The Escalier d'Honneur, which extends in a direct line to the Pavilion de VHorloge, is crowned above with a balustrade of bronze and polished steel. Its ceiling rests upon Corinthian columns, which give it an appearance of grandeur suitable to the palace. The antechamber gives access to the Salle de la Paix, formerly Salle Louis Philippe, To those who saw it in June, 1848, when filled with National Guards taking a hurried nap on trusses of straw, with a mutilated equestrian statue of Louis Philippe over the mantel-piece, the contrast at present is magical. This splendid hall, which is used as a ball room, is l4o feet long by 35 broad, and receives light from ten casements looking into the court of the Tuile- ries. Its ceiling is supported by couples of engaged colunms fluted, with ivy leaves for cablings, now gorgeously gilt. Over the mantel-piece is an equestrian portrait of the present Emperor, by Muller ; the panels, corresponding to the windows opposite, are filTed with immense mirrors. Two colossal chandeliers, of crystal and gilt bronze, presented to Louis Phi- lippe in 1842 by the King of Holland, flank the entrance from the antechamber, while at the opposite end is placed a silver statue of Peace, chiselled by Chaudet, which was voted to Napoleon I by the City of Paris after the peace of Amiens ; it is flanked by two marble columns supporting antique busts. The visitor now enters ihe Salle des Marechaux, the splendour of which it is difficult to surpass. It occupies the two upper «torie8 of U)6 Pmlfon d^ fSorloge, and ip qrowned with i PALACE OF THE TCILSRIES; 153 lofty quadrangnlar ceiling, richly sculptured and ^Minted, round the hase of which runs a gallery, supported by a bold projecting cornice all around, except facing the windows, where four colossal caryatides, copied from those by Jean Goii> jon in the Louvre, and gilt from head to foot, perform the of- fice of supporters. The names of the great battles fought un- der the firet Empire are inscribed on the walls over this gallery. B^ow, the busts of distinguished generals and naval com- manders stand all around against the walls, while the follow- ing portraits of Marshals of France adorn the panels : Berthier, Prince de Neufch&tel ; Joachim Murat ; Moncey, Due de Gonegliano ; Jourdan ; Soult ; Brune ; Lannes, Due de Monte- bello ; Mortier, Due de Trevise; Ney, Prince de laMoscowa; Davoust, Prince d'Eckmuhl ; Kellerman, Due de Valmy ; and Bessiere, Due d'Ystrie. The furniture and curtains are green velvet and gold. It is used as a ball room on state occasions. A door conmiunicates with a small but elegant apartment, opening into the gallery which runs round the top of the Escalier d'Honneur. From the Salle des Mardchaux the visitor enters the Salon Blanc, formerly Salle d'Attente, now used as a card room. The decoration of the walls is, as usual, gold on a white ground ; the furniture, green silk, damask, and gold. The carpets of this and the next three rooms are of Gobelins manufacture, and have cost 1,000,000 fr. Next fol* lows the Salon d'Apollon, containing a fine painting, by Mi- gnard, of Apollo and the Muses. The ceiling represents Apollo ushering in the day. From this we enter the Salle du Trdne, a splendid apartment. The hangings are of dark red velvet of Lyons manufacture, with palm leaves and wreaths wrought in gold. The throne, facing the windows, is surmounted by a canopy of the same, with the letter N in small medallions ; the dfrapery depending from it is studded with bees embroi- dered in gold. The chair stands on a plinth, accessible by three semi-circular steps, and on the velvet drapery behind it is an escutcheon with the imperial eagle encompassed by a wreath, surmounted by a helmet with the imperial crown. The sceptre and hand of justice form a cross intercepted by the escutcheon. Next comes the Salon Louis XIV,, the furni- ture of which is red damask and gold. Over the mantelpiece is a portrait of Anne of Austria, with Louis XIY. and the Duke of Orleans as children, by Mignard ; between the windows a full length portrait of Louis XIV. in his "othyear; and oppo- site, Louis XIV. presenting his grandson, Philip V., to the Grandees of Spain. The last of this suite of state rooms is the Galerie de Diane, being the dining-room, 176 feel long by 33 in breadth, a fine apartment of thQ time of Louis ^U, It haa 154 mST AULCnBHSaBIINT. six windowi, tibe intenrcniAg spaceB aad tiM widl tjfpodid hemg filled wkh eigl^ paintiogs by Mignard, nqpresenliiig my- thdogical subjects. To tiie right of the entrance is a small bronze equestrian statue ol Louis XIV standing on a pedestal, and at the q>posite end is a fine table of Florence mosaic. The curtains are of green dama^. This diniDg-room is only used on state occasions, when the guests ass^oible in the Salk des Mar^haux. Behind these rooms is a suite looking into the garden, which are inhabited by the Emperor, and are not shown to visitors. The first of these was the bUliard- room under Louis Philippe, formerly \he apartment of the gentleman in waiting of the King, from which a door opens on the terrace that extends from the Pavilion de VHorloge to the Pavilion de Flore, Adjoining this is a large square room, where Louis Philippe and his family used to receive friends privately of an evening; it was called the Salle de Famille. This was the bed-room of Louis XYIII, in which he died. Next came the Cabinet des Dames, with a bath-room at- tached, and the Private Library, formerly the study of Napo- leon I.; here were signed the ill-fated ordinances of July, 1830, which brought about that revolution. The following, t he Salon Bku, was the Emperor's reception room . Then came the Salle du Conseil, which contained some excellent paint- ings by the best modem masters, including Isabey, Granet, Mercey, Ouvrie, S^^on, &c. The suite ended with the Salle de Mars, formerly the Salle des Gardes under Charles X. A fee is usually given to the domestic that conducts the visitor. Garden of the Tuileries. — ^A street, called the rue des Tuileries, formerly ran between the palace and the garden ; but was suppressed in 1665, when Le Notre was entrusted by Louis XIV. with the care of laying out the latter. It is encompassed by two parallel terraces on the north and south runnii^ from the extreme pavilions of the palace. Its length is 225Cffeet, and its width 990 feet. The southern terrace is the more elevated and wider of the two, and affords by far the best view of the Seine and of the palace, from which a subterranean passage leads to it. That on the north is known as the Terrasse des Feuillants, so called from a convent that stood there before the revolution of 1789. Near it was the Manege, or riding-school, where the National Assembly held its sittings. A handsome iron railing, with gilt spearheads, separates it from the rue de Rivoli. A broad avenue leads from the Pavilion de THorloge to the western entrance on the Place de la Concorde, still called the Pont-tournant, from a swi^g bridge whidi existed there before 1789, leading over the fosse, now filled up. Immtdiately in front of the palace ape two GAiMsr <MP TIB miMsm, lis flftiircrfEardaii, teparaUd f ran the broad walk betwean them and tfaeresl of tbe garden by foeak, and mdoeed with aetted iron raSing^. A large portioB of the garden thenfottowt, laid oat in the style of Louis XIV. Three drcular basins, and numerous groups of statues adorn this part of the garden. To the west is a grore divided by the long avenue before men- tioned ; it is 611ed with fine-grown chesnut trees, elms, planes, and lianen, yielding a deep shade in summer, and boldly con- trasting with the gayer beauties of the flower-garden. West of the grove is a lai^e octagonal basin of water, and some smaller parterres. Adj<Hning the Terrasse des FeuiUants, is the Allde des Orang&rs, so called from a fine collection of orange trees which are placed here every amomsr. This alley with the adjoining terrace is the most fashionable and delightful promenade of Paris, both in summer and in winter ; during the sunny hours of the latter, and in the cool evenings of the former season, all the gayest of the capital are to be found here, sitting on chairs, which are let out at two sous a-pieoe, walking or con- versing. On Sunday afternoons, the crowd, if not so select, is much more numerous, and the alley of orange trees frequently forms a compact mass, preseoting every variety and edour of dress which happen to be the fashion of the hour. This garden is also the favourite rendezvous of children and elderly people of both sexes, the former of whom come there for exercise and air, the latter for repose and warmth. The parterres and wall of the northern terrace a^ the western end, having a southern exposure, are the wannest parts of the garden. Here children uid old people swarm like bees on a sunny winter's day; whence its name of La Petite Provence. In eadi of the two groves of chesnut4rees is a hemieycle of white marble, lately repaired, with a small enclosure in front, laid out as a garden, having statues of Atalantaand Hippomenes at the comers, and in the c^tre of each, a marUe statue, of good execution ; that on ttie side of the Terragse des FeuiUantg representing Autumn, and that on the opposite side. Spring. These hemicycles, called Carres d'Atalante, were eonstracted in 1793 by the Convention after tiie designs of Robespierre. They were intended as seats for the areopagus of <^d men who w«re to preside over the floral games dedicated to youth. The northern terrace is occupied by embowered seats; on the' southern one is a new orangery, near which two marble Bphynxes, six Muses, and other trophies brought frcm Se- bastopol have just been placed. The terraces afibrd an ex- cellent view of the Place de la Concorde. There is a great deal of good s<»ilpture in the garden of the Tuileries. The piers of the westem entrance are graced with two spirited 156 . FIRST ARRONDISSEMENT. groups, by Goysevox, one of Mercury, the other of Fame, on winged steeds. The comers of the western terraces are adorned with two colossal marble lions, copies from the antique. On the same terraces on either side of the entrance are the nine Muses, and Apollo. Below, west of the basin, are four mas- terly groups in marble, viz., from north to south, 1, the Tiber, by Bourdot ; 2 , the Loire and the Loiret, by Vaucleve ; 3 , the Seine and Marne, by Coustou ; 4, the Nile, by Bourdot. On either side of the central grove, on the opposite side of the basm, we remark two statues of Bacchus, a Vestal by Legros, termini representing the 4 Seasons, Hannibal, by Sloedtz, Scipio Africanus, by Cous- tou, and Cornelia. In the northern grove, we see a Centaur subdued by Cupid, and a fine group of Castor and Pollux. In the opposite grove is a copy in marble of the well-known boar, of which the Grecian original is preser red in the Gallery of Florence, where another copy in bronze by Tacca adorns the Mercato Nuovo. Next comes a group of two Wrestlers, by Mangin; and another of Bacchus and Hercules. At the eastern extremity of the groves are statues of the Diane a la Biche, the Famesian Flora, Trajan, and the Famesian Hercules, placed alternately with four vases. West of the central basin of the flower-garden are four magnificent groups, representing, the rape of Cybele by Saturn, by Regnaudin ; Lucretia and Colla- tinus, by Lepautre; JEueas bearing Anchises, and leading Ascanius, by Lepautre ; lastly, Boreas carrying off Orythya, by Marsy and Fiamen. Opposite are Pbaetusa transformed into a tree, and Atlas into a mountain. At the northern extre- mity of the alley crossing the flower-garden are : Prometheus chamed to- a rock, by Pradier, and Theseus killing the Mmotaur, by Ramey junior. At the southern extremity we find Alex- ander fightmg, by Devaismes, and a Spartan soldier, by Cortot. Opposite to these, on a basement encompassed by a flight of stairs leading to the southern terrace, is a broDze figure of Ariadne slumbering ; and, in a niche on another flight of stairs further west, is the death of Lais, by Meusnier. At the eastern extremity of the same terrace are two bronze lions, by Barye, ohe of which is represented kiUing a serpent. Opposite is an enclosure, adjoming the Pavilion de Flore, with a statue of Talma, in the character of Sylla, by David d' Angers. At the corners of the parterres parallel to the walk which skirts the private gardens of the palace, there are statues of Pericles, by De Bay; Phidias, by Pradier; Cincinnatus, by Foyatier; the Labourer, by Lemaire; Spartacus, by Foya- tier ; Themistocles, by Lemaire ; Cato of Utica, by De Bay ; and Philopcemen, by David. Opposite to them are graceful figurei^ of Pianft, Flor^, Veous, and a Sylvan Nymph, by PfcACS btJ CAtlAOtTSEL/ 157 Couston and Coysevox. At the extreme corner ot the sooth- em part is a statue of Ulysses and his dog Argus. In the parterre is a bronze cast of Laocoon, and, further on, the Diana and the Apollo Belvedere in bronze. At the comers of the avenue of the Pavilion de THorloge are the celebrated statues of the Venus Pudica, (1) and the Arrotino, or Whetter, cast in bronze by the Kellers in 1688. Before the entrance to the palace, and along the front, are 4 lions, and in the northern parterre some fine bronze casts of Antinous, Venus de Medicis, and Apollo killing the serpent Pjrthon ; in the last enclosure, ad- joining the Pavilion Marsan, is Orestes, in marble by Chambard. A great number of handsome vases are interspersed. Facing the Allee des Grangers is a statue of Hercules holding a Pygmy, by Bosio, cast in bronze by Carbonneau ; and at the opposite extremity is a marble statue of Meleager. The garden is open from 7 in the morning till dusk in winter, and till 9 in summer. It is then cleared by beat of drum, and a company of soldiers. We must now invite the visitor to leave the garden of the Tuileries by the lateral gate on the river-side, and to follow the quay eastward, until he reaches one of the arched entrances which give access to the far-famed Place du Carrousel, and the stupendous edifices which encompass it. Before entering it, he will do well to cast a glance at the inmiense length of the Southern Gallery of the Louvre, which wa5 com- mmenced under Charles IX. by Ducerceau, built as far as the central pavilion, called Pavilion Lesdiguieres, by Hen- ry IV., and continued to the Tuileries by Louis XIV. The earlier or eastern portion, terminating at the above-mentioned pavilion, partakes of the style of the Renaissance, with rus- ticated Tuscan pilasters supporting a range of mezzanini ; while the windows of the upper story, occupied by the ^ ele- brated collection of paintings belonging to the Imperial Mu- seum, are surmounted by alternate triangular and s^mental pediments. The whole of this portion is elaborately and most beautifully sculptured, and monotony obviated by an interme- diate pavilion of elegant design, but lately the entrance to the BibliothSque du Louvre (See page 161). The western portion has no mezzanini, and its pediments rest on coupled Corinthian pilasters rising from a atylobate. One great defect of this gallery was its length, the general view from the opposite bank being unrelieved by any prominent object ; this has been in a great measure corrected by the recent additions which, towering above its roof, opportunely break the long (1) It was behind this statue that Henry placed himself, July 39th, 1946, i7hen be fired at liOUis Philippe. Digitized by VjOOQ IC i&B FiBST kMLiasmasmsm. mathemalical Une which, while it tired the eye, leasenedia i4fi rigid perspective the elevation of the pile. We may now enter the Place dd Carrousel, which derives its name from a great tournament held here by Louis XIV. in 1662. As we can- not, at one view, convenieutly embrace the whole, let us first turn our eyes towards the Tuileries, — the spacious Court of which, separated from the square by an elegant iron railing with three entrances, two of which are adorned with statues of Victory, Peace, History, and France, communicates by arched gateways with the Rue de Rivoli on the north (1), and the Qua! du Louvre on the south (2). Before the central gate of the railing stands the Triumphal Arch, erected by order of Napoleon in 1806, under the direction of Percier and Fontaine. It is 60 feet by 20 at the base, and 45 feet high, and consists of a central and two smaller lateral arches, each of which is intersected by a transversal arch of equal height. Eight Corinthian columns of red Languedoc marble, with bases and capitals of bronze, adorned with eagles, support the entablature. The attic is surmounted by a figure of Victory in a triumphal car and four bronjEe horses, modelled by Bosio from the famous Corinthian horses brought hither from the Piazza of St. Mark at Venice, but restored by the Allies in 1 8 1 5 . Over each column, stands a marble figure of a soldier of Napoleon*s army, in the uniform of the several corps, and over each of the smaller archways is a marble bas-relief representing memorable events of the cam- paign of 1805. That over the right-hand arch, looking from the Place du Carrousel, is the Victory of Austerlitz ; that to the left, the Capitulation of Ulm. Over the transversal archway on the south side, is the Peace of Presburg, and on the north, the Entry into Vienna. Over the right-hand archway looking from the Tuileries, is the interview of the Emperors; over the ieft, the Entry into Munich. During the Restoration these bafr- reliefs were exchanged for subjects taken from the campaign of (i) This court was principally formed by Napoleon I. Where the iron rails stand there were rows of houses and sheds before the revolution of it 89 ; and this circumstance materially facili" tated the attack on the palace by the mob on August lo^ 1792. Napoleon used to review his troops in this vast court. During and for some time after the insurrection of June, 1 848, as also after the events of December, I85i, troops were stationed here, and the court bore the appearance of a camp. The troops who mount guard at the Tuileries are inspected here daily in fine weather, at about 10 o'clock, with music, f (S) it was at the inner corner of this entrance that Alibaud posted himself on June %if i^u, t« fire at bouia Philippe^ tm HEW LOeVKB. iS9 the Doke d'AngouMne in Spain, in IS23. The former were, howerer, restored in 1830. This arch cost 1,400,000 fr. We may now examine more at leisure the yarions buildings enclosing the vast rectangle called the Place da Carrousel and its recent addition, the Place NapoUon Hi. The southern gaflery, already described on the side facing the Seine, here presents a series of pediments, alternately segmental and tri- angular, resting on coupled Corinthian pilasters, and barged with rarious deyices. The same design is repeated in the northern gallery, built by Napoleon I. as far as the Pavilion de Rohan, which stands opposite to, and is the counterpart of, the Pavilion Legdiguiires, already mentioned. The Place du Carrousel has four principal issiies, communicating respec- tiTely with the Rue de Richlien and the Rue de TEchelle on the norttiem side, and with the Pont Royal and Pont du Gar^ rousel on the other. At the two pavilions aboye mentioned commence the bufldings now commonly called the New Locitre. — ^The idea of oonneeting the Tuileries with the palace of the Louvre is not one of recent date, and Bernini is stated to have been the first to conceive it, and to have communicated it to Louis XIV. At that time, however, a whole town might be said to intervene between the two palaces ; the Rue St. Nicaise, the Rue de Chartres, and other ulthy streets branched out into the magnificent space now before us, and, as late as 1850, it was no easy matter when ^e ground was slippery to descend the rugged lanes which flanked one of the most splendid palaces of the world, while the Rue da Carrousd, which traversed the space now called l^ace Napoleon III., was lined with unseemly sheds, where day cheap commodity might be found from the second-hand ^k to the rusty nail. The dder Napoleon was the first to dapple with the abomination, by making room for the nor*- thern gallery ; and, having resolved to carry out Bernini's idea, he commissioned the architect Fontaine to prepare designs for the union of the two palaces. Political events prevented the execution of this magnificent plan ; nor was it revived until the reign of Louis Philippe, when it was again thwarted by party squabbles and intrigues. In 1848, the last document signed by the Provisional Government was a decree for the completion of the Louvre. Up to that time, 'ipwards of fifty different plans had been presented by various emment architects, whose chief aim was to conceal the defect of parsdlelism existing between the two palaces. In 1849, MM. Yiscottti and Trelat submitted to the L^lative Assembly a plan, the chief featore of Which was that the new buikhi^ ^m be adafte4 to the reeeptiofi of the JKMio&al Libfury «f 1((0 PIB5T ASRO1!t0>fSSBMEST» the Rue de Richelieu. This condition proved iatal to th^prO^ ject, and the matter was again allowed to slumber until 1852, when the present Emperor, then President of the Republic, decreed a sum of 25,000,ooo£r. for the purpose. The first stone of the new edifices was laid in. July* (of that year, and the works commenced after the designs and under the direeUon of M. Yisconti. That able architect dying in 1S53, the ma- nagement devolved upon: M« Lefuel^ who introduced smue slight alterations in the original designs. The rapid complcition of this colossal undertaking is one of the most remarkable facts of modern times^ especially when we consider the. im- mense public works in progress at the same, moment. The general plan of the New Louvre comprises two vast lateral piles of buildings, projecting at right angles from the southern and northern gsdleries^eipectively^.ao.^d to^fonn the eastern boundary of the Place du Carrousd ; then turning into the Place Napoleon III., where , they, present on each ^4^ a frontage of 180 metres, intersected by jUb^^ sumptuous p^vi- lions . The space between the. two* * corote^, pavillp^s , jifi^ ' U5 metres. The defect of parall^mjaboye<|Llli|ded U^ Jis,,eff^ctU' ally masked by two octagoj^l gardiens (Ij en^o^ <with elegant iron railings, occupying t^e c^ntr^ sp|Mp^, jnuchJA the style of the London squaiies. . Tfa^ese^ardj^ps ^^tQ,|[)e f|doi^9d with equestrian statues of Louis XI^. ^.JC^^poleon I. ..,Jhe old galleries and the pavilions are ^qo^e^t^ by s{){M^u&^'- caded porticos, closed wit^ ba],iistra)die$^..i|ipd(9u^oun^by terraces on a level with the .fir^t, ^|;Qry, wji^ch aire decor^ with statues of the mosl: iU,«s|^rious , mien of F^i^anpe. (s^) j^y >3 of the best Frepch arti^s. The a^fa^e? are frou^ .^th (1) Here stood the £l<^^{ ife j&Qn9[uMtUflv^beDce>«inmatBd^e intrigues of the Fronde duBing Ahe <mmopiity of I>wiw XVf*v a** on the site of the southera building wm t^aqluiPeh.of St.Thpa»»«  du Louvre, built in i j 87 by Robert, Count of Dreuj^. On th^ J sth of October, 1739, the. roof suddenly gave way during oiyine ser- vice, causing great loss of life. It was subsequently ced6d fo the Protestants, who afterwards cxchaHged it for the'Oratblrc. ' (2) Those placed up to thepr^Jewt ttttte- are 'as follows :--0n the Carrousel, from tbePaviUcn.de Rohan etafitntatneya^i^ftcaKl, M^zeray, Moli^re, Boileau,FAnfHo|i,:L«r9chieE6u«iii|ltrafidP*J^^' neille. On the north side of the Pl^peNs^pol^oiu IIL, t^st f^c^iian : Gr^goire de Tours, Rabelais, Malherhes,.Ai}ailard, Colbert, Ma- zarin, Buflfon, Froissard, J. J. Rousseau, arid Montesquieu. - 2d sect. : Mathieu Mol^, Turgot, St. Bernard, Labruyfire, Suger, De Thou, Bourdaloue, Racine, Voltaire, and Bossnet; opposite, on the south wing from the Louvre, tst seat.: Sully, Dneerceau, Le- mercier, Jean Goujon, Houdon, Richelieu; Vauban, Montaigne, Descartes, and Dup^rac ; 2d sect, : Dagnesaeau, Mansard; PouBsiii» Audran, J, 3ftrrazin, Coustou, Let}u^ur, C, femuit, FJuUppe d& THE louvBE. Hel I engaged Corinthian columns, and the spandrilg of the arches I are elaborately and beautifully sculptured with wreaths, j dowers, etc. The comer and extreme pavilions are fronted I with two. pairs of Corinthian columns supportmg an equal ' number of Composite ones surmounted by groups of genii ; the ceotral pavilions have four of the same design. All the pedi- meotsof these pavilions are enriched with the most complicated alf^orical sculpture, and supported by caryatides. The triangular pediments of the central pavilions contain the following subjects in alto-rilievo : southern pavilion, Napoleon III., surrounded by Agriculture, Industry, Commerce, and the Fine Arts; Northern : France distributing crowns to the most wort by of her children . The second stories of the intermediate buildings are plain; the roofs between the pavilions are fronted with balustrades adorned with groups of genii, emblematical of Agriculture, Science, War, the Seasons etc. (1). The interior construction is remarkable for its solidity and safety from fire; all the roofing is of iron, and the floors rest upon iron joists and girders. Each of the two wings we have de- scribed contains two courts. Those of the southern wing are entered fipom the quay, those of the other from the Rue de nivoli. The buildLsgs on this side enclosing the first court ^e intended for the offices of the Minister of State ; those of Jbe other court will receive the offices of the Minister of the Interior, the first story of the building which intervenes «etween the two courts will contain the Library of the Louvre (3) ; the rooms above are to be devoted to the permanent Champagne, and Paget. On the Carrousel, from the comer pavl- "on: Pierre Lescot, Bullant, Lebrun, Chambiche^ Bruant, De- lorme, B. de Palissy, and Rigaulti (0 Ail the sculptures described, as well as those it would have heen too tedious to enumerate, have required the combined efforts of 53 artists. The total number of subjects executed is 264 ; the <^ost, 1,643,400 fr. The total cost up to January ist, 1856, wa» 26,943,516 fr., and a further sum of <3,604,OoO fr. will be re- quisite to complete the work. The number of days paid to work- men was at that period 2,1 67,972, which if reduced to years would Bttalie 5939 ! The total space covered and enclosed by the new buildings is 60,000 metres, and if the Tuileries and old Louvre be ^ded, a total of nearly 60 acres English will be obtained. There ^ere 26o,526 cubic metres of earth cleared away for the founda- tions ; the quantity of materials employed is ; stone and bricks 233,601 cubic metres; wood, 23,676 do. ; iron, 3,154,000 kilogr.; <?a8t iron, 94,000 kilogr.; lead, 530,000 kilogr. (a) This was Louis Philippe's private library, but has been pub- Uc for students since 1848. It contains 85,000 volumes, 800 oC which relate to the ordinances, &c.,.of all the kings of France t)pen from lO to 3, holidays excepted , M Digitized by VjOOQ IC |A2 FIBST ^M|]M»IDi08niENT. «^tt^itkiii of the w^» of Uvwg «rtistft| vrm A VkW to »ffovd ttia^auUidri a favourable ohaaeo of sale. The ground floor of the soqlhern wiag contains the Imperial stables tsud a riiing- i^ciiQoL On ^ first story of the transversal hoUding aepa- ralsng the two courto is the SaUe de» EiUU, iirtended for the reception of the great bodies of tihe State; it is to be fitted up with the grandeur siiitable to its destination, and wfllooomnu- nioate witih the pictnre giiUery (See page 170). The xooniB of the first floor «i(tendi2ig aloi^ the Place Napc^on will be devoted to th^ annual exhibition of Fine Arts (See p. l to). On this Bide* ^e defect of f]iaraUeli«» already mentioned has enabled the^,(n:ohiteat lo insert another tr^svei^sal gallery^ so Its to^sepftrate the .stables Iri^m the Old Louvre^ and toestaUish a oonvenieni communMQ^ion between the long gallery <and the «xhibition rooxns. The rest of the building contains rooBis for the dowwfties,, barraofcs for the Ceni Gard$u^ii!^i .To provide against the da^r of fire, all the chioiiM^y-'fliiiB. are of iuroB* and, imbedded in OPT crqtOi . ; . Whajbever , hypereriAioal, objections ia«yb9 i^ai^ed ^a^aat cerlaiiK d^tailii it /cannol be denied that the g^ml ^fk!W of ^(«ie alQpendo^ odifi^ is truly i]»posiJig> 4md nnprasseB .us with ;a eonirict^/ofif^he 0Ytiraordi»ary ,piogres» made by the fine arts in Fr«n^« .; , = • i -. . On ka,ving thet PlaiQe •du C^avrousei) through one of th^ opt^ thern issi}ci8»Mthe visil^- will obtain a viewol theiwhc4ei^9lb9»t of the old and ne]^ edifices* lie will at once see that^ had tfaie old plan mmmme^ bar. the FiirstOoiiaul hem xe^wiifmi^ instead of the; prespn^ olegant^^ :v«ried constructions/ tki^re Would: h^e I been a /uawotoijbous gallery, of ti^dious .l^g^h, boasting no. other .deooration fiaye. that of,.niches/aU^A.$ti))g with;.<^ndQivs>of the/plainest dascriptinn*. This d^fecl^JtJis been most iiappily <<»byiated by thainteoductioa .of inoclo^ lh«ft. thr^e difoD^nt de^imis; First^tand as if ta«voidaiK(y Bbruptf>jtmnsiljM>n^ the old igallery t^ijiiQa^at IhojPatiejMf^ ^Moh(i>n,: with .>te= five elegant amched paswgefljleadii^faM^ .ttw jPl^tc^xitt CarpQU?4i;its eight nich^i-and is^sfyi^iiD,sj^ pQafce^.c^iofandwOaQipanile flanked, hy .i9Q#Ui:y ftrfO^b^. iA^oinmg i^feis i^ iihelront.of th« JHew Lof4T*«l, .lrift> «Wr,*o«- iaged '))a»enienl^ olteijnaMy .v«irmicu}^tisd 4^. ph^ 4t8 .ftdimented ^indows^ the dresiBw^ of whi(^ l^^la^ylogf^ii^ miih Jiie friea^ rnnnjng alohg the whole fronjfe, ,a^jRifti8i(«wft,of minufB and to^ful scalpttn^e' that defies de$ici?iption.9ithe Doof^ 6-qnt«d mtb ^n el^ftnt balustrade and ^r»c«&d dfmmr.mA^ 4ow9^ the whole ieasQ»aUy. i^t^r^^tea |»)f. ^.4m^9it payjii^n . (I) TlMieftf Stoidt, Desaix, Hefy and Mams^lid^m ttengMjiHRi ofHoehe^MasBefia)l.anne», dusdJOebeivtolhstolt r, -O/' .: mg ih MAtDoe, thrM wiadofwv in ftoM, ind a tna^ulir pmmm mffoMA by fbnr caiyatidcf, and gnioid with gticnps «l genii at tike «orner6. Thn portion ineets tfae tarn of tbe liing tenMnalng at the Old Loavre, and wUab, tho«^ Wdl Milled, ia not Enriched with tcidptare. kkw atp9 aaatward brings the visitor to tha imf^LiI LouvnB^-^ castle or royal residence eiiated an the site 4tf'tfajii palace at an early period of the monareby, and is niif to have- been used as a hunting^aeat by Dagoberi, the Wodds tlMtt ekieni^ oir«r the actual site of the northern part «f Parid do1)m t« the wat6r*a edge. Philip Aagustiis, in 1 200, kftmei H into a strbnghdd) and nsed it as a stale prison. At Ihit {mMI ft ^as immediately without the waUa of Paris, M Wai ^tiGl^Med by them in 1367 and t3aa. Charles Y. i&ade many addltikms to the eastle ; the Royal Library '^^^tet^Uvgt^; Mso the Tarious dfficers of state and foreign princes visiting Paris were lodged in it. Francis I. deternuied toei^Mjt a n«w fttd magnificent palace on the site of tins dila- ^i^Med castle f and, accordingly, began the present bnfldiog in Wi9. Tha southern half of the western side of the court, ^ it'iiow' «tiais^ waB erected by that monarch, after the de- signs of Pierre Lescot. His son Henry II. contiwaed and e&tended ^ j^laur^ ocQcnidetuig tiie whole of the western fronts now ^d thi Vieum LofWre aiid the wliig ccmtainsog the Go- ^iff^'^^ApoUoH. The sctdptares were confided to the di- ^(tettbn of 3em Ooojon, and other great airtisti of the day. ^J^rW.' made some additions to this part of the balding at u^<mieM Dom]ihen<;hig the iXHigQaikfy ; and during the rei^ ^f 'lA>lda* XIII; the t;eatral pavilion of the western side was ^<* *^l^ tW erections of Lescot by Lemerder, who also Ml^til iyie lower tuiil of the hortbem front. Louis XIV., at m it^estibn of Colbert^ dedded npcm completing this palace, ^<l^pa]^ i^omfieliitiott of areteteets was proposed to furnish ^^^'f^the -new building. A physician, Claude Perrault, "^fB the ^^de^fiil competitor, but, some distrust of his abilities ati^\4t ee«M^ BerUini, who constructed the circular porticos ]ft from rfSl. PeterV at Bome, was sent for from Italy, and ^ ifikki yni^ adopted in preference to those of Perrault.

• ^MXI¥i' k«id Ihe first stone of the eastera front* but for

Jl^a^'ief^mM^WA reason or other^ Bernini was sooh sent itecft tfttitaly, loaded with presents and a pension, while Per-

• »fiH,W1te^ hohout of Fraace and of Colbert, was allowed in

leaa^Ca ^If his drigjbal design into e!!i^ution. He built the ^fA^mifkotAf m^ tkafc towards tha river; but the caprice of tho Ehig put vsloi^ to the WiMrka^ and diverted the tmsure Tel FIRST arrondissementJ of the country to the building of Versailles. Until 1802 the greater part of the Louvre remaiued without a roof, and the whole seemed to be destined to fall into rum. Napoleon, however, resumed the works, and under mm the Louvre was finished, and the surrounding streets and places cleared . Its internal arrangements have been principally made by Charles X. and Louis PhUippe. Charles IX. inh^ited the old Louvre, and, as is well known, fired from its windows looking towards the quay and river on the victims of the St. Barthelemy. (1) Henry III., Henry IV., and Louis XIH. also resided here, as well as the unfortunate English queen, Hen- rietta, widow of Charles I. Louis XV., during part of his nu- nority, inhabited the Louvre ; but since then it has been devoted to the reception of the various museums of the tine arts, and has occasionally been used for great ceremonies of state. (2) The eastern front of the Louvre is one of the finest pieces of architecture of any age. The grand colonnade is composed of 28 coupled Corinthian columns, fronting a wide gallery. The basement story affords an admirable contrast by its simplicity ; and the projecting masses in the centre, and at either end of the facade, fronted with pilasters, and pierced with large windows, complete the grand features of this side. The central mass oi the building, forming the gateway, is crowned by a pediment, the raking cornices of which are each of a single piece, 52 feet in length and 3 in thickness. This pediment contains * *^*^ relief, executed by Lemot in 1811; and over the grand door- way is another by Cartellier, of the same date. The gates themselves, made by order of Napoleon, are of magnificently- worked bronze. (3) The southern front, also the work oi Claude Perrault, though not so bold, is very fine. It is deco- rated with forty Corinthian pilasters, and, like the eastern, has a richly-adorned pediment over the central compartment. The northern front consists of a central and two lateral i^- vilions projectmg from the main body with few but tasteful (i) A window, with a balcony on the first floor, is often ^^^^^. as that from which he fired ; but this must be a mistake, as thai part of the building was not constructed till long after the year 1572, the date of that most perfidious massacre. (2) It was attacked by the people, July 28 and 29, 1830, and obstinately defended by the Swiss guards. The dead were buried in front of the eastern facade, but afterwards removett ' lo the Column of July. . . (3) The dimensions of this front are :— length, 525 feet;heigni, S 5 feet; width of central compartment, 88 feet; width of ex- treme compartments, 75 feet; height of basement story, S5 leci; height of columns, lo diameters and a half, or 88 feet nearly. Ihe entablature takes.up nearly to feet of ^e epilr? l^ei^hU ^ .THE OLD LOUTRS« .Ud onuimenis. The western faqade is now receiving decorations calculated to make it haimonize with the new stmctures of the Place Napoleon. In the court, the ground floor and the upper story have served, with but a slight diflerence, as the models for the corresponding stories of the three other sides. A range of circular arcades, separated by Corinthian pflasters^ forms the ground floor ; and under each arch is a lofty window. The design of the second story consists of windows ricMy dressed, with alternately curved and triangular pediments; each window 8ep£u*ated from the adjoining one by a Compo- site pilaster. The upper story of the western front has the windows very richly enchased with sculptured groups, tro- phies, etc. In the centre is a pavilion Containing the prin- cipal gateway, and called PaviUon de VHorloge. The six segmental pedhnents surmounting the projecting parts on the western side are richly ornamented with sculpture. Those of the southern haK of this side are by Paolo Poncio, while the -figures over the doorways are by Jean Goujon. The sculptures of the pediments of the northern half were, how- ever, executed in 1810. The central pavilion is surmounted by a quadrangular dome, which is supported by colossal cajyatides by Sarra;Bin. The central gateways of each front are sunnounited by pedinients containing in their tympans SCulptuTi^ by Lesueur, Kamey, and Coustou. The vestibule of the ^utlwTO gateway is formed of two ranges of flpted Doric eolumjos, having, a carriage-road in the centre ; that of' ttfCi .easieii.one has Doric columns j the northern and .Wj^em have (on^o columns' of different fetyles, Perrault fpi^ed tne designs of, these fnree sides, ^ch of which is 408 feet^ th£\ whole forimng ^ perfect' square. The court of the LoaiKre ls,one o| t^e finest in Europe with respect to diecora- ,tiob anj^ pi^qrtiott. It is now laid out in bitumen bordered wi^^ beds ,o{ gfHSS and shrubs, surrounded with ^ low' cast- iron railing, and lighted by 24 elegant bronze giis iJamps. In th«' deijftfe% a-jjede^tal ^w^ Francwi. by Cle- sii^en-l^'ift-" '■* ■'" ' "■ '■ •■•- ' ■ • «" • • ' A sinah ^tdfen on Uie south'-wesietti ■side- fe* called the garden ptth^ Infanta, JEroiri the Spanish Wncess who came .\tA9^ytfiaa^,m,l72i/io mawT LfOUi^ XAT. The ^all of the £fai«nV€l'i^a©4tow I which- overlooks it, has been sculptured by M. Cavalier. Similar gardens have now t^een; formed all /"fii')^'^,eque8txian^tatue ot the late Cuke of Orlieans stood liere bp%e -the, revolution of 1848. It ^as then removed to Ver- |aJjf«^;>4^ on the pedestal were written the following words :— ^ i*\km QHerens 4e Paris morts pour U liberty, la Eepul^iciiM vocoDnai^Mntt . ^.MFeyricr, l»48.«  id« FIRST ABBMommonr. fmnA the piAaee, ending rt the new wing fadbg the fui 4«  Rivoli. They are eoel^ssed by elegant iren railingB^ «40i«mI with lanrel wreaths enoireUng the imperial N. Interior, ^^Xlmoii all the interior of this pidaoe is deveteil to the museums collective^ known wider the name of Mwdem ImpSriauco, for whidi it is so celebrated. The descriptiaA of the various ^Oleries will be found in the order in which they oeeur to a vintor making the dronit of the palace. But, as M the museums are rarely visible on the same day, owing to the limited number of servants attached to ^e palace, and to the alterations now in progress, a slight deviation may aometimoa occur from the order followed here. In consequence of these works, the mnseiuns are provisioia^ ally entered at a door under the gateway of tba Paviilm da Vaorhge. On the ground-floor is the Miisie dei Antiques. The sones of apartments on the grotmd floor, which extend from the prindpal entrance to the sids next the river, were once occupied by Anne of Austria, and retain nearly all their old decorations. The ceilings are adorned with sculptured compartments, and fresco paintings, by Meynier, Mauzaisse, and Barthelemy \ a great profusion of marble to* lumns and incrustations on the walls are to be seen throoghottt them. The ceiling of the vestibule represents Prometheos givinglife to man by the aid of the heavenly Are. The othar ceilings successively represent : 1st, Justinian ddivertng hia code of laws to Rome ; 2dly, various mythological subjects relating to Apollo and Diana ; Sdly, Minerva displaying the olive-branch as thefrmt of Victory; 4thly, various passagea of the early history of Rome ; dthly, allegorical jNUBtings of Prudence and cmer virtues. At the end next the river, ia the Salle de Diane, so calleil from a beautiful antique known by the name of Diane d la Biche. It rests on a platform adorned with valuable anticpie mosaics. Among the otiier valuable antiques in this portion of the museum we may men* tion the V4nu$ Victorieuse, the ^po//on Lycien, the Baoohm, and Cupid and the Centaur. On the eastern side of the vea* tibule, IS another suite tA apartments consisting of two distinct paralld series, being part of the old pile of the Louvre as it existed in the time of Charles V.,from 1364 to 1380, and wfa^ inhabited by his consort, Jeanne de Bourbon. Catherine de Me^- dids had these apartments adorned by Rosso, PrimaticciOi Paolo Poncio and others. The marble decorations of the floors and walls are extremely rich. At the farthest end, before a co» lossal statue of Melpomene, is a fine mosaic pavement in com<p partments, the central one antique, representing Victory, the others evidently modem, representing the Nile, tte Po» th9 in»ieii0 OF TBI LoonuE. ux Dannbe, and tlM Glommm in Norw9j. With thk Buite com monieaks tbe Salie de» Caryatideg, a apUndid hall, occupyhig the whole ground floor of the southern half of the Vieux Lourre. It derives ita name from four colomal caryatides, by Jean Gou- jon, supporting a gallery, at its northern end ; they are reckoned among the chefihd'auvre of that master, and copies of them are to be seen in the Salle des Marechaux at the Tuileries. (See p. 1 53.) Above the gallery is the copy of a bas-relief, by Ben* venato Cellini, originally sculptured for a fountain at Fon* tainebleau, and representmg Diana. (See p. 178.) This great e^le4^QD of antiques dates from 1797, and in 1803 was opened to the public under the title of the Mush NapolSon; it then contained, like the gallery of pahitings, all the richest spoils ef Italy, but which were restored ui 1815 by the aUiea to their original owners. The present collection consists of 240 fllatnes, ammals, flee.; 930 busts and heads; 215 bas-reliefs; and 335 vases, canddabra, altars, 8tc.; in all 920 objects. The visitor, on leaving this, will mount the stairs, and find to his right the Salle de* S^nces, a vast salo(m, at present Med with the works of Charles Lebrun, Bon BouUongne, and other eminent masters. Two presses, placed longitudinally along the mid- die, and containing bronaes and antiques of various kinds, are flanked with three beautiful vases of porcelain, the central one, of Berlin manufacture, being a present from the King of Prus- sia to King Louis Philippe. At one end, in a glass case, are the implements used in laying the first stone of the new addi- tions to the Louvre. (See page 160.) Between the columns flanking one of the doors are two bronse groups ; the Rape of the Sabines, and Boreas carrying off Orythya. This salle is of Co- rinthian architecture, and a gaHerv, supported by elegant eon- sfltes, runs all round. Adjoining is the SaUe Henry IL, the ceiling of which, richly embossed, is painted by Blondel in three compartments. The central one represents Jupiter pronouncing judgment on the relative ad- vantages of the creations of Neptune and Minerva ; the other two compartments areallegorieal of Commerce and War. This ^eiMiid room contains eases filled with enamels, old tapestry, pottery of Luea della Robbia, ivory caskets of the 13 th and 14th e^tttries richly carved, &c. On the mantel-piece is an ahar-floreen of ivory, minutely carved in 69 compartments, representing subjects taken from the New Testament, and in the cmtie of the room is a table executed in rich Florentine mosaic* Next to this is the Salle de$ Sept Chminies. (i) The ceiling is beautifully (1) It was here Henry IV. died, after being stabbed by Ra- I6S FIB8T ARRONBISSXMENT^ decorated with gilt arabesques on a white ground ; and coloesa^ genii in stucco ; ten medallions contain the busts of Gros^ David, Girodet, Gerard, Guerin, Percier, Prudhon, Chaudel, Ge-» licault, and Granet, whose masterpieces are hupg in.tbk coom. A door to the right on entering opens into the , . , .- Salle des Bronzes, containing some curious and high^ va- luable antiques belonging to the State. Among ^m are several antique statues and, other article . o| bpronze. The ceiling, by Mauzaisse, represents Time pointing to thejruins caused by his progress. Next to this is the . , ' :• ' Salle Ronde, containing a fine mosaic pavement andrie^qui- sitely sculptured while marble vase. The ceiling, painted by Gouder and Stouf , irepresents, in the central compartment, the fall of Icarus; in the four lateral compartments respectively : Hercules stifling Antaeus; ^Eolus mastering the Win^; Yulcan shewing Thetis the arms he has made for Achilles; and, lastly Achilles mvoking the aid of the Gods against the . river-gods, Scamander and Simols. A door of this room, when open, affords a view of the grand staircase, built after the designs af Fontaine, one of the most splendid parts of the Louvre. The ceiling rests upon 22 Doric columns of Flemish marble, with white marble capitals. In one of its compartments^ is a fresco representing the Revival of the Arts, by Pujol; in the other, Minerva protecting the Arts, by Meynier. The stair- case divides in the centre, under an arch, into two .bnmches; one leading to the apartments surrounding the court,, the other to the long gallery. Some fine porphyry and marble vases stand at the head of the staircase. In the SaUe Ronde a beautiful gate of carved steel, which formerly adorned the pa- lace of Maisons, opens into the Galerie d*Apollon. — ^This was commenced under Charles EX., and completed under Henry IV. by Ghambiche, Fournier. and Plain. Dubreul, Bunel and Porbus adorned it with paintings taken partly from Ovid's Metamorphoses, and partly from the Old Testament. It was almost completely destroyed by fire on the 6th of February 1661 ; but rebuilt that very year, the ornamental part being entrusted to the hands of Errard, and the paintings of the ceiling to Lebran. The latter was after- wards, however, appointed to direct the whole. Louis XIV. having, in the interval, turned both his attention and his trea- sures to the palace of Versailles, the Galerie d'Apollon wad forgotten, and during the following century divided into apart- ments, where the Royal Academies, and especially that of Taillac. At that time it was compose.d of several chambers, one of which is marked in the old plans of the palace with the word! s ^/kmi&ff oik mourut Bcnry lY, Digitized by VjOOQ IC KtCdSMi^ O^'tfiC LidtVAfi. 169 Stftvliiitape' dud' Pointing/ were aBowed to hold fbtir sittings. In HieyettT^ 1747 and 1748 the paintings of set^ral living arti^ w\^i^ etfalbited there ; in the year 1756 the galleir had be«0me Ihei^ttidiO of Vanloo ; and Id the year 1787 we find it described as a pictare-gallery. But undeir Louis XVIH. the iNffldig^ad'dfsemrered to be ii a dangerous state of decay, and its iid«oiistrfi«tidn was at last decided on in 1826 ; but it was not t^til tiicf stb oif June 1851, Ihat it was solemnly reopened to lh« pahficfy'iiiide^ the auspices of the Emperor^, then President of the Republic. The Gallery is 184 feet in length and 28 feet in Ixfel^tlr;' it 'faAs' 1*3 Windows looking tlpon the Jardin de Tln- fimle;' tod ^balcony commanding a i)eaufiful view of the S^Hne: <yp^\U each window is a door for the saVe of sym- metry, orfy the last towards the Seine is intended for use, and f^t¥€^ acfk^ 'to the Salon Carfi. Their panels are charged WiHi tii^ attribtites of the Arts and Sciences, Navigation, etc. a»i tfete' Walls between are to be adorned with portraits of the jffliflts*Who at Various periods contributed to the construction «iidi#e<?bratibn of the Louvre, such as Mansard, Lebran, etc. The "Whidowis ftre crowned with other allegorical figures, ara- besques and esttitcheons. the walls are profusely . gilt, and the TOttlled' eeiling rests upon a frieze adorned with L's and fteUrs dO' *y8. The vault represents, at its northern extremity, theTiittihph of the Earth, by Ouichard after the designs left by Lebrun ; and at the other, nearest th6 Seine, the Tdumph of the Waters or Of AnHphitilte, by Lebmn himself. The other pain^gs of the vault are, beginning from the latter, as follows : Aurora on her «ar, in an octagoniJ.compartnient, painted by Lebrun.^iid re-pkinted by Muller ; Castor, or the Morning-Star, in an oval compartment, painted in 1781 by Renou ; adjoining it, are two lateral compartments representing Autumn, by Taraval'(l 7 69) and' Sununer, by Dwameau ( 1 7 7 4)^ The great central ^ compartment contains the Triumph of Apollo, by Eu* gene Delacroix. Next comes Evening, situated between Spring, by CAll<^, and Winter, by Lagren<§e jumor. The last octa- gond compartment represents Night, These compartments are interspersed with approprilEite emblems and arabescpies ; the lower part- of' the ceilmg is adorned with medallions re- presentib^tbe months, and with stuccos of the Muses, the signs of the ^odiac> floWets, etc., executed under the direction of Lebrun, bf^ Gi^^MWi, R^auldin, and the brothers Marsy; From tins "splendid gallery the visitor passes to the Salon CaTtSy wMch immediately precedes the Long Gallery, and has been newly decorated mider the direction of M. Duban, the laie architect of iLe Louvre. The ceiling is white and gold; with colossal caryatides in the corners, and genii representiw I Digitize I7Q rms iJvimmmmtn' the Arts { the nwm oi th^ maat cel«br«t9d ftrtista an in- scribed on the frie«e. The choioett specimeos of the treaiuret for which the Louvre is so celebrated, are placed h^:e, among which is the Conception, by Afurillo, bought in 1853, at tbo sale of Marshal Soult's gallery, for the sum of 615,300 fr. The MusSe des Tableaux de$ Ecoks Haliennes, Fkmmde^ $t FranQc^ises occupies the Long Gallery, the exterior of which has already been described at page 157. It is 13aa feet in length, and 42 in width ; vast skylights spread a uniform light throu^out. The walls are encrusked with red marble to the height of about three feet, the rest of their surface is entirely covered with pictures, divided into three schools : the French, the Flemish, and German, and the Italian and Spanish, alto* gether 1836, viz. : French school, 660 ; Flemish and Germao* 618; Italian and Spani^, 558. None but the works of de* ceased masters are admitted into this museum, which was chiefly formed by Napoleon, and enriched with the Hiastem pieces of Europe; the greater part were returned in 1815, bu4 even now this gallery is one of the finest in the worid. The visitor must now retrace his steps to the Salon CarrS, where a door to the right leads to the Salle des Bijoux (l) which communicates with the Grand Escalier, Here, in ele«  gaat presses, is a collection of vases of precious stones, some of them designed by Benvenuto Cellini, curious caskets, etc. The ceiling, by Meynier, represents the age of Louis XIV. Returning to the Salle des Sept Cheminies, a door to the right, opposite, leads to the Galerie Franoaise, containing a chmce collection of paintinga of the French schools. In the fifth are the ports of Franee, by Joseph Vemet. The remainder are filled with pictures by deceased native artists, many of which will be found to l>e of superior excellence. The ceilings of all these rooms are painted with the following subjects : Ist room, the presentation of Poussm by Cardinal Richelieu to Louis XIII., by Alaux ; 2d, the battle of Ivry, by Steuben; 3d, Puget presenting his Soup of Milo of Croton, now in the Musie de la Sculpture odeme, to Louis XIV., at Versailles, by Dev^ria ; 4th, Frau«  cois I., accompanied by his court, receivhig the paintings brought by Primaticcio from Italy, by Fragonard ; 5th, aq JlUegorioal representation of the revival of the arts in France, and eight historical subjects from the time of Charles VIIL to the death of Henry II., by Heim; 6th, Francis I. knighted by (i) Complete catalogues of all the museums of the Louvre may be had on the spot. Of the two of Paris and Versailles there are annually sold 3oa,ooo at i franc, and ioo,ooo at a ft*. i U0,«%« ft. Hi^re are taken for'Aopositing eanef and umlureUas. «Jt7Ml, ^ Frugqiw^; 7tii4 QwlMiMgnp HMmvttg fbe tiUl frmAfenifl, b^r Mm^; 8tii, |>y ProUii^g, Louis XII. pco» aWmetf latter of tl^e peq^le at tins atatMhfeiiaral of Toon im tmi 9fcbt, tiiaespBditioo to EgjrpI under the orden of Napot lm,hyl„ C^igaet. la all thm rooms are aompartmeateooat tmis^ satveots rdatiiig to the principal ones ol the eeflings* Or tbe grouod floor oC this side of the oourt are studios do| ^owQ to visitors without as order firofli the Direekor. The last room of this eollectiou gives access to a suite ruuini parallel to the GaUrie Fnmoi^^y and devoted to Greek, Ro- map, and Egyptiaii autiquities* It eoouneaees wRh the Musie EgypUen most of the antiquities in which ana ^ fruita eS the French researehes in Egypt. For artidea of domestic life, and for all minuter details, this is perhaps tha niost coanplete collection in eiistence, having latdy received aa addition of upwards of i&oo artiidas collected m Egypt by M, Marietto. Yalualde fmd exceedingly rare Egyptian vases, ho* ^^ mummies and those of birds and other ammals, some M6S* in fiue preservatioQ, and palettes on which the colours still re» ^u, will be remarked. Seeds of various kinds, and even u'agmants of bread, found in the tombs of Egypt, are collected Aere. Glass cases occupy the embrasures of the windows, con- ^^imog minute artides. Cloth of various kinds, brooms, musicai uistriuuents, walking-sticks, a crutch shod with iron, shoes, toilet-oases, mirrors, needles, and elegant spoons, all (tf tha earlier periods of Egypt, find a i^ace in this most interestmg museum. Here are also the weights and measures oi tha ^hileterian system, mentioned in the Scriptures, and aiome eu* riQus Egyptian loadstones, nicely balanced, so as to answer ^e purpose of a magnetic needle. The ceiling of the firs( room yepresents tbe Genius of France encouraging the arts, and tak- ing Greece under her protection, by Gros. In that of Uie 2d, IS Pope Julius 11. giving orders for the building of St. Peter's to Bramante, Michael Angelo, and Raphael, by Horace Vemet. P-C ceilmg of tbe 3d represents Egypt saved by Joseph, by Al)el de Pujol. That of the 4tb represents Study and Genius aiding Greece in exploring Egypt, by Picot. Compartments m ether styles accompany these ceilings. ^ mile du TrUne is next entered ; its magnified edling is ^videdinto nine compartments, painted by Gros. 1^ of wm represent the busts of Pericles, Augustus, Leo X., Fran- ^^1., Louis XIV., and Charles X., with scrolls, bearing tha oames of i^e celebrated writers of their age. The centre oom- Pitttment represents Glory supported by Virtue, with scrolls uea^ the names of celebrated French statesmen, warriors, '^dwiltew. Intha wghttiisTrBft, a^n8l^d by Time, reeeivr ttgitize 17} flRSt ARUONDlSSSMIiSti iDg the protecUpn of Wisdom; in the ninth, Victoi*y holding the reins of two fiery steeds ready to draw the chariot of Mars ; Peace offers him a bridle, the emblem of moderation. ThQ ceiling rests on white marble Corinthian columns, with gilded capitals and bases; in the centre of the floor is a One mosaic. There are besides a Minerva in alabaster in the centre, and two presses filled with antique pottery near the windows, some anti({ue statues, two beautiful vases of Sevres porcelain, and two smaller of marble. We now enter the M%is4eGrec et Romain. — ^Here we find the series of antiqui- ties fo\md in ancient Etruna and the south of Italy, but chiefly in Greece., The colleetion occupies four rooms, and is ex- ceedingly iChoioe. The visitor's attention will be attracted by the ui^usual- size of a great number of the vases, particularly those on this marble tj^les, and to the high state; of preservation of mosJ} of the^^ • The wealth and refinement of Herculaneum 9Qd Pompeii are represented here, and even most of the utensils of dom^estiq life may, .be seen m these cases. A collection .of glass vases, another ^ of. hreo^ instruments, and another of cameos and gemsi will not, escape the viiiitor's attention. 'The ceUings. i:epFes$Qts> 1 Istroon^ Gyhele; th^ Magna Makr, {MTotectang. Siabis&i Heoroulane^un, Pompeii and Retina, from the (ires ol V^uvius, hy Picot ; 2d, the nymphs o< Parth^qpe, carijying \hm ^household ^ds .io> the banks of tb^ Seme, . wdar the guidance dMinerva^' by Meyider; 3d, ppe^i«its Vesuvius receiimg firefc^an Jopiter to consume tierqulaneum, jEV)mpeii andSitaJq^ii^hy Heiimt^th, theApptheos^i of .HpD9^r> by^ngrfs. On Abe «maht^l-piec^ of th^ nK>m stands the bu9t ^ U)Q late li^eptediarphilteeA Visqo^^^ fumj^h^d the desigj^^ ^U^e co«(ipl^ti<^a ipt thp Lopvre. . Tfaa .coves of theae .ceiJiApi are variiyis)y>^mpD|eiite4 \ntb pajedaUioqa^iad compar^fRt^coa- t^uning aUegorical paintio^^ and the wall^ halow the oomii^s . are«^on»9d wiUb4>a&«e)iefa. The li^st^mentioned Joom.^^s iatQ:the Sa42e dfis S^t Chemindes, , .... ...m. ■ .. : r>. .i .

/rhityisitou»ustw>wr^Uj8»flhis ptepB to ^M^Sg^p^n,

W9kh> leads t^ aClorinUiiaii stairt^se at the isoiUh-easj^lt a^^ct of the G41«i7)* Here» c^ter. inspecting a colps^ Qgyptiai); sM^, vepres(9Qiiag Rhamses II, 1^. will find an entc^oei lopqqiiig^ ipto ti^io^brated .ci^nnade of Claude .jRerrault,,iap44)htai«^., an advantageous view yof St.-Germwn-rAuxerrois ii»pe.p. aft5)». Returning to the staircase, a door on the same side givea access to-the "- '^" ■ '■ ' - *• '^ '

Mii$4e des Souverains, composed of Gre rooms, flif three

first of whiph severally bear the names 4>l Chfanwx^ d'4nne d'Aiitriche, Chambre d comher. d$ Henri /.K> ,and Sajcm de Henri IV. In the first; besides a portrait of i40uis }mi.; by ICDSEUlfS OF THS LOUTBEJ 173^ Philippe de Champagae, and a modem one of Anne d'Autriche opposite, there is an oak press in the centre, with five suits fk nrmour worn respectively by Louis XIV., Francis II., Hen* ry lY., Louis XIII., and Henry II. A similar press oocapies the centre of the second room, with the suits of amour worn by Charles IX. , Francis I. , Henry II. ( i ), and Henry IH. Here there is an alcove of exquisite workmanships where Henry IV. used to sleep. In it stands a full-length silver statue of that prince when a child, by Bosio ; between the windows is his full-length portrait, and opposite, that of Marie de Medicis. In the thiid room are the altar and desks of a chapel of reception of the Order of the Holy Ghost, with the mantles worn by the knights, and other brilliant articles relating to the same. The visitor will remark the elaborate canr- ing and gilding which adorns both the ceilings and wains- coting of these three chambers, whidi did not originally b^ long to them, but have been made to fit hereafter having lain a long time piecemeal in a lumber room. — The fourth and fifth rooms formerly contained part of the Galerie Espagnole, the property of Louis Philippe, part of which was sold by auction in 1850. The first of these is now called the Salle des Bowr- bons. In a rectangular compartment of the ceiling are painted the arms of the Bourbons, flanked with the initials of Louis XVIII. and Charles X. On the coves are medallions with the portraits of those princes, and the legends, Trocadero and Al- ger, under each respectively ; the walls display fleurs de lys on a blue ground. In the centre of this room we see, first, a splendid casket, presented to Anne d'Autriche by Richelieu ; further on, the arm-chair of King Dagobert, and, I at the op«  posite end, the baptismal font used at the baptism of St. Louis, Philip Augustus, and the Comte de Paris. It is a silver basin, covered with handsome chasings, and had long been in the chapel of Vincennes. In the presses along the walls are many objects of great interest and value, such as the chandelier and mirror presented to Marie de Medicis by the Republic of Venice, both studded with cameos and pre| eious stones; religious books used by various sovereigns, such as the prayer-book of Charlemagne, dated 780; one of Charles the Bald, etc. ; the marriage sword of Henry IV., and other arms of historical interest. Near the windows are the writing desks of Louis XVIII. and Louis Philippe, the (i) That towards the entrance is the one in which he was killed in i559. The visor of the helmet being raised for air, (as the day was hot and the exercise of the tournament fatiguing,) the tilting spear of the unconscious Count de Montgommeri hit Hbe king's eye and enteir^d &is brain , I7« flAif ASMimBMOm. WM ^eitm Akatkd of tli6 tftff Of UMiifiYAdefS <rf tD« TtH^fes in i»4d.-^Tbe fifth nmmf m[M th« Siille «le PEfhper^if^, ana ttf« loftiest of the sttit^, displays on ltd oeflihg, paittt<*d iii fteflco^ the nane ef Napoleon, and ntfffl^rous onblems ^pressite of gtory; the progpefts of the artd and scieneea tmder bis f^ign, d^6. The wails are studded with hcNHS on a i^ gi'bund. This tot/m eielu^itely eontains (urticles foelottgin^g to Napoteoh; among trhich are the ftdl-dress elothes wo^n hy him on oeoasiotis ^ eeremony • )^ saddle, sword, gloves, ete. ; hid tihifoMn cot^t^ whidh he wore at the battle of IfArengo ; his sword Of Flr^ CoiiSfil^ hi« hofBe'6 hndle^bit, the hat he wore in the campa^ tif 1814, and the sihall rouftd hat ivhich he ^ore at St. Hi^eha as n^U as the pockelr-haiidkereMef Whicih he used when on hi ^ dealh-hed * the Anstriatl tmfform of the Duke de Reielistadf ; k locttet containing the hair of Napoleon and of his sbn, and f 1^^ ^ag giten by the Emperor to the ist regiment of the'In(fp(<f{Hl Guard. This flag', whieh is fhe one kissed by Napoleon when lie bid ftdien at Fontainebleaii; had sinee that period i^emained id the ptyssession of Genifral Petit. ' Pjponi this si!iite w^ entiEfr three to&m called the^ Mu^ de la (klmnade, Oomposed of paihtlhgs by diiKk^nt mastet^, aach as Gtudo Beni, Querchio, th<^ Gah^acei, DMdb- iMiino, Mighon, atid many ot the Duteh and Flemish «eho6ls. ArHfIng at the north-east stair^asej w« Ond to the left the ; OaleriB des Grumre$, a fee^s of sevetf rooms, fOnneily' 06^ enpied'lry the Collection SfandtsA, bequeathed to Lonls-I%iUppe by Frank Hall StMdish, Bsq. of Duihury Hall, Lancashire, hi 1889* Shiee 18'dO, however, IhisTalti&ble eollectiott, faaaf^een bron^t to the hammer like the Oal&fie E^pttgnok. The$6 fo^ns at pfesent eontaln a oolleetion of pi^oof-ei^rirvhig»^ the best iittlsts, the plates of which afe the property Of tho LOUirre. A eata}(^ae is to be had at the door, and eipiet kre lold at a vefy moderate ptlee. Their sole forms a cOnsM^tlitl^ item ih the revenue of the Lontre. ' In the siith iwrnt in k large plan Of Paris^ated tl3^, M^hieh will be found faAereathMg*. With the eighth twm of thia auite^whieh contidnS -pimi' irai^gs by Lundberj^, La Rosalba^ Latour, -CfiiaMn, and^ •ther celel)rated niaaters, oommeitceci the '^ ' ' JlS^i9 4ei I^8$ngf one of the moat vs3uaMe miA mjtnA^' eatteetlons of works of this khid in ejdstenee, eonfeistiil^ Of * 1 4 • vooma, sM comprising mim^roua apedmetta of th« gi«ai m^ta*' ters of all schools, of inestimable value to the profes^^ai' atudent, as well as to the oonnoisseur. Many preeious ap6cl-^ mens of the pencils of the first maatera of tbe Itaii»>^ Flemi^; Frehah and g^iianish schoOla have now beeit €fxtr«cled Umi 4be* portfolios where they were bniied in uatleii aeauntyyttia oH» LDOTIE. 176 .wwykfiMforllMiiadyctfllieiitirtaadtlwaaiytoiv. Tkt visitor wiU find ehoke speeiittew ol Um pendk of Pvotno^ Letoenr, Claude LonaiaB, Tenkn^ Biibeosy Van Dyck, Albert Poretj^Beoibraadii Cuyp, Holbein^ &c. ; beaaCiiul niaiature partr^uls of lusionoal iDtereat, and other portraitof groups, and vkws eiecuted iu pencil, Indian ink, £cc. In the last five rooms the drawings are mostly arranged under gland franMB on indined desks. These nxHns were focineriy those reser? sd foir atate purposes, and under Charles X. were used for the re- cep^on of. the Chambers before the opening of the legisUliTe sessipa. The tot of the suite was formerly an antechamber, aiid, has no decoratiras; the second was the Salk des Conf^ renf^ f ^e c#uig^ painted by Mausaisse^ represents Divme WjsdoiQ, giving Uw9 to kings and legislators. The oeili^i of the third, UieSaUe dukComiU d» Con^en^taia?, represents Law de^^fB^ding upon earth, by DroUing. The fourth is the Grtrnde Sc^ 4^.(Qnmlf thecohngof which, by Blondely repieaents fr^m^feceivin^ the charter from lorn XVUh His swrounded y eight adlegoncal and as many historical eompartments* The fifth room, ol the time of Henry U., has a riehly deeorated (^d^lfi^j Hist0r,y cecotding the avents of the battle of llou- t^eeri it 16 suFrpunded with allegorieal figures^ by BlondeL ^ On; leaving these rooms will be seeuj in the adjoining pas- sagi^^t Vfine window of modern slaioed glass^ represeatiagi in two Aomj^artments^ Francis I* as protector of the artsi and, AliQ^^i if^^ ^» repres^ting. in various cempei'tnMnls^ the p^d^fPjC^ \hfi arts dun»g the middle and later ages m France, ^«|¥p^j^ l^y.dbeaevard^ at the ^oyal S^evres. meflufactory* Tb#i7vind«^w of the Uod^plsice below represents^ in stained l)as8|,|C^ei:lema^ ^^nmding the £cole Balathne,, and 4he sane piiii^ r^^ei^g th^ wbassador of Uaroun Alraschid* . .i^b^,^Mm.4^M Meisrme. oocupies the second floor on the ns^t^i^ |iidp« and is approached hY^a small stairease leading ^ii| ^^M^rKiom, ! pf (the Qakurie dB» ChcavureAf, it occopies a «uj^ifi^,4A,r4fm)Ai «oi .oe^taipi^ & groat misnber >ot mc^els of j^im o(iril{4as£y9% iv^ evety stage of eonstruetioyi, many also ^^.fWiwH^ .apdr^nuedv M tb|e istreem ietbe medd ome eoi^try JU-oond. Luxury where ih(S)obeUA of , the Plafie dfl^!i*ifl««B?W IWWerly stood. This, model #^es an aeoumte id^]9flhQ^lp4iiitle^0f ^hipinngtbeob^ aiecHil' nergh^vioAfoKithe^ f\up9ti^ ■ee pw 1M>) Above thie^ osk the Yf^a»m<yiscr}ptien,..pkiMi.therGihy the EngUflhreaidentsin Fiwrn* mmmi^i^^ the heroic endctra^oe of Lieut. BeUot, oiiimi[tl^nm\m^i wh^^^flhed in the Axetio ^xpedttion of iJ^^,m^\b^m^M^h fyanUinv Mcidels 4i Brest» Uh nea*> tTpMl^m#i# Itash^^aK^itt Ibe'^^r^d, «tb^ and ttth \7e FIRST AREONDISSEIIENT. rooms. They are executed on a large scale and with great nicety. In the 2d is the model of the three-decker Tage, ex- ecuted in ivory and ebony ; it took two men 7 years of patient labour to complete it. In the 4th is the model of the 3-decker I'Ocean, six metres in length. In the 5th room is the two- decker Rivoli, beautifully carved. In the 6th is an obelisk formed and decorated with the relics of the ship of the un- fortunate M. de La Perouse, discovered and brought to France by an Englishman, Capt. Dillon ; also the trunk of a tree, found at Botany Bay, bearing the epitaph of one of La Perouse's chaplains ; and in the 7 th, in a glass press, is exhibited a let- ter addressed by La Perouse to one of his friends just before his departure from Brest in 1785. On an adjoining stand is the model of the Bdle-Poule fregate, which brought over the re- mains of Napoleon I. from St. Helena in 1840. In the 9th is a piece of ordnance, on the revolving principle, with 12 chambers, and invented at Joigny in 1837. Here likewise is a large model of a steam-engine, with others of fire-arms of every calibre. In the 1 oth are geographical globes, sextants, and other scientific instruments used in navigation. The 1 1th room con- tains a beautiful model of the state galley of Louis XIY. ; the walls are decorated with the admirable gUt bas-reliefs which ornamented the original. Here is also a model of the gor- geous man-of-war, the Louis XV, From this room we enter the Mus4e Ethnologique, consisting of three rooms, including one formerly called the Pavilion Beauvais, The first contains specimens of Chinese porcelain ware, furniture, &c., besides weapons used by the nations of Central Africa. In the second are models of junks, canoes, &c. The third contains. an in- teresting collection of arms and ornaments used by various nations inhabiting the islands of the Southern Ocean, and the still comparatively unexplored regions of North America. Be- sides these, there are a variety of Chinese utensils, dresses, fur- niture, trmkets, &c., parUy brought over by M. de Lagrenee, one of the gentlemen sent to China by the Government of Louis Philippe for commercial as well as political purposes. In the centre of the room is a model of the celebrated temple of Jagga- natha, or Juggernaut, in India, and facing ike entrance, are some splendid Chinese idols, and highly-carved and gilt altar- tables of Chinese workmanship. There is also a model of a Chinese burial ; besides boxes, amulets, coins, carved chessmen, paintings, &c., from the same country. Passing to the galleries on the ground floor, the nortiiem portion of the Eastern side contains the Musde des Pldtres, a spac'ous gallery filled with a valuable collection of plaster-casts ^ the most esteemed antiques. This l^ads to |he mxmm$ of tbs uujtbb. 177 GaJeru Jsi^rieoae, congiating of three roomi, and a t«- tibule on the nor^m ground floor, and containing valuable relicft of Assyrian sculpture brought to light in the vicinity of Nineyeh, through the exertions of M. Botta, French consiu in Sfita. The stranger's attention will be peculiarly attracted by theec^oesal winged sphynxes in the centre of the second room* The basHrehefs, or coarse engravings rather, which occupy the lateral walls of the first rooms, are interesting as showing the form ot vessds in the remotest ages, their clumsy rudders, uid the Eaanner in which they w^e laden. The cuneiform inscrin- tions, the small seals engraved on agate and jasper, and toe Greek and ^ruscan bos^relij^fs in the last room, are worthy of attaition. In .the southern portion of the same side is tiie Gulet^e EgypHetme, a lofty hall filled with colossal Egyp* tian statues^ ^hynxes, ba^rdiefs, paintings, and other curio>^ tics,. Xhe> fre^l^iess of the colours of the paintings, which the laps^ o^'upi^furds of . thirty (^njtuiiea has been unable to efface, is really surpii^fipg. The visitor will particularly remark the coilQssaf ,sph^nil^^ ah£^m^,aad of Meneptha, and the statues of A^eno|i^, $^v^o^p, and Set^* The adjoimng vestibule is f)}l^ ]K|th ^cij^ns of Egyptkn pottery, a figure of the sajcreii fm\, ^^, and the wall^ ol the contiguous staircase are adoni^wiUi fiye large, copies pf Egyptian paintmgs. Be^fkd, ilfiWf lacijD^ St.^GermAio-rA^xerrois, is the Jliusie Alg^^^c^idAuxa^ antiquities mostly of Eoman ori^, col- lect^ incAJgeris^. Besides a mnobcf or statues, busts, inscrip- Uonft,^ 5c£.ij ithers is a be^tiful nWi/c, representing Neptune aj;4 A|^{i|(ii|cite, Thcare are al^ some Arabic inscnptions of labo^^^Hj^ .wc^rl^aoship. It h receivls^ daily additions* In. jybie adjoi^^ ^i^tMastem wing is the Mij^ea^,de la Sculpture dela Benciissafice, composed of 9 roo^)Si./ In th^ first, !^sid^s the casts oi the tombs of Charles aa4 Uv^ ^ Qo^rgogpe, the visitor will remark the Qas( of a stup^ouftt^himiiey-piece of the Salkdu Sdnat at fi^ges, ^f the mosi; eli^rate workmanship^ The id roem^ ciAled the SatU} Jeern Gmim, contakis speoimyBUS of sculpture by that arti«* V'anioiig'.Which is his masterpiece, Diana dePwtiers (the favourite pf Ifehty Jf., wfio, at the agie of 47, captivated the yo\iJ^hj[fJ Jung) represented as *' Diane Chasseresse.** Ke;ijtt come^ to the I^lt, the ScfUe des Anguier, where the most con- .^iKm/'OibjBCt is the pyramidal mottument to Henri de Longue- ville,' Here are also bronze statues of Louis XIII., Anne d'Attteid»B>« and hdniak XIV *r fei his boyhood, by Guillainj a bronti^sl^e of Fjune^ by Betthelot, andFrancheville's master- piece; the four brope figures, representiiig as many conquered natlQns, that lEbjinerly adorned the equestrian statue of Henri isr i79' FIRST AHRONDISSEHENT. lY., on the Pont Neufl There are also some fragments of tiie statue itself, which was of colossal dimensions. (See p. 299.) Returning to the 2d room, we enter the Salle de Jean de Douat, better Vnown as Gioyan Bologna, containing his group of Mercury and Hebe in' bronze, and the bronze lMi&>relief ol Diana with the ntag by Benvenuto Cellini (a copy of which we have mentioned in the Salle des Caryatides), which adorned the Chateau d'Anet. (See p. 386.) The Salle de Michel Colombe contains a beautiful alt»-relieyo of white marble, by that artist^ representing St. 'reorge killing the dragon. There is also a statue of Louis X) I. by Damugiano. A door adjoinitg to the northern gate leads to the Salle des 'AntiquitSs Am^t^mnes, contaming relics of the old. Mexican and Peruvian empu'es, given by M. Au^and,. ex-Consul of France in Bolivia. They ledve no doubt that those countries, at the time of the* Spanish conquests^ were not inferior in dvi- lization to the ancient Egyptians, Assyrians, or Tuscans. > Tbe sculpture in many cases presents a striking iiesemblanee witfai that of those nations, and it is evident, from the. hieroglypliics on the seals, that the art of writing was not unknown to that I part of the world at the time of its discovery by Cotamhus;' A catalogue may be had on the i^t. , , , The Mu$4e de la Sculpture Modeme, is enured from H^ court by a vestibule adjoining the western gateway. It i^ arranged in five halls, and contains mmf ehefs-d'cBUvrs of the French school, and a few by foreign artisls. .The t-st room, called the Salle Cdysevox^ contains a stMue of Louis mXIV*? in a kneeling posture ; Marie Adelaide of Savoy^ as.DiMUi^ ^ a splendid tomb of Cardinal Mazarin. In me^SmUe Duj^^f is the celebrated Milo of Crotou by that artist ; alsoi » marhto group r^resenting Perseus delivering Andromeda,. and ^mis3l bronze model of the equestrian statue which larmerly slo^d in he Place Yendome; there is also a fragment ol the stafue^ itself. (See p. 181.) The SaUe des Cou^tw has statues of Louis XIII. knedittg^ Louis XV. fltioiding,: Matia jbesdnska^ Queen of France^ and four basH^liefs in bronze, by Desjardins. In the Salle Bouchofdon we see Psyebe, by Pajou; Diana leaving her bath, by Allegrain; the bust oC Buffon, by Pajou ; and that of Madame Dubarry, by the same. The last, the Salle de Houdon, contains a statue of TAma in bronze, by that artist; Love and Psyche, by Canova'; Nisus and Euryalus,; ^y Roman ; Rousseau, by Houdon, etc. All these museums are open to the public on Sundays and on week days, Mondays excepted, fi-om lo to 4 ; to artists daily, Sundays and Mondays excepted, from 8 suan. to 1 p>ni* For penntission to study in the museums, apply by letter, RUE DB ftlVOLf. 17«  posted, to Monsieur le Directeur des Mwk$, pliee dn Musee. I The visitor shonld now cast a glance along the I KcE DE RivoLi, that vast artery connecting the utmost limits of the Tuileries with the rue St. Antoine, a distance of 3600 metres, or nearly an old league {VA miles). Com- menced in 1802, on a scale of unusual magnificence, the uniform system of arcades constituting its principal feature, ^dually reached the nortliem pavilion of the Tuileries, the noble garden of which was thus opened to the pub- lic view on a side where it had hitherto been enclosed by the orchard of the convent of the Feuillants, and by the cele- brated Manege^ or riding-ground, where a temporary building, .erected in 1790, was successively occupied by the Constituent [and Le^slative Assemblies, the Convention, and the Coun- cil of Five Hundred. But the idea of continuing this q>lendid street would, though often mooted, perhaps have never been carried out, had it not been for the revolution of 1848, which, by the menacing prospect of real or imagmary dangers, roused the Government to provide work for the labouring classes at any cost. The new rue de Rivoli was decided on : the dark .streets and filthy lanes which lay in its way fell under the Strokes of the pickaxe, and elegant houses have since sprung ap as if by enchantment. We shall have several opportunities in the sequel of calling the attention of the visitor to the rue de Rivoli, which has thus far cost a sum of 120 millions of francs, I and caused the demolition of 800 houses. With the old houses and streets not a few historical associations have disappeared, the most prominent of which is the explosion of Cadoudal's infernal machine, intended to destroy Napoleon on his way to the opera, Dec. 20th, 1800. (1) At the comer of the rue de Riche- lieu and the rue St. Honore some soldiers of the Garde Royale made a desperate resistance in the revolution of 1830, and fell to a man. The system of arcades of the old rue de Itivoli has been continued to the rue des Poulies ; the arcades turning at the same time into the Place du Palais Royal, and some of ^ the principal streets that have arisen out of the ruins. As was I the case with the old rue de Rivoli, the houses built with arcades in the new one, as far as the rue des Poulies, are ex^ empted from taxes for 30 years. (i) The French opera was at that time located in the centre of the space now occupied by the Place Richelieu. The explosion occurred near the Hdtel de Nantes, how pulled down, which stood in the roe St. Nicaise, at about 300 feet from the Pavilion de . Rohan, and as many from the present entrance of the Ministry of ' State in the Place du Carrousel. Digitized by VjOOQ IC CM FIB4T JMIOVmiSgBlieST. ! TniBtig M» thiD old rue de Rivoli w« 0iid the FoMfligw Detorme, leading into the rue St. Honore. At No. 16, rn« de ^ Rivoli, is the MinisUre de la J\i<H8on 4e VEmpereur. In 1 848 tbig house was occupied by Sd)rier and his band until the I ^>th ol May, when they wefe forcibly disbanded. At No. 224, are the library and news-rooms of MM. Galtgnani and Co., «  where the daily English newspaper, GaUgnemi's Messenger, so well l^nown throughout the Continent, is published (see Pirectort). Most of the houses in this street are public hotels, among which may be mentioned Meurice's, at No. 228, an es- ^ iablishment almost as well known as the rue de Rivoli itself. The rue de Castiglione leads to the Plage Yendone. — This place, formed upon the site of an hotel belonging to the Duke de Yendome, an illegitimate son of* Henry lY. and Gabrielle d'Estrees, was begim by Louis XIY., who, at the suggestion (d Louvois, in ie8d, purchased and levelled tb^ hotel, intending to erect, round a public place, edifices for the Royal Lil^rary, the Mint, the extraordinary Ambassadors, &c. On the death of Louvois this project was abandoned, and the property ceded to the City of Paris, with a stipulation to create a square upon the site. The buildings, as they now stand, were begun in 161>9, according to Mansard's plans, and finished by the financier Law. The form of the place is a symmetrical octagon, the larger sides of which measure respectively 42Q and 450 feet. Its axis coia- cides with tiiose of two wide streets, forming the only en- trances to it, the rue de la Paix (1) and the rue de Castiglione. The buildings are uniform, consisting of a rustic basement surmounted by upper stories ornamented with Corinthian pilasters, and high roofs pierced with lucame windows. The middle oi eac^ side is graced with a pediment supported by Corinthian columns. This place was first called the Place des Conquites, theft the Place ljm$ le Grand, and afterwards thie Place Venddkne, In the middle formerly stood a colossal eques- trian status of Louis XIY., in bronze, by Girardin and {teller, erected in 1669, but demolished on August 10, 1792 ; ihn bronze figures that omaiiaented its base were saved, and arc to be seen in the Musde de la Renaissance. The mutUatei pedestal remained till 1806, wh^it was replaced by the CoLONNE Yendome, erected by Napoleon, to eomme morate the success of his arms in the German campaign of 1 80 5 This column is an imitation of the pfllar of Trajan at Rome, o (1) On the site of the rue de la Paix, origifiaUy rue Napoleon •toed the hirge Convent of the Gapucinea, the greater portion q 5iirhich was destroyed in iU9. In uo< the street wai formQ< through the body of the convent. Digitized by VjOOQ IC OOlOBQfE TERDdHB. Ill rtiicb TiftmrtM the ^tcparikm 4m a ieale taraer bf om frelfik «t total lievatiflo is 135 feet, aad the Ji«Kter ^ Qe s^« is feet. The pedestii ia tl ieet n height, mi FOiB|7tp20iBbieadlh. The pedeetal «i shaft an of sIMie, oreniwjih liroaze hasHrelaeii, cast oal of laoomeees af Uaaapid Austria «aoiioo» aoi fepreseathig the vietories af iiie FreopiiAnny,. Th£ oietsl employed weighs about 360,000 pMs*. itiie hae-reliefs ol the pedestal c^jrcsent the uni- wjis^ ^nnouTi and weapons of the conquered troops. Four W»j yrti^wj^ 500 pounds each, stand at the eonms of the J^stal, supporting garUnds 4tf oalu The door, of masiTe Nz^4 is a^<^at^ with crowos of o^, soniMMHited by an mi «lH»Teisa ba&Tie)ief^repftse»tiiigtwofi«iKsof Fane, ^rti^atahlet» with the fc^wii^ ins^ipitMi : ^«« IWp. Jttig, MoftuoWhtum Wc!H Gernianicf, Anno

• »CGGVi Triideitri spatie, dnetn iiio^ fUTOfllgtiU, ex aere espto,

f won® ^K^rcttQs nKSKimi ^icarit. J^e li^-jellefe of te shaft purme a spiral direction to the |!SS • iu?^ display, in chronological order, the principal |F^,^fr6tti the departure of ihe troops from Boulogne to the W^ w Atidfett'lite. The figures, said to be 2 ,000 in nan^er, FJW f^t high ; the length of the scroll 840 feel; a sjard Jj^ ffiraes thfe Hoes, and bears inscriptions of the actions ??^^s««W4. 'The- desigtis Were funiiahed by Bei;geret, and ^^fcdhy^ s^ilptots, one of whom was Mme. Charpentier. ^^ the c^tM iS a gaHcry, approached by a winding stair- P*<« Hd «6ps. tpon Uie cs^itA is this inscription : fpnument '^1^y6 a la f laire de la grande arm4e, par Na^^en I '* wand, ^iMmenc6 Ic xxv aoAt U06, termini le xv aot>t isio, ,' J^QSU ajrection dc D. y. Denon, MM. X. B. Lepfere et I, Gon-

• ^ !^«»^ sarmf>unted by am acroterinm, upaa which Was

3l^} ri«^d 4 sUtue 0i Napolecw as Emperor. This Was ?[i^4own4n 1814 to fona part of the horse of Hertry IV., ^^ o& th| pQQ^ ^eul, aad was during the RestocatMn refplaeed ?^tor,4^ and a fUg-stafT; but on the 3ath ofJidy 1833, 'Z^^ Pf, Napoleon «ow 9em on the oaluiBO was fiolaamly jT^'^T^, in thp presenile of IfOats Phflippe, lus.fQmdy, the r^^Ji^jajid nw|i»cipaL foHclionaries^ U is 1 1 feet high, re- v^^ «e,eip^or in 1m military eofltaine, and wasntodeHed J ^orre. The c6lanm stands upon a plinth of polished granite, ^^« bt «ff irfcin radlin^. The architects Qond6iii and i^J •retted It tttlder the directioh Of the celebrated Denon, •2*«teWcostWas 1,500,000 francs. The view ol Paris ^ ^ kmnui frott Ihe griiery is «Mt iirtewitini- "^t ^ Digitized by CjOOQIC 'iS% FIRST ARRONDISSEH^T. ascend it, apply to the guardian at the door, who expects a small gratuity, and furnishes the visitor with a lantern. The hours are from 10 to 6 in summer, and 1 to 4 in winter. The Fontaine des Capucins, at the comer of the rue Gasti- glione and rue St. Honore, was erected in 1671, and rebuilt in .1718. It bears the following inscription by Santeuil : Tot loca sacra inter, pura est quae lahitur unda; Hanc non impure, quisquis es, ore bibas. In the immediate neighbourhood of this spot fonnerly stood no less than six convents. Further west is the £glise de l'Assomption, 369, rue St. Honore. — ^This charcb, formerly belonging to a convent of nuns, called Les Dames de VAssomption, now converted into barracks, was begun in 1670, after the designs of Errard, and finished in 1676. lu 1802 it became the parish church of the 1st arrondissement, to supply the place of the £glise de la Madeleine de la ViUe rfiveque, demolished in 1789, a precedence which it retained till the completion of the Madeleine. The edifice is circular, surmounted by a dome 62 feet in diameter, with a lantern sup- ported by reversed consoles, and a gilt cross. The portico is Corinthian. The interior of the dome is painted in fresco by Lafosse, and ornamented with roses in octagonal compartments. It contains two good pictures : the Birth of the Virgin, by Sauvee, and a St. Jerome. The church itself is a succursale of the Madeleine. The rue de Luxembourg leads to the Hotel des Finances, a vast building comprised between the rues de Rivoli, de Gasti- glione, du Mont Thabor, and de Luxembourg. Further on, at the corner of the rue St. Florentin, is a large and handsome mansion, formerly the residence of Prince Tal- leyrand, and purchased, after his death, by Baron Rothschild. 3efore the revolution of 1789 it was the hotel of the Duchess de I'Infantado. Alexander I. of Russia occupied it in 1814. The Place de la Concorde, or de Louis XV., was, till the reign of Louis XV., an empty, irregular space, between the garden of the Tuileries and the Champs Elys^s. After the , peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, Louis XV., at the request of the municipality, appropriated this place for the erection of a statue in his honour ; whereupon the Place Louis XV. was .commenced in 1763, after the designs of Gabriel, but was not , finished till 1772. It was of an octagonal form, 750 feet from north to south, and 528 feet from east to west, bounded by fosses surrounded by balustrades, and terminated by eight pavilions. In 1790, two excellent groups in marble, by Coustou ^ junior, each representing a restive horse checked by his at* Wftkdt 1« tk COHGOmJ IBS tendant, were brought from Marly, and placed, where they now stand, on lofty pedestals, next the Champa Elyite, at counterparts of the groups, by Coysevox, at the western en- trance of the garden of the Tuileries. In the middle stood a bronze equestrian statue of Louis XY., in a Roman costume, by Bouchardon. At the four angles of the pedestal were marble statues of Peace, Prudence, Justice, and Strength. (1) The statue was destroyedbyorder of the L^islative Assembly on the 1 1th of Aa-> gust 1792, andmelted down into cannon and republican two-soua pieces, while a large plaster figure of liberty was placed on the pedestal, in front of which was erected the guillotine, and the place was called Place de la Revolution. By a decree of 1800 it assumed the name of Place de la Concorde, both figure and pedestal were removed, and a model of a column was erected in wood covered with paint»l canvas. Figures representing the Departments surrounded the base. The com* pletion of this was prevented by the wars of the Empire* In 1814 the name of '< Place Louis XV." was restored. On January 10, 1816, Louis XVUI. issued an ordonnance for r^ erecting a statue of Louis XV. After the accession of Charles X., it was resolved that the statue of Louis XY. should be erected in the centre of the Rond Point of \he Chsmpi Elysees, and that of Louis XYI. in the Place Louis XV., the name of which was to be changed to Place Louis XVI, The revolution of 1830 interfered with this project, and the place remained in a ne^ected state till 1836, when the works for its final com- pletion were begun. Since 1852, the fosses which formed its boundary have been filled up, the carriage-ways widened about 20 feet, and a new one opened along the terrace of the Tuileries. All the spaces allotted to footrpassengers are laid out in asphalte. The square is enclosed with balustrades, respectively terminating in the basements of eight colossal statues, representing the chief provincial cities, viz. lille and Strasburg, by Pradier ; Bordeaux and Nantes, by Galhouet ; Marseilles and Brest, by Gortot; Rouen and Lyons, by Petitot* Twenty rostral columns, bearing lamps, are placed along the balustrades, and 40 ornamental lamp-posts border the carriage- ways. In the centre of the square stands the (1) The luxury and dissolute habits of the court at that time gave rise to the following pasquinade : O la beUe gtatae ! 6 le beau piMestal ! Les yertiu soot & pied, le vice est & cherali By a singular coincidence of dates, the idea of erecting this royal statue on the future Place de la Concorde, was conceived on the 24th of February 17 48, and the statue itself reached the square, after 4 days' hard labour, on the 24th of February ives. U was inaugurated on the 20th of June following* OBELISK OF Lti<m.^^Tbit magBifioeni r^k ift Iffioieni Egypt is one of two ol)diflkft that stood m front of the great temple of Thebes, the modern Luxor, where they were creeled, 1550 years before Christ, by Rhainses III., of the 18th Egyptian dy- nasty, better known in history as the great Sesostris. These two monohths were given by Mehemet AK, Viceroy of Egypt, to the French government, m consideration of the advantages conferred by France on Egypt in aiding to form the arsenal and naval establishment of Alexandria, but only one was removed ( 1 ). This obelisk is formed of the finest red syenite, and covered on each face with three lines of hieroglyphic inscriptions com- memorative of Sesostris ; the middle lines being the most deeply eut and most carefoily finished. The number of characters is i,600. A flaw which it had when first cut from the quarry extends to one-third of its height, but is not perceptible from the ground. The Egyptians remedied this by inserting two wooden mortices under the inner surfaces. The apex has been left in the rou^ state in which it was when found in Egypt. The height of this monolith is 72 ft. 3 inches; its greatest width at the base 7 ft. 6 inches ; at the top, 5 ft. 4 inches ; ks weight 500,000 pounds. (2) The pedestal on which it Mahds is a angle block of grey granite, from the quarries of Laber, in Britanny, weighing 240,000 pounds, and 15 feet by 9 at the bottom and 8 at the top ; while the five blocks of (nmilar stone, of which the plinth is formed, are each 12 feet fnf 5 feet and 3 feet. (3) On the northern face of the pedestal are engraven gilt sections of the machinery used at Luxor in removing the monolith ; on the southern are those employed in Paris. On the eastern side is the following inscription : Ludoyicus Philippus I., Francorum Rex, ut antiquissimum ar- lis jEgyptiacee opus, idemque recentis gloria ad Nilum armis part® insigne monumentum Franciae ab ipsa Ji!gypf o donatum (1) The operation of transporting this monolith to France, which it took three years (from issi to 1833) to complete^ will be best understood by inspecting the excellent model of the country around Luxor in the Musie de la Marine at the Louvre, which gives an exact idea of the road made to the Nile, the vessel con- ■tnicted at Toulon for the purpose, &c. (See. p. «78). The erec- tion of the obelisk on the Place de la Concorde and the machinery used (Oct. d5th, 1836) is fully represented by another model ex- isting at the Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers. (See p. 366). A box of cedar, containing medals struck in commemoration of the occasion, was placed under the obelisk. (2) The obelisk of the Vatican at Rome weighs 9oo,ooe lb. (9) For a full description of this monument, see Notiet Bdto^ riqw^ D$»cripHve, e» ArMologique tur fOb^litque i$ Ltuoar* onuK w usxm* in potfteritele pA>fogwet, criMtecufli Ut xxv Aag. A. II1K:ocxXXI1. Thebit Heeatompylis aveetum nat iq. ad id conttnicta intra maa* ses xiii. in Gallia perductum erigenduBi cvravit. D. xxf . Octob. A. MDGCCXXXVI. Anno reg. sepUmo. Tbe inscnption on the western side is as fcrilows : En presence du Roi Louis-Philippe I*', cet ob^lisqoe, trana* porte de Louqsor en France, a M6 dress^ 8ur ce piedestal par M. Lebas, ingenleur, aux applaudissements d'un peuple im- mense, le XXV octobre MDCCC XXXVI. The ealire cost of removing the obdisk from Thebes and erec^ ing it where it now stands was about two millions of francs. Od etifaer side of this venerable monument ore The two Fountains of the Place de la Concorde, dedicated, one to Maritime, tbe other to Flnvial, Navigation. Thej consist each of a droular basin, 50 feet in diameter, out of which rise two other smaller basins, the u|iper and smaller one being in* verted; their diameters are 12 and 20 feet respectively. The middle basin is supported by a cylindrical shaft, ornamented with foliage, standug on a hexagonal base. Six figures nina feet in height are seated around it, with their feet on the prows of vessels, and separated from each other by spouting dol- phins. Six lu^er dolphins, held by as many Tritons and Nereids, spiting in the large and highly ornamented basin below, spmit water into the second one. The shaft of the in* verted basin is surrounded by three uprright figures of willed children, standing on inverted shells, with swans by their sides spouting watCT. In the Marittme fountain, the figures sup- porting the second basin represent the Ocean and Mediterranean, by Debay ; the Genii of the Common and the Peari Fisheries, by Desboenfs; with those of the Coral and Shell Fisheries, b^ Valois. The figures of the upper basin, representing the Gemi of Astronomy, Commerce, aiid Maritime Navigation, are by Brian. In the Fluvial fountain, the lower figures are the Rhine and the Rhone, by Jechter ; the Genii of Flowers and Fruits, by Lanno ; of the Vintage and the Harvest, by Husson. The upper figures, by Feucheres, are the Genii of Agriculture, Manumctures, and Fluvial Navigation. The Tritons and Ne- reids are by Moine, Elschouet, and Parfait. The lower basins are of polished stone, and the remainder of each fountain is of iron, bronzed. The water of these fountains comes from the Reservoir of the Plaine de Monceaux. (See p. 201.) The Place de la Concorde forms a beautiful luik between the Tuileries and the Champs Elys^es. On the north are two edifices, between which the rue Royale opens a view of the Madeleine; to the south are the Pont de la Gonooide, and the Legislative Palace, behkid which is seen toweriiig th6 dome of the Invalides. The two edifices on the north side are each 288 feet in length ; and the rae Boyale, which separates them, is 90 feet wide. The fronts are terminated by projecting pavilions, between whidi, on the ground-floor, is a line of arcades forming a rasticated basement. From this basement rise 12 Corinthian columns, surmounted by an en- tablature and balustrade. The basement of each pavilion supports four colunms of the same order, crowned by a pedi- ment having a trophy on each side. These structures were erected by Potain, after the designs of Gabriel. The building nearest to the garden of the TuHeries was formerly occupied as the Garde-Meitbk de laCouronne, and contained an immense number of valuable and curious objects. Under Napoleon, it was appropriated to the residence and offices of the Minister of Marine and Colonies, who still inhabits it. The building on the other side of the rue Royale is inhabited by private families. The events that have rendered the Place de la Con<- corde famous are so identified with it, that we shall mention the principal ones in chronological order :•— Mat 3^, 1770.— DnriDg the rejoicings in honour of the marriage of loais XVI., a fatal accident was caused, after a discharge of fireworks, by the peo- ple taking a panic, in consequence of carriages driving among the crowd, and rushing towards the rue Royale, where the ground had been broken up for building; taoo persons were trampled to death, and about 2000 others seriously injured— an ominous commencement of nuptial bonds, soon to be cruelly severed by the guillotine I JcLT i'i, <789,— A collision between Prince de Lambesc's regiment and the people became the signal for the destruction of the Bastille. JAN. 21, 1793.— Louis XVI. suffered death on this Place, (l) where the fol- lowing persons also subsequently perished by the guillotine : July 17, Char- lotte Corday; Oct. 2,Bri8sot and 29 of his colleagues; Oct. i6, Marie Antoi- nette, consort of Louis XVI.; Nov. 14. Louis Philippe Joseph Egalit^, Duke of Orleans ; March 24, 1794, the Herbertists, Maratists, and Orleanists: April 8. the Dantonists. including Danton, €amille Desmoulins, etc.; April 16, the Atheists, composed of Chaumette, Anacharsis Clootz, the wives of Camille Desmoulins, of Hubert, etc. ; May 12 Elisabeth Marie H616ne of France, sister of Louis XVI. ; July S8, Robespierre and his brother, Dumas, St. Just, and Couthon, members of the Committee of Public Safety, with several others; July 29, seventy members of the Commune de Paris; July 30, twelve other members. From Jan. 21,1 793, to May 3, 1 795, more than 280 persons were executed here. April 10, 1814— The Russians, Prussians, and Austrians were reviewed, and Te Deum was snug at an altar on this Place. Feb. 22, 1 848.— The first disturbances that ushered in the memorable re- volution of that year took place here. FEB. 24, 1 848.— Flight of Louis Philippe and his family by the western en- trance of the Tuileries Garden. Nov. 4, 1 848.— The Constitution of the Republic was solemnly proclaimed bere, in the presence of the Constituent Assembly. (I ) The scaffold for the execution of Louis XVI. was erected midway between the centre of the place and the horses of Marly; that for Marie Antoinette between the centre and the sate of the ToUeries. Op|>0flite to this square, the Frigate Ecok, or model fri< gate, is moored on the Seine, and is now converted into a coffee-house and restaurant. The Champs £lts£e8 were formerly covered with small detached houses and gardens, meadows, and arable land. In 1616, the queen mother, Marie de Medids, having purchased part of the ground, caused four rows of trees to be planted so as to form three alleys, which were closed at the extremities by iron gates. This promenade, intended exclusively for that princess and her court, when she wished to drive out, assumed the name of Cours la Heine, which it still retains. It extends along the banks of the Seine, from which it is separated by the high road leading to Versailles. On the other side it was di- vided by ditches from a plain, with which a communication was formed by a small stone bridge. In 1C70, this plain, which extended to the village du Roule, was by order of Col- bert planted with trees, forming several walks interspersed with grass plots. The new promenade was at first called le Grand Cours, but soon after it was named Avenue des Champs ElysSes. Madame de Pompadour, having become proprietor of the hotel now called the PaJais de r^Jysce Napoleon, caused Colbert's plantation to be cut down. Madame de Pomi padour dying in 1764, the ground was replanted in the same year; several alleys, circles, &c., were formed, and restaurants and cafes erected. To render the view from the palace of the Tuileries more extensive, the ascent near the Barriere de Tfitoile was lowered, and the road reduced to its present gentle slope. From 1777 to 1780, the Champs £lysees were the fashionable promenade, being the resort of the most elegantly-attired ladies of the capital. A sequestered avenue in the neighbourhood was called Allee des Veuves, from its being filled in the afternoon with carriages of rich widows in mourning, who, being by custom excluded from the public walks, used to congregate here to relieve their sorrow. In 1814, a Cossack bivouac was established in the Champs Elysees; and, in 1815, the English encamped there. In 1818, the walks of the Champs £lysees were improved, and young trees planted to replace those de- stroyed during the occupation. At this time an opening called the Carre Marigny was made, affording a fine view of the Hotel des Invalides. This spot is now occupied by the Palais he l'Industrie. — ^The great inconvenience and out- lay arising from the necessity of erecting a temporary building at every recurrence of the quinquennial Exhibition of the Na- tional Manufactures of France, the last of which was held in 1849, had long caused general dissatisfaction, and it ^d often been in contemplation to construct a permanent edmce ttt mUT ftMMyBI fMSIUUNT. m ^tM porpo^. (() Tl^ le<^ Mteriy adepiir«d l^^litiolia} itrifigtll ttom the d«9ire of tmit^rting ttie nobie example set bv En^and in lasi; and accordingly a oom^y t^as fbrmed/ ia 1852, for meeting a permaai^tit edifice daiely devoted Id e^hi* Mtions (2). li was conmi«need Feb^ iHfih, 1852, under the direetion of Messrs. Yo^k and Gold^nithV (icmtractors/^ud M. Viel, arcMUfct,- and was conif^efed in April 1855. (3} , < (1) The first ExUibition oC the leiad occfurred in Paris o^ the Champ de Mars in i798. , It lasted only a. weeH, and only i ro exhibit org availed themseives of the opportunity. ..toother 'Wa^ held ih 1801, and boasted 220 exhibitors: in I802 there wer^ $vio. the fourth exhibition did not take place lintil « 8O6, wtreii there were 1 ria exhiWf ors. They were then shspehd^ nnlil i g 1 9, and others were hetd in ifins and 1 8^7 . Protri 1 h U the^ be- came Qminquennlal, and during Louis; Philti^e^s reign the nttm»^ her of exhibitors waa re9pectLYely ma, 338i,and ti9«o; In <«4«  the number of exhibitprs was 4i94. T^e nuBftbeir o£r^w«rds4it eacn exhibition was as loUows • -* . ., , ,; .. r k>'\ y Ye^r , Rewards Tear Bewardfl <79a sa 4819 860 4830 ' • fi305- 1801 80 \^ ■jsi \m 9m . 1803 m iM9 ■ <87r„, 180$ 810 mt 1^85 t8S5 ' eiitt Hear aevards.: The flrsft eithibifion held in ttie Champs Elys^es was that of j 819^ At the London Exhibition of i85i, France obtained 1,0 so prizes; Englan4> 2569; other coirtitries> iTTi. Total V 5f8«. The qfuiii- quennlal exhibitioiM generally lasI two months. A Jury is ft^Med in each djepartaaent to deotde on. the artieles fo Be'udniltted. The expense of tmnsport is defrayed by the State* A central juvy in Paris, composed of persons dist^nguisl^d by thetr Icnowiied^ is named by the Minister of Commerce to estimate the merits of the several articles, and medals of gold^ silver, pr brpii?«;;are distributed to those entitled to that distioiction. ./ , ., , . , „ (2) The Company pays an annual groundrreht pf i2fo fr. to the City, which has, moreover/ reserved to itself w right ,pf using the palace for festivals, public ceremonies and m^i^tjifim* The Government has also reserved to itseiftjlie ^se iOf,,th«  building for two days in the weels, for similar purpose^s. A^grand agricultural exhibition was held here in June, ^856. . i . , (3) It was inaugurated on the 15th of May 1 855, by the opening of the Great Exhibition of the manufactures of- ^11 nations, decreed by the Emperor on the sth of Mareh US5»,, In order to meet the great demand for space, a vast gupplexnen- tary building, 1200 metres in length,, was erected on the Quai de la Conference, and connected with the main structure by a spacious covered passage, encompassing a rotunda, now pulled down, called the Panorama. Another building, for the Fine Arts, was erected in the Avenue Marigny. The whole available space thus Obtai&ed was 108,S98 square metres, or 1, 168,465 square footy l>oinii78»8?8 «q« ft. OMTO llAtt that of ttM Grystai Ptl4ieo i«  T^BirngJlA, vnih two prpjecting cenbral «iid fiNir coriMr fvri- Eons. The central pavilion facing the AvcAue det Champs Ely* $m contains the priodpal eatranc*, a lofty arch of lorty-five t&d sgafi, and measunng sixty feet from the groood to the keyw Mone^ It is tanked with coupled Corinthian eolumna, ahove which rises an attic sunuoonled hy a magnifloent group, hy Robert, representing France in the act of awarding laureU to Art and Manufacture. On either side of this growp are genii aufifKHtijDig escutcheons charged with the imperial arms and iaitials. The frieze below, sculptured in rehef by DeshcDufs, represents the Arts and Manufactures bringing their productions to the exhibition ; under the cornice of the entablature are the words : A rindu8tn0 et awB Arts. Two figures of Fame, by M. Dieboldt, adorn the spandrito of the arch. A propyUeum under the arch contains three doors, giving access to the into- ri&r, and surmounted by an arched window, decorated with a group, in alto relievo, by Vilain, representing C(mmieroe, Agri- culture, Manu&u^ure, and Art, over which the imperial eagle spreads out its wings. This princ^al entrance is flanked on either side by two tiers of large arched windows, which are continued sdl round the buMng, numbering 598 in ^. The spandrils of the u(^p«r tier are adorned with eseutcbeons bear- ing the name9 of various towns on bars traversant ; thoae of the lower with mjedaUions displaying the initials of the Empe- ror and Impress, or portraits of emiaant men. On the frieie which intervenes between the tiers we read the names of Phi- dias, Yltnivius, De Cans, Watt, Franklm, Honge, and other celebrated men, in gilt letters. Fronting the principal fa^e Byde Park, galleries Included. The total number of exhibitors was 25,000, and the number of rewards distributed at the close of the ExhlbitloD, Nov. i5ih 185!»> was as follows -. For Manufac- turea : 1&2 crosses of the Legion of Honour, 112 grand medals of honour; 252 medals of honour; 23oq medals of the 1st class, 3900 medals of the 2d class, and 4000 honourable mentions. For works of Art : 42 decorations of the Legion of Honour; 46 medals of honour, 67 medals of the 1st class, s? of the 2d class, 77 of the 3d, and 222 honourable mentions. The sum of 36,oqo fr. WBs applied besides to pecuniary rewards. During the i98 da¥B the Exlubltion lasted, the number of visitors was 4,533,4^4, ifif^lusive of 906,530 to the Exhibition of Fiu« 4xts. The totaVreceipts amounted to 2^94i,668fr. including 4617 season tickets to the Exhibition of Manufactures, and i7o tp that of the Fine Arts. On Sundays, when the price of entrance was 2oc. the average number of visitors exceeded loo^ooo; It was about 22,000 when at ifr.> about 4000 at 2fr., and feU bol^w 1000 on 5fr. days. The general average was 2a,S96 4aily. f9d FIRST ARRONDISSEMENT/ are two elegant fountains encircled with flower-beds. Before the eastern entrance is an equestrian bronze statue of Napoleon III., modelled by Debay. Interior, — ^Except the outer walls, which are of stone, as already described, the main building is entirely constructed of iron and roofed with glass. Its design is of the utmost sim- plicity. A central rectangular nave, 35 metres in height, with a surface of 192 metres in length and 48 in breadth, is sur- rounded by three aisles of an aggregate breadth of 30 metres, and formed by four rows of iron columns, 288 in number, sup- porting a spacious gallery 30 metres wide, transmitting light to the ground-floor through rectangular skylights. This gallery, to which a splendid three-branched double-staircase in the main centrd pavilion, and five other elegant staircases in the corner and southern pavilions, give access, has 216 colunms, supporting the arched roofs both of the nave and aisles. (1) The central roof terminates in two vertical segments, containing two stained glass paintings representing France convening all Nations to the Exhibition, and Equity presiding over the Increase of Exchange, Their execution contrasts so painfully with the rest of the building, that the ill-success of the artist in so important a task was a matter of great regret. The Champs felysees are bounded on the north by the Fau • bourg St. Honore, on the south by the Cours la Reine, on the east by the Place de la Concorde, and on the west by ChaiUot. Their length from the Place de la Concorde to the Barriere de r£toile, is about i% mile ; their breadth at the eastern boundary is a73 yards, and at the western 7 00 yards." Their distribution is • (i) All the aYailal)le space, both of the ground-floor and galleries, was, during the great Exhibition, divided into alleys and passages by stalls, presses, stands, etc., according to the requirements of the exhibition, this part being specially devoted to ornamental furniture and the lighter kinds of articles. The Rotunda of the Panorama was reserved for the most precious articles exhibited, and for the crown jewels. Of these, the finest is the Regent, purchased, in 474 8, by Philippe II., Duke of Orleans ; it weighs 4 36 carats, and is valued at about 5,ooo,oo0f^. The precious stones of the State are 64,842 in number, weighing 48,751 carats, and worth 2o,9oO,260fr. The crown has 5206 brilliants, 446 rose-diamonds, and 59 saphirs, value 44,702,708 flrgi Next comes a sword with 4506 roses, valued at 264,465 fr.; a clasp with 247 brilliants, value 273,449 fr. ; a sword with 4576 brilliants, value 244,874 fr.; a clasp for a cloak, mounted with an opal valued at 37,500 fr.; and 4 97 brilliants worth 30,605 f^.; and a button for the hat, with 24 brilliants, worth 240,700 fr. Among the articles for ladies are four head-dresses, value 4,465,463 fr., 293,758 fr., 283,846 fr., and 430,820 fr.; a brilliant necklace worth 433,94)Ofr.y and some wheat-ears valued at 491,475 fr. CHAMPS iLYSbtS. in as fdHaws : The Avenue de$ Champ$ EluUee, with its foot- pavements in bitumen, 12 feet wide, laid down at a cost of £80 00 9 intersects the Champs filysees loogitadioally ; its axis c(»nciding witii that of the Tuileries. At equal distances from the Place de la Concorde and the Barriere de Tfitofle, is the Rond Point, a drcolar space, with a fountain in its centre, from which the rues Montai^e and Matignon branch out to the north, and the AlUes d'Antin and de$ Fences (now called Avenue Montaigne) to the south, intersedint; the Cours la Reine^ T:hfdAvenw de Marigny, nearly opposite to the Palaie de Vlnd^strie^ leads to the filysee Napofeon, once the residence of the Emperor, when President of the Republic. By far the most animated part of the Champs £lysees is the Avenue des Champa El^ee^^ which is the fayourite walk of the gay Parisians. On Sundays and holidavs in particular the shopki^ep^r and workman may be seen here jostling the lion of the bouleyards,. while aristocratic vdvets and cachemire shawl^ meet in dose contact with humble merinos and coarse tartans. Under the groves are toy and gingerbread stalls, jeucc.de bagues, and other attractions for the rising generation; jug^rs >nd itinerant tumblers aUzact a willing and ever- changing crowd of spectators, while Punch squeaks his secular jokes, to his, delig)bited juvenile audience. On sunny winter- days, pr op,ol ^mmer-evenings, numerous parties of all classes are Sf^^, joying the lively specXside before them, seated on ir^n ch^ hired fqr 3 or 4 sous, or on the wooden benches placed^ f^tjjutervals on the sides of the avenue, while elegant carri^e^. roll in procession along the road. Handsome coffee- houses, scattered among the trees on either side, attract the loiterierhytheit' Cheerful lights, varied refreshments, and vocal and insthiinental music. In the northern grove is the Cirque de flmperatrice, devoted to feats of horsemanship ; and facing it, a small theatre, for pantomimes, legerdemain, etc. These are. only open in the summer months. There are several ele- gant fduntmns, some surrounded with flower-beds, under each of the gh)Ve8. A row of cast-iron lamp-posts extends the entire ^en^h as far as the triumphal arch de r£toUe, and the effect , of such. a line of light after dark is peculiarly splendid. Among the places of amusement, which render me Champs £lysees so attractive^ we must especially mention Mabille, the beautiful Jardin d'Hiver, and the Ckdteau des Fleurs, near the BaMere de Tfitoile. (l). (See PMic Amusements.) Beyond (1) It was right opposite to this place, in the Avenue, that an odious attempt on the life of the present Emperor took place (April 28th, 1855.) His Majesty was passing on horseback, in company with Count E. Key and Ueut.-Col. Valahrfegue, tbe Rood i^t tbare ai« some epleadid vmkwm, amoa^ whicb those of Count Lehoa and the Marquis da i^orisUtti. The latter now beloi^ to the Empress, who has enlarged ibe garden from part of the grounds of M. de Girardin's house. The public fetes are held in the Champs Ely sees. (1) The annual Promencbds de Lmgchamp takes ^ace in the Champs £]ysees and the Bois de Boulogne on the Wednesday, Thursday, and Friday of Passion Week. The carnages, wbicli on these days are much more numerous, proceed in line up one side of the Grande Allee, and down the other. (2) Returning to the Rond Point, the Avenue d'An tin leads to the Pont des Invalides (see p. 348). In the Avenue Montaigne, at No. 66 is a house built in the Chinese style, containing a Chi- nese museum (see p. 482). At No. 36 is M. Triat^s gymnastic establishment, whieh is worth seeing ; the public are admitted when the assassin Pianori, alias Liverani, approachc^d, as it 1o present a petilion, and, taking off bis hat, drew a double-bar- relled pistol from liis bosom and discharged it at liie Emperor. Eye-witnesses state that His Majesty, without displaying the slightest emotion, immediately turned his horse towards the assassin, who was in the act of making his escape, and rode after him, when Pianori was seized, while drawing another pis- tol from his pocket, by a Corsican police-ofiicer, named Ales- sandri, and after a struggle, during which the captor had to in- flict a wound upon him with a poniard, was ^^t length secured by the aid of other people who had hastened to the spot. Hi3 Majesty, immediately after the attempt, rode on to overtake the Empress, who was on her way to the Pare de Boulogne, and, on his return, was cheered with the greatest enthusiasm. (1) The City clears 17,300 fr. a-year from the rents paid for the places of amusement. Of this sura, upwards of &ooo fr. are paid by the toy and cake-stalls. The owners of the chairs let to the public pay eooo fr. a-year. (2) In the Bois de Boulogne, an abbey, called Ahba/ye de Long^ champ, was founded in i26i, by Isabella of France, sister of St. Louis, which attracted Jiltle notice till the mtddliB of the eighteenth century, when a melodious choir of nuns attracted tlie attention of amateurs. The church of the ahbey was fire- imented, and in Passion Week it became the fashion for the haut ton to attend it in state. As the collections wade were tery eonsiderable, and might be still further augmented, the principal singers of the Opera were inyited to assist in chanting the lamentations and Tenebrv, This attraction however gra- dually passed away, the church of Longchamp was deserted, but the Parisians still flocked to the Bois de Boulogne, where the noble89e continued to display their costly alHre and splendid equipages. The early scenes of the revolution o( n%9 suspended for a while this annual pageant, until after the isth Brumaire, when the promenade of Longchamp was resumed, notwithstand- ing the abbaye bad disappeared. 1»0^ BE iEMA. l91 at 9 p.m, daQf . Farther on, at No. 1 8, is Prince SadelkoflTi mansion, boUt in the style of the Uth century. I The Avenue Montaigne communicates with the ' ' Pont de l'Alma, finished in 1856 at a cent of 1,200,000 francs. It has three stone arches, and elegant balustrades of the same material. Turning into the Cours La Reine, there will be seen a house in which have been worked the decorations by Jean Goujoa of the front of a seat which Francis I. built at Moret, near Fontainebleau, in 1527, for his sister Margaret. Under the cornice appears the following inscription : Qui 8cit frenare linguam, sensumque domare, Fortior est illo qui frangit viribug urbes. Intt, 1528, etre$t, i%iB, The frieze over the ground floor is adorned with bacchanalian bas-reliefs, and with 7 medallions bearing the portraits of Louis XII., Anne de Bretagne, Francis II., Marguerite de Na- varre, Henri II., Diane de Poitiers, and Francis I. Numerous escutcheons adorn the other parts. Close to this is an elegant hotel, belonging to Mme. Alboni, the celebrated singer, (i) At No. 4, quai de Billy, is the POMPE A FEU DE Chaillot, for Supplying the foun- tains in different parts of the capital with water from the Seine. It was erected in 1778, by Messrs. P^r'.er, and it sup- plies about 324,000 cubic feet in 24 hours from elevati^d re- ser>'oirs (one of them of sheet iron) containing 352,880 cubic feet of water. It has two new engines of 175 horse-power, and is at present receiving considerable improvements. At Nos. 32-36, are the Subsistances MiUtaires, a general bakehouse and magazine of provisions for the garrison, erected on the site of the late manufactory of mosaic ornaments (2). The daily ration of bread to each soldier is I'/alb. Further on is the Pont de J^na. — ^This bridge, begun in I8O6, after the de- signs ofM. Dillon, and under the direction of M.,Lamande, was completed in 1813. It stands opposite the Ecole Mili-^ taire, and forms a communication between the Quai de Billy and the Champ de Mars. (See p. 351). It consists of five ellip- tical ardies, and is 460 feet between the abutments. It has a cornice, imitated from the temple of Mars at Rome, and wreaths of laurel and oak, encircling the imperial eagle (which has re- placed the letters L placed back to back, substituted by the (1) A railway for omnibuses drawn by horses, and carrying 50 passengers, at a charge of from a to 8 sous, according to distance, is laid down from the Place de la Concorde to the Bois de Boulogne along the Coun la Heine. (2) K large portion of it was burnt down Nov. 18, tsss. 194 Wm ABRONUSSSyENY. Keatontioa for the original N's) adorn tiie piers. At tke e tremities of thepar^wete are four pedestals, which have ji receiy^ four colossal groups^ representing a Greek, a Roma a Gaul, and an Arab, each checking a spirited horse, exeout respectively by MM. Devaulx, Daumas, Preault, and tj late M. Feucheres. (1) On the hill side, opposite the Pont de Jena, will he se( several alleys and terraces. The elevated plateau to which the lead, once the garden of a convent, was intended to b^ the si of a marble palace for the King of Rome. Turning into the rue des Batailles, leading to the rue 6 Chaillot, (1) the visitor will find at No. 60 St. Pierre de Chaillot, 3rd district church of 1st arroc dissement.^-The oldest part of this edifice is the choir, of tb 1 5th century. It has five sides, and its vaulted ribs unite in well-sculptured pendant. It is painted in the Byzantine style the windows are adorned with sacred subjects in modem staina C. The paintings in the nave are the Flight to Egypt, b; _ aud; Peter restoring Tabithato life, by Smith ; the Adora tion of the Magi, by Gosse ; and St. Peter delivered from prison byDubusc. At the entrance of the choir are two angels in fresco by Hesse ; over its arch, the Adoration of God, by Debay. • Beyond this, near the Avenue de Neuilly, is the Institution de Sainte Purine, 99, rue de GhaiUot, an hosr pice for aged persons in reduced circumstances. (See p. 122.) The Ghapel Marboeuf (Ghurch of England), 10 bis, Avenae Marboeuf, established in 1 824, is a chaste specimen of the pointed style ; a flight of steps gives access to the principal entrance, separated by buttresses from the lateral one3. The interior con- sists of a nave, around which runs an oaken gallery, resting upon iron pillars. The chapel is numerously attended. The minister is the Rt. Rev. Bishop Spencer. (See p. lift,) The last street before reaching the Barriere de Tfitoile was called the rue du Banauet, in 1848, from its containing a large space of ground, whicn General Thiars had placed at the dis- posal of the committee for the ever-memorable banquet which (0 This bridge bas more than once changed lis name. Tii«^ of Jena was at first given to it in memory of the famous victory over the Prussians, on the i4th of October, 4806. When the Prussians came to Paris in I8U, they would have blown it np but for the interference of the Duke of Wellington, at whose re- commendation its name was changed to that of Poni des fntalidei. | Since 4850 it has again resumed its original one. (a) The village of Chaillot w^s anciently called Chail, (wbich »nclent deeds translate by destructio arborum,) and was declared a suburb of Paris In i659, under the name of Faubourg d$ la Con- f4r9f^* The village Cormed part of the royal domaini* AAC W TUMtmm BE LliiOILE. I95 ^ li»«tateiiiUce there oir Feb. 33, aad the prercBliaii of "wrlikfa ushered in the revohitioB of that year. It hM nyw resumed Us (M app^lation oSruedu Chemin de VenaiUet am titeekTatioa to which the ChampB iXyvAn lead is the Aw D£ TaiOMPBs i>fi LtT«LE.— The idea of Uu proud monamni originated with NajKdeon, who decreed its erectioii ID tS4}$, and the first stoiie was laid od the I sth of Aumst of tbat yoff. M. Ghalgrin formshed the designs. On tSmar. ' ri^^ir of the Emperor with Maria Lonisa, and her trimnnhal entry into the capital, there was an immense modd in wood and 43anvas of this arch temporarily erected and bnUiantiv liiumuated. After the death of Ghal^rinin isu M GousI , eoBtiBiKd bis ^^ans as far ad the^riag of the great'ardi- but ia 1S14 the worits were entirely suspended, unttt. in ite3 after the canHtaign of the Duke d*Angouleme in Spain, it was ikteiiQined to finish the areh in honour of his victories and bfews. Hoyot and Goust were charged with its comnl^ In l«a»» the enl^latwe was finished, but the whole was not eaoapletad until July, 1836. The totid cost was 10.433 800 Irtttto^ or £417,812. The monnmeDt consisU of a Vast ceoWatarcb, »oft in height by 45ft. in width, over which n&esr ^hmd entablature and an attic. There is also a tran»- versal arch, 67ft. high and 35ft. wide ; the total beisht of the stettet«£e is l^ift., its breadth and depth are 137ft. and asft re8pe«Uf«ly. The fronts of the building are towards the Chamns Bys^es and NeuiBy. Each pier of the principal fronts is oma^ AM^ed wilfe a psojecting pedestal, sujf^orting groans of fi^ffas, in altwalievo. The mipost of the main arlh runs in a btrfd cormce round the four sides ; the spandrils and fiiett are «niiohed witb alti-rilievi, and the attic, crowned by a eomiee and iM^ cNrnamented with masks, is divided ipto compart, ments with circalar shields, each inscribed with the name of sonas great iFictory . The internal sides of all the piers are in- scribadr mm the names of 96 victories ; under the transversal archea'with Renames of generals. The northern pier of the mteni principal face bears on its pedestal a group renresentinc the defMiftitfd of the army in 17»3. The Geniarof War sod^ mm tiie sation to arms, and warriors of different ages, and in mmmi costume, are arming and bastenii^ to batUe. The dunen&ioits (rf this and of all the oorrespan^na grouns are in total fcftebt 3^t., wd eachiigiive mri^Jo^^hyM Rude, and i> fee mest stiikiiig as w«dl as the best CTecntc^ ^km* l^ba.flontbeinpterQftbeaiUMefrttitbaathetrioranh aiiH^. jBjjMWrtad by Viet«ryciiiw^ Faie nnilQqnts ike whole, aM Itistary records hi9 dc«d«; van- ids muST ARROKDISSfiMENt. western front, the group of the southern pier represents tl resistance of the French nation to the invading armies in 1814 a young man is seen defending his wife, his children, and h! father ; a warrior behind him is falling slain from his hors< and the Genius of the Future flits over and encourages them 1 action. That on the northern pier is the peace of 1815 • warrior is seen sheathing his sword ; another, more aged, i taming a bull for purposes of agriculture, while a mother an children are seated at their feet, and Minerva, crowned wit laurels, sheds over them her protecting uifluence. These tw groups are hy M. Etex. (1) The most admired ornament of this arch are the alti-rilievi of the compartments above th impost-cornice. All the other groups are in antique costumes bemg allegorical ; these, on the contrary, are valuable, ai faithful representations of the uniforms of the time. Th< southern compartment of the eastern side represents the sur- render of Mustapha Pacha at the battle of Aboukir, by M. Seurre, sen. The principal figures of these compartments an about 9ft. high. The northern compartment of the same side is filled with a group of the death of General Marceau, by M. Lemaire. Above the arch and impost-cornice of the nortuem side of the monmnent is a magnificent composition, the battle of Austerlitz, by M. Jechter. On the western front, the northern alto-r^evo is the taking of Alexandria, by M. Chaponniere. The figure of Kleber is a chef-d'oeuvre. The other group is the passage of the bridge of Areola, by M. Feuchere. On the southern side of the building, the compartment answering to the battle of Austerlitz, is the battle of Jemmapes, by Ma- rocchetti. The composition of this magnificent piece of sculp- ture is very fine. Behind General Dumouriez is a portrait of Louis Philippe, then Due de Chartres. The figures of Fame in the spandrUs of the main arch on each side are by M. Pradier. They are 18ft. in height. The frieze is occupied on the eastern, and on half of the northern and southern sides, by the departure of the armies. The deputies of the nation, grouped round the altar of the country, distribute flags to the troops. There are portraits of all the great characters of the epoch, 1790-2, in- cluded in this composition. The corresponding portions of the frieze on the other sides of the building represent the return of the armies, who offer the fruit of their victories to regener- ated France. This long composition is the work of several artists — ^Messrs. Brun, Laitie, Jacquot, CaiUouette, Seurre, and Rude. The series of bucklers, thirty in number, inscribed each with a victory, on the attic above the entablature, begins with • ( i) To afford an idea of the remuneration given to the sculptors An this monument, M, Etex was paid t40;000f. for the two groupi- GHAPBL OF ST. VEBDWASD. 197 ,' Valmy, and ends with Ugny. The spandrite of the traotreraal I arches are covered with figures, representiog the infantry and f cavalry of the French armies, by Messrs. Bra and Valois re- [ spectively ; and on their interior spandrils are the artillery and ' the marine, by Messrs. De Bay and Seurre. The groups on the other arches represent the conquests of the armies of the Xorth, East, West, and South; the names of the Generals i corresponding to them are placed beneath, numbering alto- gether 384. Winding staircases in the two eastern piers lead to several halls; the last contains in one of the cross vaults the following inscription : — Ce monument, commence en 1806, en Thonneur de la Grands Arm^e, longtemps interrompu, continue en 1833 avec une d^ dicace nouveIle,a ^t^ achev^ en 1830 qui ra consacr^ k la gloire des Armies Fran^aisef. Before 1 852, the blank contained these words : *' Par le roi Louis Philippe ler." From the platform at the top one of the 6nest views of Paris and its environs may be seen. The total number of steps is 261 . The two western piers contain pipes to carry off water, and a gas apparatus. Around the nase is a circular area, enclosed with granite blocks and cable chains, and lighted with gas from bronze lamp-pnsts. The monument is open till dusk. A small fee is given by parties ascending to the top. From the Arc de TEltoile, the Avenue de Neuillv leads to the village of that name. Distant about half a mile, on the left baud, is the Porte Maillot, one of the principal entrances to the Bois de Boulogne, (See p. 498.) and opposite to it, in the Koute de la Revolte, is the Chapel of St. Ferdinand, the scene of the melancholy death of the Duke of Orleans, on 13th July, 1842. (1) — ^The house in which the Duke expired, with some adjoining property , • being purchased by the crown, Messrs. Lefranc and Fontaine, architects, erected on its site the present chapel, dedicated to St. Ferdinand, which was begun on August 21, 1842, and consecrated on July 1 1 following, in the presence of the royal family, by the Archbishop of Paris, the same who fell in the (i) A brief notice of this sad event will not be deemed irre- levant in this place. The Duke left Paris in the forenoon, In a light open carriage, with a postilion, intending to take leave of the royal family at Neuilly, and then to proceed to the camp at St. Omer. As he approached the Porte Maillot, the horses took fright. The postilion seeming to lose his command over them, the Duke called out, ** Are you master of your horses t" ** Sir, I guide them," was the reply. After a few minutes the Duke . again said, " I am afraid you cannot hold them." The answer was, " I cannot, S\f," The Puke then endeavoured to get put 198 nfiST AaMonmrnmam. iUarttetiton 6t JvaAb 1848. The building, 50 fed tong b;f 20 IB height, is of stone, sarmoutited by a cross, and is in the Lombard Gothic style, resembUng an ancient mausoleum. On the h^ altar is a Descent from the Gross, in marble, by Triqaetti. On the left is another altar, dedicated to St. Fer- dinand, and corresponding to it on the right is a marble group representing the Prince on Ms death-bed, and kneeling at his head is an angel in fervent supplication, as if impl<Mriiig the divine commiseration on the sufferer. Hie monogram MO reveals that this beautiful " s^nrit" was the woiIl of his deceaied sister, the Princess Marie, wIm> little thought for whose tomb she was executing it ! The remainder of the group is by Triquetti, after a drawing of M . Ary Scheffer. Underneath is a bas-relief representing France leaning over a funereal urn, deploring her great loss ; the French flag is at her feet. Three drcular win- dows corresponding to the sides of the cross represent respec- tively Hope, Faith, and Charity, in stained glass. The remaining 14 pointed windows represent, in stained glass aho, the patron saiilts of the different members of the Royal family, viz. : in front St. Amelia and St. Ferdinand ; St. Louis and St. Philip the Apostle ; iii the transept to the r^t St. Helen and St. Henry; in that to the left St. Rupert and St. Charles Borromeo ; in the nave to the ri^t St. Francis of Assise, St. Adelaide, and St. Raphael; to the left St. Anthony of Padua, St. Rosalie, and St. Clement of Alexandria. Descending a few steps behind the altar of the Virgin, the visitor will And hiinself in the very room in which the Prince died ; it is the sacristy of the chapel. Low oaken presses and a confessional of the simplest construction, a chair and prayerndesk covered with black, and an ivory cmdfix, form its only furniture. Opposite the door is a picture of the size of life, by M. C. Jaoquand, re- presenting the death scene. To the 1^ is the Duke stretched on a bed, his head supported by the physicians; his father is seated opposite, eyeing him with the stupor of grief. The Queen and Princess Clementine, the Dukes of Aumale and Montpensier^ Marshals Soult and Gerard, ahd the Core of Neuilly form an affecting group on the left. The other per- sons present are Generals Atalin, Gourgaud, de Rumigny, the of the carriage, but, his feet becoming entangled in his cloak, he was precipitated to the ground on his head, which was dread- fully fraciured. He was conveyed to the house of M. Lecordier, a grocer, where at lo minutes past 4 o'clock of the same after- noon he breathed his last, unconscious of the grief that sur- rounded him, and apparently without pain. The royal family, with the exception of the Prince de Joinville, then at Naples, the Queen of the Belgians, and the Duchess < f Orl^ians, who was at Bagn^reSf were witnesses of this heart*rending scene. (C0A9ILL8 Dl BEAUIOH. i%9 D«e 4e Pasqiner, M. Martin (da Nord), and M. Goifol. Dr. I Paquet is supporting the head of the patient. Next to him ii [ 0r. Destooches, remarkable for his reaemblanoe with M. Thiers. Id front of the Chapel, and separated from it by an open court, are four rooms, which were arranged for the aeoommo* dation of the late royal family, who used frequently to visit this moamfol spot. Of these, only one is visible now, the others being inhabited by the priest entrusted with the service of the Chapel. Here are seen a richly embroidered cushion expressly made for the consecration of the Chapel, and never used since ; a clock in a black marble case sunnounted by an urn; marking 10 minutes past four, the time of the Duke's death ; and a second clock sunnounted by a bronze figure re- preseoting France leaning over a broken column in the attitude of mouming; it marks 10 minutes to 12, the hour at which the Prince fell. On the column are the initials F. P. 0., and the date, July 13, 1842. Here is also a pirogue brought over from Brazil by the Due de Joinville, as a present to the Due d'Orleans ; it was bought up by order of his widow at the sale of the Orleans property, and deposited here. The eourt wlii<^ lies between these rooms and the chapel ends in a hemi- cycle of cypresses, in the centre of which is a cedar-tree, brought from Mount Lebanon by the late Duke ot Orleans, then Duke of Chartres, and planted by the Count of Paris, with his own hands. Admission daily from lo to 5 ; a fee is given to the porter. The visitor should now turn into the Avenue des Tkemei, a few steps to his right, where he will find the £glise St. Ferdinai«d. The facade is mixed Gothic ; a low flight of steps leads to the porch, flanked by two fluted columns with Gothic foliated capitals, and surmounted by a square belfry ending in a spire. The interior consists of a nave with clerestory windows, and two aisles, each terminating in a circular chapel, and separated from the nave by arches resting on Doric puas- wcrs. The choir is semi-circular. The walls are painted in the gaudy Byzantine style, and the windows are decorated with stained glass. The architect is M. Lequeux. The visitor will now cross the Barrier, and enter into the rue du Faubourg St. Honore. He will there find, at No. 1 57 , the Chapelle de Beaujon, 4th district church of 1st arrondisse- ment, erected, in 1780, at the expense of Nicholas Beaujon, re- ceiver-general of the finances, after the designs of Girardin, and dedicated to St. Nicholas ; it is small, presenting nothing re- markable, and is only open on Sundays. Behind it are the house and groimds formerly belonging to the founder, whose extensive property was bequeathed almost entirely to the ho$- Digitized by VJOOQ IC 200 FIRST ARRONDISSEMENT. pital named ftfter him, and has now reverted to it after having been enjoyed by his legatees for 50 years. The UopiTAL Beaujon stands upon the opposite^ side of the street, and was founded, in 1784, for 24 orphans of the parish du Roule, 12 boys and 12 girls, for whose support Nicholas Beaujon endowed it with 20,000 livres annually. By a decree of the Convention, this orphan asylum was converted into an hospital for the sick, and took the name of Hopital du Roule. The council-general of hospitals restored its former name, but not its primitive destination. The different parts of the Hopital Beaujon, after the designs of Girardin, are well dis- tributed, solid, and tastefully decorated. The original building is 96 feet in length towards the street, by 144 in depth, and consists of a ground floor, with three upper stories. Four pa- vilions have lately been added on the side of the Pare de Men- ceaux, the whole being connected by galleries. The public days of admission are Thursdays and Sundays, from 2 till 4 ; but strangers may visit it every day on showing their pass- ports, and an inspection of this remarkably well-ordered estab- lishment will be highly gratifying. (Seep. 143.) Behind this hospital is the Parc de Monceaux, o, rue de Ghartres. — In this park, planted in the English style, a palace was erected in 1 7 7 8, by M. Garmontel, for the Duke of Orleans, Tlie National Convention decreed that Monceaux should not be Rold, but preserved for various establishments of public utility. The Lmperor on his accession presented it to the arch-chancellor Cambaccres, who, finding it too expensive, restored it to the Grown four or five years afterwards. Napoleon then annexed Monceaux to his private domains. Upon his fall, in 1814 Louis XVIH. restored it to the Duke of Orleans, hut since the 2 2d of January 1852, it has returned to the SUle. Visi- tors are not admitted. In the Rue de Messine is a new convent of Garmelite nuns. In the rue du Faubourg St . Honore, at No. 1 4 1 , were the Royal Stables, transformed, since 1848, into a military hospital, con taining 1 ooo beds. Visitors are not admitted. Further down, at No. 123, istheMARCH^ nu Roule, and nearly opposite stands St. Philippe, 2d district church of 1st arrondissement, begun in 1769, after the designs of Ghalgrin, and finished in 1784. The front consists of 4 Doric columns crowned by a pedunent, which is ornamented with an alto-rilievo repre- senting Religion. In the interior, 16 fluted Ionic columns se- ' parate the nave from the aisles, and 6 more enclose the choir, behind which is the chapel of the Virgin. The whole church is 164 feet long by 78 in breadth ; its vaulted ceiling is painted in compartments, blue and gold. The semi-cunola is adorned PALAIS DK t/ELna NAFOliON. 301 with frescos by M. Chaaseriaii, representiiig the chief incidaits I of the Passion. The altar is of white marble with sculptures, I by the Abbe Roger, in three compartments, representing, 1st, the Sacrifice of Abraham; 2dly, Jesus accepting the instru- ments of the Passion ; and, 3dly , the Entombment. On the sides are figores of Moses, Aaron, St. Philip, and St. James. It con- tains good pictures, among which the Martyrdom of St. James, by Degeorges. At No. 24, rue de Courcelles, is the mansion of Queen Christina of Spain, now inhabited by Princess Matilda. In the rue Montaigne, at No. 13, are the stables of the Emperor, formerly belonging to the Duchess of Orleans. They are connected with the tuileries by telegra|rfiic wires. Vi- ators are not admitted. At the upper end of the rue de Mircnnesnil, is the Abattoir du Roulc — begun in 1 8lo. It occupies a space of 222 yards in length, by 1 3 1 in breadth. For a description, see that of Popincourt, which is the largest. (See p. 283.) The adjoining Plaine de Monceaux, where many new streets are traced out, is traversed by the St. Germain Railroad. Close to the Barhere is a vast reservoir, connected with the Aqwduc de Ceinture (see p. 29), and distributing water to the Champs El ysees and the Place de la Concorde. From hence, the visitor will return to the semicircular Place Beauveau.— The central building. No. 90, facing the Avenue Marigny, is the Hotel Beauveau. At the corner of the rue du Faubourg St. Honore, 55, is the Palais dex'£lys]£e Napoleon. — ^This hotel, constructed in 1718, after the designs of Molet, for the Count d'fivreux, was afterwards purchased and occupied by Madame de Pompadour, mistress of Louis XV. Whilst in her possession, part of the Champs £iysees was added to the garden. At the death of Madame de Pompadour, Louis XY. bought it of the Marquis de Marigny, as a residence for ambassadors extraordinary. In 177 3, M. Beaujon, the famous banker, enlarged and embellished it, after whose death the Duchess of Bourbon purchased and oc- cupied it till 1790, the period of her emigration. In 1792, it was declared national property, and in the following year was used as the government printing-office. In 1 8oo it was sold, and converted into a garden for public amusements. Murat bought it in 1804, and resided there until his departure for Naples, when it again became the property of the government, and was a favourite residence of Napoleon I. In 1814 and 1815 it was inhabited by the Emperor of Russia, and by the DuIlo of Wellington. When Napoleon returned from Elba, he occupied it until the defeat of Waterloo tepoinstted his short revolution of the Cent Joutg. In isie, Louis XYIIL gare ft to the Dul de Berri, on whose assassinatioQ it descended to the Duke d Bordeaux, and now again belongs to the State. It was the oi ficial residence of the present Emperor, while President of tb French Republic. The Porte d^Honneur, or entrance-gate facio; the street, is flanked by two side-doors, and adorned with eigh Ionic columns supporting an arch with the Imperial arms There are five courts, ol which the principal one, called th< Cour d'HoHneur, leads to the entrance of the palace, adomec with a portico of four Doric columns, supporting a Corinthiac one on the upper story. A broad flight of steps overspread by a verandah, gives access to a vestibule containing a statue of Apollo, and opening into the suite of apartments on the ground floor, commencing with a dining-room 60 feet by 20, orna- mented with Corinthian columns and pilasters richly gilt. The walls of this apartment are painted by Duhouy with landscapes^ some of the figures of which are by Veruet, and were executed for Murat. The views represented are : the Pyramids of Egypt, the passing of the Tiber, the Chateau de Benrad, on the Bbine, near Dusseldorf, once occupied by Murat (the carriage in the foreground contains Murat*s children), and a view of the cha- teau de Neuilly, at that time also Murat's property ; a female figure ui the foreground is said to be a good portrait of Mme. Murat, the sister of Napoleon. This room gives access to a BaU-room of recent erection, in the new wing of the palace, towards the Avenue de Marigny. It is of Corinthian archi- tecture, with a coved ceiling, the corners of which are adorned with eagles supporting escutcheons charged with the monogram N.E. It has six lofty arched windows looking into the garden, and corresponding to them, on the opposite wall, are as many mirrors of equal size and form, while another colossal one oc- cupies the wall opposite to the entrance. Returning to the Dining-room, a door to the right opens into a spacious garden, and the one opposite leads to the State-apartments, commencing with the Salle des Ofjkiers d*Ordonnance de Service. The adjoinmg Salle de Reception was used by Napoleon I. bs a council-chamber ; it is a noble apartment ; the furniture is in red damask and gilt. Adjoining is the Chambre de NapoUon /., in blue and gold. This was his favourite bed-room, "where he last slept in Paris after the battle of Waterloo. It is now adorned with two splendid full-length portraits of the present Emperor and Empress by Winterhalter . Next comes the Sail^ des Souverains, formerly the Salon de Travail, where Napo- leon I. signed his last abdication. At present it is fitted up with great splendour, and adorned with the portraits of the i following sovereigns : the King of Holland ; IsabelU II. of Spain ; PALAM t>e L'eLTSEC IVAPOLiON. 203 FfMeHc WilHamlY. of Prussia; the Saltan Abdul Medjid; tiie Kitig of Wartemberg ; King Leopold of Belgium; Dona Maria II. of Portugal ; Victor Emmanuel II. of Saitlinia ; Max- imilian n. of Bavaria ; Frederic VII. of Denmark ; the present Emperor of Austria ; King Oscar of Sweden ; Ferdinand II. of Naples ; and last, though not least, Her Majesty Queen Victo- ria, who here partook of a splendid collation on the 20th Aug. 185 5. In a room adjoiaing is a representation, in waler- colburS, of the Distribution of the Eagles to the Army in the Champ de Mars, on the ioth of May, 1851, and opposite a record of the international festival given by the Court of Aldermen in 1851. (1) The last room, which the visitor will see on leaving, is the Salle d^Armes, with two trophies, com- posed of weapons of modem date. From the grand vestibule the principal staircase leads to the apartments of the upper story. Th^ SaUm des Quatre Saisons, a spacious room, with a bakony overlooking the garden, leads to the library, which opens into the bed-room. This beautiful apartment, fitted up in the style of a tent, with hangings of rich yellow silk, was arranged b^ Mme. Murat, for the reception of her husband after one of his campaigns. The ornaments are all gilt, and of a military character. This was the bed-room of the Empress Maria Louisa, and here also was bom the sister of the Duke of Bor- deaux. Adjoining is a suite of rooms for the accommodation of a dame d'honneur, &c. These were the apartments inha- bited in 1846 by the Prince de Salerno. The splendid collection of pictures belonging to the Due de Berri, which formeriy adorned the Walls of this palace, were sold in England for the Duke de Bordeaux, after the revolution of 1 830. The southern front of the palace consists of a central pavflion with four lonio columns on the basement story, and as many Corinthian ones oh the upper. The garden opens into the Avenue de Ma- rigny, where new guard-houses have been built since 1848. The stables and out-houses at the corner of the Avenue Marigny have been also considerably increased, and on the opposite side a wing has been built on the site of the mansion of Marshal Se» bastiani. To visit this palace, apply to General Rolin, at the Tuiieries (see p. iv.). At No. 6 in the me d'Aguesseau, is The Episcopal Church, for the use of the British embassy and residents. — Its style is Gothic ; the internal decorations are plain ; it consists of a nave, 50 feet high, and is lighted by {\) This was tbc I>epdt des Cartes Geographiques of Napoleon I. The other rooms were the Petits Appartements, once occupied by the Due de Berri. The Emperor Alexander 1. slept here during (he occupation of the Allies, and Ibrahim Pasha inhabited these a^rtments in l$4f. Digitized by VjOOQ IC 204 FIRST ARRONDISSEMENT. Stained windows at each end, and by three apertures in th roof. The organ is placed behind the altar, li^hich is oraamento with a fine painting by Annibal Garracci. The pulpit, desks and seats are of oak. This church was built in 1833, at the ex pense of Bishop Luscombe, then chaplain of the embassy, aftei a plan of his own, by M. Vivenel, under the direction of Ml Dahlstein, architect. It will hold 800 persons, and is crowded during the hours of diviue service by British residents and visitors. The secretary, Mr. Shephard, to whom notice of mari riages, funerals, and baptisms may be given, resides adjoining the church. (Seep. 87.) At No. 4 1 ,in the rue du Faubourg St. Honore, is the splendid hotel of the Baroness Pontalba. Next to this is The British Embassy, No. 39, formerly the Hotel Borghese, the residence of the Princess Pauline, sister of Bonaparte. It was purchased by the British government soon after the peace in 1814, and with its fine garden forms one of the most noble residences of Paris. The British consular office is here. At No. 1, rue des Champs-Elysees, is the Hotel pe la REYNiiiRE, once the residence of the famous M. Grimod, author of the Almanach des Gourmands. It was long occupied by the Russian and Ottoman embassies ; the Duke of WeUington also resided here. The Cerde Imperial is now in it. (See p. 14.) The stranger should now proceed to the Ghapelle Expiatoire, rue d'Anjou St. Honore. — ^The spot upon which this beautiful little chapel is erected was originally a burial-ground dependent upon the parochial church of the Madeleine. Upon the execution of the unfortunate Louis XVI* and his queen, in 1 7 93 , they were here obscurely interred. The ground was then purchased by M. Descloseaux, and converted into an orchard, in order to secure from revolutionary fury the precious remains which it contained. The royal graves were carefully marked by the proprietor, who, it is said, sent annually to the Duchess d*Angouleme a bouquet of flowers gathered from the ground beneath which her parents were laid. At the Restoration the orchard was purchased from its faathful guar- dian, and the royal ashes were transported to St. Denis with the greatest solejnnity and pomp. The earth that had enclosed the coffins was carefully preserved, and placed where the ki'^^ had lain; whatever could be found on this, spot of the other victims of the revolution, including the Swiss Guards, was also placed in two large adjoining graves. Over the whole, an ex- piatory chapel, with suitable buildings adjoining, was erected by Louis XVIII., as the following inscription on the front shows : Le Roi Louis XYIII. a ^lev^ ce monument pour conserver les lieux oi) le^ d^pouUles morteUe? du Roi Louis XYI, et de In tiHAPEtUS EXI^TOtRC: 205 Aeine Marie-Antoinette, transferees le 21 Janvier MDCCCXY. dans la sdpalture royale de St. Denis, ont repos^ pendant XXI. ans. II a ^t^ aehev^ la deuii^me anu^e du r^gne du Roi Charles X., 1 an de gr&ce MDGCCXXYI. The adjoining space is planted with cypresses, and has gates in the rues d*Anjou, de la Madeleine, and de I'Arcade. The outer vestibule leads by a flight of steps to a raised platform, surrounded by a covered gallery on each side, and by a chapel at each end, containing the remains of the old cemetery. Op- posite stands the larger chapel, of the Doric order, in the form of a cross, surmounted by a dome. Within are two statues, of Louis XVI. and Marie Antoinette, each supported by an angel; on the pedestal of the former his will is inscribed in letters of gold on a black marble slab ; on that of the latter are extracts of the queen's last letter to Mme Elisabeth. Around the chapel are niches with magnificent candelabra, and over its vestibule is a bas-relief representing the funeral procession to St. Denis. The corners are adorned with allegorical bas-reliefs. Beneath is a subterranean chapel, where an altar of grey marble is erected over the exact spot where Louis XYI. was buried ; and in a comer, about 5 feet from it, is pointed out the original resting-place of the quoen. The vestry attached is for the use of two clergymen, who perform mass here every day at 9 a.m. The architects were Percier and Fontaine. A small fee is given by visitors to the person who shows it. At No. 122, rue St. Lazare, is the Versailles, St. Germain, Rouen, Havre, and Western raUroad terminus. This is a large handsome building, extending to the rue de Stockholm A court, the triangular form of which is rather detrimental to the beauty of the whole, is entered from the rue St. Lazare ; it is flanked by a portico of 1 5 arches on each side. A broad flight of steps leads to the principal body, which is Corinthian, and consists of a ground floor and two stories. A spacious Doric vestibule, 144 feet long by 21 in breadth, occupies the whole breadth of the building. These lines all pass under the Bati- gnolles through a common tunnel. Nearly opposite, is the handsome Passage du Havre, and further on, at No. 102, the Bains de Tivoli. — In this establishment are artificial baths of every kind, with lodgings for invalids, and a fine garden. At No. 65, rue Caiunartin, is the Lyc^e Bonaparte, formerly College Royal de Bourbon. — The buildings in which this lyceum is established were erected in 1781, after the designs of Brongniart, for a convent of Ca- pucins. The front is 1 62 feet long by 42 in height. It consists of a central door-way, with Doric coIujbbs resting on plinth* 206 PiRgT AaRONmSSfiMfiMT. a^ sustaiiiiiig an entablature, and of two pavilions at ib^ ex* tremities ; one of wtuch is now The Church of St. Louis o'Antim, a plain Doric building, with a nave and aisle, and a semiciroukr choir. The eeiling of the choir is painted by Signol. The walls of the nave cU«|^ay 12 colossal frescos, representing the Apostles, painte4 in wax by Messrs. Comu and Bezart. Beiund the aisle t^ \h», leQ |» ^ rectangular Lady Chapel, with Ionic pilasters. In an urn p}^uie;d on a ccdumn of black marble, in the baptismal chapel^ is the heart of Count de Choiseul GoufQer, the Grecian trav^l^. The stations of the Via Crtms consist ol bronze bas-reliola. The rue Neuve des Mathurins leads to the rue Trudon ; No. 4 is inhabited by MUe. Rachel, the celebrated tragia aetre^. {(} Returning to the Boulevards by the Passage Sandrier, where there is a Tennis-court, the visitor will find, at No« 9« rue Basse du Rempart, the Maison St. Foix, or Hotel d'Osmo^d, a £qpdendid piantuon built by Brongniai't, in 1775, and afterwards bought and m- habited by Madame Dubarry, the mistress of Louis XV. (i) U is now used for Musard's concerns. At the western end of the Boulevards standi tha church ni Lk Madeleine. — ^This is the fourth church which has been erected, since the begiumng of the 13th century, onthi&sit^, called in former times, from its vicinity to a suburban vill^ of the Bishops of Paris, la Ville TEvique." In 1659, Mademoi- selie d'Orleans laid the first gtone of the edifice which imme- diately preceded the Madeleine. That dmreh not bein§ f<>UQd sufficiently large, the present magnificent structure was con>- menced in 1764, by Constant d'lvry. He was succeeded in 1777 by Couture, who altered the original design ia some r^ speets. The revolution of 1 7 99 sqsp^ded the works, until, qd the termination of the Prussian campaign, Napoleon having determined to transform the Madeleine into a Temple ol Glory, to commemorate the achievements of the French arms, al- lotted the necessary funds, and directed Vignon to complete it. The Emperor's project was frustrated bv the disa^rous eyents which followed. In 18 U, Louis XYIII. restored it to its ori- gmal destination, and decreed that it should contain mAnumentp (I) This house belonged previously to Count Walewaki. tfllfl. Rachel almost rebuilt it, and spent upwards of 3<>0,ooo fr. iq)on it. It is famished in the most splendid style. (B) She was executed Nov. «, 1793, on a charge of having eon- epired against the French Repnblte. The eart Ibst was eonvey- lag her to the guillotine was paistng along the haulerards,'whai, MB ap p ga achfaig her own home, ttie poar vMiiii heggaA the iiMii» ttof» \M iiM ttifta mn w^ tt to tiniiM ti»»i IIAWn.|gN«« 10T tn r miiii IV! , Mirif rtnttimfttr. ! onii YTIT . iid lla^mniirlk Elinbeth. It was fijushed in the rdgn of Louis Pliilmpe, un- der the direction of M. HuTe, who had oonduoted the work with M. Vignon. This proud spedmen of the genius of modem architecture, the total cost of which amounted to 13,07ft,000lr. or £623,160, stands on an elevated |ilatform, 338 feet by 138, and is approached at each end by a flight of 28 steps, ex- tending along the length of the facade. Its fonn and propor- tions are Grecian. A cotonnade of 62 Corinthian columns, each 49 feet high by UVt in circumference, surrounds it, 15 on each side, 14 in the southern portico and 8 in the northern. In the walls, there are niches contttning statues of samts. (l) The whole entablature and the ceiling of the colonnade aie profusely enriched with elaborate sculpture. The pediment of the southern firont contains an immense alto-nUero by Lemaire, 126 feet in length by 24 in height to the angle (2). The northern portico is plain. The hnH^ie doors, designed by Triquetti, and cast by Messrs. Richard, Eck, and Du- rand, are in every respect worthy of the edifice. They mea- sure 33 feet by it%, and display in bas-rdief scriptural illus- trations of the ten commandments (3). These noble doors are (1) St. Philippe OB the ri^it, and St. Louis on the left of the en- Iranee, both by Nanteuil. In the colonnade on the right ; i. the Angel Gabriel, by Duret; 9. St. Bernard, by Huason ; s. Ste. Th^- T^, by Feuehdre ; i. St. BUaire, by Huguenin ; 6. Ste. G^cUe, by Dumont; 6. St. Ir^n^e, by Gourdel; 7. Ste. Ad^laKde, by Bo«i«, nephew; 3. St. Francois de Sales, by Molchenet; 9. Ste. H^l^ue, by Mercier; 10. St. Martin de Tours, by Grevenich ; H. Ste. AgathCy byDantan, jun. ; 12. St. Gr^goire, by Thdrasse; is. Ste. AgiU38, by D>iS8elgneur : 14. St. Raphael, by Dantan, sen. Facing the rae Tronehel: IS. St. Luc, by Ramey; 16. St. Jean, by the same; 17. St. Matbleu, by Desprea; 18. St. Marc, by Leuaire. Ill the eoloAQAde on the left: 19. Guardian AogeJ, by Bra, as. Ste. Marguerite, by Caunois; 21. St. Jean Cbrysostdmc» by Jee- ther; aa. Ste. Genevieve, by Debay, sen.; 33. St. Gr6goire le Grand, byMaindron; 34. Ste. Jeanne de Valois, l)y Caillot; 25. St. Jerome, by Lanno ; 36. Ste. Christine, by Valeher; 27. St. Ferdinand, by Jalay ; 3s. Ste. Elisabeth, by Calhouette ; 39. St. Charles Borrom^e, by JoulTroy ; 3o. Ste Auae, by Desbceufs ; 31 . St. Denis, by Debay, jun.; »a. St. Miebel, by Raggi. (2) In the centre is the Qgure of Clu*ist, with Magdalen at his feet; to his right are the Angel of Mercy, Innocence, Faith, Hope, and Charity. In the corner an angel greets the resurreC' tion of a blessed spirit. On the left of the Sovereign Judge the Angel of Vengeance repels EUtred, Unchastity, Hypocrisy, and Avarice ; a demon, precipitating into the abyss a damned spirit, terminates the group 90 this side. (3) Above, in the centre, is Mese» coounandiag obedience io U|6 TabUft i QH Wk 149 »« Ux9 LftpiteUjNt Qi tUf 91w)k«atr^ S08 FIRST ARAONDISSEICENT. considerably larger than those of the Baptistery at Florehce, or of the Pantheon at Rome, and are only to be compared in dimensions to those of St. Peter's. Interior, — On entering the vestibule, where a splendid Corin- thian organ, richly carved and gilt, is erected over the porch, three bas-reliefs. Faith, Hope, and Charity, are visible on the soffit of the arch. On the right is the chapel for marriages, with a group by Pradier, representing the marriage of the Vir- gin. On the left is the baptismal font, with a group by Rude, of Christ and St. John at the waters of the Jordan. The pulpit and the 12 confessionals along the chapels, richly carved in oak and gilt, are decorated in the same taste as the organ. The church itself consists of a vast nave, laterally interrupited by four piers on each side, fronted with lofty fluted Corinthian columns on pedestals, suppoiting colossal arches, on which rest three cupolas with skylights, and compartments gorgeously gilt ; the comers supported by figures of the Apostles in alto- rilievo. The choir is semicircidar, and lighted from above. The waUs of the church are lined with rich marbles. An Ionic colonnade, supporting a gallery with a balustrade, runs between the piers, and is continued around the choir; it is interrupted under each arch by the pediment of a chapel with Corintiuan columns. Each chapel contains the marble statue of its patron. ( i) A marble balustrade encompassing the interior of the church separates it from these altars. The tympans of the lateral arches contain paintings illustrative of the bfe of Magdalen (2). The pavement is marble of different colours. On the ceiling of the choir is a splendid composition by Ziegler, representmg the establishment and propagation of Christianity since the death of our Saviour (3). The choir, constructed in the form of and the Prohibition of Idolatry. Next follow, 3d. the Repose of God on the Sabbath ; 4th. Joshua punishing the theft of Achan ; 5tn. the Curse of Noah; 6th. Susanna; 7th. the Death of Abel; 8th. God reproaching Abimelech ; 9th. Nathan announcing to David his Chastisement ; loth. Ellas reproaching Jezebel. (1 ) Ste. Am^lie, by Bra ; Jesus Christ, by Darel; Ste. Clotilde, by Barye, on the right: on the left, St. Vincent de Paule, by Raggi ; the Virgin, by Seurre ; St. Augustin^ by Etex. (2) The first to the right on entering represents the Preaching of Christ and Conversion of Magdalen, by Schnetz ; 2d. the Cru- cifixion, by Bouchot ; 3d. Magdalen in the Desert, by Abel dc Pujol. On the left, Ist. the Supper of Bethany, with Magdalen at the feet of Christ, by Couder ; 2d. the Angel announcing the Resurrection, by Coign et ; 3d. the Death of Magdalen, by Signol. (3) Magdalen is wafted before the throne of Christ, surrounded by the Evangelists and Apostles; on his right are the Emperor Gonstantine, St. Maurice, St. Laurence, St. Austin, and St. Am- brose, bUhop of Milan. Next come the Crusades ; Urban 11^ 9BC HADEtCniE. . 201 ' a semidfole, k oraamented in ttie intercoltmmiatioDS with paint- iogs and arabedques by Raverat, on a ground of gold. In the ff>&8t, approftdied by marble steps, stands the high altar un* riy^ed perhaps for the richness of its sculptured decorations, by Hirocchetti. The principal group represents Magdalen in an attitude of diyiae rapture, borne to paradise on the wings of ^ogds. On a pedestal at each of the front angles is an archangel in prayer. These figures are considered to be of the finest design and execution; they are all of the size of nature, and were paid 150,000 !r. A delicately sculptured frieze runs in ^ont of the taUe, and is by M. Calhouette; two beautiful children st^ort semicircular l^eral stands on each side, and below the table of the altar is a bas-relief representing the feast of Cana, by Moine. This yast building is warmed by means of hot«water pipes emanating from a boiler placed under the choir. Be^d the northern portico, and concealed from view, is a peal c^ Axed bells, rung by hammers. The roof is com- posed of iron and copper. In the undercroft is a chapel to St. Eigenitts IH,, St. Bernard^ Peter the Hermit pressing on the ex- pedUioQ, are in the van ; then follow the dukes, counts, and barons of Chrislendom, offerinc; their wealth and their swords, and an old man beneath, who devotes bis three sons to the boly «ao8e.'* St. Louis kneels near Magdalen ; then Godefroy de Bouillon bearhig the oriflamme ; Richard Ckeur de Lion, Ro- hert of Normandy, a Constable de Montmorency; Dandolo, the ' hiind old Doge/' carrying the Venetian standard ; and next is Villehardouin, the historian of the Crusades. The struggles of the Greeks to throw off the Mussuiman yoke are depicted by a Grecian 'warrrbf prosti ate, and a group of his countrymen press* ^Qg in devotion around the standard of the cross. On the Sa- ^iMir*8 left are some of the early martyrs : St. Catherine, St. . Cecilia, etc. Indistinctly seen is the shadowy form of Ahasue- US, the wandering Jew. Below are the warriors of Clovis, from yhose jkspeet a Drukless flies in dismay. St. Remi baptises Clo- ^% near whom in the attitude of devotion is Sle.Clotilde, Queen ot France. Opposite St. Louis is Charlemagne, on whom a car- dinal confers the insignia of the empire ; an envoy of the caliph Haroun-ai-Raschid, attended by a guardian of the holy sepul- chre, presents him with *' the keys," and the robe of the Virgin. Lo^er down is Pope Alexander 111., who laid the foundation of Notre Dame, giving his benediction to Frederick Barbarossa; la« Doge and a Venetian senator rtanding near indicate that jhe ceretoany took place at Venice. Olho, Joan of Arc, Raphael, Michael Angelo, and Dante, complete this side. In the centre ^Heury ly., the iiouvert to Catholicism ; Louis XIlI. presenting "« crown to the Virgin ; and near him Richelieu. The last Jf^up is devoted to Napoleon I., who receives the imperial crown "^om the hands of Pius Vn. The Bishop of Genoa unrolls the i^ii€OTd«t, and 10 awUted by Cardinals Capara and Braschi. I* b _ SIO FIRST ARilONDlSSEttl^T. Francis Xavier, belonging to the fraternity of that name . . High mass is celebrated at 1 1 on Sundays and holidays. The Place de la Madeleine is shortly to be connected with the Barriere de Monceaux and the Park of Neuilly by the Boulevard Malesherbes, West of the Madeleine is the short but elegant Galerie de la Madeleine; behind the church is a small but well-supplied market, and on the esplanade east of the edifice a flower-market is held on Tuesdays and Fridays. Near this, in the rue Chau- veau la Garde, No. 3, is the Hdtel Victoria, an English house, noted for the reasonableness of its charges. On entering the Boulevard, the \'isitor will see, at the corner of the rue des Capucines, the spot where, on the night of the 23d February, 1848, the eventful shot was fired, which led to the overthrow of the monarchy. This site was occupied at the time, and until September, 1853, by the Foreign Office, a building erected by the minister Berlin in the 18th century. (1) It was taken on the 13th Vendemiaire by General Bonaparte, who inhabited it for some years, and afterwards gave the property to Marshal Berthier, who sold it to the goverbment in 1821. Passing into the rue de la Paix, the visitor will observe the bar- racks of the SapeurS'Pompiers, or firemen. It occupies a portion of the ground of the convent des Capucines, from which an adjoining street derives its name. SBCOXTD UlKOXTDISSElfElTT. The visitor should enter this arrondissement by the Palais RoifAL. — On the site of this palace formerly stood, in the time of Charles VI., an hotel situated without the city walls; this was purchased and levelled by Cardinal de Richelieu, who built in its place the Palais Cardinal ; begun by Lemercier in 1620, it gradually included all the space whereon the Hdtels de Rambouillet and Mercoeur had stood, and was finished in 1636. It had several courts, and contained a theatre for 3ooo spectators, magnificent galleries painted by Philippe de Cham- pagne, Vouet, &c., a second theatre for 500 spectators, and a splendid chapel. Large gardens at the back of the palace, covering a parallelogram of 1,000 feet by 432, stretched (i) The shop-front of Mr. Giroux's immense premises oc- cupies the precise position of the gate of the old Foreign OfQce, around whith the soldiers stood on the night alluded to. A new street has been run across part of the ground, to connec the rue Neuve des Capucines with the rue Neuve St. Augustin. PALJJ3 ROYAL I Itii over the rues de Valois, de MoDipensier, and de Beaujolais^ The cardinal intended to have erected buildings round the garden, with three grand porches ; but the splendour of the minister's design is said to baye ejicitedthe jealousy of the king^ Shortly before his decease in 1 64 2, the cardinal presented it to Louis XIIL On the death of RicheUeu, the king removed to it^ and from that period it assumed the name of Palais Royal. Dur-- iag the revolution of 17S9 it bore the names of Palais Egaliti and Palais du Tribunal ; and in 1S48 that of Palais National. After the death of Louis XIII. in 1643, Anne of Austria^ with the young king, Louis XIV., made it her abode during the turbulent times of the Fronde. In 1692, it was ceded by Louis XIY. to Philippe ol Orleans, bis nephew, as pari of his apanageon bis marriage with Mile, de Blois. The Regent Duke of Orleans, on coming into possessioo of it, placed in the grand gallery the valuable ooUcotion of pictures which he had purchas- ed in various p^rts of Europe, and which, celebrated as the Orleans Qallery, was s(dd duciog the earlier troubles of the re* volution ol I789r when the greater part passed into England. Here, too^ had been arr^oged, by order of Louis XIV., the col- lecUoQ of medals and engraved gems, equally well known, which were subsequently purchased by the Empress of Russia. The orgies, of which this palace was the scene have been sufQ- cienUy commemorated in the memoirs of the regency ; during the lifetime of the succeeding duke they were discontmued, but were again to a certain extent resumed under his successor, better known as *' figalite." In 17 63, the theatre, built by the cardinal, was destroyed by fire ; and, on this occasion, the entire front of the palace with its two wings was rebuilt, as it now stands, after the designs of Moreau. The debts of the duke haviog become so enormous that he once meditated a declara- tion of insolvency^ it. was determined, by the advice of the brother of Mme. de Genlis, to. erect buildings with shops and places ol amusement, in the garden of the palace, as a means of augmenting his revenue. These were b^un in 1781, after tbe designs of the architect Louis ; the houses and arcades/ as they now stand, were finished in 1786. The plan succeeded. During the e^ly part of the revolution ol 1789, the garden, which had been replanted, became the rendezvous of the most violent politicians pf the d^y ; it was here that the tri-coloured cockade was first adopted, and that many of the bolder measures of the popular party were decided on. After the execution of tbeduke m 1793, his palace was confiscated, and soon con- verted into sale-rooms, ball-rooms, caf^s, etc. In 1795, a mi- litary jcommission was established in it, and one of its halls \^ afterwards fitted up lor the Tribuni^te^ witl^ apai1ia«nts )n SEGOND AtmOMftHmitEMT. for the pr^ident And the two questors. It was then ealled Palais au Tribunal, but re-assumed its original title under Napoleon, who never lived there, but assigned a portion of it to his brother Lucian, Prince of Canino, who occupied it some time. In 1814, Loois Philippe, then Duke of Orleans, return- ed to it, and, with the exception of the interval of the Hundred Days, resided in it till 1831, making additions and improve- ments, and fitting up the whole anew. Most of the houses sur- rounding the garden had passed through several hands during the revolution, so that but a small part reverted to him. The Palace was taken and devastated by the mob on 24th February, 1848, and in that and the foUowing year, it became the place of meeting of some of the republican members of the Gonstitu- eint Assembly. In 1850, 1851, and 1852, it was used for «thibitions. Extefior»*--'T!he palace has at present undergone a complete repair, and has been fitted up in the most splendid style for Fnnce Jerome and Prince Napoleon, but no visitors are ad- mitted to view the interior (1). It consists of a court, en- tered from the rue I9t. Honors, by a Doric arcade and gateway. (i) Before the revolution of i848, the visitor wag admitted at 1, rue de Valois, and on aBcending a back staircase, found him- self In the Salon Rouge, communicating to the right with a suite of rooms occupying the eastern wing of the second court. The eeeond of these, the Salle de Societey led to the Oaletie Dor^e, sixty-tbree feet long by thirty-three broad, hating eight win- dows towards the court. The Salon Bleu was the last of this suite. The dining-room was an oval apartment facing the street, of Corinthian architecture. ReturninK to the Salon Rouge, the apartments on the other side were ; the Salle dee Batailles, the Salle du Ttdne, used as such by Louis Philippe after the revo- lution of 1830, the Salle du Conseil, and the Cabinet dei Bijoux , Which led to a splendid Ionic gallery ace feet long, extending along the western sides of the second and the smaller courts, Mid built by Louis Philippe before l830. The panels of the side opposite the windows were occupied with a series of pic- tures by celebrated artists, representing historical scenes con- nected with the Palais Royal from its first erection to the offer of the throne to Louis Philippe by the Chamber of Deputies on the 7th of August, 18B0 ; of this interesting collection but one, I'epresenting the visit of the Emperor Napoleon to the Palace, bas eseaped dettruction, an4 is now removed to the slore-roomB ef the Louvre* In the centre were some ftfte speeiment of seolp- ture by Pebay, Foyatier, Seurre, fiic. The SaUe d$* BataiU^ also gave access to the SdUe de Ricepiiont the SeUle dee Aidee de Camp and the AppartemenU de Madame, Further on were the royal bed-room, the library, and the council-chamber. It was » sad spectacle to behold the wreck of all fhlfs splendour after iHJHAfCFilmrrtm: WI|a«U««W^ri[ t^4et«lt«tMil|^^ PALAU EOTAt. )IS fh« priaeipal Btaircaae, designed by DesMguet» rnet under • lofty dome, and, bnnching off into two flights, is adorned with a beautiful balustrade and railing of chiselled iron, by Corbin, It leads to the principal vestibule, from which the visitor Merges under toe archway of the central buiUUiKg, Oa ^ northern side is the principal building, and, on the eastern Ad western, two wiugs projecting towards the street with pediments sculptured by Pajou, and representing Prudence, l;il)erality. Justice and Power. The central compartment of theQorthem side consists of a ground floor, first ttoor, and ^llic, surmounts by a rounded pediment ; the other sides of |oe court have only two stories. A regular gradation of tha ^oric, Ionic, and Corinthian orders is observed throughout. To ina left of the outer front is a secondary entrance, leading into ^ by-eoort enclosed by the Galerie de Nemours. From the l^rst court a triple archway leads through the central building ^p the second court. Here the facade, forming the southern ^de, presents two projecting masses, with fluted Ionic columns, supporting an entablature with allegorical sculptures, and sQrmounted by an attic. On the first floor are the state apart* inecits, an(j[ the eastern and western sides of the court have galleries underneath. The eastern gallery, called the Gakri$ ^^ Pfmm, still retains the naval ornaments of the time of Car^ amal de Bichdieu. This gallery, the northern Galerie ci« la ^ov, and the Galerie de Chartres to the west, are formed hf

• continuous Doric colonnade enclosing the court. Parallel and

€««t^ous to the Galerie de la Cour is the Galerie d'OrUans, ^00 feet long by 40 broad, on the site of the Galerie de Bote, t^A^^^ in 1«30. It is a lofty hall, paved with marble and ^m with ^a^, extending between a double range of splendid "«P8, over which a double terrace, bordered with shrubs and ^^s, serves as a promenade to the inmates of the palace. The J'atene de Chartres communicates with the Peristyle de Char* «», leading to the Theatre Francais, formerly the private property of the Dukes of Orleans. (See Theatres.) lih '^ ^^ Western wing of the principal court was the private ^'^ of Louis Philippe. It contained a valuable collection of u jP^^^^w some well-meaning persons had written the words forli ^*** les Tableaux " with charcoal on the walls ; but un- \^ "'^^^ely the salutary advice was completely disregarded. Of Pala^^"*^'"^^^ fine pictures which adorned the walls of tho Wag ^*^<?ely a dozen were saved. The spirit of destruction H,^*'rted so far on that memorable day, that on Feb. 14, iiirt k. * were ttoenty-^ve thowamdkilogrammM of broken glasa « China, eollecUd from the remnants ef the furniture of the

• • • • « Reyal, sold by order of the Uquidtters of the late Civil Ust

di4 SECOND ARRONDISSEHENT. upwards of 600,000 engraTings, classed by Louis Phili{ | own hand. It filled 122 colossal folios, which perished ii flames with the greater part of the library on February 24 ' At 3, rue de Valois, was the Queen's private library, w was also completely destroyed on that eventful day. • The Garden, forming a rectangle of 700 feet by 300, and i rounded by the Galeries Beaujolais, Montpensier, Valois, duJardin, is planted with rows of lime trees from end to < and two flower-gardens, separated by a circular basin of wa with a fine jet d'eau. The garden was thus arranged in 17 it contains bronze copies of the Diane a la Biche of the Lou' and the Apollo Belvedere ; two modem statues in "white mar one of a young man about to bathe, by d'Espercieux ; the of of a boy struggling with a goat, by Lemoine ; Ulysses on seashore, by Bra ; and Eurydice stung by the snake, by N teuil, a fine piece of sculpture, but more fitted for a galli than the place it now occupies. Near this statue is a so cannon, which is fired by the sun when it reaches the mendh and regulates the clocks of the Palais Royal . Within the gard are 4 kiosks generally occupied by persons who let out joi nals to read at a sou each ; and round them are to be fon at all hours of the day politicians of every caste and ran Under the lime trees are rows of chairs, occupied, during t summer months, by crowds of loungers •, and so great is t profit arising from them, and from the privilege of supply" frequenters of the garden with refreshments, that Governine! derives an annual rent of 38,000 fr., or £1520 from these t^ items alone. The buildings that surround the garden are all uniform architecture, and consist of two stories and an atti resting upon arcades, divided by fluted Composite pil&sten which rise to the cornice above the second story. The shoi under the arcades are among the most elegant in P^^^ ^ ranged with the greatest taste, and, being chiefly devoted articles of luxury, produce a most brilliant effect. On the firs floors are a great number of restaurants, and here were loi merly the gambling-houses which rendered this place so ceie brated. The stories above are occupied by individuals on a rious professions. Under the arcades, at the corner of the Td?^ tre Francais, is Chevefs magasin de comestibles, well know to epicures. In the Galerie Montpensier is the cafe de Joy and in the Galerie Beaujolais are the three restaurants of Ver;j les Trois Freres Provencaux, Vefour, and the cafe de la Bolofl"^» all unique in their kind. Under the Peristyle Beaiijold*^' ^ the north-east, is the Cafe des Aveugles, a place of amusomfi" worthy of a visit by the curious traveller, as being a favouriu resort of the lower claases. Jt takes its name from f J>ano ff I BdTEL DU LODTRE. 2U blind musidans, who accompany ringera in little vaudevilles. A ^'sauvage," too, a celebrated drummer, perfonns here. In the Peristyle Joinville, at the north-west comer, is the en- trance to the ThMtre du Palais Royals formerly Montansier (see Theatres), not to be confounded with the ThiAtre Fran' gais, which also communicates, as has been observed, with the Palais Royal. The best time for seeing this splendid bazaar is in the evenuig, when the garden and arcades are brfl- liantly illuminated and full of people ; the shops of the watch- makers and jewellers will then particularly strike the visitor's eye. The Palais Royal has been called, not without reason, the Capital of Paris, and it certainly is more frequently entered than any other space of equal dimensions in the city. To Iho stranger it is particularly interesting from its historic associa- tions. As early as Anne of Austria, the troubles of the Fronde may be said to have commenced in it ; there Camille Desmou- lins from one of the straw chairs harangued the populace on the night of the famous charge of the Prince de Lambesc ; the club of the Jacobins was formed m it, as also that of the Ther- midorians ; the Dantonists met at the Cafe de Foy, the Giron- dists at the Cafe de Chartres. And still it is the same favourite resort of politicians, idlers, and the little rentiers of the capital, who may be said almost to live within its precincts. The large square in front of the Palais Royal, and bearing its name, affonls an advantageous view of the principal pavi- Won of the New Louvre, facing the rue de Rivoli, (see p. 162), the arcades of which turn into this square, which has now become one of the finest of the capital (1). The immense building bordering its eastern side is the Hotel dc Louvre, built by a company on the plan of the colossal hotels for which the United States are so celebrated. It occupies a space of 8000 square metres, or nearly two Eng- lish acres, between the rues St. Honore, de Rivoli, de Marengo, and the Place du Palais Royal. It has three courts, one of which, the Cour d'Honneur, is roofed with glass, and pre- sents a striking specimen of the progress made by moaem civil architecture. From the court a light and elegant double- branched staircase gives access to an arcaded Corinthian gal- lery, 98 feet by 26, the ceiling of which is beautifully painted with figures representing the twelve months, by Gosse and (i) Before 1848 it was not one half of its present size, and was bordered in front of the Palais Royal by a very handsome foun- tain called the Chdteau d'£at», erected in 17 19 by de Cotte. It was here the Garde Municipale made the last desperate resist- ance to the people on the 24th February 1848 ; it wa? demolished \iy order of the provisionrt Government, il6 SECOND jjaovNsssmsrr: Barryas, and the Genii of Arts and Sciences, by Nolan and Rube. This gallery communicates with tfa^ dining-room, a vast hall 131 feet by 42, with an altitude of 34 feet. The ceiling is adorned with frescos representing the Four Sea^sons, and the other decorations, as well as the hangings, curtains, and furniture, are of the most gorgeous descriptioo. The ex- hibitors of the Great Universsd Exhibition gave a spkndid banquet here to Prince Napoleon on the 15th of October 1855. The comforts contrived for the inmates of this establisbmexit are of a novel description. An immense dock in the Cour d'Honneur communicates the true time to all the bracket- clocks throughout the house by means of electricity ; travellers' baggage is conveyed from story to story by machinery ; dishes are slid down hot from the kitchen into trunks which, running along a subterranean railway, transport them with lightning speed to a point where, by another contrivance, they are safely hoisted up to the dining-room ; the waiters are summoned by electric ])ells, which at once call their attention and denote to them where they are wanted ; call- pipes communicate in all directions with the ofUces, the laundry, etc., and there is a constant supply of water, both hot and cold, conveyed by pipes to all the apartments at the command of the visitor. The kitchens have, from the various apparatus employed, the appearance of laboratories. Linen is washed and aried by steam ; baths and smoking-rooms have all been jNrovided lor. Following the rue St. Honore in a western direction, the rue des Frondeurs will lead to the rue d'Argenteml, where, at No. 18, is the house in which CorneHle died. It bears a black slab with an inscription, and has a bust of the poet in the court-yard bearing this motto, borrowed from the Cid : Je ne doig qu*^ moi seul toute ma renomm^e. From hence, the rues St, Roch and de la Gorderie lead to the Margu£ St. Honor£, rue du Marche St. Honore, opened in 1809, upon the site of the Gonvent des Jacobins , so celebrated during the revolution of 17 89. It consists of four ugly-covered squares, for the sale of provisions of all sorts. The rue Neuve des Petits Ghamps will lead, by the rue M4- hul, to the ThMtre Italien, (See Theatres.) Next to this, the Passage ChoiseuU one of the handsomest in Paris, will lead the visitor into the rue Neuve St. Augus- tin ; and on turning to the left will be found the Fontaine de Louis le Grand, at the angle formed by the rue de la Michodiere and the rue du Port Mahon. — ^This pretty fountain, erected in 1712, and rebuilt in 1828, consists of two colunms,Iwith a niche between^ in which stands a figure armed OF EfAMIAMf? tlT irith a tridtDt, in the aet of itriking a dolphin. Tiro maa> Uth hubm, in the shape of ancient tazxe, receive the water. The eapitak, ace, are ornamented with sculptoree of flab, abeHi^ aquatic plante, etc. The following was the inaeriptkm:-- Regnante Carolo X. filfltiBum fontem angufltiore area Jam ampliflcata, Commnnl utilUati urbiaque ornamento, In majua reatituenint prsfectua et «clUea Anno M.DCCC.XX.vai. but the fint line of it was etiboed in 1830. The rue Louis le Gsand, and rue de la Chausi^ d'Antin (1) lead to the rue de la Victcire, cailled during the Restoration rue Ghantereine. In th^s street, at No. 60, is a house, once the reaideiiee of Napol^n and Josephine. It was 4nriginally built in 1797 for the eelebrated dancer Guinafd, passed from her to Madafloe Talma, who in faer torn sold it to Madame Beaubu^ naia« afterwards the Empress Josephine. The latter added the pa^on at the nearer end, which formed no part of the ori- ginal coostmetian. It masks tha pillared door-way, and its interior^ forming a kind ef antechamber to the suite of rooms (oiUy three in number, and any thing but spadons), will ever be famous for being the trysting-^place of the future Emperor's paladins, when the new chivalry of France set out with their chiefiB to silence the '* avocats criards," as the fiery Murat de- signated the legidators assembled in the Orai^ery of St. Ckiud. Onltiewestemsideofthelmilding, the visitor will see the window of the ca^'»e^ de travcal of the then future Emperor. It is the fourth «id last window of the lower range. The door of this cabinet, which is not much larger than a sentrv-box, opens interiorly into the drawing-room. Overtiead, at the top of the house, may be seen the garret in which Napoleon passed many a night. His babitatiou of the little mantuon, which (I) The nomenclature of this street has undergone many changes. It iiras at first ealled Chemin des Porcherona, being at that time only a rugged road croasiog the Pr^s des Pereberona, an open space, the favourite resort of duellists and dsbaucheea. It was next named Chau$9p^ GailUm, on account of its proiunily to the Porte Gaillon; afterwards rue iie l'H(itel Dieu, from ita lead- ing to a farm belonging to that hospital ; subsequently on the building of the Hdtel d' Antin it became the Chaut»i% d'Antin, In J79t it received the name of rue Mirabeau^ in memory of the co- lebrated revolutionary orator, who resided in it at the time of his death, at No. 43. In i7»3, by a decree of the Republic, it was changed to rue Monlblanc, but at the Restoration it resumed its title of Chaussde d'Antin, The finaneier Necker resided at No. 7, afterwards the H5tel Recamier. No. 62 was built on the site of a small hotel inhabited by Josephine before her marriage with Napoleon, and in which General Foy died. The last house an the right was formerly the betel of Cardinal Feach. 218 SECOIND ABRONDISSEMENT. of course was only as occasional as his visits to Paris, seems to have always caused some derangement of its interior economy, seeing that his step-son, Eugene, the future Viceroy of Italy, was fain to sleep in the loft of the small coach-house to the right on entering the garden. The bed-room of his sister Hortense, afterwards queen of Holland, may also he seen close by. General Bertrand became the tenant of this mansion for a time, on his return from St. Helena, on the death of his master in 1821. In the garden, to the right, is a statue of Napo- leon, (1) under which Bertrand caused to be engraved . — In haec minima Jam maximus plusquam maxima concepit. At No. 56 are the Bains NMhermes, the completest bath- ing-establishment in Paris, where invalids may have competent medical attendance. In the rue de Clichy, at No. 26, is the . £glise de la Trinite, a chapel of ease to '<he church of Notre Dame de Lorette, consecrated in 1852. It is gabled, with a muUioned window and rose over a Saxon portal, flanked by two smaller entrances. It has a nave and two aisles se- parated from it by a series of 9 arches. The aisles have a chapel at each end. The windows represent, in stained glass, the Trinity, Christ, the Virgin, St. Peter and St. Paul. At No. 30 is the College Municipal Chaptal (see p. 106), and higher up, at No. 70, the Prison for Debtors. (See p. 82.) Striking into one of the streets to the left, which cross the (0 We here subjoin a brief notice of the different places at which Napoleon I. resided in Paris from his first arrival up to the 18th Brumaire, and the establishment of the Consu- lar government. — icole Militaire : Bonaparte coming from the military school of Brienne, was admitted here on the I9th Oc- tober, 1784, and occupied a small room on the upper story of the establishment. — Quai de Conti, No. 5. Here Bonaparte oc- cupied a small garret. — H6tel de Metz, rue du Mail, from May to September 1792. Bonaparte, then a captain of artillery, was ordered to Paris to render an account of some strong political opinions he had expressed while in garrison at Valence. — H6tel dee Droits de V Homme, rue du Mail, October, 1794. Bonaparte was then general of artillery; his brother Louis and Junot accom- panied him as aides-de-camp. They lodged together on the 4 lb story, at a rent of 27 livres in specie per month. His friendship for Talma, which continued unabated to his death, commenced in this house, to which the great actor resorted to give lessons in declamation to ** La citoyenne Petit," afterwardsMme. Talma. — Rue de la Michodiere, No. 19. Being without employment in very narrow circumstances, and unwilling to go to La Vendue as a general of infantry, Bonaparte occupied a small lodging in the upper story of this house. — Hdtel Miraheau, rue du Dawphin, 1795. Bonaparte disgraced occupied himself in visiting the dif- ferent members of tl^e National Convention, to solicit employ- CDlETlfeRE DE HONTMAATRC. 219 Hue d'Amsterdam, the visitor will reach an open space, form- ing part of the Plaine de Monceatix, with new streets laid out, where building has already commenced. To the left is the cbamiing circular garden and Swiss cottage of Mme. Acker- mann, occupying the centre of the Place de I' Europe; and the place where the Docks Napoleon^ or bonded warehouses, where goods may be deposited, and negotiable receipts got in ex- change, are to be erected. (See p. i l6n.) Returning to the rue de Clichy, the rue Vintimille leads to a square of that name, where a space has been railed in, laid out as a garden, and called Square Ste. Hilene. Within is a full-length marble statue of Napoleon, represented as Pr(>- metheus, by Meusnier. (1 ) Adjoining this, in the rue de Calais, is the Chapelle de la Triniti, a plain building. Outside the Barriere de Clichy is the agreeable town of Ba- tignolles. Turning to the left, along the exterior Boulevard, the visitor will see, at No. 48, a Chapel for the Calvinist per- suasion, and at No. 56, a Polish school for boys. The me des Dames leads to the new Town-House ; a handsome building, graced with a square tower rising from its centre, and flanked by two plain but neat communal schools for boys and girls, which enclose a spacious court. The architect is M. Lequeux. The outer Boulevard leads eastwards to the GiMETiiiRE DE MoNTMARTRE. — TMs spot haviug formerly ment. In this hotel he slept on the eve of the 1 3th Vend^miaire, of that memorable day on which, having obtained the command of the troops through the favour of Barras, he defeated ** the sections," and opened his way to the appointment of " General in Chief of the Army of Italy."— Hdfci de la Colonnade, rue Neuve des Capucinea, Here Bonaparte installed himself on the isth Vend^miaire, and remained during the disarmament of " the sections," and here, on the 9th March, 1796, was celebrated his marriage with Josephine, widow of General Beauharnais, who had perished on the scaffold. — Rue Chantereine, No. 52, whither Bo- naparte removed on his marriage with Josephine. From this hotel betook his departure 21st March, 1796, to assume the command of the arjny of Italy, and on the 5th December, 1797, returned to it, his arrival at Paris being preceded by i7o stand- ards, 550 pieces of cannon, and 6o,ooo,ooofr. remitted to the State; in honour of which the municipality voted that the street should henceforth bear the name of the " rue de la Victoire." Here Bonaparte received his appointment to the command of the ex- pedition to Egypt; and from this hotel emanated those in- trigues which led to the isth Brumaire and his dictatorship. (O The following words of Napoleon have given rise to this conception: "Nouveau Prom^th^e, le leopard de I'Angleterre me ronge le foie sur mon rocher. J'al voulu d^rober le feu d^ Giel pour en dpter la France ; j'en fluis crueUement puni. sio moom jMLOBmmamn. been a gy^peaok quarry, the eoDaequent irre^olarity of the ground gives it a broken and picturesque appearance. It wa^ the first cemetery established after the suppression of burial- places in the city, and was originally named Champ du Repos. The visitor will see on entering a lofty stone cross, behind which rises an eminence crowned with tasteful monuments of the families of Voyer d'Argeqson, de Segur, Seveste, &c. De- scending this eminence on the opposite side, he will perceive tb€ entrance of the Jewish cemetery, separated from the rest by a wall. It contains some handsome monuments. From the avenue bordering on the Jewish endosure, a few rude stepv ta the right, lead to a beautiful chapel in the Byzantine fiyl0» erected tg the memory of Countess Potocka. Further on, in a vaulted passage opening into the new ground lately anneil^ to this cemetery, thus giving it a total vea of 54 aore«. The most prominent object of the old cemetery is a stone obelisk, surmounted by a cross, erected to the memory of a Duchess de Montmorency. Neoi* it is the tomb q£ Prince Ernest of^axe>- Cobourg, who died at Paris in 1 832 » Along the same aveaiM, the following monuments deserve attention: Godard*Deem4»* rests, Cave-Lemaitre, Berard, and those of the two celebrated perfomiers, Nourrit, hnig the chief ornament of the Grand Opera, and Mile. Jenny Colon, a spnghjtly actress, and not without merit as a dinger. The fo&se$ vommunes, or common graves, are near the exterior boundary, and in the new enclosure mentioned above. Electric bells communicate through sub- terranean pipes from tiie most distant parts of the cemetery wiUi the central office, so that the director may, by touching a key» call any of the keepers to conduct the funerals that arrive. The English visitor will often meet with monumental inscriptions to the memory of Im countrymen. Ob returning from this spot Uu?ough tlie Barriore Blanche, the stranger will find at No. 30, rue Fantaine St. Georges, a small house in the style of the time of Francis I., remarkable for the elaborate sculpture of its facade, due to the chisel of M. Lechesne. Many of the houses in this part of the town are built in the styl^ of villas, and surroiUuied by gardena» fonping a delightful quarter oi the capital. Ait No. 2, ruePigale, isthePosfeat4r(7/im.'atia;, with stables for 400 horses, a farriery, &c. Strangers are admitted. The rues de la Tour des Dames and St. La«are lead to Notre Dame de Lorette. — ^This beautiful church was commenced in I8i3, after the designs of M. Le Bas. Its ex- ternal dimensions are 204 feet by 96. A square campanile erowns the robf of the choir. The portico is composed of four Corinthian columns, supporting a pediment, in which arc sculp- Digitized by VjOOQ IC NOmt DAMS M hOfUm. 311 tared in alto-rfliero the Virgiii ftnd infant Sariour adored by angels. On the friese is the inscription : — BEATiB mabijs Tin GtNi LAUMTAifiG. Over the pediment are the flcurcs of Faith, Hope, and Charity. The principal entrance ander the portico is flanked b^ smaller ones at the extremities of the fa^e. In the interior two rows of eight Ionic columns, to the right and left, separate the nave from the aisles ; the choir terminates in a hemicycle. Two more rows of colomns separate the la«  teral chapels from the aisles; the ceilings are divided into com- partments, richly scnlptured and ornamented with rosettes, all highly coloured or profusely gilt. At the entrance of each aisle is a semidrcular chapel surmounted by a cupola; that on the right being the baptistery, where sereral frescos, by Blondel, represent the fail and ^e regeneration of man ; in the cupola are punted Intelligence, Innocence, Wisdom, and the Guardian Angel, with the attributes of Baptism. At the other extremity of this aisle is the chapel of the Hdy Communion, painted by Perin. It represents, orer the door, Christ instituting the Eucharist, and the same subject is variously illustrated m the four compartments of the cupola. The walls are painted in compartments, expressive of Faith, Hope, Charity, Truth, Hos- pitality, 8tc. The pendentives represent the birth of Christ, his preaching, sufferings, and death. In the other aisle, the first chapel is dedicated to the dead, with pahitings, by Blondel, of the Resurrection, the Sepulchre, and various scenes of death at different stages. At the opposite extremity is the chapel of the Virgin, by P6rin, in a style similar to that of the Com- munion, representing her as the Queen of the Martyrs, the refoge of sinners, etc. The remaining chapels, three in each aisle, are separated by partitions, with do<nvways to communicate. Their Walls are covered with paintings, which, from the obscurity that reigns throughout the aisles of this church, it is difficult to distinguish (1). Over the colunms and entablature of the nave are 8 beautiful frescos illustrative of the bfe of the Virgin, by Dubois, Langlois, Vinchon, Monvoisin, De» juinnes. Grange, Hesse, and Coutan. The choir is fitted up with stalls ; a gilt balustrade separates it from the rest of the nave, and its walls are incrusted with rich marbles. The high altar is supported by columns of the Corinthian order, with 0ult bron2e bases and capitals. Over the stalls are painted the Presentation in the Temple^ by Helm, and Jesus in the (i) They represent passages from the lives of the saints to whom they are dedicated^ and are due to the pencils of Hesse, Gotrtan, Alfred Johannot, Langlois, Gamlnadei Deeaisnes^ De- jninnes, Deverfa, Schnett, Etex, <aiampinartln> Couderi Ooyet^ M««iftmi YfTcoiivri wd pvbtr^. Digitized by VjOOQ IC 222 tEGOND ARRONBISSEMENTi Temple, by Drolling. The dome of the choir is adorned wit figures of the four Evangelists, by Deiorme ; on the coQca\ ceiling behind the high altar is the Crowning of the Virgin, b IHcot, on a ground of gold. The organ, a very fine one, bi not harmonising with the gorgeous decorations of the churcl is placed over the principsd doorway. The cost of the churc was about l,800,000fr. Service is performed here withmuc pomp, and tjhe singing is remarkably good. The rue Notre Dame de Lorette will usher the stranger int a new quarter of Paris, called by some La Nouvelle Athenes remarkable for the elegance of its houses. The Place St Georges, with its graceful central fountain, richly sculpturec edifices, and cheerful gardens, will particularly attract his at tendon. No. 27 is the residence of M. Thiers. This quartei is the favourite abode of artists, actresses, and femmes ga- lantes. Rues Breda and Laval lead to the Abattoir de Montmartre. — This slaughter-house, began in 1811, and situated between the rue Rochechouart, the avenue Trudaine, the rue des Martyrs, and the wall of Paris,- is 389 yards long by 140 broad. The architect was M. Poitevin. Descending rue Rochechouart, (1) the visitor will find, corner of rue Petrelle, a spacious building, called CttS Napoleon, originally built for workmen ; but the regulations of this estab- lishment not being to their taste, it was subsequently let out to diflferent occupants of all ranks (2). At No. 6, rue Montholon, is one of the oldest edifices lo Paris, formerly devoted to the Catholic service, and afterwards to the Lutheran. It is now a cafe. The rues Cadet and du Faubourg Montmartre lead to the ele- gant Passage Verdeau and Passage Jouffroy, both erected in 1847, on part of the garden of an hotel which belonged to the rich banker Aguado. Opposite, on the boulevard Montmartre, is the pretty Thedtre des Varietes. (See p. 478.) In the rue Drouot, No. 6, is the Mairie of the 2d arrondisse- ment, established in the hotel Aguado. Nearly opposite, ^o. 2, rue Rossini, is a spacious building containing auction-rooms* At No. 5, rue Chauchat, is the (1) At the barrifere of this name a murderous combat took place on June 25, 1848. The insurgent* had erected three for- midable barricades, forming a square with the wall of the octroi, •which they had pierced with loop-holes, to enable iheca to take the assailants in flank. The National Guards of Rouen, who had come to the succour of Paris, claimed the honour 01 attacking this stronghold, and took it after an obstinate struggj^* (2) Other houses of this kind are building at La Chapelle, the BatignoUes, Faubourg St. Antoine, Crenelle, and near the Avenues Lowendal and S^gur, ISee al3o pp. 47; $43^ (9a«  THE BXCIUNGC» 223 tGList CVANG^LiQUE DE LA R£demptiO!«, a Lutheran church ; it has a Doric portal, under a massive arch of ma- sonry. The interior consists of a nave without aisles, ter- minating in a hemicycle, and fitted up with pews and galleries. Id the adjoining me Lepelletier is the Acad^ie ImvSriale de Musique, or French Opera, which is also accessible from the Boulevards through two passages called PMsages de fO- pera. ( See p. 472.) In the rue Laffitte, (!) at Nos. 2 1 and 23, are the two splendid hotels of Messrs. Rothschild, which for taste and magnificence of internal fitting up surpass, with one or two exceptions, every other in Paris. At the comer of this street and the Boulevard des Italiens (formerly known by the name of Boulevard de Gand) (2) is the Maison Donie, which, from its architectural decorations, is very much admired. A well-known restaurant occupies the ground-floor 'and entresol. There are other restaurants and coffee-houses of note on thk Boulevard ; Tortoni's, CafS de Paris, and Cafe Riche. The me Marivaux gives access to the Op4ra Comiqtte. (See p. 474.) The stranger will pass before some fine houses at the top of rue Richelieu, built on part of the site of the Hotel Frascati, a celebrated gamiug-house, and then pass, by the me St. Marc, into the rue Neuve Vivienne. The shops of this quarter display great elegance and taste. Parallel to the rue Vivienne is the Passage des Panoramas, the most frequented in the winter evenings of all the galleries of Paris. Descending the me Vivienne, we arrive at the Place de la bourse, on the west side of which is the Thddtre du Vaude -. ^ille, (See p. 478.) Opposite stands The Exchange, or La Bourse. — The capital of France, though rich in other public buildings, was until within thirty (i) This street was first called rue d'Artoia, in honour of the Comte d'Artois, whose two brothers had also their streets, the rue du Dauphin, and the rue de Provence. The municipality of Paris changed its title to the rue Cerutti, in memory of the celebrated Abb6 of that name, editor of a revolutionary paper called the " Feuille Villageoise," and friend of Mirabeau and Talleyrand. His house was the first in the stre;et, where the Mal8on Dor^e now stands. The rue Cerutti extended no further than the rue de Provence, and was terminated by a splendid '^.otel and grounds successively occupied by M. Thelusspn, the rich banker, and Murat. This was purchased by a tailor named Berchut and demolished ; on its site was built the continuation ?f the street and the church Notre Dame de Lorette. In I8is It became once more the rue d'Artois, but received its present jame in isso, the hotel of M. Laffitte, at the corner of the rue dOr l^rovence, having been the centre of operations at that period. (2) Thus named, because frequented by the legitimists, during ^Puis XVIlI.'s slay at Gand, at the time of the Pundr^d Days, 224 SECOND AAHONDISSHiENT. yean Wkhoat an " Exchange/' Meetiagu of tterchi&ts for purposes of oommercial intercourse were field regularly lor Um first time in 1724, at the H6tel Macarin, rue Neuve des Petitg Champs, the residence of Law, the financier. During tho re- volution of 1789 they were removed to tiie Ghurdi des Petite Pdres, then to the Palais Royal, and next to a temporary huild- ing in the rue Feydeau. M. Brongniart was afterwards charged to furnish the plans of a huildong specially devoted t^ commercial -purposes on the site of the convent des Filks St. Thomas, and the first stone of the Bourse was laid on Ifar^ 24 , 1 80 8 * The works proceeded with activity till 1 8 1 4, when they were suspended ; they were subsequently resumed, and this beautiful structure was completed in 1826. It is a paftA" lelogram of 212 feet by 126, and surrounded by 66 €k>rin- thian columns, supporting an entablature and attic, and foraa- ittg a covered gallery, which is approached by a flight of steps extending the whole length of the western front. To the iatM^* columniations of the facade correspond two ranges of wiadorws, separated by a Doric entablature and surmounted by a deco- rated frieae. Over the entrance is inscribed : — Bouase bt Tri- bunal i>E COHMEnCE. The roof of this edifice is entirely fomed of iron and copper. At the corners of the edifice are four sta* tues, placed there in 1852 , and representing, facing the Vaiide* ville. Commerce, by Dumont, and Consular Justice, by Daret ; and facing the rue Notre Dame desVictoires, Industry, by Pra- dier, and Agri(mlture, by Seurre. The Salle (h la B^trse in the centre cSf the building, on the ground floor, where stock- brokers and merchants meet, is 116 feet in lengths by 76 in breadth. It is Doric, and surrounded by two tiers of arcades, the basement of whkh, as well as the »des of the ball, are of marble. Below the upper cornice are inscribed in separate medallions the names of the principal mercantile dties of the world. Over the central arch is a clock, and opposite a dial plate marking the motions of a weather-vane outside. The hall is lit from the roof, and a deeply-coved ceiling is covered with admirable monochrome drawings, by Abel de Pujol and Meynier, producing altogether the effect of bas-relidiB ; the ft- gnres are about 10 feet m height. The number of compartments is 16, Aye on each side, and three at each end. (1) The pave- (0 The subjects are :— On the left, Commercial Prance aceept- ing the Tribute of the four parts of the World— Europe— Asia— the personification of the town of Nantes —that of Rouen. In front, the city of Paris delivering the keys to the Genius of Com* merce, and inviting Commercial Justice to enter the walls pre* pared for her— the personification of the town of Lille— that of 89ra«attx« 0& th« rH^t, th^ Uni^n 9C Commf rc« and th« Arts PLAGE LOUVOU. Iti meiit of tids IM, wfaidi will contain 3000 penons, li entinly of marUe. At its eastern end is a dreular spaoe, called ttia parquet, raikd round exdusiveiy for the stock-brokers. Be* hind tliis ia a room where the stoek-brokers assemble befora business. To the right are the chambers of the committee and sjmdieate of the agents de change, and of the courtiers de com* merce. On the left a wide staircase leads first to the offices iai transiers, then to a spacious gallery, supported by Doric co* lumns, and to the HaW of the Tribunal of Commerce. At tha opposite end is the Court of Bankruptcy ; its ceiling is vaulted, and painted in grisaille by Abel de Pujol, in allegorical com* partments, representmg Trades, Conomerce, 8cc. From the gal- lery a corridor extends all round, and communicates with other public offices ; Urn gallery commands the best view of the in- terior, and of the decorations of the ceiling. — The hours of business are from 1 to 3 for public stocks, (i) and bVi for other business, but the gallery is open to the public from 9 to a quarter past 5. The dock under the peristyle is illuminated al night. Ladies were formerly admitted to the Bourse, but as it was found to encourage a passion for gambling among tiie gentler sex, tiiey are not now generally allowed to enter during hours of business without a permission from M, (e Commisiaire de la Bourse, By way of compensation, many ladies indnlaa their prop^sity for money speculations by loitering outside the railing of the Bourse . This beautiful edifice cost 8, 1 4 9 , ooo francs. There is also a public library here, called Biblioth^us du Commerce, open daily, holidays excepted, from 12 to 4. The Chamber of Commerce is at No. 3, Place de la Bourse. In the rue de Richelieu is the Place LocvOIS;— Here the French Opera-house formerly stood; but after the assassination of the Duke de Bern at tfaa entrance (A that theatre, in 1620, it was removed, and a sub* icription raised, to which the municipality contributed, for erects ing an expiatory monument on the site. To this Louis XYHI. withholding his sanction, it was commenced under Charies X., but the revi^ution of 1830 interfered with its completion, and in 1835 the whole space was cleared, planted with trees, and decorated with a fountain, at a cost of about 100,000 fr. It consists of an ample octagonal basin of stone, citing birth to the prosperity of the State— the personifications ofAfrica— America— Lyons— Bayonne. Above the entrance the City of Paris receiving from the nymph of the Seine and the Genius of the Ourcq the productiotti of Abundance— personifica- tions of Straibourg^BM^seilles. (i) The bustle and noise caused by the activity and bawling of the stock-brokers is curious and quite bewildering to a stranger. li Digitized by VjOOQ IC 326 SECOND ARRONDISSEMENX. out of which rises a stone pedestal, with 4 genii, of cast-iron, riding on spouting dolphins, supporting a patera edged with human head^ pierced for the water, and the signs of the zodiac. In the centre of this stand four bronze caryatides, representing the Seine, the Loire, the Saone, and the Garonne, supporting another patera with leopards' heads around the edge, surmounted by an amphora adorned with four human heads, out of which the water flows, and falls over the figures into the basins be- neath. It was designed by the late lamented M. Visconti. The long inelegant-looking edifice in front of this Place, on the eastern side of the street, No. 58, is the Biblioth£:que Imperiale. — ^From the introduction of Chris- tianity into France to the time of St. Louis, the few books existing in the kingdom belonged to the numerous convents which had been successively established, and were confined to copies of the Bible, treatises of the fathers, canons, missals, and a few Greek and Latin authors. St. Louis caused copies to be made of all these manuscripts, and had them arranged in a room attached to the Sainte Ghapelle. This collection the king bequeathed to several monasteries. From St. Louis to king John, we have no historical notice of any royal library; and even that possessed by the latter monarch did not exceed eight or ten volumes. Charles V., his successor, who patronized literature, caused many works to be copied, and others to be translated ; with these, and some that were presented to him, he formed a library, consisting of 910 volumes. They were deposited in a tower of the Louvre, called la Tour de la Li- hrairie, and consisted of illuminated missals and other religious works, legends of miracles, lives of saints, and treatises upon astrology, geomancy, and pahnistry. To afford literary per- sons an opportunity at all times of consulting this library, a silver lamp was kept constantly burning. This collection was partly dispersed under Charles VI. The remainder disappeared under the regency of the Duke of Bedford, who purchased it for 1200 livres, and sent the greater part to England. Louis XI. collected the books scattered through the various royal palaces, to which he added several other collections; and, printing having been recently invented, he purchased copies of all the books that were published. The princes John and Charles d'Angouleme, upon their return from England, after twenty- five years* captivity, founded two libraries, the one at Blois, the other at Angouleme, consisting of books collected during their residence in England, including most of those carried off by the Duke of Bedford. Charles VIII., m 1495, added to tl^e collections the books he had brought from Naples after his conquest of that kingdom. In 1496; Louis XII. caused the BDUOTB^QITB DfPEBIAlS. 22:^. library of the Louvre to be transported to Blois, and also added to the collection the libraries of the Sforza and Visconti from I Payia, Petrarch's collection, and the cabinet of Grutbnse, a Flemish gentleman. In 1 544, Francis I. had the whole removed to FonCainebleau, and the catalogue of that date gives, as the total of the collection, 1690 volumes, amongst which were 900 printed volumes, and 38 or 39 Greek MSS., brought from \ Naples and deposited af Blois by Lascaries. This monarch added greatly to the royal library, and first began the formation of its celebrated cabinet of medals. Henry 11. decreed that a bound copy on vellum of every book printed should be deposited in the royal library. In 1 527 , by the confiscation of the efiects of the Connet£tble de Bourbon, the library was augmented ; but it suffered considerably from the Ligueurs, who carried off some of the most valuable manuscripts. Catherine de Medicis be- queathed to the royd library a' collection of medals and manu- I scripts which she had brought from Florence. In 1594, Henry IV. ordered the library to be' transferred from Fontainebleau to Paris, and placed in the College de Clermont (nowLycee Louis le Grand), which was left unoccupied by the Jesuits, recently expelled from France. That order being recalled in 1604, their College was restored, and the king's library transferred to the convent of the Cordeliers. Under Louis XIII. the royal library was * enriched by many valuable collections, and removed to a' spaicious fafbuse in the rue de la Harpe ; it then consisted' of 16,746 volumes of manuscript and printed books. Louis'XlV. auginented the treasures of the royal library beyond any thing previously known ; and made it accessible to the public. In i 666j, Colbert bought two houses adjoining his re- sidence in the rue Vivienne, to which the books were re- moved. This extensive collection, daily augmenting by pre- sents, purchases, &c., contained at the death of Louis XIV., in 1 7 1 5 , m6te ihein 7 o, ooo volumes. Under the regency of the Duke Of Oiiean^, the library continuing to increase, and the houses ih the rue Vivienne being found inadequate, it was re- moved to the immense hotel formerly occupied by Cardinal Mazarin, embrachig the entire space between the rue Vivienne, rue Richelieu, rue Neuve des Petits Champs, and rue Colbert. (1) Under Louis XV, the collection was greatly augmented, the number of piinted volumes at his death being more than 100,000. (i) Garditfal'Hazlirin having married his niece Hortensia de Mancini, in i66i, to the Dul^e de la Meilleraie, constituted him his sole heir on condition that he would bear his arms and name. On the death of the cardinal the palace was divided ; that part towards the rue Richelieu came into the possession of |ii» nephew, the Marquis de Manc∋ ancl wa» called H^tel d$ lit SBOOlfB ARRONMSflOBllElfT. Upba tlw BiJtppre8Bi<m of th« monasteries at the rerolatiMi <ff 1789, all the manuscripts and printed rolmnes belonging to them were deposited in the library, which too)i the title of Biblioth^que Nationale, During the consulate and empire it was enriched by treasures from the Vatican and other famous libraries of Europe. The occupation of Paris by the allied armies, in 1 8 1 5, caused the greater part Of these to be restored, and the library, then called Bibliotneque ItnpMale, resumed its title of Bibliothequedu Rot, which it again changed in 1848 for Bibliothique Nationale, and in 1852 to Biblioth^que Im- p4nale. An annual grant is made by government for the pur- chase of books, manuscripts, engravings, maps, and antiquities. The length of the building is 540 feet, its breadth 130 ; its total surface, including the courts, is 14,200 square metres. Towards the rue Vivienne, a new entrance has been made, and the buildings have some architectural merit. The principal court is 300 feet in length by 90 in breadth, surrounded with buildings presenting two styles of architecture, one that of the ancient Hdtel de Nevers, the other of more modem date. At the extremity is a small garden, with a fountain. The Biblio- theque Imperiale is divided into six distinct sections : 1 . The library of printed works ; 2. The manuscripts, genealogies, au- tographs, &c. ; 3. Medals, antique gems> 6cc.; 4. Engravings ; 5. Maps and globes ; 6. The Eodiac and antique marbles. Library of Printed Works, — The visitor, in ascending the grand staircase, will observe a semicircular fragment of ancient mosaic, rcpresen&ig Thetis and a Triton, with the still legible inscription in ancient Greek characters : 0£TIC TPITO)N . On one of the walls is a piece of tapestry of great interest, having formed part of the ^niture of the ch&teau of the Che- valier Bayard, and being a very curious representation of the costume of that age. On the first floor commences the public suite of the library. In the first room is the model in plaster bronzed of the admirable statue of Voltaire, by Houdon, in the vestibule of the Theatre Francais. The second contains a model of the Egyptian Pyramids, with the surrounding country. In the third are specimens of ancient ornamental bookbinding, among which may be remarked a rich Jesuit missal embossed in silver. Here are also specimens of printing, from its inven- tion to the present day ; of these, the most curious are, an Apocalypse, printed from solid blocks of wood, with coloured Hevera, The other part, facing the rue Neuve des Petits Champs, fell to the ihare of the Duke de Mazarin (de la Meilleraie), and bdre the name of Hdtel de Mazarin, till ni9, when it was bought by the regent, and given to the India Company. The exehauge was afterwards established there, and subsequently the tceatury . cttts ; fi lolio BiUe, printed by Guftteobeiig, an Eo^^ish tnnk^ tionof the Jrs if oriendt, printed by Caxtonio 1490»theGbraiii:. cles of St. JDenis, printed at Paris in 1 493» illuatrated witb splea* did miniatures, and [uresented to Gbarles VIII. by the printers ; and a Psalter, printed at Menti by Fust and Scboefler, bearing the date 1457, being the first book printed witb a date. Pawing to the transverse gallery, will be seen two modds in porodain, brought from Canton, and presented to Louis XIY., of tha celebrated Porcelain Towers oi China ; also a pieoe of sculpture in bronze, executed in 1721, by liton du Tillet, called the French Parnassus," its summits and dupes covered witb figures in classic attire, representing that host of men of genius who have conferred an undying lune on the literature of this country, each occupying an «ievation proportionate to his merit. There are also busts of Jean Paul and Jerome Bignon, and of Van Praet, and an Egyptian buM of porphyry. The visitor will now enter the CcAinet of Medals and Antiques, which forms a distin* guished part of this noble establishment. — ^The total number of medals and coins is computed at 150,000. Among them are many exceedingly rare, and some unique ; the series of Roman coins is very remarkable. At the revolution of 1799, all the antiques in the treasuries of the Sainte Chapelle and the Abbey df St. Denis were added to this cabinet ; it also includes the superb collection of the Comte de Caylus. In a large glass case to the left on entering the visitor wfll observe two large carved silver discs ; the lesser one, found in the Rhone near Avignon, is improperly cidled the shield of Scipio ; the larger, found in the Dauphine , is called the shidd of Hannibal. Some curious diptychs carved in ivory, Indian chess-men, and a Babylonian reUc, being a large oval black marble carved with cuneiform characters will attract attention. Eight glass cases with cameos, seals, intaglios, and similar minute objects, stand in the win- dows to the left ; in those to the right are curious abraxas, t^smans, and oriental inscriptions, each with its plaster impression beside it. Three more i^ass cases occupy the middle of the room ; that nearest to the entrance contains modem cameos of beautiful execution ; the furthermost contains ancient ones ; that in the middle, the richest of all, nearest the entrance, various curious objects found in the toznb of Chilr deric, and at the furthest extremity is a large cameo repre- senting the apotheosis of Augustus. Two Etruscan vases, found at Agylla, and presented by Prince Torlonia to Louis Philippe, stand on either side of the first press (l). The full-length (1) It is worthy of observation that, during the pillage of the revolutions, this Library, notwUhatanding its valuable ^oUaci- 236 SECOND ARR0ND1SSEMERT«  portraits of Locus XIY. and XVIII. are the more promi* nent decorations of the room. Two small rooms opposite tsoutaiu some ancient busts, cameos, Chinese furniture, a bust of Bartheiemy, and a few books on archaeology. The pai^els be- tween the windows and over the doors are pMnted by Vanloo, Boucher, and Natoire. Returning to the grand staircase is seen, in the centre of a small square cabinet, the porphyry - bath of Clevis, in which tradition represents him to have been baptised. The English visitor will be amused by a Bulletin published at Canton during the last war with China, for the edification of the Chi- nese, containing a most faithful account of the total destruction of the English fleet by the Celestial jmiks, and of the capture and public execution of Commodore Bremer ; it is ornamented with a rude coloured engraving of an English frigate and steamer. A door on the left conmiunicates with the Collection of Manuscripts, arranged in galleries on the first and second floors ; fhose of the first floor alone are open to the public. — ^They consist of about 125,000 volumes, in Greek, French, Latin, Oriental, and other languages, including 30,000 which relate to the history of France. The catalogue of the manuscripts alone fills 24 volumes, besides ample supplements to each. In the first room a bookcase to the right on entering contains some very costly ancient bindings, most of them en- riched with carvings of ivory, and precious stones. In the third room a door to the right ^ves access to the reading-room of the manuscript department, open daily to students. Last of all, the visitor enters a superb gallery, which existed in the time of Cardinal Mazarin. Its length is 140 feet, and its breadth 22. The ceiling, painted in fresco, by Romanelli, in 1651, represents various subjects of fabulous history, in com- partments. In this gallery are preserved very valuable and curious manuscripts. Among them is, on a dedc by itself, a Latin manuscript of the Vlth century, on papyrus; the manuscripts of Galileo ; letters from Henry IV. to Gabrielle d*Estrees ; the prayer-books of St. Louis and Anne of Bri- tanny, and one which belonged in succession to Charles V., Charles IX., and Henry III., and bears their signatui-es ; all beautifully written on vellum, and richly illuminated ; the manuscript of Telemachus, in Fenelon^s own hand ; autograph tlon of gems, medals, coins, &c., was always respected ; but the thieves of Paris were less scrupulous, and on Nov. 5, igsi, the numismatic department was entered by night by two formats, named Fossard and Drouillet, and plundered of a vast quantity of valuable coins and medals. A portion was afterwards reco- Tered, but the loss was serious and in many cases irreparable. vntvaftniom ntfttiiAtt. 331 RNmuMrs d Louis XIV . ; a mannscript of Josephiu ; a Tolame of I 300 pages containing the names of all the Tictims of Robe* I ^ierre, &c. The most ancient manuscripts now eiisttng in tbii ^ collection are some missals of the fifth and sixth centuries. Among the foreign manuscripts are some Coptic, Persian, In- dian, Arabic, Ethiopian, Chinese, Japanese, Armenian, Siamese, I &c., remarkable for their beauty. A collection of autograph letters, of Henry IV., Louis XIV., Tnrenne, Mme. de Maintenon, Voltaire, Mme. de Sevigne, Racine, Moliere, Comeille, BoQeau, Delille, Bossuet, Mile, del^ Valliere, Franklin, Rousseau, Lord Byron, Montesquieu, and the Golden Bull of the Emperor Frfr* dene II., with its seal (1220), are arranged under ^ass frames for the inspection of visitors. At the extremity of the gallery is the fao-simile of a very interesting historic record of the year 781, in Chinese and Syriac, found at Canton in 1628, giving an account of the arrival of Syrian missionaries in China, and of the propagation of Christianity iu that country in the 7 th and 81h centuries. Returning to the end of this gallery, a narrow flight of stairs leads to the . Collection ofMapt and Globe; — ^This collection is very curious and complete, containing about300,000maps,charts, views, 8cc. the topography of Paris alone occupies 56 large folio volumes. More than 500 folios are filled with the plans, general views, and details of every place of note. Another apartment is solely dedicated to civil, military, and marine maps and plans. In the rooms are tables and seats for students and amateurs. On application any volume or portfolio is readily supplied. The visitor should now descend into the court, and ascend a staircase to the left, which leads to the Reading-Room, — This is a long gallery, communicating through glass-doors with the Galerie du Pamasse Francais (see p. 229) . It is generally crowded by the studious of all classes, among whom will be seen several ladies. Tables occupy the centre. The visitors are obliged to provide themselves with pens and paper. No conversation is permitted. To procure books the title must be given in writing to one of the librarians, together with the name and address of the applicant. Literary persons well recommended are allowed to have books out of the library. The gallery is heated in winter by stoves in isolated cellars. In an adjoining room, called SaJle des Globes, are two immense globes, executed at Venice, by Pletro Coronelli, by order of the Cardinal d'Estrees, who in 1683 presented them to Louis XIV., to whom they were dedi- cated. They are of copper, and nearly 12 feet in diameter, but are more remarkable for their size than for their accuracy. This section of the library occupies the ground and first floors and %$t 8BG0N0 ARRON0iasKllEflT; l^veral galleries above. The works are arranged aoooffdiig to the system of Debure, and are kept in wired book-caaes.> On the ground floor are modem folio editions, on veUton, &o;,'or copies remarkable for the richness of their binding. (1> On the Grst landing-place of the staircase is the Collection of Engravings. — ^About 1676, under the niga of Henry HI., Claude Mangis, Abbot of St. Ambrose and almoner to the Queen, first conceived the idea of forming a cabinet of engravings. His connection with Marie de Medicis putting bim frequently in communication with the Florentines, he enriched his collection with the works of the best Italimi en- gravers. Jean Delorme, physician to the Queen, having inherited the collection of the abbot, added it ta another col- lection formed by the Abbe de MeroUes, both of which, being purchased by Colbert in 1667, were placed in tiie rueRiche- tieu. The abbe's collection comprised 440 volumes, containing about 125,000 prints, and to this were afterwards added other acquisitions — ^that of Gaignieres, in 1711 ; of Bennghen, in 1731 ; of Marshal d'Uxelles, in 1753 ; of Begon, in 1770 ; and several others less considerable. This collection has now been transferred from the dingy rooms it formerly occupied, to a splendid gallery, built by Mansard, the exact counterpart (the frescos excepted) of the Gallery of Manuscripts (see p. 330), under which it is situated. It has ei^t windows ; the engrav- ings are arranged in conunodious book-cases,^ and there are six tables with double*faced desks for the convenience of stu- dents, who are admitted on Mondays, Wednesdays, Thursdays, and Saturdays ; on Tuesdays and Fridays it is, like the rest, open to the public. It is preceded by a vestibule, hung with engravings in frames. The collection is composed of 1 ,300,000 engravings, contained in upwards of 9,600 volumes or port* foUos. The 15th century is represented by the works of Id engravers ; among whidi may be remarked an anonymous piece, of the date Uoo, as well as the productions of Maso Finiguerra, Martin Schoengauer, and Israel Van Mechen. The engravers of the 16th century whose works are exhibited here are 14 in number, comprising Albert Duier, Maro-Antony Baimondi of Bologna, £cc,; besides a piece curious as being the production of Jean Duvet, the first French engraver, born in 1485. Fifty-one engravers, among whom are some of the celebrated pamters of Germany and Italy, as well as some Frenoh engravers of merit, form the historical series for the (i) The catalogue of the Bibliothftque Imp^riale, which con- tains upwards of i,8oo,ooo printed volumes, is now making ra- pid progress. The first irolume, relating to the History of France, has been finished under the direction Qf M. Taschereau. I7tti Qenlnry, (HidtMr woite indodaion* magniUfiiiil pUlet of the 4i^ o£ Loiw XJY. The Mrias for Um isth and i9tli ceatttiies Mxe too numerfNit and too w^ knowa to need de* scriptioa. PciTsoas denrouB o( eianmung tlie vobiiiiM should ask, in the achooh of Italy, for tha works of Michael Angeto, Bapbael, Titian, Gorreggio, the Garracci, and Guido;^4n thoaer of Germany, Albert Durer and Holbein ;— in those of the Netherlands, Ri^obrandt, Rubens, and Van Dyck ;-^n those of France, Poussin, |^ Bran, Le Sueur, and Rigaud. Amon^rt the foreign engravers, the works of Raimondi, Hollar, Crispin de Pas, G(4ikntts, Bloemart, and Remain de Hogue ; among the French, those of Gallot, Mellau, Silvestre, Nanteuil, Picart, Le GleTQ, Edeltn^^k* Audran, Le Bas, Wille, Moreau, and Du«  pleasis Bertaux. In natural history there are many plates of birds and plants, beautifully coloured, such as the pigeons of Madame^Knip, the birds of paradise of Leyaillant, the flowers of Prevost, the liltaoea) and roses of Redoute. The portraits, to the number of 9o,aoo, are divided in each country according to the rank or profusion of the individuals, and are classed in chronologieal or alphabetical order. The series of the costumes of various countries and different ages cannot be viewed with* out interest. The history of France fills 85 portfolios up to 17 89, and 50 more have been added since that time; when compMely clashed, it will form a coUoction of 160 volumes. In the f^ottrt, to the right* is the entrance to the Gallery ofAndmt Sculpture, called Salle duZodiaque. — ^Tha most remari^able object it eonlains is the Egyptian Zodiac of Dendarab, supposed to have formed the centre of the ceiling of a temple. The Bactrian inscriptions, discovered near the Indus, and au ancient dial, found at Delos, are interesting, as well as various mummies, idols, antique statues, &c. There are also 12 stones from the ruins of Garthage, a donation by the Due de Luynes, Gount Pourtales, and other eminent ar- chaeologists, and a Roman altar brought from Lambessa, in Algeria. At certain periods, public lectures are delivered here. In the same court is the Salle des Ancitres, a room fitted up, in the exact proportions of the Egyptian original, with hiero- glyphic inscriptions and sixty graven figures representing the ancestry of Thoutmes III., found in his sepulchre at Kamac Visitors are admitted on Tuesdays and Fridays, from 10 to 3 ; students every day except Sundays and holidap. In the same street, comer of the rue Fontaine Moliere, stands a fine monument erected by public subscription to the memory of the immortal Molifere, the greatest comic writer that France ever produced. It consists of a niche with two detached Corinthian columns .on«aoh side, surmounted by a woociroular 334 SECOND ARRONDlSSCllENf . pediment, ornamented with sculpture and dramatic attributes^ A statue of Moliere, in bronze, is placed in the niche on a semicircular pedestal, in a sitting posture, and in the attitude of meditation. On each side of the statue, and in front of the colunms, are allegorical figures with extended wings, repre- senting, one the humorous, and the other the serious, character of his plays, and in the act of raising up their eyes towards him. They each bear a scroll, on which are inscribed in chronolo^cal order all the pieces written by Moliere. The basement is richly sculptured, and at its foot is a semi-octagonal basin to receive the water, which issues from three lions* heads. The in- scriptions are : A Moliere, Nid Paris, le 15 Janmer, 1622, et mort a Paris le 17 Fimier, 1673» with the year 1844 over the niche. The monument is 60 feet high, by 20 feet wide, and is in the style of architecture of the time of Louis XIV. The total expense of it was 452,000 fr. (l). , . Nearly opposite. No. 34, stands the house in which Moliere died, bearing the inscription : Moliere est mort dans cette maison, leil fevrier 1673, a rdge de 51 ans. . At the bottom of the rue de Richelieu is the ThMtre Fran- pais. •(See p. 475.) (2) In the rue St. Honore is St. Roch, 296, rue St. Honore, parish church of 2d arron- dissement. — ^The first stone of this church was laid by Louis XIV. and the Queen-dowager, Anne of Austria, in 1 653 ; but the works proceeded slowly till 1720, when the financier Law gave 100,000 livres towards the completion of the edifice, which however was not finished till 1740. The original designs for the body of the church were by Lemercier, those for the portal by De Goste. The approach is by a flight of jiteps, extending the whole breadth of the church, and famous (1) Us inauguration took place on the isth of January, 1844. The Prefect of the Seine deposited a box containing a medal struck for the occasion, an account of the erection of the monu- ment, the works of Moliere, and a history of his life. Four ora- tions were delivered : by the Prefect, in the name of the City of Paris ; by the Director of the Academic Fran^aise ; by one of the company of the Com^die Fran^aise ; and by the President of the Subscription Committee. Deputations from the Society of Dra- matic Artists, Men of Letters, and Students from the Schools, were also present. (2) During the career of Joan of Arc. the walls of Paris ex- tended to the ground opposite to this theatre, now to be occu- pied by the Place de I'lmperatrice, and but lately traversed by a narrow street called the rue du Rempart . Here the Maid of Orleans wasseverely wounded from a cross-bow, while sounding the depth of the ditch with her lance during an assault ; she, however, would not retire, but continued till night to direct the placing of the fagots by which it was to be crossed. Digitized by VjOOQ IC ffT. AOCII. 235 as tbd theatre of many events during the several French re- volutions. The mob crowded them to see Marie Antoinette led to execution ; Bonaparte cleared them of that same mob with caunon during the Directory; in 1830 a stand was made there against the gendarmerie of Charles X.; and in 1848, the descendants of the votaries of the Goddess of Reason devoutly ascended those steps to deposit in the church a cruciflx found in the palace of theTuileries. The front consists of two ranges of Doric and Corinthian columns, surmounted by a pediment and cross : it is 84 feet in breadth, and 91 feet in height. The body of the church is cruciform; its total length is 405 feet, that of the choir 69, and its breadth 42 ; aisles with chapels run along each side. The interior is adorned with pilasters of the Doric order ; the piers of the arches are cased with marble at the base. On one of the walls that support the organ gallery is a marble monumental inscription erected by the Duke of Orleans, in 1821, to the memory of Pierre Comeille, who is buried here ; on the other is a similar tablet, recording the names of benefactors to the church, aud of distinguished per- sons buried there, whose tombs were destroyed in 1789 (1). In the 5th chapel is a marble monument to the Abbe de l^pee, by Preault, erected at the expense of deaf and dumb persons educated at his institution. A plain sarcophagus supports his bust ; the figures of two children are represented in the act of raising their eyes towards him with an expression of gratitude. The inscription is: — Viro admodum mirabili, sacerdoti de VEpde, qtii fecit exemplo Salvatoris mutos loqui, (i) The works of art in the chapels of thU church, beginning from the left on entering, are— ist chapel : St. Philip converting the Eunuch of the Queen of Ethiopia, and St. Francis Xavier ad- ministering baptism in India, frescos by Chasserlau. 2d. A mar- ble group of Ihe Baptism of Christ, by Lemoine ; on the walls, Christ calling on John to baptize him, and the Saviour appearing to his Disciples. 3d. St. Nicholas saving a ship at sea, and per- forming acts of charity. 4th. A Descent from the Cross in plas- ter.— Transept : St. Denis preaching, by Vien.— Chapel of St. Vincent de Paul : paintings representing him assisting the poor, and his apotheosis; in the window, a small specimen of old stained glass, representing the Saviour reading to the Virgin and Joseph. Here begins the series of the stations of the ViaCrucit, consisting of bas-reliefs in plaster, continued along the church. —Chapel of St. Joseph: the birth of Christ, by Tissier, and the death of St. Joseph, in fresco, by Brune ; in the neit, St. Fran- cis de Sales, preaching, by Loycr; and the same helping a wayfarer through the snow, by Scheffer ; in the following is St. Charles Borromeo.- Lady Chapel, of an elliptical form, orna- mented with Corinthian pilasters, and surmounted by a dome painted in fresco by Pierre. On the altar is a group In whiU taa StCOND Am&ONDIiSElfEKT. eives GaUiw koe fnonumenium dedieanmt an, 1840. Naiu an. 1713, mortuus an. 1789.— Near is a biack marble tablet with the inscription: — A VAM>d de l*Epds, lei fiourds-muel iuidois reconfiaissants, 1845. — Oppoate is the pulpit, ^tj statues of the Evangelists carved in oak; an angel supports th< canopy. In the choir is an organ, which, on days of ceremony, alternates with a larger one and of finer tone erected over th< principal entrance. Behind the choir is a shrine of cedai of Lebanon, richly ornamented with gilt bronze mouldings. II rests upon a basement of costly variegated marble, and con- tains the relics belonging to the church. Following the aisle we enter the chapel of the Holy Sacrament, magnificently decorated in representation of the Holy of Holies of the Mo* saic tabernacle ; all the ornaments of the Jewish ritual ar«  placed here. In the windows are Denis the Areopagite, and Denis Afifre, Archbishop of Paris, killed on the barricades in June, 1848. St. Roch has received considerable embellish- ments, and an elegant tribune has been fitted up here for the use of the Empress. It is the richest church in Paris, and is celebrated for its music and singing. marbfe, by Auguier, which formerly decorated the altar of the ▼al de Grftce : the infant Jesus In the manger, with the Virgin and Joseph kneeling ; it is a fine piece of sculpture. At the en- trance to this chapel are two paintings : Jesus purging the Tem- ple, by Thomas, and his recalling the daughter of Jairus to life, by Delorme.— Chapel of the Calvary : a Crucifix, by Auguier, that formerly stood over the altar of the Sorbonne ; close to It, under a vaulted recess, is a Descent from the Cross. — In the isf chapel after that of the Virgin, in the opposite aisle, are Christ preaching, and Mary Magdalen, by Brisset ; 3d the martyrdom of St. Catherine on the wheel, and her apotheosis, by Bnine,* 3d. St. Agnes in prayer, and her inspiration by the Holy Ghost, by Bohn ; 4th. Ste. Clotilde praying, and her Apotheosis, by Landelle.— Transept : an altar-piece by Doyen, the Cure of' the Mai des Ardents, in 1230, through the intercession of Ste. Gene- vieve.— 5th chapel: Christ conducting the wayfarer through life, and his delivering the keys to St. Peter, elh. Sorrow for ihe Departed, and Joy at the announcement of their resurrec' tion in Heaven; 7lh. Jesus disputing in the Temple, and the Lapidation of Stephen ; also a marble monument to the Duke de Grequi; 8th. the Resurrection of Christ, and the angel an- pouncing that event to the three holy women ; and mooument«  to the infamous Cardinal Dubois, Mignard the painter, Len5tre, the designer of the gardens of Versailles, and the Count de Hap- eourt. The last chapel, which cqntains monuments to Mauper- tuis, the Duke de Lesdigui^res, and the Mar^chal d'Asfeld, \i also adorned with two frescos, by Quantin, represenUo^g t^e de? IMirture and return of the prodigal Son. 9hk€B tm TicTomis. fta7 Ok enteriDg this arrondissement by the me Neaye des Fetitt Cbamps, the vmtot will find on his left the fine Passages Kt- vienne and Colbert. The greater part of the eastern side of the rae Yivienne was formerly occupied by the hotel and gar> dens of '* the great Colbert." Hence he will proceed to the Place des Victoires, — a circular space, 240 feet in diame- ter, formed in 1 685, by order of the Duke de La Feuillade, and designed by Mansard. The architecture consists of Ionic pi* tasters, upon an arcaded basement. In the centre was a gilt pedestrian statue of Louis XIV., in his coronation robes, crowned by Yietory, and treading a Cerbenis beneath his feet; at the corners of the pedestal, four bronze figures of enslaved nations represented the power of the monarch. In 1790, these figures were removed, and are now in the Louvre, with the bronze baft- reliefs of the pedestal. The statue was destroyed on Aug. lo, 1792, and the place called Place de$ Vietoires Nationales. A colossal bronze statue of Gen. Desaix was erected here in 1800, but was taken down iit 1814, and melted to form the statue of Henry IV., now on the Pont Neuf. The present splendid equestrian statue of Louis XIV., by Bosio, was inaugurated Aug. 25, 1822. The monarch is habited as a Roman Emperor, though with the peruke of his own time, and crowned with laurel. The mass, weighing 10,000 lb., is supported by tha hinder legs and tail of the charger. Two bas-reliefs represent the pas8£^ of the Rhine by Louis XIV. in 1672, and the mo' narch distributing military decorations. Appropriate inscrip •» tions are at each end of the pedestal ; and the circular mArbIa pavement on which it rests is surrounded by an iron railing. At the north-west comer of this place, a short street, bearhig the uninviting name of rue Vide^Gousset, leads to the £gLIS£ des PETITSPtlRES, Or DE NOTllE DAME BES ViCTOIRES, Place des Petits Pferes, 1st district chinch of 3d arrondissement. — ^This church, erected in 1636, after the designs of P. Lemuet, stands on the site of one dedicated by Louis Xill. to Kbtr^ Dame des Vietoires, in commemoration of his victories, and the capture of La Rochelle, and served as the chapel to a eom- mttnity of bare-footei Austin monks. (1) The form of the edifibe is a Roman cross; its length is 133 feet, its breadth 33, (1} This community was called ** Petits Pferes,'* because two of the most zealous (br the establishment ef their order in Pa- riBj wlio were men of small stature, toeing intreduced into th* antechamber of Henry xV., the king said^ " Qui seilt cct petit* pferei-lSi?" from which time they retained the name. 23S THIRD ARRONDISSEMENT. and its height 56. The portal, built in 1739, after designs by Gartaud, presents Ionic pilasters surmoohted by Corinthian ones. This interior is Ionic; its aisles have been converted into chapels communicating with one another by door-ways ; there are four on each side. The second chapel to' the right contams a good Descent from the Cross. In the 3d chapel is the Death of the Virgin, by Dupasquier, and the Virgin appear- ing to St. Francis, by the same. In the adjoining transept are the Inunaculate Conception, by Lafontaine, and an Assump- tion, by Lavergne. Around the choir is some richly carved wainscoting, above which are nine large paintings, represent- ing : i, the Dream of St. JMonica, sister of St. Austin; 2, the Baptism of St. Austin; 3, his Consecration; 4, his Death; 5, Louis XIII. presenting the plan of the church of Notre Dame des Victoires to the Virgin ; 6, the Translation of the relics of St. Austin to Hippona; 7, St. Austin relating his life to the Fathers; 8, his first Sermon ; 9, his Conversion. All these, except the first and last, are by Vanloo. In the left transept are: the Adoration of the Virgin, a JMater Dolorosa, the Presentation of the Virgin, her Assumption, and an Annuncia- tion. In the second chapel after the transept is the Eucha- rist, by Lafon. In the third chapel to the left after the transept is the monument of the celebrated composer LuUy; under the soffit of the door leading to it are Latin distiches in his honour. During the revolution of 1789 this church was used as the Exchange. The Rue Neuve de la Banque, a street opened in 1 847, form- ing a communication between the Exchange and the Bank of France, contains, at No. 8, the new Maine of the 3d arrondisse- ment, erected on the site of the Convent des Petits Peres. Adjoin • ing is a new building for barracks. Opposite is the Hotel du Timbre or Stamp-Office, erected at a cost of 1,298,000 fr. — It consists of two bodies, connected by a cur- tain, giving access to the principal court by an arched en- trance surmounted by a pediment scnlptuied by Jacquemard. In the tympan of the pediment is an escutcheon surmounted by the Gallic cock. It is flanked by the fasces of the Republic, and by two lions couchant. Below are two medallions by Oudine, representing Law and Security, and between them the inscription : Timbre ImpSrial. The southern building con- tains the offices of the Direction des Domaines; the northern those of the Direction dc VEnregistrement. . In the rue Notre Dame des Victoires, No. 28, is the immense coach-establishment of \he Mes$(igeries Imperiales, commu- nicating with rue Montmartre ; in which street, at No. 144, is the SABfT THIGBirr DB PAULS. 230 MiRCB^ST.IosEPH.a daily nuutet, built in IS13 and 1814, on the fflte of a chapel dedicated to St. Joseph. Id the roe MoDtmartre, at No. 166, is the Fontaine de la rue Mohtmartre, standing against a boose, audsormounted by a pediment. At No. 176, is the Hotel nUzfes, built by Ledoux, the property of M. Delessert. The entrance is Doric, and adorned with trophies. A formidable barricade was erected on Feb. 24th, 1848, at the entrance of rue du Faubourg Montmartre, and a sharp con- flict took place there between the people and Garde Municipale. At No. 27, boulevard Poissonniere, is the Bazar de nndustrie, a repository of wares at fixed prices, one of the most elegant buildings of the kind, with an arched ceiling. The coves are painted in compartments by Fossey, Papin and Guersant, with portraits of Jefferson, Fulton, Lavoisier, Poossin, Vau«  canson, &c. The central compartment represents France pro- tecting the Arts and Manufactures. Near this, at No. 23, is Hotel de Montholon , a building of the Ionic order, now used as a carpet-warehouse. At No. i 4 is the Maison du Poni de Per, with an iron bridge connecting the back buildings with the front and boulevard. It is composed of shops, warehouses, merchants* counting-houses, and the Cafe Pierront ; and at No. 38 is the Theatre of the Gymnase Dramatique. (See P* 478.) On the adjoining Boulevard Bonne Nouvelle is the Bazar Bonne Nouvelle, a buUding where exhibitions and per- formances of different descriptions constantly succeed one an- other. On the first floor is the Caf6 de France j with billiard* rooms. Underneath is the Sa^/e Bonne Nouvelle, or Spectacles* Concerts, (See p. 480.) The rue Hauteville leads to the splendid church of St. Vincent de Paule, place Lafayette, the first stone of which was laid in 1824, and inaugurated on Oct. 27, 1844. — Exterior, A broad fli^t of steps, flanked by graceful elliptical carriage-ways leading to the portico, gives access to the build- ing, which forms a parallelogram externally 243 feet by 108, and internally 198 feet by 102. Two lofty square lowers, with Corinthian pilasters at the angles, rise from each side of a beautiful Ionic portico, crowned with a triangular pediment, with double ranges of fluted columns. In the field of the pe- ^ment is sculptured the figure of the patron saint, with Cha- ritv and Religion by his side, and sisters of Charity kneeling before him, while compassionate females afford nourishment to foundlings. The attic above terminates in a graceful balustrade, , with statues of the four Evangelists, by MM. Valois, Foyatier, and Bniau. Statues of St. Paul and St. John the Baptist are seen in the niches of tb$ towers, each of wt^ch has a dial-plate, ono t4# THIRD AMUMfMMMSMT. fortlielM«fB»andoiieibrtiifr^yof themontti; Doriepiladl^s adorn the main walls extematty ; tihe noMbem eai di^lay»tw» tiers of i^tors, the lower Dorie, the upper Gl^iiitfaiaii, attp* portii^ a triangiilar pedknent^ A splendidly gill inoa railing surrounds the step* of die principal Inuitv The bMiuse fates of the principal entrance under the portioo reprewnt in- dif^ ferent compartments Christ aad the apostles. Above ibie eirta* bktore of the portal are seen the iwa great lawgtivers> Moses and Jesus Christ, painted on a ^^es of eMmri, nod unlike porc^n, and bearing a dose resemblance to the fresco styie ; these figures were executed by M. Hachekte, the inventor <4 the process. — Interior. Over the portal^ the oomioe and jambs of which are profiusely sculptured and gik^ tho visitor will observe the splendid new organ, by M. Cavtallkr, placed there in 1652, and a circular window, repreaenlag in stained glass St. Vinnent de Paule surrounded by the Sisters oi Charity. The body of the ebureh is divided^ by £o«r eustyle rows of ekven Ionic columns eaieh, into a nave and four aisles ; the side aisles are each separated by richly-gilt bronze railings into four lateral ohapels; similar railings line the intervals of the columns throughout the church, and divide the nave from the semi-circular choir, which is surmounted by a semi-cupola pierced with a skylight, and supported by fourteen Ionic co» lumns. An arch 60 feet in height, richly sculptured on either surface^ gives access to it from the nave. The stalls of the choir are richly carved in oak with ^res- of saints, and the same taste is observable in the decorations of the pnlpit and other wooden furniture of the church. Sixteen gilt candelabra of exquisite workmanship are placed along the stalls, and four colossal ones with foliaged stems stand before the high altar, which consists of an arch and pediment resting upon six clus- tered and richly foliaged columns. The altar-piece is a Crucifix on wood, and the table of the altar is adorned with a ba9*relief of the Last Supper. Behind the choir is the Lady Chapel, with a beautiful image of the Virgin and Saviour on stained glass in the window. The lateral chapels also have stained. windows, severally representing, in the aisle to the right, St. Francis de Sales, St. Elizabeth, St. Martin^ and the Baptism of Christ; in that to the left, the Saviour, St. DeBis> Ste. Clotilde, and St. Charles Borromeo. The cba^ls att ouvercd With bays d roofing, painted and gilt ; and in keeping with tbese H tbe roiif of the nav«, supported by eleven plain triangular trusses, formed of tie-beams and rafters, and resting over the gallery of the nave, fronted by Corinthian columns. The frieze is adorned with portraits of canonized pontiffs; and groups of aposUes, pro^ pheU, martyrs^ and holy womeii^ painted by Fiandrin. Tha 8T. ECGkMC. 24 1 Bena-eopbla of the choir, painted by Picot, rapreaento the SaTioar, sorroanded by Angels, with St. Vincent de Paula at his feet. These works of art have cost the City 256,300fr. The architects of this church are MM. Lepere and Hittorf. The Place Lafayette, in front of this was the scene of a bloody eonfliet between the Garde Mobile and the insurgents of June 1848. The rue Lafayette leads eastward to the Northern Railway, leading from Paris to England and Belgiom. It is entered by a court, 156 feet long by 120 in breadth, flanked by two porticos with cast-iron pillars ; the front bailding is Ionic, and consists of a groun^floor with eight arches. The vestibule is 165 feet by 36, independently of two large halls at the extremities. Here are the various oj- fices for tickets, baggage, &c. The waiting-room is 108 feet by 30, and 27 in height. The sheds for the trains are 300 feet long, the roofs resting in the middle upon 25 cast-iron columns, and on the sides upon walls pierced with 19 arches. ' (Seep. 2.) On the adjoining tract of ground behind the church of St. Vhi- cent de Paule, called Clos St. Lazare, is the HdPiTAL LARiBOisii:RE, beguu under Louis Philippe, but now named after a gentleman who has left a considerable legacy to the hospitals. — ^The plan of this vast and fine edifice is rectangular. A tasteful portico encloses a spacious court surrounded by nine uniform pavilions separated from one another by smaller courts and gardens. Each pavilion has two stories besides the ground floor, and fifteen windows in front. The offices and lodgings of the officials occupy the two first pavilions ; the others contain the sick - rooms, dispensary, bathing estaUishment, and wash house. The chapel, which is Doric and Ionic, is at the end of the court, facing the entrance. An arched portico runs all round the court. It was opened in October, 1853, and contains 612 beds. This Hospital cost 8 millions of francs. Strangers are admitted on Thursdays from 1 to 3. Architect, M. Gauthier. (See p. 142.) The stranger may now descend the rue du Faubourg Pois- sonniere. At No. 82 are large barracks for infantry. Lower down, at No. 37, were the Ma€A8ins vu Mobilier de la Gouronne, now transferred to the Atehers de Sculpture. (See p. 3.')0.) The site of the old building formerly known as Ld^s Menui Plaitirs, is now intersected by the rues du Conservatoire and Ste. Cecile ; in the latter is Saint Eugene, designed by M. Boileau. The front is Gothic, occupying a breadth of 88 feet ; the height is 82 feet. It has three entrances; surmounted by a rose-window and U Digitized by VjOOQ IC %i% THIRD AKIKm^lttllfENT. gable, resting on pinnacled buttressei. Ob eaish lUke aie i pointed window and elegant Gothic niche, likewise sepante* I by buttresses. The interior consists of a nave separated from the aisles by rows of six slender ooluinns, supporting th*! poins of the roof, while spacious galleries, accessible by wind ing staircases at each end, run along the aisles. All the oo lumns, groinings, and arches, are of iron, painted and gilt iii the Byzantine style. The wh<de length of the chufdk is 131 feet. The apsis, where the high altar stands, is pierced wiifa three large tri-composed windows, with subjects executed in stained glass, representing: 1. The Holy Supper; 2. The Ascension ; 3. Christ in the Garden of Geths^nane. Flanking the apsis are lateral chapels, facing the aisles * the windows represent, each in six compartments, in that to the rigbt: Passages from the life of St. Eugene ; in that to the left : Pas- sages from the life of the Virgin, by Ledoux, The subjects of the 14 lateral windows, best viewed from the galleries, com- prise the chief incidents of our Saviour's life (1) in stained glass. Those on the ground-floor, by Seguin, comprise Uie series of the Via Crucis. The general effect of the ehnrcb is good. At No. 16 is the GONSEftVATOIRE IMPERIAL DE MUSIQVE* (See p. 106.>— The entrance is Ionic, and surmounted by statues of the Muses of Tragedy and Music, and those of Sappho and Orpheus. Id t^e court is a small Theatre, which is denominated the SaUe m Concerts, sometimes used for cmicerts and balls. Crossing the Boulevard, the rues Poissoimiere 93bA Mentor* gueil lead to the Passage du Saumon, the longest in Psn9» famous for an insurrectionary fray in 1832. The HdTEL des Postes (General Post Office)^ rue Jean Ja^ r Rousseau, (1) — ^built by the Duke d'Epemoa, occupies site of a large house belonging to Jacques Rebours^ pro- cnreur de la ville in the 15th century. Barthelemi d*Hervat, (0 Left gallery on entering : i. The Holy Family ; a. Simeon blessing the infant Jesus ; 3. The Adoration of the Magi; 4. An Angel ministering to Jesus ; 5. Jesus aiding Joseph in his cran; e. JesuB Disputing in the Temple ; 7. St. John the Baplisl Preacb- ing. In the opposite gallery : 8. Christ Delivering the X«y« J® 9eter; 9. Christ calling ChtlAren around him; Is. Ths AdHi- W«ss; 11. Christ Healing the Blind { 13. Christ Conversing ^if the Woman of Samaria; 13. Chrisl Preaching on the Mount; and 14. Christ at the Feast of Cana. (1) This street was originally caUed rue PlMriire, but in i^W the Municipal Body gave it the name ot J. J. Uousseau, wbo •ecupied a small apartment on the ^urth story at Ne. 10. 1^^ j^imitive name wis restored to tt in isis, hut ft has ^^^ ikansed again to that of J. J. Rousseau stnos tito. ST. VDStJUCm. %il cMOiitrpOa^-fenenl of the finaiiceg, baviiig succeeded to tli«  isik!^, made sosae additions, and spared no expense to render it a iBafflifif<eat habitation. Subsequently it bore the naine of d'ArmenonviUe, till purchased by the govenunent, in 1757, for the General Post Office. The buildings connected with tliis establishment have a handsome front in the rue Coq lleroii. A new post-office is, it is said, to be built on the Place du Chatelet. (For postage, ficc, see p. 7 .) At the eastern ena of the rue CoquiUiere is St» EusTAcnJS, parish church of the third arrtmdiBsement.--* This church, begun in 1532, stands on the site of a chapel of St. Agnes, which existed as early as 1 2 1 3 . The western front of the church is of much later date than the rest of the building, haying been commenced by Mansard de Jouy in 1754, but emnpleted much later. It consists of a basement story with eoupled Doric columns, and an upper one of the Ionic order with a triangular pediment. At the northern end is a square campanile ornamented with Corinthian columns crowned with segmental pediments ; a corresponding one desired for the southern end has never been built. This front harmonizes very badly with the rest of the edifice, which is an impure Gothic , it is shortly to be taken down, and reconstructed in the proper style by MM. Baltard and Callet ; the mean-looking houses and narrow street that conceal the church on the northern side are to be pulled down. The southern side is now unencumbered, and appears to great advantage, with its double-arched flying buttresses eraaectmg the outer wall of the nave with those of the aisles, and abutting against Doric piers. — Interior, The chureh is cruciform, and consists of a nave and choir, with double aisles. The total length is 3 1 8 feet ; breadth at the tran- septs 132 feet; height 90 feet. A remarkable feature of the style of this church, is the Corinthian column resting on a Done pilaster, and \iB» again on a still simpler one, the whole em- bodied with the pier at each comer of it. The arches of the aislcB and nave are lofty ; above tite latter is a triforium gal- lery with paired arches, and above this large clerestory win- dows, many of which are decorated with stained glass. The keystones are all beautifully sculptured, especially that of tbe choir, and another at the intersection of the nave and transepts. Hose windows of elaborate tracery adcHu the transepts; and that of the other windows is equally eompli- eated, r^esenting fleurs de lis, hearts, &e. All the fronts of the chapels have now been decorated in the Byzantine style. The spandrils of the arches are adorned with recumbent angels in fresco, bearing the instruments of the Passion and other de- vices. In the 1st chapel, to the right on entering, is an inscription 244 THIRD* ARRONDISSEMENT. on marble stating tEat the church was consecrated in 1637 (1). The fine organ of this church was destroyed by fire on the 1 6tJi of December, 1844; anew and very splendid one byM. Ducro- quet was inaugurated in 1 8 54 . It stands over the principal en trance and has cost upwards of 70,000 francs. What will principally attract attention is the sumptuous high altar in white marble, of the most delicate workmanship, and which cost 80,000 fr. An elaborately open-worked parapet of marble surrounds it, and connects some of- the piers of the choir. Many distinguished persons were buried here ; among them Voiture, Vaugelas, Lafosse, Homberg, Marechal de la Feuil- lade. Admiral de Tourville, and Colbert. On high festivals this church is thronged by amateurs of sacred music. (1) The following paintings in fresco adorn the chapels ; 4th. chapel : St. Joseph in adoration, by Gourlier; 5th. in the ogives, the Father commiserating the Sorrows of the Son, and the Spot- less Lamb; on the wall below, the Son commiserating the Sor- rows of Mankind, all by Magimel ; 6lb. chapel (after the Iran- sept) the Adoration of the Heart of Jesus, and the Virgin Mary as Mater Dolorosa, hy LuTiyihrQ ; 7th. the Inspiration of St. Agnes, and her Martyrdom, by Vauchelet; 8th. St. Anne devoting her daughter to the service of God, and her death, by Lazerg^s ; 9th. some old frescoes, lately revived, representing the Fall of the Angels, and St. Genevieve interceding for the City of Paris ; loth, the Life and Apotheosis of St. Andrew, by Pils; nth. (an issue to the Halies) illustrations of the virtue of Charity, by Leh- mann ; I2lh. (with a staircase leading to the chapel of the ca- techists) Christ disputing in the Temple, and blessing little chil- dren; flanking the doors, St. Catherine and St. Ursula; in the ogives, Religion and Charity ; a medallion with the Virgin, an- gels, &c. all by Signol ; 1 3th. the Lady Chapel (unfinished) ; 1 4th. passages in the life of St. Louis Gonzaga, by Bezard ; I5th. Mira- cles and Death of St. Peter the Exorcist, by Regnier ; i6th. old frescos revived, representing : the Feast of Cana, Christ preach- ing, the Penitent Magdalen, the Angel announcing the Resur- rection ; 17th. old frescos revived: the Virgin crushing the Ser- pent ; her Presentation at the Temple, and St. John writing the Apocalypse; behind him stands the Dragon with seven heads (Rev. xii.); isth. passages in the life of St. Genevieve, by Pichon ; 1 9th. passages in the life of St. Louis of France, his death, and apotheosis; aoth. (the sacristy). After the transept, 2ist: the Conversion of St. Eustace, and other passages of his life, by Henatt ; 22d. Christ at Emmaus ; the Apotheosis of St. Monica ; and the Angels summoning St. Jerome ; 25th and last, Adam and Eve driven from Paradise, and condemned to labour for subsistence ; the Birth of Jesus, and his Crucifixion. STi GEBUAiN L^ACXERROB. U6 POTJRTH ARROMDISSEIOITT. The visitor may commence his walk with the church of St. Germain l'Auxerrois, parish chm-ch of the fourth ar- rondissement. — ^A church, founded on this spot by Childeberl in hongur of St. Vincent, was sacked and destroyed by the Nor- mans in 886. In 998, King Robert rebuilt it, dedicated it to St. Germain TAuxerrois, and added a monastery to it, which was subsequently endowed with a chapter and a school. The community possessed the privilege of independent jurisdiction until 1744, when the chapter was united to that of Notre Dame. This parish, as it included the Louvre and the Tuile- ries, was long considered the royal parish, and the church was frequently the object of the munificence of the crown. During the horrors of the revolution of 1789, the edifice escaped with little damage. On the 13th February, 1831, an attempt having been made to celebrate in it the anmversary of the death of the Duke de Berri, a tumult arose, and every thing within the church was destroyed. The mob was with great difficulty prevented from pulling it down ; and as a consequence of this commotion, on the same and following day, the archbishop's palace, adjoining Notre Dame, was attacked and completely devastated. . The church was then shut up, and remained so till 1 83 S, when it was repaired, and again restored to public wor- ship. Many interesting historical events are connected with this edifice. It was from its belfry that the fatal signal was given and responded to from the Palais (now de Justice) for the com-, mencement of the massacre on the eve of the Fete of St. Bar- thelemi, 23d August, 1572; the bells of this church tolled during the whole of that dreadful night. From a house that stood near its cloisters, a shot was fired at the Admiral de Co- ligny, a short time previous to that memorable tragedy. Here,- too, in after times, the beautiful Gabrielle d'Estrees lodged foi: a while, and died in the house of the dean. The cloister of St. Germain FAuxerrois had, moreover, been famous in the history of France as early as 1 356 ; within its precincts Etienue Marcel, Prevot des Marchands, stirred up his formidable in- surrection. — Exterior, The church is cruciform, with an octagonal termination, and a tower supposed to date from 1 649, at the intersection of the nave and transept. The principal front, to the west, consists of a well-sculptured portico, with Rye rich Gothic arches in front, the three central ones being higher than the lateral ones, and crowned with a foliated parapet ; the gabled roof of the nave, flanked by two irregular turrets, rises behind. This porch was erected in 1431-7, by Jean Gausel, maltre tailleur de pierre, at a cost of 960 livres; the other parts of the church are add to have beeo built previously during the regency of the Duke of Bedford. A richly perforated pai'apef , similar to that of the porch runs around the church ; the ddorways of the northern and southern transepts are profusely sculptured ; flying buttresses connect the walls of the nave with those of thd aisles, and gnrgoyles sculptured in the style of caryatides, pro- ject at intervals from the sides. The interior of the porch above* mentioned, painted by Mottez, represents the chief teachers of the Christian religion. The large fresco-painting in the ogive of the principal entrance displays Christ on the Cross, with Saints Eioi, Denis, Landry, Remi, FeKx of Valois, Martin, and Genevieve, ijrith Joan of Arc; Saints Crispin, Bernard, Leo IX., Roch, Vincent de Paule, Clovis, Ambrose, Clotilde, and Blan- dive, around. On either side of this fresco are two more in ogive frames ; to the left, Christ preaching ; to the right, Christ on the Mount of Olives, commanding his disciples to Spread his word throughout the world. Below is Magdalen kneeUng in ecstatic admiration. Still lower, is the Virgin sur- rounded by pious females congratulating her on the mercy of t^hich she was the instrument. The ogives of the two parti- tions perpendicular to the main wall represent the four Evan- gelists. The lateral door to the south in its ogive represents the inspiration of the Apostles, and on the key-stone of its vault is sculi*tured the Last Supper in bas-relief. The fresco of the northern one has for its subject Jesus disputing in the Temple, and on the key-stone of the vaidt is the Adoration of the Shepherds. On the inner surfaces of the pilasters of the porch are figures in fresco of Adam before and after the Fall, Eve, Abel, Judas, Herodias, Balthazar, and Absalom. All these figures, and the surrounding decorations, are in the Byzantine style, being imitations, rather too successful, of the decline of art.-— /n^mor. The interior consists of a nave and choir with double aisles. The aisle to the left is said to have been built in 156.4; the gallery of the communion in 1607, and the high altar in 1612. Beginning from the right-hand aisle, the works of art contained in this church are as follows : 1 . Chapel of the Vir^: Altarpiece, by Maury Duval--Christ drowning the Virgin surrounded by angels. Neitt to it, the Assumption. Between the groins of the vault, eight angels. Windows : containing fifteen saints on stained ^ass, and busts in the intervals of the tracery. 2. Bight-hand transept: the Descent from the Cross, a fresco by Guichard. Windows : the Assumption, Christ disputing in the Temple, dec. Opposite the fresco is a bas-relief in plaster, the Adoration of the Magi. In ^% ee&tre ef fbt \f9xaepX is a niagpnfice&t holy'^waler banti in St. omiAm L*AtJxtitto». ui muMe, tttnaoonted by an •xquisitely-«ciilptiired group of thrit efail<keD iappoitiiig a cross, ez6Cttted by M. Joaffroy from tht deaign of tiie dooor, Mme. de Lamartine. 3. Choir : Chapel of the Holy Fatbert ; altar-pieoe, by Truelle : St. Arobrocie, St. Justin, and St. Jerome. Opposite : St. Germain blessing St. Genevieve, by Pajou. Window : Christ between Popes Leo and Gregory. 4. Cbapel of St. Peter : the Martyrdom of St. Stephen, and Christ naming St. Peter his successor, by Mottez. Window : St. Peter. 5. Chapel of the Apostles. Window ; Christ and htt disdples. 6. Door of the Sacristy, frescos by Mottez ; be- low, St. M«tin sharing his mantle with a poor man ; above, Chriat, seated beside the Virgin, returns him his mantle ; the Virgin is in the act of rewarding the widow who had given her^mite to the poor. Over the door : St. Germain and Ste. Genevieve seated on a throne, reoeiving from the Curate of the pariah and a sister of Charity the church of St. Germain FAu" xertaiA restored to w<H«hip. Beneath is the motto, IMvino cultui restitutum ^ . D. 1 837 . 7 . Chapel of St . Landry, painted by Guichard, with passages of his life, encloses the remains of that saint, the founder of the Hotel Dieu, and has two monu* meuts in marble of the Chancellor AUgre and his brother, i. Chapel of the Dead, also painted by Guichard, contains an En* tOBBibinent m bas-rdief, and a fine marble statue representing an angel in prayer. 9. Chapel of the Saviour, painted by Cou- der : the Birth and Death of the Saviour, his Assumption, and the Glory of God. Window : chief passages of his Life. 10. Chapel of St. Vincent and St. Germain, with a remarkably fine Gothic altar. Window : St. Vincent and St. Geimain. i 1 . Chapel of St. Germain and Ste. Genevieve — Scenes from the Ufa of Ste. Genevieve, by Gigoux. 12\ The carvings in oak of the doorway of Ste. Anne, and its stained window, are remarkable. 13. Chapel of St, Charles Borromeo: altar-piece, his visits to the plague-stricken at Milan ; a Last Supper, in canvass. Win- dow: St. Charles, 14. Chapel of St. Vmcent de Paule: the saint affording relief to foundlings, by Truelle. 15. Chapel of St. Louis : an ancient monument of Tristan and Charles de Ros- taing with their statues in marble, in the act of prayer ; the As^unption of the Virgin, by Degeorges. 16. Chapel of Ste. Clotilde : her figure in the window. 17. Chapel of Notre Dame de Compassion ; a remarkable ancient alto-nlieVo in oak, re- presenting the Passion in various compartments. Window : a Mater Dolorosa in stained glass. Those of the following cha- pels represent severally St. Mary Magdalen, St. John the Bap«  tist, and St. Michael, between figures of angels. The window facing the kft aisle represents Pope Gregory VII., Charlemagne, and Pepin. Both the transepts have specimens of old stajnAii 248 PdCRtH ARHONDISS£Af£NT«  glass in excellent preservation. The five windows of the choir will dso attract attention, as well as the oaken pulpit and ca-- nopied seat opposite. Before the high altar is suspended a gilt bronze lamp, of elegant workmanship, the gift of the Countess de Neuilly. The northern side of this church has now been entirely dis- engaged from the narrow and unhealthy streets which sur- rounded it. The large space thus become available will soon be covered with elegant, structures in harmony with those of the adjoining rue de Rivoli, and not unworthy of the place they will occupy in front of Claude Perrault's master-piece. The Mairie of the Fourth Arrondissement, which stood in the Place du Chevalier du Guet (l), now demolished, will find a suitable plac€ here. The whole of the ground comprised within the rue de TArbre Sec (so called from the gibbet, ** arbre sec,") and the rue des Fosses St. Germain FAuxerrois (2), which has been almost entirely absorbed by the rue de Rivoli, is rich in historical recollections. (i) This street was so called because the building occupied by the Mairie of the 4th arrondissement was formerly inhabited by the Chevalier du Guet, or chief of the night-patrol, which was In- stituted as early as 595, under Clotaire II., and was at that time composed of citizens, who undertook the duty by rotation, once in three weeks. The Chevalier du Guet was generally a distin- guished nobleman. Before the house was a large open common, adjoining.the old fortress of the Grand Chatelet. (2) This street was built upon part of the site entrenched by the Normans when they besieged Paris in 885. It was here Ad- miral Goligny was murdered on St. Bartholomew's Day, 1572. The H6tel Montbazon, which stood at the northern corner of the rue du Route and rue de Rivoli, then rue de B^lhizy, was in after- times inhabited by the beautiful Duchess de Montbazon, who was loved so tenderly by the Abb6 de Ranc^^ whom she admitted at all times to her apartment by a oecrel staircase. The abbd having been absent on a journey of some weeks, returning to Paris, 3iastened at once to the residence of the Duchess. He mounted the staircase, opened with a private key the doors that led to her apartment, and, rushing into her salon, found — her head placed in a dish on the table, and several surgeons busily en- gaged in embalming her body. This shocking spectacle had such an effect upon him, that he instantly left Paris for the convent of La Trappe, shutting himself up in it for the re- mainder of his days, and was known as the most severe dis- ciplinarian of that rigid order. The same house was inhabited, in IT92, by the Marquis de Hurugues, the clubbist and compa- nion of Th^roigne de M^ricourt. The Hdtel de Ponthieu (now demolished) in the rue des Fosses St. Germain, was the birth- place (in 1740) of Sophie Arnould, the witty actress ; and in 1747* the painter Vanloo inhabited the same apartment. BAKQITB DB F&ANCE^ S4» The Fontaine de la Croix du Traboie ig at the corner of the nies de I'Arbre Sec and St. Honors. It was 6nt erected under Francis I., and rebuilt by Soufflot in 1775. Between the windows of the first story is a nymph, by Jean Goujon, Turning to the left we find The Oratoi re . — ^This spacious church was built for the Pritres deTOratoire, in 1621, by Lemercier; but that community hav- ing been suppressed at the revolution of 1 7 89 , it was used for pub- lic meetings of the quartier, until 1802, when it was ceded to the Protestants of the Confession of Geneva. The entrance, ap- proach^ by a flight of steps, is ornamented with Doric columns and pilasters, above which is a range of four Corinthian co- lumns, crowned with a pediment. The interior is Corinthian ; it has a semicircular vault, and the galleries are fronted with balustrades. Service is performed here every Sunday in Fren( h at 1 1 vi. The eloquent M. Coquerel is one of the ministers. Nearly opposite, at 130, rue St. Honore, is the great dili- gence-office of Caillard etCo., communicating with the rue de Grenelle, whence the Passage VSro-Dodat, one of the neatest in Paris, leads into the rue Croix des Petits Champs. This will conduct the visitor to the Banque de France, which stands in, and occupies one side of, the rue de la Vrilliere. — It was erected by Mansard, for the Duke de la Vrilliere, in 1620, and purchased by the Count de Toulouse, a natural son of Louis XIV., in 17 13. At the time of the revolution it was occupied by the Due de Pen* thievre aud the Princess de Lamballe, son and grand-daughter of the Count de Toulouse. The national printing-office was afterwards [established in it, until it was appropriated to its present use in 1812. Its spacious apartments were formerly gorgeously decorated, and the ceiling of the Galerie Doree still displays some beautiful paintings. This palace has been con- siderably enlarged, a whole wing having been added in 1854 on the side of the rue Croix des Petits Champs, and a monu- mental entrance, consisting of an arch flanked by Doric co- lumns and pilasters, and surmounted by a gabled cornice. The key-stone is ornamented with a head of Mercury, and the lateral wails with bas-reliefs, representing, to the right, Com- merce and Manufacture, and to the left, Law and Justice. ( See p. 113.) The rue Coquilliere and rue de Sartine will lead the stranger to the Halle au Bl^, a vast circular building, where the whole- sale dealing in all sorts of grain and flour is carried on. The spot on which this building stands was for many ages the residence of royalty. In the beginning of the 13th century the Digitized by VjOOQ IC ISO Fomnti ktMUMnmaaBsT. Hdt9l 46 Ni^U wad erected here by King Jean, wbe in 1232 fiMde A present of it to Loiiifl IX., who in his turn oeded It to his mother, Queen Blanche. In 1327 it became the property of Jean de Luxembourg, king of Bohemia, and was called H6tel de Boh4me, In 1388 it belonged to Louis of Orleans, Who, on becoming king as Louis XII., converted it into a convent for the Filles P^tentes. These were dispossessed of it by a Bull from the Pope, to make way for a palace for Gatiierine de Medicis, named the Hdtel de la Reine. At her death it ^pvas sold to Charles de Bourbon, son of the Prince de Gond^, and its name was changed to the Hdtel de Sois9ons. That hotel Was destroyed in 1748, and the present Halle, commenced in 1763, was finished in 1767, after the designs of Le Ganms de Mesieres. It is i 26 feet in diameter, and its hemisphMcal roof resting on concentric circles of iron, covered with copper, has a round skylight 3 1 feet in diameter in the centre. This roof Was constructed by Brunei in the year 1811, and is re<^oDed ft chef-d'oeuvre of its kind. An arcade of twenty-five arches passes round the inner area ; behind this arcade, under the double-vaulted roofs supporting spacious galleries overhead, are piled the sacks of flour ; the centre contains sai^s of un- ground grain. There are here 42 offices of flour and meal factors. The whole can hold 30,000 sacks, but the aver<^e quantity is much less. Two curious double staircases lead to the granaries above, which are worth visiting to obtain a just idea of the vastness of the place. The visitor, by placing himself hnmediately under the centre of the skylight over the middle area, and speaking loudly, will find a remarkable echo in the building. On the southern part of the exterior is a Doric column erected in 1572, by the famous Jean BuUant, for Ca- therine de Medicis, which is the only relic of the HOtel de Sois- sons. It is 95 feet in height, and was built for astrological purposes ; it contains a winding staircase, the lower part of which leads to a small reservoir, belonging to the Fontaine de la Gfoix du Trahoir ; (See p. 249 .) the upper part is accessible by the Halle an Bli, but is uninteresting. An ingenious sunnlial, by Pingr6, a canon of Ste. Genevieve, is pla^ on its shaft, and from the pedestal a fountain pours forth its waters. The rue des Deux Ecus leads to the MarcM des Pnmvaires, and further on to the rue de la Tounellerie, or rather to what remains of a filthy street of that name, almost entirdy te- nanted by dealers in rags, second-band furniture, &c. This will lead the stranger to the rue St. Honore, where. No. 3, is the house in fi*ont of which Henry IV. was assassinated by Ra* vaillac. The street was exceedingly narrow at that tune, and the B; miowitlDg on a guard-iMone against the waH, was Me Digitized by VjOOQ IC to ftach tb« mjr«l (»«nM». Tb# todst of the nooitf^ to m i ^s»iM k Inmt of th« houM WWl the folkywing ittlori]ytioi : Henrici Magni tecreftt pfapsentia cive^ Quoft llli aeterno feedere junilt «m<»r. Taming into the rae de la Lineerie, No. 3, is a hoofle «itok neoiisly said to have been erected on the site of that in which tfoliere was born, and which was held by his father, Talet-de- chambre and upholsterer to Louis XIY. In the front of the bouse is his bast with the inscription : (l) J. B. Poquelin de Moliire. — Cette maison a M bAtie sor remplacement de celle ou il naqult Tan 1620. This street leads to the Margb^ des iNNOCENTft, an immense area, formerly the buryiDg-ground of the church of the Innocents, which stood al the eastern end of the present market. The aecumulatioB of human remains during S or 9 centuries in this ground had hecome so serious an evil that, in 1786, they were all tran^ ferred to the Catacombs, and, the soil being entirely renewed, a ^rket was erected. In the centre stands the l^ONTAiME DES Inno€£nts. — ^This beautiful fonntain, con- iliacled by Pierre Lescot in 1551, aft the comer of the rut aui Fers, and sculptured by the celebrated Jean Goujon, who was shot during the massacre of St. Bartholomew, while work- ing at one of the figures, was removed to its present situation

• o 1786. It originaJly consisted of only three sides ; the fourth,

or northern side, was added by Pajou at the time of its ronoval. ^pur arches, the piers of which are faced with Corinthian pilasters resting on pedestals, and crowned with a sculptured Meze and attic, surmounted ou each side by a pediment, sup- port a small dome ; in the midst stands a vase, out of whi<^ tha Water falls in a triple cascade into stone basins attached to tha pement. Jets of water issue from the mouths of four recum* ^t lions adorning the corners of the base, and round tha whole is a large square basin, approached by steps. The height ^^ i^ feet. On each of the four sides between the pilasters is

• he inscription — ^Fontium Nymphis. The following distich, by

Santeuil, was restored in 1819 : Quos durd eernis simnlatos mamiore fluetus, Hujus nympha loci credidit esse buos. U is a valuable monument of the Renaissance des Arts, At the western end of this market stands a long building wown by the name of Halle aux Draps, the roof of which (I) The real birtb-ttlace of MoU^re, ueording to tha registers •( St. Qennain rAuxerroit, was at the aornar of tfea ma «•• ymm itatet and vua St. floAor^. 252 POURTfi ABAONDB was destroyed by fire in 1855. It is now covered with can < vass for the provisional accommodation of a commissary c I police, firemen, etc. Close to this are the Ne^^entral Halles, which will soon cause the dingy shed i of the Marche des Innocents to disappear, and let the splendid work of Pierre Lescot be seen in all its glory, as the centre ol an airy promenade planted with trees. The new Halles, which , when all the ground allotted to them, including the MarcM des Prouvaires, shall have been cleared, will comprise a space of 15 English acres, and be skirted to the north by the churcbj of St. Eustache and the rue de Rambuteau ; to the south, by| the present Marche des Innocents, and the rue du Conlrat Social j to the west, by the rue du Four ; and to the east by a new street, parallel and close to the rue St. Denis. From the four pavilions now completed the general aspect of the whole may be inferred. Each pavihon forms a parallelogram of ioo feet by 120, and is constructeJ almost exclusively of cast iron. The design consists of two tiers of columns and arches sup- porting a double roof and skylight. The lower columns are connected by dwarf walls of brick. Underground there is a vast extent of cellars, with vaultage built upon iron arches, i and communicating with a subterranean railway, connected | with the Ghemin de fer de Ceinture, for the conveyance of provisions to the market. The architects are MM. Balfard andCallet. (l) The various markets which, under the names of Marche aux Pommes de Terra, aux Oignons, mix OEufs, au Fromaget atJL Poisson and des Herboristes, occupied a portion of this area, are now held in temporary sheds which may be seen skirting the feglise St. Eustache and the rue Rambuteau. Hs^ is sold here wholesale from 3 to 9 in summer and from 4 to 9 in winter ; other articles from 6 to 1 1 in summer and from 7 to 1 1 in winter. The MarchS au Beurre occupies (he new pavilion above mentioned. The Marchd des Herboristes, for the sale of fresh medicinal herbs, is held on Wednesdays and Saturdays. There is also the MarcM au Pain, daily sup- plied by bakers from the environs, who are allowed to sell their bread here, on condition of its being cheaper than the bread made and sold by the bakers of Paris. (2) This they are enabled to do by the difference of the price of labour la (1) The total tost of these extensive worlds is calculated a( *o millions of francs. The expense to the City of the houses pulled down to make room for the new Halles amounted to 27,ooo,o9ofr. (2) Bread is sold in Paris by weight, and the price is fixed on the 1st and i6th of the month by the Prefect of Police^ who ha* enjoined its sale by kilogrammes and portions of kilogrammes* ^ Digitized by CjOOQIC NOTRE DAME DS BONNE NOCVELLE. 253 the outskirts as compared with that within the walls. One 4f the provisional sheds mentioned above is used for telling batcher's meat by auction (]). 7Z7TH ABJElOlirDISSBlOSXrT. The stranger should commence this arrondissement from the Boulevard and the rue de la Lune, where he will find Notre Dame de Bonne Nouvelle, 2d district church of the 5th arrondissement. — ^The first church on this spot, de- dicated to St. Barbara, erected in 1551, was destroyed during the siege of Paris in the wars of the League, in 1593, but was rebuilt in 1624. The tower of this second church is still standing, and is rather a picturesque object. The present church, rebuilt in 1825, has a Doric pedimented front, and consists of a nave and two aisles separated from it by arches resting upon Doric columns. The choir is semicircular ; its cupola is pierced with a skylight, and ornamented with moulded compartments. The works of art in this church are, 1. Chapel facing the left aisle: a plaster statue of St. John the Baptist, by Debay ; the Adoration of the Virgin, and Christ blessing little children, by Bourdon. 2d chapel : St. Elizabeth of Hungary in the act of praying ; the Inspiration of the Holy Ghost. 3d. The Virgin crushing the serpent ; her presentation in the Temple. 4th. Lady Chapel: ten frescos by Hesse, re- presenting the Anuunciation, the Visit to St. Elizabeth, king David, St. John, St. Joachim, St. Anne, St. Elizabeth, St. Za- chary, St. John the Baptist, and St. Joseph. 5th. St. Vincent de Paule preaching. 6th. The Apotheosis of St. Peter of Alcan- tai:a. Over the door of the sacristy fronting the aisle is a picture of Queen Henrietta and Anne of Austria receiving the cross from an angel ; and as a pendant to this, over a similar door in the western aisle, is Queen Henrietta, and St. Francis de Sales, holding Louis XIII., still in his boyhood, by the hand, and pointing to the church of St. Barbara. The other two children by their side represent the brothers of Louis XIIL These paintings are interesting as contemporary compositions. In the chapels of the western aisle are : 1. Ste. Genevieve ; 2. St. Peter in vinculis ; 3. The Adoration of the Heart of Jesus, byjflohlfeld ; 4. St. Nicholas ; 5. St. Louis assisting the wound- [\i) The peasants and gardeners in the neighbourhood of Paris arrive at the markets from midnight to 2 a.m., with their fruits aipL vegetables, and from 4 till 8 wholesale dealing is carried fl/h. After that hoyr the retail dealers commence their trafilc. Digitized by C_iOOQ IC •^; 6. A 1IMU#^. hf C^et. Over the ipi^c^ ^i^tiwiiM 10 w flQlomtouBot, aftd, ia a reeew fadi^ tlie w^«|«ini Msl^, Ste. Genevieve relieving the suffering* ol the be^iegiNI Parisians, by Schnetz. Around the choir are five paintings : the Holy Family, the Adoration of the Shepherds, the Annun- ciation, the Adoration of the Magi, and the Flight to Egypt. The frieze is adorned with a fine iDonochrome fresco by Pujol, re- presenting the Lord adored by the tribes of Israel. On leaving this chureh the visitor will proceed to the Porte St. Denis. — ^This triumphal arch, which stands upon the site of the Porte St. Denis, built under Charles IX., waiB erected by the City of Paris in 1672, after the designs of Blondel, to oeiebrate the rapid victories of Louis XIV., who, m the space of two months, Ejected forty towns aqd three prcH Tisees to his dominioii. It is 72 fe^ in height ; the principal arch is 25 feet wide, and 43 iu height, and in the piers are two arches, 5 feet in breadth by to in height. Over the la-^ \$ral arches are pyramids in relief rising to the entablature, aoiji Sttrmounted by globes bearing fleurs-4e4i$ and crowns. Their surfaces are sculptured with miUtary trophies, and on thase towards the city are colossal aUegorical figures ef Holland aiul t^ Ehine. Those towards the faubourg have lions coucha^t and trophies. Above the arch is a ba^n-elief ; Louis XI Y. on borseback, cros»iig the Rhine, at Tolhuis ; on the friese, io hrooze letters : Ludovico Magmo. The basrrdief of the opp<v ^e side represents the taking of Maestricht. In the spandrils of the arch are figures of Fame, and the intrados is adorned ^th moulded and sculptured compartments. Ob tablets under the pedestals of the pyramids are four inscriptions by Bloodel. Ob the north side is the inscription : Quod trajectum ad Mosara XIII. diebus cepit. Praefectus et ^diles poni cc. anno Domini MDGLXXIII. To &e south : Quod diebus vix sexaginta Rhenuro^ Wahalim^ Mosam, Isajam Buperavit; subegit proyincias tres^ cepit upbes munitas qua- draginta. Prscfectus et £diles poni cc. anno Domini MDGLXXII. The seulpturet are by Michael Anguier. This monument, which cost the City of Paris 500,000 fr., and k considemi o»e of the finesl works of the age ei L<ms XIV*, wan in such a >tate ef decay aft the be^maing of the presant eeolmy as to tiimSNQ total ruin. Its repair was ably executed by GeJJerier, in i ^jp? , and it underwent another m }U0<^ BoJ^ this monmneat / that of the Porte St. Martin are famous for the sanguiMry < tettt whidi took place aioand them ia July 1830; and Wi6 llMictM of the «rst e<«ai9t wliidi «iili0^ iasoirectioB of ivm 1S4«. Od jttiaos up the rue da Faubourg St* Desic, tbo viator wUl Gild, on the left, at No. 107, the ancieiit oonveot of tho Lazarutg, or Priefits of the Missioa, now a prisoD for femak offenders, (See p. 82, &c.) It was once a place of maeh celehrity, and in remote tunes the remains of the kings and queens of France were conveyed to the convent of St. Laiare previous to being transported to St. Denis. To see the interior opply by letter to the Prefect of police. Opposite, at No. II o, is The Maison Imperiale be Sant£, an excellent institution, in wluch invalids not able to procure proper attendance at home are received at rates, varying from 3 to 6 fr. per diem, attendaDce, operations, &c., included. (See p. 146,) Descendhig the rue de la Charite, the stranger will go to St. Laurent, parish church of the 5th arrondissement. Boulevard de Strasbourg, built in 1429, and nearly rebuilt in 1695 ; the porch and Lady Chapel were added in 1622. Ita Doric and Ionic front is out of keeping with the rest of the buhliBg, which is Gothic. The metopes have gridirons on them, emblematical of St. Lawrence's martyrdom. A tower with a snudl pointed circular turret will be noticed on the northern side. The interior is cruciform, with double aisles and a eireu* W choir, behind which is an elliptical iady Chapel. The nave and aisles are pf the pointed style throughout. The kev-stonea of the vaulting-ribs of the nave and transepts are weU-sculp«  hired pcudant masses of stone, Th^e is no triforium gallery, but large clerestory windows with plain tracery. The high altar, by Lepautre, is profusely carved and deocrated wkh Corinthian columns of marble. The works of art in thia church are, beginnmg from the left on entering, ist Chapel : a colossal plaster group of a Descent from the Cross, and an AscensKMi ; 2d. St. Vincent dePaule ; 3d. (painted in theByzan* tine style), altar-piece : the Adoration of the Heart of Jesus ; ^ve, Jesus, Mary, and Joseph ; opposite, Christ command-' ing the Apostles to spread his word— all in fresco, by Bre- luond. Th« eeiUng represents the four Evangelists, and busts o! aapte in medaiUons. On one of the gilt key-stones is the figure of St. Lawrence. Transept : St. lAwmmM to martyr* d<Ha, by 1^34. 4*b chapel : St, Ymomi de Panle blessing the e<mgr^;ation £rom ^ allar. dih. The Lady Chapel is adofned vHh coupled lonk pilasters ; ^ eupela, painted in Ireseo, pepresents the Martyrdom and Apotbeosns of St. Law-* reace. Windows of the choir, eight «Mred aobjedis r Qprefleni-<«  91% Oie Martyrdom of Ste. Aj^ne, that of St. Uwrence, &e. ^iThe first o^ve <0 tto kft ivprfiMiiU the four evansoliats and 256 FIFTH ARRONDlSSEMENT. their emblenos, in fresco, by Galimard. Right-hand anle, 6th chapel : the Apotheosis of Ste. Genevieve, by Lancrenon. Tran- sept : St. Lawrence seized by the Guards, by Verdier. 7th .Chapel : the Presentation in the Temple. 8th. St. Charles Bor- romeo relieving the sick, by Laure, and Christ preaching. «th. The Baptismal Chapel : Chhst demanding Baptism, ioi canvass, by Bremond. Mme. Le Gras, who, with St. Vincent de Paole, founded the order of the Filles de la Charite, and died in 1 G60, was buried here. Behind this church is the rue du Faubourg St. Martin, remark- bale for its wide carriage-way and trottoirs. Cast-iron foun- tains, representing tritons, dolphins, &c., are placed at intervals along this street, the upper part of which is planted with trees. In front of the adjoining Boulevard de Strasboui^, which was opened in 1853 at a cost of 7,750,000 fr., and is now being continued to the Seine, is the Paris and Strasbourg Railroad. — ^This splendid edifice consists of four elegant pavilions,- of two stories besides the ground-floor, connected by arcades, thus forming, indepen- dently of the spacious court in front, an inmiense rectangle, with a faqade of 1 65 feet, and a length of 309. A supplement- ary body, projecting at the back, makes the total length of the building 410 feet. The portico connecting the front pavilions is surmounted by a balustrade, behind which rises a magni- ficent gabled arch, surmounted by a statue of Strasbourg, and concealing the vaulted iron roof, which extends through- out the whole remaining length of the building, and covers the arrival and departure sheds, measuring 251 feet in breadth by 390 in length. The roof rests upon lateral walls, pierced with two tiers of 46 arches each. A spacious . propylseum, 60 feet by 18, gives access to the sheds. The to- tal height of the building to the summit of the gable is 48 feet, and the total surface occupied by the buildings is 1,378,000 square feet; of which the covered sheds alone take 9^,190. The portico in front has 9 arches, on the spandrils of which are sculptured the arms of the principal towns which the line touches. The lateral porticos have 19 arches, the pavilions three in front and five laterally. The general appearance of the building is strikingly beautiful. (See p. 2.) At the extremity of the adjoining Impasse Lafayette is an elegant double-branched elliptical staircase leading to a spacious terrace which overlooks the starting point. It is Mlt over a reservoir connected with the Bassin de la Villette. From this terrace a stone bridge crosses the railway, forming a communi- cation with the rue du Faubourg St. Martin. The line passes through a tunnel under the Boulevard de la YiUette, UWttAh 9r. LODIf. W7 At No. i&O, roe da Faubourg St. MartiB, is the HosiiCi MS IncuftABLBs (HommH), which is entered at No. a, me des ReeoUeto. ( See p. 125.) la the me des RecoUets, No. 25, is an A$iU pour VEnfance, Grosiiag Ibe canal St. Martin we find the UoMTAi. St. Louis, rue Bichat, No. 40. — ^An alms-Jiouse orbospkal existed here from very remote times, which, being taken under the protection of St. Louis, was enlarged and called after him. The present building, founded by Henry IV. in 1 602 , was erected after the plans of the architect Viilefaux. It is a fine spedraen of the architecture of that time, occupying a qua* ' drangje of 360 yards by 240, with 8 lofty pavilions in the centre and angles. A spacious yard and gardens, with all the requisite offices, enclosed by a wall and fosse, surround the central edifice. Opposite the entrance in the first court is a itatue of Montbyon. The wards are 144 feet in length by 24 in breadth, and are 1 1 feet high on the ground floor, and from 20 to 25 on the upper. Adjoining is a small chapel, the first stone of which was laid by Henry IV. ; its lateral walls are flanked with buttresses; the front is gabled, with a bold arch- way ; a mehe on each side displays the statues of St. Louis and St. Roch. Opposite is a gas apparatus for lighting the es- tablisbonent, remarkable for being the first established m Paris. Next is a vast wash-house, and a bouse for the Dames de St, Augustin, 25 in number, who attend upon the sick. The hos pital, which is now receiving considerable improvements, is laid to have derived its name from having been origiually devoted to persons infected with the plague, of which St. Louis died at Tunis, in 1270. Strangers are admitted on Thursdays and Sundays from 1 2 to 2 . ( See p. 1 43 .) Outside the Barriere du Combat, on the outskirts of the sub urban village of La Petite Yillette, at the foot of the Butte de ChauTnont, a hill of nearly the same geological formation as Montnaartre, and for a long time quarried also, was the PouDRETTE DE MoNTFAUCON. — Near the quarries was for* merly a mound, on which stood gibbets ; the bodies of the criminals were left to decay in a charnel-house underneath. Since the abolition of this place of execution, about the begin- ning of the last century, so admirably described in Victor Hugo's Notre Dame de Paris, the contents of all the cesspools of Paris were deposited here. Since 1850, however, this nui- sance has been done away with ; M. Mary , an eminent engineer, having constructed a subterranean tunnel, ten kilometres in length, from the extremity of La Petite Villette to the forest of Bondy . The offensive matter, which is stated to average no less s.than 68,000 bushels per day, is conveyed through this tunnel IT i|5g FIFTH ARRONWSSEMENT. by a series of forcing-pumps worked by a steam-engme. About umeteen twentieths of the matter is thus disposed of, and two or three boats per day transport the remainder by the caoaal. The cost of keeping and working this contrivance amoants to 108,800 fr. per annum. (1) The slaughter-houses for worn- out horses, &c., which were also here, are now traflsferred to an adjacent village called Les Vertus. The skins, bones, biood, and llesh, are sold for different economical purposes,. About 16,000 horses are annuaOly brought to this place; (i) Returning to the Hopital St. Louis, we find q^poslte the Entrepot des Chargements, where goods introddced intoi Paris without paying the octroi duty, are deposited by the owners, till the duty is paid. In the rue Alibert are the Entreprise des Pompes FuNfeBRES (see p. 4 in.), and the ENTREPdT DES Sels.— About 9,000,000 lb. of Salt issue hence for the annual consumption of the capitld. Opposite, on the southern bank of the canal, is another establishment of the Docks Napoleon (see p. 219) as well as the Entrepot de la Compagnie des Douanes, Place des Ma-* rais.— This establishment, erected in 1834, by a joint-stock company, for the reception of goods in bond, consists of a gpacious 'area bordering the Canal St. Martin, is which, be- sides sheds, there are two warehouses 250 feet in length, with a covered court between, for stowage. They are four stories high, and built of stone, with brick arches. Su- gar, coflfee, foreign wines, drugs, wool, cotton, fitc, are the principal goods stored here ; they pay a mod^^ate charge for warehouse-room, and if not removed within three years are sold to defray the expenses, the surplus being remitted to the owners. Adjoining are the clerks' offices, &c. For admission, apply at the bureau, holidays excepted, from 9 to 4. The DouANE DE. Paris is in the rue de la Douane, dlose by. A double doorway, between the two greater storea, leads into an arcaded court, having medallions on which are inserihed the (i) This system will in a few years be superseded by anolber, which is gradually being introduced in all the houses of Paris. The cesspools are furnished with a filtering apparatus by which • all the liquid matter is carried off into the sewers ; the residue, when removed, will be nearly dry and lit for manure. (2) A new system for utilizing the dead nodies of hors«s has been applied with success. Immediately after th& animal'* killed^ and the skin taken off, all the other parts of the body are put into iron cylinders, into which steam is then forced, and the whole kept at a high temperature until all the gela- tinous matter is extracted. The effluvium is thus prevented, and the matter extracted, as well as the refuse, is found to be very valuable for agricultural and other purposes. BajOM qI U&^ )»riacipal eommerdal cities throughout the weddit The whole oC thit area is covered with a roof ratiog upon Hnmoofy iron archea. The buildup is Doric. Visitors Bie afifliitted daily from 1 2 to 4. At No* l«, roe de la Douane, is an elegantly sculptured edi* fiee, wikwo the Conseils des Prud'hommea assemble . see p. 7 1 ). Adioiniog it, is the Wauxhall, a public baU-room (see p. 487), and thedatrepot des Glaces de Montli^on. Extensive demo- litioDs are now in progress here. M No. 36, in the rue des Marais, is St. MARngr, ehi^[>el'K>f-ease to St. Laurent, built in the By- zantine fi&yle. The interior consists of a nave and two aisles^ witboni chapels. It contains some good pictures. In the left- hand aisle: Ste. Genevieve encouraging the besieged, by Gre- nier ; St.Ireueus, bishop of Lyons, receiving the shives ran- 8(tt&ed by his exertions, by Reverchon ; St. Lawrence, by Cu- ny. In the opposite aisle : St. Genevieve averting a storm by prayer, by Grenier ; St. Peter, by Maurin Ills ; the Baptism of Chrisly by Cuny» At 43, rue du Chateau d'Eau, is a new market. The front is gabled ^ the roof rests upon iron arches, and covers a space of aaaonietrea, Hetwnng to the Boulevard, the visitor will observe the G94TEj^& n'EAU. — This magnificent fountain, executed m 1811, liom the designs of Girard, and supplied with water by the Canal de TOurcq, consists of four concentric basins placed one above Kifither, the largest of which is 90 feet in diameter. From ths.eenlre of the uppermost rises a sh^, ornamented with leaves, si^jporting two pateras of different dimensions, from whence the water falls in a fine cascade from basin to basin* Four pedestals support eadi two antique lions spouting forth water. The lions, shaft, &c., are of cast-iron, and the basins of Gh^eau'-Laudon stone. This fountain cost 100,000 francs. A Aawe^marlutt is held here on Mondays and Thursdays. To the west stands the Thedtre de lAmhigu, and further on,.tliie JliSdtre dela Porte St, Martin. (See p. 478.) Close by is, the POBT£ St. Ma&tin. — ^This triumphal arch was built in 1 674, after the de^ns of Bullet, a pupil of Blondel, architect of the lV>rte- St. Denis. It is 54 feet wide, by an elevation of 54 feet, i«3lii*ng the attic, the height of which is 11 feet. It is pierced by Uj^ee arches ; that in the centre is 15 feet wide by 30 in ele- vation i^e lateral arches are 8 in breadth by 16 in height. The frbxifsdisplay venniculated rustics, and the spandrils are ad(»^e4 5ritii bas-rdiefs. Those towards the city represent the taking of Besangim^ and the defeat o{ the Triply Alliance 1 ft 60 FIFTfi ARAOJNDlSfBlflDfT* those towards the faaboarg the taking of Umbourg, and the defeat of the Germans by Louis XIV. Thia prince is oddly re- S resented in the character of Hercules, with a large wig^ lean- ig on a club. Between the consoles of the entablature are military designs; in the centre is the sun, which Louis XIY. look for his emblem. On the southern attic is the inscription : Ludovico Magno Vesontione Sequ&nUque bis captisy et fr&ctis Germanorum^ Hispanorum, Batavorumque exercitibu«. Praef. et ^diles P. C. C. R. S. H. MDCLXXIV. The northern one has the following : Ludovico Magno^ quod Mmburgo capio impotentes hostium minas ubique repressU. Pwef. et £dUes P. C. C. anri. B. S. H. IfDGLXXV. This monument is surrounded with irwi railings. Many a bloody encounter took (dace here in June, 1848. The Mairie of the 5th arrondissement, 72, Faubourg St. Maiv tin, and the adjoining barracks for firemen, were obstinately defended in those days by a party of insurgents. On descending the rue St. Denis,(l)the stranger will find the Entrepot G^n^ral des Glaces, 313, rue St. Denis.^ — ^This is a large plate^glass warehouse, which has replaced a royal manufactory, suppressed in 1830. It belongs to two companies, that of Monterme, and of Quirin and Cirey. (2) The glass is cast at St. Gobin and at Cirey, near La Fere, and polished at Chauny. It is then brought to Paris to be silvered and sold. ^3) A glass 20 inches by 12 may be obtained for about 8 fr., while the largest may cost 10,000 fr.*- Visitors may see the operation of silvering, 8cc., every day from & to 1 2, (0 This street is one ofthe most ancient of Paris. Aecortllng to an old legend, St. Denis marked it out with his footsteps while walking with his head under hisarm to the place wfatere he-wished to be buried. In 1 19T, it reached as far as the Rue Mauconsei], and in 1 594 it ended at the ramparts built by Francis )», now this boulevards. The King^ of France used to enter Paris on state- occasions by the Rue St. Denis, which was long the chief street of Paris. The bourgeoisie of this street has always taken a great part in the political troubles of the capital, from the accession of Henry IV. down to the insurrection of June. (2) The art of manufacturing mirrors was e«tabliaied la France in i6S4^ and, in ises^ Colbert created a royal aiMittfa^ tory in the rue de Reuilly. PreTlous to that period* tbe finest mirrors came firom Venice. The glass employed in forming mir- I rors was bloton until 1559^ when a Frenchman^ named Thevart, discovered the art of catting it^ which process was carried to a high degree of perfection in i6S8^ by M. |.ucas de Nehon; ' the art of polishing was invented by Riviere Bufresn^^ i (3) Under Louis XIV. the largest glass made wu «8 sqaaiv inch«8. What a contrast wUh those of our dajm ! 1 ]MN)L1¥AM1) DO TUO^LB. 2ftl on applyiog to the Porter, to whom aflnuU fee slioukl begivto. In the rue St. Denis, No. 277, is the eiteonve ettablishmeot of t^ Bains St. Sauveur, In the me Theyenot is a narrow street leading to the spot once known as the Cour des Miracles^ the description of which will not be readil>[ forgotten by the readers of Victor Rago. Even up to the reign of Louis XIV. it was the scpialid receptacle of the most abandoned and de- praved of Paris. More than 500 families lived here huddled together in wretched hovels, thus forming a hotbed of lice, crime, and disease. The inmates had a slang of their own called Argot, still used by thieves, and were organized in bands. In 1667 this nuisance was partially suppressed. The site is DOW a quiet commercial court-yard, to which a glazed passage gives access. The visitor will remark the dark and filthy streets occupying the lower part of this arrondissement. Some interesting story or tradition is generally attached to the singular names they bear. (1) In the rue Montorgueil is the Marchi aua; Huitres, opened in 1844; and a few steps further, at No. 34, rue Mauconseil, the Halle aux Cuirs, for the sale of leather, built in i7B4, on the site of the Hotel de Bourgogne, where the Confreres de la Passion gave dramatic representations. This is the most straggling and iQcompact of all the arron- disaemieDts. The visitor may follow the boulevards, and enter it by the Boulevard du Temple, where there is the Tkidtre Lyrique, opened in 1847, besides several of the minor theatres situated close to one another. (See p. 476.) At No. 42, stands a large and newly erected house, which has replaced a mean and small one, from an upper window of which fie^chi discharged his Infernal Machine, on the 28th July, ,1836, with a design of taking the life of Louis Philippe, while passing along the boulevards at the head of his staff, and by which Marshal Mortier, Colonel Hieussec, and several other per- sons, were killed, as well as a number wounded. Opposite is a handsome coffee-house called Jardin Turc, North of the boulevard considerable demolitions are going on, and in other respects there is little worthy of notice ; beyond the canal, it is but thinly peopled and mean-looking. At No. 68, rue du Faubourg du Temple, are large barracks for infantry. Several severe coujQiots took place in this faubourg in June 1 848. South of the boulevurd, and parallel to it, is the rue Vendome, which (1) Set HiSTOaT OF Pakis, s vols. PubUahed by Galignani. 263 snrrfl arrondissement. oontdns some fine hotels, includiog the Mairie^ at No. 1 i . Iij tiiB rue du Temple is Ste. £lisabeth, 2nd district church of 6th arrondlssemeDt. — ^This church, originally the chapel of a convent for nun^ called the Dames de Ste, Elisabeth^ and now dedicated to St. Elizabeth of Hungary, was erected in 1628. The front con- sists of a basement story with fluted Doric pilasters, and an uppet Ionic one supporting a sculptured segmental pediment. The in- terior consists of a nave with Doric pilasters, and two aisles. Beginning from the aisle to the left, the works of art here are , Ist chapel: an Adoration of the Shepherds; Christ preaching to the people, and blessing httle children, frescos by Hesse ; Christ disputiog in the Temple, a fresco, by Lafon ; 2d. The Virgin praying, and the Cure of the Infirm, two frescos by Ser- rur ; a magn^cent altar-piece by Blondel, representing St. Eli- zabeth depositing her crown at the Saviour's shrine. Between the windows : the kiss of Judas, by Fourau; 3d. The Publican and the Pharisee, a fresco, by Gosse. In the aisle behind the choir, four frescos : 1 . The seven sacraments of the CathoHc Church, by Jourdy •, 2. The virtue of Charity exemplified, by Bezard ; 3. That of Hope, by Bohn ; 4. That of Faith, by Ro- ger. Behind the high altar is the Lady Chapel, with six stained windows, representing sacred subjects, by Mr. Jones, an Eng- lishman. Here are two paintings, Christ curing the Blind, and the Sacrifice of Abraham. The wainscoting around the choir displays, in numerous compartments, the life of Our Saviour carved in oak. First recess of the right-hand aisle, flanking the window. King David and Magdalen, by Roger ; the intrados of the pointed arch is painted with medallions containing che- rubs and other devices. The following recesses display: i. Ste. Genevieve, by Bezard ; above, a medallion with the Savionr ; Faith and Hope are on either side. 2. A Mater Dolorosa, by Bezard ; H, St. John baptizing Christ, by Perignon. The semi- cupola of the choir has ahne fresco by Alaux, representing the apotheosis of Ste. Elisabeth, with several historical portraits. Behind this church is the City school for both sexes belong- ing to the sixth arrondissement. In the rue Neuve St. Laurent, a few steps off, is the Ecole Municipale Turgot, and opposite, at No. 1 8, is an entrance to The Synagogue, having its principal entrance at 15, rue Notre Dame de Nazareth. — ^This temple was thoroughly re- paired in 1852. The interior is decorated in the Moorish style ; the galleries for the ladies rest upon cast-^iron colomos supporting six arcades on each side, forming together the ftum- ber of the tribes of Israel ; the Tabernacle is to the sptrtti ; ite facade, of white marble, is approached by six ^^ ^ tbo THE TEMPLE. le) same nuitenal ; iU interior is semi-drcalar. Before it b the theba, or altar, having on one side two seats for the officiating rahbim, and on the other the organ. The seats occupied by the ladies of Baron Rothschild's l£miiy are in the Qrst gallery to the rigtit, close to the tabernacle. The Great Rabbin is M. llmann. Service on Friday and Saturday evenings, the hour varies according to the time of sunset. RetamiDg to the nie du Temple, we find the Mabch^ bu Vieux Linge. — ^This market was erected in 1809, npoD part of the site of the ancient Temple. It consists of four gallenes, containing 1888 shops or stalls. Here old clothes, linen, shoes, iron, tools, &c., are sold at low prices.. Behind this market is an arcaded building with shops, erected in 1788 on speculation, when the Temple was a sanctuary for debtors. The.TEMPLE (1) formerly contained a large -square tower flanked with four turrets, built in 1222. In that tower Louis XVI. and his family were imprisoned in 1792, and thence he was led to the scaffold. Sir Sidney Smith, Toussaint Louver- ture, Moreau, and Pichegru, were also confined there. Inl81 1 the tovrer was demolished. Before the revolution of 1789 the Temple consisted of two distinct parts, viz., the Temple pro* perly so called, and the palace of the Grand Prior of the Order of Aialla. The former was private property, and consisted of hotels, gardens, and dwellings for tradesmen, artists, and also for debtors who took refuge at the Temple to avoid arrest. The palace, which was pulled down in 1853, stood on the site of the ancient Temple, but was built about 1566, by the grand prior, Jacques de Souvr^ ; and the Chevalier d'Orleans, after- ware^ invested with that dignity, repaired it in 1 7 2 1 . The Duke (1) The order of Templars, founded at Jerusalem in the nth century, during the Crusades^ consisted at first only of six monks, and a grand master. They came to Europe firom Palestine in 1128 to make proselytes^ and in a short time became possessors of a vast extent of ground in the Faubourg du Temple, where they estahtislied the seat of their rule^ and exercised for more than two ei^iituries a power^ the prerogatives and abuses of which monarcbs were in a measure forced to respect. The Temple was such a stronghold that Louis IX., before setting out for the Cru- sades^ had his treasure conveyed there^ as did Philippe le Hard! and Philippe le Bel. Their wealthy irregularities^ and turbulent conduct at length induced Philippe le Bel to suppress the order in 1312, putting many of them to the torture on a charge of sor- cery, and seizing their possessions. In 1314 Jacques de Molay, and 0uy, brother of Robert dauphin of Auvcrgne, two of the chiefs of the order, were burned alive on the spot where now staadB the equestrian statue of Henry IV. on the Pont Neur. Part of their wealth was assigned to the brethren of the order oC&t. John of Jerusalem, afterwards called Knights of Malt». 164 SIXTH ARROMDlSHBHEEinr. of ADgoolenie was the \M grand prior of Malta. In tatt, tba buildmg was repaired and embellished, with tiia datign of becomiug a residence for the Minisire des Goltea. Al tbt beginning of the Restoration Louis XYIII. disposed <»l R ill favour of the Princess de Gonde, abbess of RemkenoMi, whd placed there a convent and school of Benedietiiie Buna of th^ Perpetual Adoration. The events of Febnutry eaqpeikd them from it to make room for the staff of the artillery :of the Na* tional Guard. Since then it has been demdished, and BofthiDg ^f it remains but two fountains with statuea, by Pi^y repre^ tenting the Seine and the Marne. The groiiiid dearad is to be planted with trees, and transformed into a publio walk. An extensive public washing-establishment has sprung up behind it, at its eastern extremity. The Fontaine de Vendome, me du Temple, a plain boilduig formerly attached to the ancient wall of the Tempte, is named after the Ghevalier de Vendome, grand prior of France. The rue des Fontaines, where the Prison des MadeUmnett^ will be seen at No. 12, leads to The Marche St. Martin, a parallelogram of 3oa feet by i^f erected in 1 8 1 1 in the enclosure of the abbey of St. Martin des Champs. The stalls, nearly 400, are arranged in two large buildings. In the centre of the market is a fountain, oonststiBg of a basin supported by three allegorical figures in bionae, re- presenting the genii of hunting, fishing, and agricnltnce ; two smaller fountains stand at the opposite railing. Near the Mftr* ehe St. Martin is a public promenade planted with Ireet^ The rues Vaucanson and du Vert Bois lead henoo into the rue St. Martin, on the eastern side of which is the FoNTAiNE^ St. Martin. — This fountain, built against around and spired tower that formed part of the walls of the anoieni abbey of St. Martin des Champs, consists of a circular baaemeat and two pilasters in rustic Doric, surmounted by a pediment. The tower is remarkable, as being the only one rema'nkig of the many that were placed round the outer wall of the ectebratcd monastery that stood where we now find the Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers, rueSt. Martin, No. 292. — ^M. Gregoire, bishop of Blois, was the first who suggested the idea of forming a national repository of machines, mcdeis, drawings, &c., for the improvement of machinery end imple^ ments connected with manufactures, agriculture, and othw branches of industry. The formation of this establishment yras ordained by a conventional decree in 1794, but it accpiired little importance till 1798, when the three repositories of ma- hines existing at the Louvre, (1) the Hotel de Mortagoe, rue ifi [0 Presented to the Academy of Sciences by M. P, ^'Omafff^J- CONSERT^TOIIB DS AftTS BT MEIIEBS. 165 f (t), and in the Tue de rUmvenit^ (2), were establiifaed in *hr ^^-M't;^* of the ttncicnt abbey of St. Martin dee Champs, and mt fMientees were directed to deposit their inventioiis at ibe CoiMfvatam des Arts et Metiers, which was anthorised to have tkna fiddiAed. In ISlo, a gratdUMis school of arts was fonoed^ -wlBflh, in 1817, was re-organised, and, in 1819 and tttA, t«j rifcd oowiderable additions. In 1838, a royal or- domaiifte e8tai)lished it on its present footing. (See p. 102.) Goaanted with U are two national schools of arts and trades at GkAloeia and Ai^rs. — Exterior. — ^The bnildiiigs consist of the YiaA^erps ds logis of the abbey and church of St. Martin te GhlBDfS. The latter was baiit in the early part of the 1 3th ocfliotiy hf Pierre de Monterean, the architect of the Sainte Ckapelle. It has now been partially repaired, and presents wiadow^ buttresses, and a slender octagonal tower. The prin- cipal oCMBrt is entensd from the rue St. Martin by an elegant tfdi-wafy, with a triangular pediment, profusely sculptured. The entablature towards the street is supported by two carya- tides, 'VepresentiDg Art and Science. The frieze denotes the (dijecfc tai which the buildings are devoted, by the words : AgtitidtW€f Commerce f Industrie. Towards the court, the tnambesfB inseriptions, conmiemorating the inauguration of the AiAey by Hairy I. of France, in 1060 ; the mstitution of the Conservatoire on the 19th Yend^miaire in the year III (1704)* its installation in 1798, and the erection of the new building Irotti 18)5 to 1852. The spacious court has a central Doric pavilion in front (its entrance communicating with the prineipd staircase), and is bounded to the left by a still unfinished buttressed wing, containing the offices of the Administntion ; to the right, by the refectory, which now coataine the lilHrary. This, also built by Pierre de Montreuil, is one of tfie most carious pieces of architecture in Paris, and one df Hm' most perfectly preserved. It is 42 metres by 7. The bnMbig h^d origmally eight ogive windows on each side, and two in front ; those on the southern side are now walled up, and only the roses left open. The main walls are flanked ex- temidiy-by buttresses. This beautiful hall, the windows of which have been further euridied by stained glass, is worth the attBnUoa of the antiquarian. Interior. — Library. -^The new library is fitted up in the most tasteful style. It is bisected by a line of seven lofty and ftlen^r columns, from each of which spring eight ribs, expanding along the groins of the vault. To the right on en (i) see nttwjhines bequeathed to the Stale by Vaucanson. \%} CQHeittnaral Implements of all eountries. 266 SIXTH IRRONDISSEMENT. tering, is an elegant Gothic recess, with a groined head ; ; projectiDg balustrade shows that it was formerly used hy th< monks as a pulpit for reading during meals ; at present it h merely ornamental ; a secret staircase within the wall give^ access to it. The whole interior of the building is painted iii the Byzantine style ; the capitals and bases of the columns are gilt. The floor is boarded in the centre, but bordered with a sort of mosaic of glazed bricks of various colours. The book- cases and furniture are of oak, and of Gothic desigo. The ogives of the eastern wall, now walled up, contain flg^^^s of Chemistry, Natural Philosophy, Painting and the Plastic Art, painted in fresco ; in the roses above are busts representing Art and Science. The general effect of the whole is extremely grand. The visitor may pass from this to the coUectioa-rooms on the Ground-floor, — In the vestibule, which contains a bas-reUef, representing Daxlalus and Icarus, by Ruxtheil, besides busts of Laplace, Vaucanson, and other eminent men, and gives access to a spacious garden which is not open to the public, are models of smelting-fumaces, and the machinery used in raising the obelisk of Luxor (See pp. 175, 184.) In the hall to the left on entering, are weighing macldnes, together \iith a collection of the weights and measures of the principal coun- tries of the world. Returning to the vestibule, the first room to the right contains a large collection of joiners' implements, beautiful turning lathes, and curious specimens of turners' work. The adjoming gallery, called Salle des Filatures (1) contains looms and spinning-machines of every description. (0 This gallery has an historical interest, from the fkct of the 27 representatives of the Mountain assembling here on the 13th of June, 1849> when the demonstration against the expe- dition to Borne was dispersed by General Chang atnicr in the rue de la Paix. When the representatives of the- Mountain who were assembled at the time in the Palais Boyal, were in* formed of this, they placed themselves under the protection of the artillerymen of Ihe National Guard, and, escorted by them^ quitted the Palais Royal and proceeded to the Consena- toire des Arts et M6tiers^ with the intention of overthrowiDg the existing government, and establishing a provisional one. They first assembled in the Petit Amphith^Sitre opposite to the Salle des Filatures, but afterwards adjourned to the latter. They did not however seem much agreed among themselves as to the best course to be pursued; proclamations, declaring that the President and the Assembly had forfeited their autho* rity, were indeed drawn up, as well as an appeal to the people; but their consultations were soon interrupted by the arrival of a detachment of soldiers, leaving them no other al- ternative but flight. Some made their escape through the l>9cMoors leading to th^ March^^ and many^ anions wb^m CONSERVATOmS OSS A11T8 tt lliTIEIIS. 387 W now come to a vestibule, which, to the left, opens info a spacions gallery filled with ploughs, harrows, models of mills, &c., and a collection of seeds and other articles relating to hnsbanflry. Some of the heavier machines are visible under a shed in the adjoining garden. Returning hence, the same vest3)ule ushers us into the interior of The Church, part of which is still unfinished. It has no aisles; the roofing consists of tie-beams, king -posts, and braces. Which, with the rafters, are neatly painted in the By- zantine Btyle. There are 8 ogive windows on each side, fitted tip with sitained glass. Above the ogive opposite the principal entrance we see two medallions with figures of Agriculture and Manufacture, painted in fresco. This vast hall is now called the Ddpdt des Modeles, and contains various hydraulic machines, such as the hydraulic press, water-mills, Archime- des's screw, &c., besides locomotives, planing and moulding- macbines, a model of a distillery, etc. Some of these were seen at the Great Paris Exhibition of 1865. To the right, on entering, there is a steam-engine, which, during the day, com- municates motion by means of straps to most of the above- mentioned engines, while, on the opposite side, a large water- fant, 6 feet in breadth, in solid masonry, occupies nearly the whole length of the nave, furnishing the water necessary for the mills, etc. Above this, resting on pilasters 6 feet in height, is a large iron reservoir likewise extending the whole length of the nave, but narrower than the former, for the display of the smaller machines, and the various contrivances here exhibited for raising water. The visitor should now return to the first entrance-room^ Mid ascend the magnificent double^tairease which ieads to the galleries of the Upper Sti>ry. — Commencing from the left, the main gallery is filled with models of Steam and fire-engines, machinery for iion-foundries, models of roofing, patterns for shawls, a model of the ,90-gun ship Le Roi de Rome, etc. At the further end is a xoom with a beautiful porcelain vase adorned with bas- rdkfs,- fipecimens of ornamental tiles and roofing, etc. This room, gives access, on the left, to a small room with chemical substances, arid to the ri^t, to a suite of 6 rooms, the first four of which contain specimens of large glass bells and cylin- Ledru-ltollln, Boichot, and Rattier, through the sixth of the eight wlnflows of this gallery (counting from the side of the vestibule!) which look into the garden. The troops and National Guards arrested a few stragglers, who, together with other per- sons taken up on the following days, were tried before tb«  pigtf' Cotitt of Jmticc, convoked for the ptwpose at Versiauej, tits nXTH AHBONDISSEHXTIT. derfl, models of printing-presses, one of the hydraulic machine of Marly (seep. 621), pumps, Archimedes's screw, etc.; a large glass-stand filled with Chinese tools and manufactures, and a similar one with Tunisian manufactures, and lastly, pottery and glass ware. The 5th and 6th are devoted to optics, and contain mirrors, a camera-obscura, stereoscopes, etc. The visitor must now enter the rooms which run parallel to the main gallery, filled with illustrations of the intersections of lines and surfaces, bridges, carpentry, compasses, locomo- tives, pulleys, specimens of stereotype, furnaces, crystalliza- fions, the model of an Indian pagoda, 5cc. Two rooms of the adjoining wing are filled with instruments of natural philosophy, such as air pumps, barometers, a powerful electric machine with an immense battery, &c. The last room of this suite is devoted to watchmaking ; it contains all the instruments used in that profession, besides clocks, chronometers, &c. We now return to the Long Gallery, but from the opposite end, chiefly containing smelting-furnaces, sewing and paper-machines, &c. Here a new room to the left is filled with astronomical instru- ments, such as a Newtonian telescope, quadrants, globes, etc. It is highly gratifying to an Englishman to find the names of his countrymen abounding in this museum : Maud^ay, AVatt, Stephenson, Davis, Taylor, Edwards, &c. A catalogue may be had on the spot. The Grand and Petit AmphitMdtrc^ or lecture-rooms, are in a Doric court adjoining the church. The former is remarkable for its elegance, size, and comfort ; the benches rise gradually from the floor to an elevated gallery ; which is approached by a staircase in the passage ; there is another entrance to the amphitheatre below. This room will contain about 300 persons. (1) The Petit Amphilheatre has little to recommend it. The Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers is Open gratui- tously to the public on Sundays and Thursdays, from iO to 4, and on Mondays, Tuesdays, Wednesdays, and Saturdays, from 10 to 4, at the charge of one franc. The Library contains 20,ooo volumes, on mechanical and mathematical subjects, and is open to students every day, Mondays ex- cepted, from 10 to 3. On Mondays it is open to visitors, with the museums, at the charge of one franc. The lectures are all public and gratuitous. (See p. 102.) A programme of the days, &c., may be had at the Conservatoire. Further on, is St. Nicolas deS Champs, parish church of the Clh arron- dissement, which existed upon this spot as early as 1 119, and (1) Lectures on recent inventions, specially intended for the instruction of workmen, are given here every Sunday ; and on Thursdays to the pupils of the eoUeges and lycenms. ST. NI00LA8 DBS CHAim. )M became ptrochial in 1184. It was wlAised in uao, and io 1576 tbe choir and the chapels behind it were constnicted. The western front is of 14 20, and is in the purest pointed style, displaying two gables flanked with crocketed pmnaclei , and connected by flying arches with the front of the nave, also terminating in a gable end. The porch is magniflcently sculptured, and adorned with eight statues of saints and angels. The tower is square, flanked with buttresses, and crowned with an open-worked parapet. The interior consists of a nave and choir, with double aisles, lateral chapels, and a demi-transept towards the south. The nave and aisles are Gothic ; the choir has elliptical Doric colunuis. Both nave and choir have clerestory windows but no triforium gallery. The high altar is formed of Corinthian columns of dark marble, surmounted by a pediment. The picture of the Assumption between the columns IS by Youet. Behind the high altar is a chanel of the Holy Sacrament, enclosed by the altar itself and tne apsis^ The altar-piece represents the Last Supper. The southern porch is elabi^ately sculptured, and consists of four Composite pilas- ters with a triangular pediment. Talma was christened, and many distinguished persons buried, here : among them, Bu- doeus, the restorer of Greek literature in France ; the philosopher Gassepdi ; Henry and Adrien de Valois, historians ; and Mile. Scuderi. Beginning from the right aisle, the works of art. id the chapels are, 1st chapel : Christ bearing the Cross, by Cou- taot, and an old fresco, much dilapidated, but evidently of great merit, which is to be restored. 2d. A Deliverance of the Souls from Purgatory, and Christ on the Mount of Olives, b^ Rouget. 4th. Ste. Genevieve, and St. Germain giving his blessing to Ste. Genevieve, by Jouy. 5th. The Raising of La- zarus, oy Souchon, and a painting of St. Nicholas. 6lh. A Circumcision, and Charlemagne making his vow to the Virgin. 7 th. A Holy Family, the Virgin being in the act of teaching the Saviour to read. On the ceiling are some old frescos, to be shortly restored. 8th. A Holy Family. Qth. The Apotheosis of St. Bruno, by Lesueur. loth. St. Martin curing a Leper. Utb (the Lady Chapel, the vault of which is tastefully groined). The Adoration of the Shepherds, and the Repose after the Flight to Egypt, by Caminade. Over the altar is a marble statue of the Virgin and CMld, by Delaistie. In the ogive above is a isolossal bust of Christ, painted on imperishable Volvic lava by M. Perlet, and reseniblmg liie Byzantine mosaios ; opposite to this chapel stands an altar witli an altar-piece representing 8t. (Uuirles Borromeo Administering the Sacrament to the Plague-stricken. 12th. St. Cecilia, by Landelle. I3th. A DesoeaifromtiieGcoss. i4th. The Anduing^l crushing tbe Der fe7d i^lXTH JLJaftOriDIdSEMfiNt' mon, and Hcoh summoned to Egypt by Josepk^ t6lb« the head of St. John the Baptist broa^t to Herodias. i 6th. Three excellent old pamtings on wood, representing the Passion. 1 7 th . A Last Supper, and St. Elizabeth distributing alms. 18th. Jesus on the Mount of Olives, and the Last Supper, by Quan- tin. 19th. St. Stephen attending a sick maa. 2ath. St. Louis giving alms, and an Eece Homo. 2i8t« Christ descending upon earthr At No. 182, rue St. Denis, is St. Led et St. Gilles, l st district church of 6tfa arrondisse- ment. — On this spot a chapel was erected in 1236, which, in 1617, became parochial. The building was repaired in 1 33 , and in 1611, the choir was rebuilt. Georges Cadoudjd, the conspirator under the Consulate, when pursued, contrived to conceal himself in it for several days. This church is very rich in relics ; it was the only one in which the priests^ ven- tured to perform mass tor the repose of the soul of the Princesse de Lamballe, on the day of her horrible murder* A lew days after it was put up to auction as national property, mA bought for a trifling sum by two Jews, who converted it into a warehouse for saltpetre. In 1802, when Uie churdbes wen xe-opened for the Catholic religion, they let it for ao&ofn a- year, and subsequently increased it to 10,000 fir., whiob con- tinued till 1813, when the City repurchased it for 20M12fr. The front is gabled, and flanked by two square spiied towers. The interior consists of a nave and chou: with k* dies ; the ribs of the nave spring from the capitals of clusta^d columns origin' ally reaching to the ground, but barbarously lopped half-way down, for the purpose of placing pictures. In the choir, the ribs unite in a highly-sculptured pendant boss. Some canopies and brackets with the figures of Sts. Chrysostom, Viaeent de Paule, Peter, Gilles, Leu, Paul, Borromeo, and Austin, adom the piers of the choir. Beneath the high altar there is a chapel constructed by the knights of the Holy Sepulchre ; it .consists of 8 sepulchral Doric colunms supportmg a ovpela pierced with a skylight. The works of art in this churohj begiaoing from the right, are, 1st chapel: The Adoration of ibfi Shep- herds, St. Louis praying. 2d. St. Lawrence areoeiviog the crown of martyrdom. 3d. An Entombment, and an Assump- tion. 4th. St. Leu presented witii the mitre, by De Vaonea^ and a Passion, dth. Four frescos, by Cibot : 1 . St. Leu and St. €illes administermg the Sacrament; 2. Christ imploring for* giveness for mankind before the tbrone of God ; 3. Christ receiving the Scriptures from the hands of the Loi4 ; 4i. the expulsion of Adam and Eve frmn Paradise. MtBt^piof^* tbe Adoration of the Heart. 6th chapel St. Leu blcasiag aa ift- iaat, by Goyet, 7th* A D^cenl ft w th«i Cr^sa.. MM the tOWER OP Sft. 3A0QCV3 Dfi LA lk>UCIl£RlS. ^1 1 lacmtjr is tb» Adultress, by Delaml, and a fine Madonna and iD&nt of the TtaMan school. At the door of the sacristy is a portrait of St. Francis de Sales, taken on bis death^bed, by PUMppe^de €hanii>aigne, and above, Christ on the Mount of OliTes. Next this is St. Charles Borromeo in the act of prayer, by Dddval ; and below, a very ancient bas-relief, in wood, rej^esenlng, in 3 compartments, the Kiss of Judas, the Fla- gellation, and the Lord s Snpper. Chapel of the Virgin : sta- tues 44 HieVirgiD, St. Philomene, and Ste. Juliette, by Beguin. Over the entrances to this chapel are : the Visit to St. Eliza- beth, by Lecointe, and the Annunciation, by Quantin. Lastly, in tbe «i4e, is Christ restoring sight to the Blind, by Colson* In ike watfe are : St. Leu delivering prisoners, by Degeorge ; and St, Gules dracoyered in his retreat by the king of the Goths, by Monvmsin. St. Leu being considered a healer of the sick, the kings of France, on their accession, used to visit this church during nine days, to solicit health of the saint. The visitor, in going towards the Seine, will find the rue de Rambuteau, where, on turning to the left, he vpffl see the de- molitions in progress for the opming d the Boulevard de S^- hastopol, which is to meet tiie Boulevard de Strasbourg (see p. 256) bft a direct line. Proceeding to tbe me de Rivoli, he will see tibe T<m£ii M* St. JAeQiJEd de la Bovcrerie, erected in 1 508-22. — ^This is tbeonly] part remaining of the church of that name, whi<^ w^ demolished in 17 89. It was bought by the muni- cipallly, in 18^6, for 250,000 fr., and has since cost upwards of a ittffiion francs for repairs. This magnificent tower was fovsnerly surmounted by a spire thirty feet high, and is at pre- sent o«e of the purest relics of Gothic architecture extant. It is scfuard, with an engaged turret at the north-western angle, graceful pointed windows, elaborate tracery, niches with sta- tues' of "saiots, and a perforated balustrade at the summit adorned W3fth the statue of St. John the Baptist and the four anisaeisdflt attributed to the Evangelists. To bring the foot of this tewer to a level with the rue de Rivoli, the soil had la be Idw^ered three' metres, which brought to light several curi- ous reMci^, besides bones, the ground having formerly been a ehurchy£ffd. ' This interestiiig stniclure now occupies the centre Of an elegant square laid out as a garden, once inter- sected by the filthiest streets of the metropolis, haunted by vendors- of rags and other commodities of a similar nature. The basement, which has been added to strengthen the tower, is as^nded^by 14 steps on both sides; under the arch of the grountJNtooT' stands the statue of Pascal, who here performed his firH experiments to ascertain the weight of the atmosphere.- 37 a SIXTH MMBOHvmmtmn- A wiodine; staircase in the ei^ag^ turret of the a^rUi^wiestei I angle leads to the top, and the trouble of moimtiBg 294 slei | is amply repaid by the magnificent view of Paiis the tow< i affords. To the north we see the splendid rue de RiYidi es tending below our feet in a mathematical line ; we overloo i the Seine with its islands and bridges, the towers of Notri Dame, the Louvre, on one side, and the Hotel de Ville on th| Other, while Vincennes, the Pont Napoleon beyond Bercy, thi Mont Valerien, and Montmartre, lie far witfaia the horison. il tolerable telescope is at the visitor's disposal for a small gral tuity. The total height is 187 feet; the iiiteri<^ is hoUow^J and may be seen from a circular aperture above. A small{ lee is paid at the entrance. ! The visitor, on descending, may eater the adjoiniBg ! Place i>d Ghatelet.— Here was the site of the Graodj Ch&telet, the court of justice and prison of Paris daring the middle ages. The tribunal was suppressed at the revolutios of 1789, and the building destroyed in 1802. The present square presents three sides of 220 feet, and, in the middle, contains a fountain erected in 1808 after the designs <^ M. Bralle, the first monument erected in commemoratioD of the victories of the Republic and the Empire. Tfaifl looatain con- sists of a circular basin 20 feet in diameter, with a pedestal and column in the centre, 58 feet in elevatioa, in tiie form of a pabn-tree. Upon the pedestal are four statues, represent- ing Justice, Strength, Prudence, and Vigilance, winch join hands and encircle the column. The shaft is divided by bands of bronze gilt, inscribed with the names of the principal vie- tories of Napoleon. At the angles are comuoopiie terminated by fishes' heads, from which the water issues ; while on two sides are eagles encircled by wreaths of laurel. Above the capital are heads representing the Winds, supporting a globe, on which stands a gilt statue of Victory. Vast demolitions are now in progress here for the parpose of cutting a street from the Hotel de Ville direct to the Louvre. Part of it is already laid out, and is being speedily covered with buildings, one of which is intended for the offices of tt^ Caisse de Poissy (see p. 73). The Boulevard de S^bastopol, which is to be continued to the other side of the river as far as the Place St. Michel, terminates on this side with the GHAiiBsa OF Notaries, an elegant new building, looking both into the Boulevard and the rue St. Denis, and having its pnncipal entrance on the Place du Gh&telet It is three storiei high, ai^d of Ooric and Ionic design. Over the entrance si* the following inscriptions : *' 806, the Statutes of Charlemagne" —1270, Edict of l^ouis IX»"— is.39, Ordinance of Francis V* nr. Mnai. 273 -'"ift^ll. Uw of 35 VenUMe, Napoleon BonaparM,**— «11 in- terestiog dates for tiie notarial body. The Chamber of Nota* m is speeially designed for the sale of landed propertf. Near the eomer of the Rue de RiToli and Rue St. Martin is St. MfiRRif parish church of the 7th arrondissement, origi- nally a fioaaU chapel dedicated to SI. Pierre-des-Bois, near which St. Mederic or St. Merri died in 700. In 1200, the churchy built on the site of the chapel, took for its patron St. Merri, whose relics it contained. The present edifice was be- gun in ld20, bat not finished till 1612. The western front is a beautiful spedmen of the florid Gothic. The principal entrance ia pointed, and flanked by two buttresses, adorned with tracery, expanding in rich canopies below, fomdng heads of niches in which are placed the twelve Apostles. Above is a large crocketed window. To the north is a beautiful octa- gonal turret, and to the south a modem square one, of Doric and Corin^ian design. Another curious spired tower is visible from the rue de Rivoli, and in the rue du Cloitre St. Merri is the front of the northern transept. The interior is cruciform, with double aisk^, and bears a later date. The transepts have fine rose windows, and in most of the others there are excellent specimens of old stained glass, interspersed with modem. In the chapels of the choir are curious la^e circular pillars with bands ior capitals, and the ceiling of the intersection of the nave and transept is covered with tracery. The first chapel of the aisle to the right on entering, erected in 17 54, is that of the Uoly Sacrament ; it communicates with the aisle by three circular arches, and is adorned with Corinthian pilasters and three cupo- las pierced with skylights. The works of art m this church, beginning from the right hand aisle, are, 1st chapel ; St. Charles Borromeo during the plague at Milan, by Colson ; St. Chry- sostom's Vision of the Angels, by Peron ; altar-piece, the Sa- viour at Emmaus. On the piers of the arches are a Holy Family, the portrait of St. Vincent de Pauie, and St. Bernard at the bed-side o( a patient. At the entrances are two plaster statues, St. Sebastian, by Debay, and St. John the Baptist, by LaiUe* Transept : St. Peter praying ; Christ at the well with the woman of Samaria. 3d cbapel : St. Martin sharing his cloak with a poor man ; 4th. the Assumption ; 5th. St. Ger- main blessing Ste« Genevieve, by Picot ; 6th. the Apotheosis of St. Bernard, by Robert (1730), and a Descent from the Gjoss; 8th. the Yirgui consoUog the AfOicted } 9th. an Annun- ^ If 374 SEVCNTH ARAONMIBEIIEMT. oatioB, and a Miter Dolorosa ; l ith. the life of St. IqIhi the Baptist, the Institution of Confession, the Adoration of Saints, and the Holy Spirit descending upon the Apostles, firesoos by Lehmann ; 12th. the Life of St. Philomene, by Amaury Du- val ; 13th. St. Mary of Egypt, by Ghasseriau ; 14th. the por- trait of St. Vincent de Paule, and the same saint a slave in Afri- ca, by Lepaulle ; 15th. various passages of the life of Marie de rincarnation, by Comu, viz., her reception by St. Francis de Sales, her care of the wounded, and her death at Pontoise in 1618. Flanking the altar, figures in fresco of the Prophet Eli- jah and St. Theresa. Transept : a large painting of a miracu- lous discovery of stolen church treasure by a curate of St. Merri ; the miraculous Release of St. Merri from captivity ; 1 6th chapel : a valuable painting on wood, of the I4tli century ; on the panel of the altar-table, St. Genevieve as a shepherd- ess ; a wolf fawns upon her ; I7th. a Descent fr<»n the Cross, in marble. On the front piers of the choir are St. Charles Borromeo pra3ring, and the Virgin and Child, by Vanloo. Tbis church is remarkable for the obstinate resistance made in it and the adjoining streets, in 1832, to Louis Philippe's troops. The streets of this quarter, which have been swept away by the Rue de Rivoli, were built at the time of Philippe Au- fuste, and celebrated for a magnificent display of ttie grand guet imder Philippe le Del, when his sons were armed kmghts. higher up, is the Fontaine MaubuSe, built in 1 733 ; and, further on, the rue Michel le Comte will lead to the rue Transuooak, now rue Beaubourg, where a bloody conflict occurred between the people and the troops in Aprfl, 1834. This arrondissement contains some of the most romarkable old hotels in Paris : among them we may mention the Hotel de St. Aignan, 71, rue du Temple, a magnificent Corinthian edifice built by Le Muet. The effect of the whole is now spoiled by the addition of two stories. On its site stood the house where the Connetable Anne de Montmorency died of his wounds after the battle of St. Denis, Nov. 12, 16^7. Henry II. often resided here ; and it was then called the Hotel de Montmorency. At the comer of the rue du Cbaume is ^^ Fontaine de la NaIade, rebuilt in 1775, and iwiomed with a fine bas-relief oi a naiad lying among rushes, by Mignot. In rue du Chaume, at No. 12, is the Gothic entrance to tlie £coLE Imperiale des Chartes. (Seep, lo 5.) This entrance is situated under the spired turrets forming part of whatfcmnerly was the palace of the Prince de Soubise, and is now ^ Palais des Archives de l'Empire, the entrance of whieh is in the rue de Paradis. — The Hotel de Soubise was built upon ^ ffite of a mansion belonging to Uie GooneUdile deCUsaon; PALAIS DB AftCBIVXS iHPifiULES. 27$ aoci, after pagsing through the family of the Guises, beeamethe ' ptoperiy of IheRohans io 1697 . The old building extends to a great depth, and with its grands et petits appartemetUs, as well as the gardens, constituted the proud residence of a family whose motto was, ' ' Boi je ne suis ; Prince ne daigne ; Rohan je suis." In thepetits appartement$ is a window looking into the rue da Chaume, belonging to the boudoir of a Duchess de Guise, once the owner of the palace, from whence it is said her lover pre- cipitated himself into the street on the approach of the Duke. After the revolution of 1789, some families of noble birth, who had suffered by the tunes, were lodged here by order of Napo- leon; and isx 1B09 the whole edifice was consecrated to the preservation of the archives of the nation. This precious col- lection originated with the National Assembly in 1789, and to it were afterwards jomed, besides all the acts and proces-ver- haux of the legislature, the domanial and administrative ar- chives, the charters and other documents of the monastic bodies, public papers relating to the topography and statistics of ths country, as well as several other objects of value and rarity. In 1810, li, 12, all the riches of the archives of the countries conquered by Napoleon were deposited here ; but these were taken away by the aUied troops after the fall of the Emperor. The ancient nobility, also, on their return from emigration, demanded and obtained their title-deeds, which had been se^ questrated during the revolution. It was long erroneously supposed that most of the oldest and most valuable archives of the French monarchy had been carried to England in the 1 5th century, and lodged in the Tower ; it has been, how- ever, ascertiuned that during that period of confusion the most important were preserved in the monasteries, and were thus saved from the hands of the invaders.— £cc/en'or:— The building has four courts ; the first, called the Cour de Sou- bise, forms a semi-oval, laid out in small flower-gardens, with a beaujti^l peristyle of coupled Corinthian columns run- ning all round, and abutting at either end upon the principal front, whidi consists of a central pavilion of two stories, and wings of one story only, ornamented with coupled composite coluwBS, continued along the lower story of the pavilion, the upper story of which displays coupled Corinthian columns crowned with a pediment bearing recumbent statues, while other statues adorn the wings. The Cour de Clisson adjoins the western buildings, and mves access to the Ecole des Chartes (see above). Next is ttie Cour de Guise, bounded on its wefiten» side by the old buildings erected by that family in coniLauatioa of those built by the Clissons, and which have baea saved from demolition by the present administration of ^^^ ^EVESTH AlUlONblSSEllENt. ihc establishment; the bufldmgs to the east are modern, m are to be continued along the northcra side of this court. Tl Cour de V Administration lies to the east of the latter, ai contains, as its name denotes, the lodging of the Direclo General and the offices of the establishment. Besides this, carden is attached to the apartments of the Director-Genera ^Interior.— The establishment, which is under the junsdn lion of the Minister of State, is divided into four deparunenl or sections, viz. : 1st, the s^rdtariat; 2dly, the histartcal sec lion, compriang old records and charters commencmg from tfij 7lh century, bulls, monastic and ecclesiastical records, omer relating to military religious orders, ancient schools and un^ versitil, genealogical mattei-s, &c.-3dly the adrmmsiraiii lection, comprising the proceedings of the ancient Coundo State aid the Council of Lorraine, also royal ordonnanca letters patent, &c. ; documents relating to the constitutmna Regime of 1791, the Convention, Executive Directory, Cofli S Empire, and Restoration, besides the contribunon from the departments of the Interior, Agriculture, 0>^'^ and Public Works, Public Instruction and Worship; also we rrcordrof the ancient Chamber of Accounts at Pans, M documents relating to princely apanages, domains naMai l^ropetty, sequestrations, confiscations topographi^l map ; Wthe divi^on of France into departmente.-4thly, th^^^^^^ gisiative ani judicial section, comprising laws, ordo^nf c^'^ E,letterspV' imperial dec;ee«, ^o ^ manu^g^^^^^^^ printed • authentic copies and minutes of the AssemDiy " Notables and National AssembUes, papers relating to jepr. sentatives sent on missions, and committees of the Con>enuu and other national assemblies, the Senate, Chamber of I'c.^, Grand Chancellor's office. Secretaries of the King, vanm^ councils, thePariement of Paris, the Chatelet, vanous coun and jurisdictions, extraordinary tribunals, Court of Pf^s, oct., and the contributions from the department of the ^hnisi^^ Justice. This immense mass of historical, admmistrative, ^ judicial matter, which has been found m 1854 to fill W volumes, boxes (cartons), portfolios, and bundles o^^^^ 130 rooms, and has been arranged with the greatest precisiu bv the present administration, so that any document may, ^J referring to a plan of the buUding, executed by order onu present Director-General, be found at a moments warning- The magnitude of this collection may be understood ffo^i^" fact that if aU the cartons and wrappers were placed in a in* , they would measure 29,600 metres, upwards of 18 bngi» miles. Extensive improvements are still in progress tnroug" fut the buildings* The western pavilion of the Cowr rf? f^*' ST. FRANQOIS D*AflSISB. 37^ €4>ntaiiiiiig a saloon decorated with pvntiiigs by several cele- brated artists of the last century, is being thoroughly re- paired. We need not enter into a minute description of the other rooms./which are filled with shelves, on which the boxes and wrappers are arranged with the minuteness above alluded to, except a room on the eastei-n ground floor, where the vi- ator may see a curious original painting imagined by the Jesuits, of which copper-plates exist, representing a vessel, il- lustrative of the dangers humanity, according to those fathers, is exposed to from the machinations of the Evil One. This is here, from its having been used as evidence in the prosecution of the Jesuits, which led to their suppression in 1773. We may now ascend the splendid staircase, giving access to the Salle du Tresor des Chartes, where, in a large vertical frame, is a specimen of a collection of 12,000 casts possessed by the establishment, of all the State seals from Childeric I., A.D. 457, down to the time of Louis Philippe, together with those oi me towns and communes of France. The oldest record preserved here, and rarely shown to strangers, is a deed of Clotaire II., A.D. 625, on papyrus, containing a f donation of lands lo the Abbey of St. Denis. This deed was lor the first time decyphered, and a fac-simile made of it, in 1852 ; and fac-similes have been made of other ancient deeds also preserved here. Among the other interesting objects, we may mention a model of the Bastille, cut out of a stone of that fortress, various articles of apparel worn by Marie Antoinette, the armoire de fer made by order of the National Assembly in 1790, the golden seals of various Kings of France, and the bulls of papal decrees, the keys of the Bas- tille, the silver keys of Namur presented to Louis XIV., the " famous livre rouge found at Versailles, the wills of Louis XVI. and Marie Antoinette, the joiumal of Louis XVI., the minute of the Droits de Fhomme, the plate of the Assignats, med Is of the Empire, the standards of the metre ^ gramme, and decagramme in platina, autograph letters of Napoleon I., and among them one written by him to Louis XVI., &c. A valuable and special library of 15,000 volumes is attached to the establishment. Visitors may obtain admission on applying by letter (post paid) to M le Directeur General des Archives de I* Empire, Palais des Archives. Behind the Hotel de Soubise, in the rued'Orl^ans, is St. Francois d*Assise, second district church of the seventh arrondissement. — The exterior and interior are both plain. It was the chapel of a convent of Capuchins, founded in 1623, It consists of a nave, choir, and one aisle; the galleries opening into the aisle, from whence the fraternity formerly bear*' Digitized by VjOOQ IC 278 SEVENTti ABKOttDtSSmmi. Service, still remain. It is remarkable tot some good paint- ings it contains, namely : Noah's Sacrifice, by Tr^zel, St. John the Baptist, by Franque, St. John writing the Apoca- lypse, by Trezel, a Crucifixion, St. Louis visiting his soldiers sick of the plague, by Scheffer, St. Francois d'Assise before Pope Innocent III., by Gaillot, the same saint before the stiltan of Egypt, byLordon, and Christ attheColunm, by Degeofges. A small Crucifixion, near the entrance, to the left, is also worthy of notice. At the entrance of the choir is, on the left hand, a very remarkable kneeling figure of the patron saint, in his monastic dress, of grey marble ; the hands and head are of white marble. Opposite to it is one of St. Denis. Behind the altar in the choir are several large paintings ; the best of which are Christ appearing to St. Catherine, St. Francis re- ceiving the stigmata of the Crucifixion, St. Charles Borromeo at Milan, the Baptism of Christ, by Guerin, and the Communion of St. Theresa. In the aisle to the left of the nave are two beautiful little pictures by the side of the altar of the Virgin, representing the Flight into Egypt, and the Presentation in the Temple. The chapel of St. Francis possesses an excellent picture of the saint. In the windows of the Lady Chapel are the twelve Apostles in stained glass. A fine organ will be remarked over the entrance. At No. 87 in the rue Vieflle du Temple is the • Imprim£rie Impi^riale, formerly the Palais Cardinal. — This hotel, erected in 1712, was the property of the Cardinal de Rohan, so famous in the time of Louis XVI., and whose intriguing spirit brought so much unmerited odium on the un- fortunate Marie Antoinette. In this hotel the scenes described in the Memoires of Mme Campan took place. The Imprimerie Royale was first established by Francis I. in the Louvre, in the entresol of the long gallery ; in 1792 a portion of it was transferred to the Elysee Bourbon, under the name Impfimerie du Bulletin des lois; but in the year 1795 the whole was established in the Hotel de Toulouse, or de Penthievre, now the Bank of France ; it was finally transferred to the present locality in 1 809. At thattime, when government papers were printed here for half Europe, there were 300 hand-presses constantly employed fl). Official documents of every de- scription are printed here, for the government offices both of the capital and the departments, besides the Bulletin des Lois, and a great number of Oriental works, for which there (i) During the revolution of 1830, tlie mob broke Into ihls offlce, and among ttiem printers from other establishments, who destroyed the steam-presses, thinking thereby to enforce a re- turn to band-labour ; but in 1848 the establlthmenf was spared. mp6mjdM. 27f ace pmmmatmt eorreeton. About 950 penoM, nidvdiBg iip> warm oi 300 wmneo and 40 boys, are oonstanfly em^yed in this establufament for 10 hours daily. Compositors and presBOieii earn about 6 fr. a^y. After 30 years' serTioe they are entitled to a pension of 400 fr., and a certain smal* porti<Hi of their waf^ is deducted for a sick fund. The bookSwtders earn about 3 fr. 50 c, and the women about 2 francs per diem. The establishment is under the manage* ment of a director, and six chefs de service, who have no* merous clerks under them. In the centre of the first court ii % fine bronze statue of Guttenberg, cast on the same model ai tbat executed by David d'Angers for Strasburg. Its pedestal is adorned with bas-reliefs illustrating the progress of civiliza* ^n through the art of printing. The visitor is conducted through all the different branches connected with typography. First is the type-foundry for forty-eight different alphabets^ inclading the Chiaese, Sanscrit, Tartar, and the Assyriaa cuneiform characters. Stereotyping is not practised in the establishment. The compositors' rooms come next; about 150 men are employed here. The hand-press room, consist* ing of Wo parallel galleries meeting a transverse one at right angles, contains upwards of 100 presses, each requiring two men. Upwards of 350,000 sheets are struck off daily by these presses. The printing of the ace of clubs, of the kings, queens, and knaves of cards, is also done here, this being a go- vernment monopoly ; the number printed daily is about 12,00d padcs. Card-manufacturers are allowed to print all the other card^ themselves. A glazed partition separates this room from the printing machines, of which there are 15, all worked by steam ; the same engine at the same time communicating mo^ tioa to a hydraulic press for pressing paper, the power it ex- ercises amounting to 800 tons. The hot steam is not lost, but passes into a drying machine, and helps to warm the establish ment in winter. Adjoining the hand-press galleries is an- other with 4 large lithographic presses ; above is a gallery for draughtsmen, and another with 1 6 lithographic presses more. The various operations of sewing, binding, and wetting the paper, as well as the various contrivances for speedy con- veyance of bundles or packs, for cutting paper, ruling it, etc.^ are very interesting. On the ground-floor of an adjoining wing is the form-room, an immense gallery filled with compositions in type, ready to be printed off as may be required. The forms or types of government papers (about 20,000 at present) are kept here for a long time after they are used. There is also a smithy on the premises for repairs. The Imprinaerie Imperial, besides m inunense number of modern matrices, posseseee 280 SEVENTH ARRONDISSEIIEBIT. also sereral typographical curiosities ; the most intesestiDg is the Grec du Roi, being a complete set of matrices of Greek characters engraved by order of Francis I., and so perfect in form, that the University of Cambridge applied for a fount of them in 1692. The oriental books, with coloured margins, and other splendid specimens of typography, uniqae in their kind, and which can scarcely be executed elsewhere, are also deserving of remark. When Pope Pius YII. visited the Print- ing-Office, the Lord's Prayer was printed and presented to him in 1 50 languages ; and, before he returned to his carriag;e, he received a copy of the collection ready bound. There is a cabinet containing specimens of typography executed here, which, even to a mere observer, is one of the most gratifying sights in Paris. The authors of works of real utility, the printing of which could not remunerate private enterprise, may obtain their being prmted here at the expense of government. The receipts of this establishment are about 2,800,000 fr.; the expenses 2J00,000 fr. Visible, on Thursdays at 2 p.m. pre- cisely, with a ticket, for which apply by writing to M. le Directeur de I'lmprimerie Imperiale, At the comer of the rue des Francs-Bourgeois, so calkd from certain free tenements held in it in former days by Imrgesses not enrolled in Paris, will be seen one of those elegai^ turrets still to be found in some of the most ancient parts of Paris. Near this turret the murder of the Duke oi Orleans, only brother of Charles VI., on Nov. 20, 1407, was perpetrated, (T) an event which gave rise to the bloody feud so (tisastrous to France, and which led to its occupation by the Engli^. At 7, rue de Paradis, or 16, rue des Blancs Manteaux, is a large and well-designed edifice, the central establishment of the Mont de Pieti (see p. 131), and at No. 12, Notre Dame des Blancs Manteadx, first district church of 7 th arrondissement, formerly the chapel of a religious house (i) The Duke had been supping with the Queen at the Hdtel Barbette, and was going to the Hdtel St. Paul, on a pretended summons from the King, brought by a person in the conspiracy of the Duke of Burgundy. He was mounted on a mule, fol- lowed by two equerries on one horse, a page, and three foot- men carrying flambeaux. On arriving opposite a house, called L'Image Notre Dame, he was attacked by 18 armed men, headed by Raoul d'Octonville, a Norman gentleman. The equernes' horse ran away with them, and the Duke was set upon by the band crying : " A morti" ** I am the Duke of Orleans 1" be exclaimed. '* It is you whom we want," replied the murderers, and at the same moment a battle-axe cut off his bridle-hand. Several blows of swords and clubs succeeding each other, he fell to the ground, but defended himself on his knees, parrying for aom^ XARCBi DES BtANGS MANTSAUX.' 281 where one of the mendicant orders, called the Blancs Man* tecttkXy from their dress, or the Sfuviieurs de la ViergeMarie^ estaUbfaed tfaaBseWes in 1258. In 12 97, another mendicant ordo', the GuiUemites, replaced them hy order of the Pope ;• and, m 1618, these were united to a Benedictine order, and the monasteary and chapel were reboilt. The rue des Guille- mites BOW traverses the site of the monastery ; one side of it is still composed of the old buildings, masked by shops and small heoses. The present church, of an elegant style of Co- rinthisB architecture within, was the chapel of the convent. It consists of a nave, with aisles, and a circular choir ; it has an arched, ceiling with lateral windows, and is lofty and well lighted. The frieze is adorned with emblems of the Jewish ritual^ and with monograms of various saints. Facing the aisle to the 1^, is a good picture of Jesus washing the feet of the Aposttes, by Latil. On the wall of the aisle are three fres- cos by Lafon ; viz. the Baptism of Christ, the Marriage of the Virgin, and St. Benedict with St. Scholastica, his sister. There are besides several oil-paintings : the Miracle of the loaves and fishes, by Andran (1683) ; Christ curing a possessed man, by Frosse ; and the Feast of Cana. In the right aisle is the Archangel crushing the Demon ; a Holy Family, by Copinet ; aa Assumption, by Dejeanne (1740); and an Annunciation. Fadng the aisle is a beautiful Adoration of the Shepherds, by Bcalle ; and over the entrance is a large and veiy splendid pictove of the death of St. Petronilla, of the school of Guer- cino. This painting, one of the finest in any of the Parisian churches, was given to the church soon after its restoration to Catholic worship ; it came from Versailles. Oppi^ite the rue des Blancs Manteaux is the Marcb^ des Blancs Manteaux, opened, in 1819, on the site of the convent des Filles Hospitalieres de St. Gervais. It has two semicircular fountains graced with bulls' heads in bronze, and is flanked by a municipal primary school for Jews. time the attacks with his arm. " Qu'est ceci? D'oii vient ceci?" he eiclaimed from time to time. At length, a blow from a club dashed out his brains. A man, whose face was covered with a scarlet hood, came out of the house, and with a club struck the dead body, saying, " Eteignez tout ; allons-nous-en ; il est mort." They then set fire to the house in which they had been concealed, and look to flight. The Duke of Burgundy a few days afterwards fled from Paris, having confessed to the Duke de Berri that the deed had been done by his order, to revenge himself on the Duke of Orleans for having placed the Duchess of Burgundy's picture among those of his mistresses. The Duke of Burgundy was after- wards assassinated at the bridge of Montereau by the son of the PukeofOrleaps, aM iEYENTH ARRONDlSSSIfSNT. At No. 47, rue VkiUe da Ten^le, is The Hotel de Hollands (bo called from being Uie Dutcb Ambassador's in the reign of Louis XIV.)> built by Gottard,. richly ornamented in the old style. On the walls round the oourk may be seen four dials and some astronomical diagrams faintly traced, with Latin inscriptions. In the first court, over the gateway, is a bas-relief, the Finding of Romulus and Re- mus ; on the urn of the Tiber is the date 1 660. It was once in- habited by Beaumarchais. The rue des Francs Bourgeois contains some magmficent old mansions. No. 1 6 is an hotel of the time of Henry lY.; No. 7 , H6tel de Jeanne d'AWret, of the days of Louis XV. ; and No. 12 was the residence of the Dukes de Roquelaure, ands now occupied by gendarmes. At the comer of the rue Pavee stands The Hotel de Lamoignon, one of the most elegant of the residences of the old nobility. It is of the same date as the centre of the Tuileries ; its front is adorned with fine Corinthian [Hlasters, and in the pediments over the wings are shields with stags' heads, the horns held by angels ; heads of hounds, 6cc • A beautiful badeony in the northern wing, and a curious square turret at the comer of the street, should be remarked. In the rue Pavee were the Hdtel de la Houze, and HdteU de Gaucher J die Chdtillon, and d'Herbouvilk, or de Savoisi. Here stood also the prison of La Force, formerly the hotel off the Due de La Force, but converted into a prison in 1 780, (see p. 78); it was demolished in 1851, and new streets opened on its site, in consequence of the completion of the Prison Mo- dele, in the rue de Lyon (see pp. 78, 298). A new quarter has now sprung up between the space once occupied by the Mar-^ chS St, Jean (1) and the rue Culture Ste. Catherine. Hereabout stood the house of Pierre de Craon, razed to the groimd in con- sequence of his attack on the Connetable de Clisson in 1392. In the rue des Billettes, No., 1 6, is The Lutheran Church (Eglise des Carmes)— Built in 1745, after the designs of Claude, a Dominican, and belonged to a body of Carmelite friars. In 1790 the convent was sup- pressed, and in 1808 it was bought by the City of Paris, and given to the Protestants of the Augsburg Confession. In the vestry are several good pictures, present^ by the late General Rapp, and other Protestants. Service is performed on Sundays, at 12 in French, and at 2 in German. Adjoining the church is a small quadrangular court, surrounded by a Gothic portico, now repaired, belonging to the old monastery. (t) It was formerly a cemetery, an<l used as a place of exe- cution. In 1535, a merchant, named Etienne de ia Force, waa burnt alive here for heresy. AMkTtOUi 0S POPINGOimf. i%t NORTHERN PORTION. On enfenx^ ibis arroiidissement by the me da Faaboorg da Temple, the vMtor will eross the canal by a bridge nHth iron arcl^^ for passengers, after the Venetian style. At No. 66, in the rue Popincourt, are barracks, and a fountain with Charity in bas-relief; opposite which is St. Abebroise, *td district chnrcb of 8th arroodissejiieDt.-* This cliureh, tmilt for a con?enl of nuns, called the Annon" ciades, in 1639, was enlarged in 1602, and annexed to the parish of Ste. Marguerite. It has a Doric entrance; the interior consists of a nave, choir, and side aisles. A large chapel of the Virgin, opening into the aisle to the left on en- tering, contains a valuable Annunciation, by Hali^ (1659), and on the sai^ie side in the nave is a St. Genevieye on canvas, and a C rucifixion painted in fresco . At the entrance of the choir are a Resurrection, by P6ron, the arigel announcing the Resur- rection of Christ, an Adoration of the Magi, by Jouy, and Christ bearing his Cross, by Lain. Statues of the Virgin and St. Antbroise are placed in niches on either side of the high altar. Over the altar is a picture of St. Ambroise protecting an Arian from his persecutors, by Wafflard. A modem fresco by JoUivet, representing Christ inspiring the Apostles, occupies the front wall of the choir. Behind St. Ambroise, in the Avenue Parmentier, is the Abattoir de Popwcourt, or de MiSnilmontant, the finest and largest in its accommodations of the five establishments of the kind in Paris. It was erected in 1810, and consists of 23 piles of buil^g, on a sloping ground, and within a walled enclosure 645 feet by 570. lii front of the abattoir is a small planted promenade, and, at the entrance, are two pavilions, containing the bureaux of the administration and an octroi- office. To the right and left of the central court, 438 feet in length by 291 in breadth, are four immense slaughter-houses, separated by a road crossing the enclosure; they are each 141 feet long by 96 broad, and include respectively a flagged court, on each side of which are eight slaughter-houses for the use of the butchers, 60 in number, by whom the keys are kept. Each slaughter-house is lit and ventilated from arcades in the front walls. Above are spacious attics for drying the skins and preparing the tallow ; and to preserve coolness a coDSfderaUe projeetton has been given to the roofs. Behind these dauf^ter-houses are two ranges of dwds, contaimng Digitized by CjOOQIC 284 EIGHTH ARRONDISSEMENT. sheep-pens, and at the extremities are eight stables for about 400 oxen ; each of these buildings contains a loft for forage. These masses of building form the sides of the courts. At the end is a commodious watering-place, and pens for cattle, besides two detached buildings, each traversed by a broad corridor, which communicates with four melting-houses, below which are cellars, containing coolers. Beyond these, parallel with the outer wall, are two buildings raised on cellars, in which the skins are kept, and near them, in front of the en* trance, is a double reservoir for water, 228 feet in length, buiU in solid masonry, and resting on arches which form stands for carts. There is also a triperie, or building for washing and boil- ing tripe and calves' feet. Cattle and sheep, on entering Paris, are immediately driven to one of the abattoirs, and there kept at the cost of the butcher ; the meat is taken to the shops dur- ing the night before 4 o'clock a.m., and the men are not allowed to appear in the streets of Paris in the clothes they wear at the abattoirs. The slaughterings vai-y in amount here, but may be estimated at the weekly average of 800 oxen, 300 cows, 600 calves, and 3,000 sheep. The establishmeul is superintended by a resident inspector of police, and a market-inspector; it gives employment and lodging, inde- pendently of the butchers and their servants, to 18 officials with their families. The visitor will remark the cleanliness which prevails. Strangers are readily admitted on application at the porter's lodge. A small fee is expected. The rue de Popincourt leads from this into the rue de la Ro- quette, the upper end of which is filled with shops of dealers in • tombs and funeral garlands. Further on, the visitor wilj be struck with the aspect of the two large prisons, one for con- demned criminals on the east, the other for juvenile offenders on the west (see pp. 83, 84). In front of these prisons the guillotine (1) is erected whenever an execution takes place.. Persons curious of inspecting the guillotine, without witnessing an execution, must write to M. Heidenreich, 5, Boulevard St. . Martin. The fee and expenses amount to about loo francs. The adjoining Barriere d'Aulnay, opens in front of the Cemetery of Pere La Chaise, — This tract of ground, on the slope of a hill extending from Belleville to Charonne, on the norlh-east of Paris, was celebrated in the 14th century for the beauty of its situation ; under Louis XIV. Pere La Chaise resided here, and during 1 60 years it was the country-seat of the Jesuits; CO It is asserted that the inventor of the guillotine was not Dt. Guilloiin, as is generally supposed, but M. Antoine Louis, Secretary to the Academy of Surgery, and a mechanician named Schmidt. It w^s first used on the sMli Qf April, i7»a. Digitized by VjOOQ IC CEMfitERt O^ PkR£ LA CfilAlSB. dft& it is now the principal cemetery of the capital. In the earliest ages ofthe monarchy, this spot, called Champ VEvSquBj belonged to the Bishop of Paris. In the 1 4th century, a wealthy grocer, named Regnault, erected upon the ground a magnificent house, which the people called la Folie Regnault. After the death of Regnault, this mansion was bought by a female devotee, and presented to the community of the Jesuits in the rue St. Antoine. Louis XIV. authorised the Jesuits to call it Mont Louis, and, being much attached to Pere La Chaise, his confessor, appointed him superior thereof in 1705, when Mont Louis became the focus of Jesuitical power in France. On the suppression of the order, Mont Louis was sold to pay its creditors, and was ulti- mately purchased for 160,000 fr. by M. Frochot, prefect of the Seine, to be converted into a cemetery under the care of M. Brongniart. It then contained 42 acres. Winding paths were formed, a wide road was opened to where .the mansion of Pere La Chaise formerly stood, and cypresses and willows were mingled with the shrubs and fruit-trees. The ground was con- secrated in 1804 ; and on 2 1st May, of that year, the first grave was made. Its present extent, including a recent addition of 62 acres, situated over one of the tunnels of the railway round Paris, is about 212 acres, entirely walled in. The beautiful situation of this spot, surrounded by valleys and slopes, and commanding an extensive view over a picturesque and glowing landscape, makes it, particularly in summer, a favourite resort of strangers as well as of Parisians. No other cemetery of Paris can vie with it in the number and costliness of its monuments, H being chosen by the most distinguished personages as the place of their interment. Some of them, of large dimensions and elegant architecture, represent temples, sepulchral chapels, niausoleums, pyramids, and obelisks; others cippi, altars, urns, &c. ; most of them are enclosed with iron railings, and adorned with flowers and shrubs ; and retired seats are pro- vided for the convenience and accommodation of kindred and friends. A subterranean canal, which conveyed water to the Maison de Mont Louis, still exists, and partly furnishes a supply to keep the plants and herbage in verdure. The cemetery of Pere La Chaise is appropriated to the interment of the inhabit- ants of the 5th, 6th, 7tb, 8th, and 9tb arrondissements only, except in the case of the purchase of ground in perpetuity, when it is open to all persons. The gateway, immediately opposite the barrier, is placed in a semicircular recess, and is adorned with funereal ornaments, and scriptural quotations in Latin. Within is the lodge of the guardian (1). The divisions (1) The stranger will ag w«H to compare th* loUowing d«t P9e EIGHTII ARR0NBI6SEICEKT. (pn ibe right ai|d left ol the avenue opposite the entrance present nothing worth notice. The first avenue to the right pentains some handsome mcmuments, and leads to th^ Bmec^u des Bemeigfiements, to the Bureau de Surveillanee et des Inscriptions, and to the Jewish cemetery, adjoining to a se- cond entrance. It is separated from the Christian portion by a wall, and ccmtains litUe of interest. In the l^rst path strik* ing out of the avenue to the right, stands the most picturesque and interesting monument in the cemetery, the tomb of Abelard and Heloisa, who died in the middle of the 12th century. It consists of a rectangular chapel of the Saxon style of the 13th century, formed by M. Lenoir out of the ruins of the cele* brated abbey of the Paradete, founded by Abelard, and of which Ueloisa was the first abbess. It is 14 feet in length by 1 1 in breadth ; and its height is 24. An open-worked crocketed pinnade 6 feet in elevation rises out of the cruciform roof, and four smaller ones, exquisitely sculptured, stand between the gabies. Fourteen columns, six feet in height, with rich foli- aged capitals, support trifoliate arches with op^ spandrils sur- mounted by cornices wrought in flowers. The gables of the four fronts are 4)ierced with trifoliate windows, and decorated with sculptured figures, roses, and medallions of Abelard andHeloisa. In this chapel is the tomb built for Abelard, by Peter the Vene- rable, at the priory of St. Marcel. He is represented, in a re- cumbent posture, the head slightly inclined and the hands jouied. By his side is tbe statue of Helqisa. The »ident bas- reliefs round this sarcophagus represent the fathers of the church . At the foot on one side of the tomb are inscriptions ; and at the angles are four others relating to the origin of the monu- ment, its removal, and its erection in the Musee des Monuments Francis, whence it was transported to Pere La Chaise. Returning to the broad avenue, the visitor will soon arrive at the Bond Point j in the middle of which stands a beautiful monument erected by public subscription to the memory of Casimir Perier, Prime Minister in 1832, consisting of an excellent statue of that statesman placed on a lofty and richly decorated pedestal and basement. The first path to the right leads to a part of the cemetery in which among others is the tomb of the brave but ill-fated Lahedoycre,< — scription of the monuments with the annexed plan ; the arrows marked in the paths will point out the direction he ought to follow in order to find the most interesting monuments as they occur in the description ; he might otherwise lose much time in fruitless research. Most of the tombs marked in tbe plan are remarkable for their costliness, elegance of design or execution ; M^ors bare merely been put down as convenient ludr-marks. CBmiRT OV PJEU LA GH1I8B. %$t ■ ■ ■ Whose eriai^ Was loyalty and faith subliine. Retsmmg to the Road Pont, the princi|Ml road vkdiog round the foot of the hill should next be foUowcd. On the brow of the fain is seen the costly monooie&t of Gouotesa Demidoff, re* moTod here from another place, and restmg on a vast basemeat of soiilptared masonry. It consists of io Doric columns of wMte marble, supporting an entablature, under which is a 8arcopliag«8 surmounted by a cushion, bearing the arms and coronet of the deceased. Along the road there is a succession of beautiful tombs. That of Laromiguiere, the illustrious professor of philosophy, is situated behind the tomb of An- drieojc:. Next follow those of Mademoiselie Duchesnois, the tragic actress ; of General Gouvion St. Gyr, with his statue, by David d'Angers, and that of General Macdonald ; those of Count Lavolette, with a bas-relief representing his flight from prison ; and of the celebrated surgeon Dupuytren. A path to liie right leads to a mound commanding a ddigfaftful yiesr over Yincennes ; the best monuments here are those of Count de Bigny, Susse, and Galot. Returmng to the principal avenue, the t<mib that will first meet the eye is the elegant sepulchral column of Viscount de Blartagnac, cele- brated for his noble and touclmig defence of his ancient poli- tical ^aerny Prince Polignac, at the bar of the Chamber of Peevs, after the revolution of 1430 ; and in a path to the left the visitor wiii find hims^ among many of the great names of France : — Marshal Suchet, in beautiful white marble, richly ornamented with bas-reliefs of fine execution by Davi# d* Angers; the Duke Decres, a monument of large dimenfiions, on which two bas*rdiefs represent naval actions with the English ; Mid not far from these^ the modest tomb of the novelist, Madame Cottin, consisting of a small pyramid of white marble. Next to it are the graves of Hue, the faithful atteddanl of Louis XVI., and of the Abbe Sicard, director (A the Deaf and Dumb Institution. Returning to the path, the visitor Wtti find the tombs of Marshal Lefebvre, a sarcophagus of while marble, with his bust; Marshal Massena, Prince d'Es^&^, a pyramid of white marble, 21 feet in height, with his portrait in bas-relief ; Marshid Davoust, Prince d'Eckmuhl, a sarcophagus of granite ; Beaunoarchais, the dramatist ; and opposite, Winsor, the origmator of public gas-lighting ; Baron Larrey, the surgeon of Napoleon I., and the splendid monument in white marble of Gen. Gobert, due to the ctusel of David d'An- gers; the equestrian statue of the general rests on a basemenl adorned with four sfnrited bas-reliefs representing passages of Kift mffitary cttpeer. A few steps further on » an iron railing. 388 BGHTH ARRONDiaSEMEMT< enclosing the remains of the unfortanate Marshal Key; s monument nor inscription marks the place, but the ^ound laid out as a small garden. Following the path to tfae righ we find the tomb of Benjamin Constant, and fadng it, that < <3eneral Foy, a superb monument erected by nataonal sul scription, consisting of a sepulchre surmounted by a teo^k in which is seen a marble statue, by David, of the general i a Roman costume, in the act of speaking. Here is also tba of Manuel, the orator. To the west of these tombs are tfaos* of Parmentier, to whom France is in a great measure indebted for the general cultivation of the potatoe ; Moliere, a sarcopha- gus of stone, supported by four columns and surmoanted by i vase ; and, enclosed within the same railing. La Fontaine, a cenotaph, crowned by a fox in black marble, and ornamented with two bas-reliefs in bronze, one representing the fable of the wolf and the stork, and the other the wolf and the lamb; next, Moratin, the Spanish dramatist ; Laplace, the great as- tronomer, a tomb of white marble, from which rises an obelisk surmounted by an urn, ornamented with a star eucireled by palm-branches and inscriptions alluding to his works; Gay- Lussac, the great chemist ; the Marquis de Clermont-Gallerande, who, on the memorable loth of August, placed himself be- tween Louis XVI. and the mob, to defend his sovereign ; Leon Faucher, a member of the National Assemblies of 1 848 and 1849, and afterwards a Minister; Madame de Genlis, trans- ported here by Louis Philippe from Mont Pamasse, (a sarco- phagus with her bust in a medallion), and Junot, Due d'A- brantes. ' The visitor is now recommended to ascend the bill, and to turn eastward along the straight avenue that runs along the brow of the eminence. It is studded with monuments of great taste, and generally of excellent execution. Turning into the path that runs parallel to the avenue, will be seen the tomb of the celebrated Volney (a quadrangular pyramid), and nu- merous English names, such as Sydney Smith, Luscombe, &c. That of the Prince of Masserano is the last worthy of attention on this side. Returning to the avenue, the western part of it contains the superb monument of M. Aguado, the great finan- cier, consisting of a basement surmounted by a richly-sculp- tured sarcophagus in white marble, executed by Ramus; at the sides are two fine statues, representing BeneroleQce and the Fine Arts ; two beautiful augels support his escutcheon ; also a handsome mausoleum erected to the memory of Mad. de Diaz Santos, daughter of the Duchess de Duras, and a very lofty pyramid, erected to the memory of M. Bcaujour, one of the most conspicuous objects in th^c^m^tery, IHsoead- CHURCH OF STB. MARGCERITC. 989 dig heUM to the left, will be found the. monuments of Honori de Balzae, the celebrated novelist, Casimir Delavigne, theilluB- trioDs poet, and that of De Seze, an advocate, the intrepid de- fender of Louis XYI. The dkspel of the cemetery is a plain Doric building, about 56 feel by 28 in length and breadth, and 56 feet in height. In front of it is an open platform, from whence the eye ranges over Paris. Eastward of the chapel is a spot almost entirely devoted lo ^atrical, musical and poetical celebrities ; hero areTaInia,Gretry,Boieldieu, Delisle, Bellini, Rubini,&c. (1) In 1814, whale the Allies were approaching Paris, for- midable batteries were established in the cemetery of Pere La Chaise, which commands the plain extending to Vincennes. The w^dk were pierced with loop-holes. The pupils of the school of Alfort occupied it on the 30th of March, and suc> eessfoUy resisted two attacks of Russian troops detached by General Barclay de Tolly. On the third attack, however, the Russians made themselves masters of the cemetery ; and their possesion of the batteries hastened the surrender of the village of Charomae. Paris having capitulated the same evening, the Russians bivouacked in the cemetery, and cut down many of the trees for fuel. In 1815, while the forces of the allies sur- rounded Paris a second time, interments were temporarily suspended here (2). On leaving the cemetery, the visitor is advised to follow the •uter boulevard, as far as the Barriere de Charonne, and strik- ing into tbe street of that name, he will, at the comer of the rue Basfroi, see a fountain, consisting of a well sculptured niche ; and opposite, the rue St. Bernard, where he will find Ste. Margugrite, parish church of the 8lh arrondissement. — It was originally a chapel, erected in 1 62 5, but became paro- chial in 1712. Doric pilasters, supporting a pediment, consti- tute its frcmt ; the interior is slightly cruciform, with aisles. This church is rich in pictures. In the right aisle is a Massacre of the Innocents ; remarkable for the beauty of some of the female countenances. In the transept are : the Infancy of Jesus, and (0 It has been calculated that since the opening of this ceme- tery not less than 120 millions of francs, or nearly s millions sterling, have been expended in the erection of the monuments; and it must be a subject of regret to think that, from their slight constroeUon, the greater part will probably not exist at the end of the century. The number of tombs is upwards of 16,000. (2) For the convenience of the stranger, It may be mentioned that an omnibus leaves the Place du Palais Royal for the ceme- tery, and vice versA every quarter of an hour, from « in the morn- ing till dusk. The omnibuses that run from the Madeleine to ths Bastille have a correspondance for P^re 1st GhaUe. (.See p. 6.) 8f HGflTii Aaa<»llMI8EII0IT. » Descent fram the Gress^ by Lesueut; ASalutlilio&«f Muyaal Elizabeth, by Suvee (1781); and two Urge fMontiii^ by Gall locbe and Restaut, of St. Vincent de Panle, f<»Bii&g part of \\ curious and valuable series of pictures relatiag tio tliafc saint I possessed by this church. Ovejr fbe sacristy 4oor, in die righj aisle of the chcar, is a Crucifixion, aboirt 8 fe^t by 7^ on wood I of great beauty and value ; and next to it, the Yifgiii Mary aai Apostles invoking the Holy Ghost. Befamd tba high altar is i\ ine alto-relievo of the Descent from the €ros8^ by Ginfden, ill white marble. Next is the spacious diapel def Ames du Puf^i gatoire, built in 1765, in the left aisle, painted is fresco in th^ Ionic style, with a lofty drcular vault. Behiod the altar is a laige painting on canvas representii^ the D^very of Sovds frooi Purgatory, and near the entrance a large table of black marble,! supported by four angels in white marble, of good eitcntioa.l In the left transept are : St. Vincait de Paule celiveisii^ with St. Francis de Sales, by ResUut; St. Yiaoenl de Paiite ]H«ad]«  ing, by Baptiste, and the Apotheosis of tiie same saint ; St. Ma*- gdalen's Vision of the Gross, by Wafflard; Christ w^ariiing tha feet of the Disciples, and bearing the Gross* Ai the eslmice of the nave are two plaster groups, one of St. Eiiuiietb giving I alms, the other of the death of St. Magdalen, by SteindroB. Above these are St. Ixmis in Egypt relieving the {rfague^rtridten I crusaders, and St. Vincent de Paule with Anne of Aurtrifti In ^e aisles will be remarked the subjects of the Via. Gnic's, I painted by Trezel. The pulpit has good bas-rehels in oak. The rector of this church was the first Catholio priest whd broke | the vow of celibacy at the revolution of 1789. It is said that the unfortunate Dauphin, son of Louis XVI. » who^^kAai* t^^ | death of his parents, was entrusted to the care oi a cobi^r, named Simon, whose ill treatment he did not long sorn^^r was buried in the cemetery of this churdi. Returning to the rue de la Roquette, the visitor will oheene at No. 68 a fountain, with a gable sarmountiflg a circailar ele- ^ntly sculptured niche, and flanked with stone benches. The rue d'Aval, further down, leads to the quai Je»inap<^» and, crossing tiie Canal over a Venetian bridge, the stranger will find the Boulevard Beaumarchais, and opposite the snwll theatre Beaumarcbais. (1) (See p. 460). By the rue du Pas de la Mule, the stranger will pass ii^ ^ Pi.ACB RoYALE, formerly Place des Vovges, standing (2) on the site of the famous Palais des TdurnelleSy so called from its (I) On the eastern side of (be Boulevard Beaumardialfl wai once the residenea of that e^etsrated dnunatitt* <3) In the ^ear VUI of the Repuhiie, th« Gen&uiate isiued t decree, by which the department which »h<^itld be tha flnt t^ f^ [flMiiy 'Uortto. 11 ocGupied a great exteat of ^imd; and I mMUf of tfae nagbbouriog streeto bear namM which mark the I site €i flome of its principal parts. It was io this palace that the mawiMerade took place, which so nearly proved fatal to ^ Charlea YI. ; and it was in the ^at court that the tournament j was keld» io which Henry II., tilting with the Count de Mont* I goumrri^ received a wound in the eye, of which he died. I (See p. 173 a.) In consequence of this event, Catherine de ile- dieis caused the palace to be demolished in 1 565, and the pre- sent *' place" was begun in i604^ under Henry IV. The hooaes araaU el red brick, coped with stone, having high roofs 9 a wide imt low arcade runs round the square, the central part oC which is adorned with fountains, planted with trees, and snrrouided by iron railings. An equestrian statue of Loais JLllLf erected here by Richelieu in 1639, was destroyed in 1792^ bat its place was supplied, in 1829, by the present one, execaled in white marble, by Dupaty and Cortot. This was formerly the court end of the town; it is now prin- cipally iuhaiMted by persons of limited income, who like the KtaieUnesfi of large and quiet apartments, without the expense of tha fashioiiable quarters. FoUowmg the rue Neuve Ste. Catherine, the visitor will Oad, at Ike corner of rue Culture Ste. Catherine, No. 23, the HoTBL WL Casnavalet, the residence of Madame de Sevigne, and thie Countess de Grignan, her daughter, one of the most beauttful mansions of the 1 6th century. — Some of the sculpture which adorns it is of remarkable beauty, and was executed by Jean Goujon; it was erected in 1 544 by Jean BuUanl, architect. The front is decorated with coupled Ionic pilasters. The sculp- tured gateway is by Jean Goujon, as well as the winged figure on the fcny-stone, the two lions trampling on armour, several medallion trophies, &c. In the court, the centre group is by the sain6 hand, and consists of Fame attended by two winged messengers. The other sculptures are by artists of less note, but are all above mediocrity. This hotel was once distinguished above all others in Paris, as the favourite resort of wit, learn- ing, and reflaement. The drawing-rooms of Madame de Se- lieve the penury of the Treasury by paying Us taxes should be honoured- hy tiaving iU name affixed to one of the public squares I of tiM eapital. The department of the Vosges having been fore- I most in oheyiix| the summons, the Place Roy ale was in conse- Iqaence called Place des Vo»ges. At the restoration in I8U it re- ' ramed Ua former naiDe. Sinee (bat time, the Gonseil-G^c^rel des Vosges petitioned the government eve^ry year (o have its own name restored; this was done immediately in February iS4s; ^but the old name has been restored since August, is 53. 292 EIGHTH ARRONDISSEHENT. Tigne and her daughter, now tran^ormed into dormitories, i i Btill shown, with the cabinet immortalised by the Letters th composed ; and, in the garden, two sycamore trees planted her time. The present possessor of the house, M. Verdot, "w I has converted it into a boarding-school^ takes a pleasure showing it to visitors ; he possesses an original portrait of Ms i de Sevigne, by Mignard, and has also written a short hist( of the hotel, (l) In the rue de Thorigny is the Ecole Centrale, (See p. 10* At No. 13, rue St. Louis, is the new and handsome Fc TAiNE DE St. Louis, consisting of a spacious and well-scul tured semicircular niche, fronted with an elegant entablatii resting upon Ionic pilasters. At No. 32 is a convent of Fra ciscan nuns, and at the corner of the rue St. Claude is St. Denis du St. Sacrement, 3d district church of 8 arrondissement. — On the site of this church formerly stood tl chapel of a convent of nuns, demolished in 1828. The presci edifice has a projecting portico, of four Ionic columns, supportii a pediment, with an alto-rilievo by the late M. Feuchere representing Faith, Hope, and Charily. The interior consisi of a nave and aisles with chapels at each extremity ; the sein circular ceiling of the former, sculptured in elegant eompat\ ments, is supported by a range of eight Ionic columns o] either side. The choir, which is semicircular and crowned by a semi -cupola, is painted in fresco, hj Abel de Pujol the subject in the cupola is the Trinity ; tnat of the frieze St. Denis preaching Christianity to the pagan inhaAftants o Gaul. In the adjoining Lady Chapel, at the extpemity o( t/«  right-hand aisle, are two good Assumptions, a Virgin and Chile with the infant St. John the Baptist, and a lai^e fresco by Court, representing the Virgin consoling the afflicted. In the chapel opposite is the Descent from the Cross, in fresco, by Delacroix. The chapels of the left aisle have each a fresco ; that next \o the choir, Christ at Emmaus, by Picot ; the one opposite, Christ calling children around him, by Decaisne. Thfe church is considered one of the architectural gems of the capital' (1) In pulling down a house near this hotel in 1849, «» old worm-eaten box was found, containing some manuscripts/ the age of Louis XIIL, and attributed to Marion Delorme, tne famous courtesan, under the title of Ma Confeanon. At the corner of this street Pierre de Craon, Chamberlain to the Duke of Or- leans, who was afterwards assassinated by the Duke of Bur- gundy (see p. 280 n.), waylaid and nearly murdered theConne* table de Clisson in i39i. PhkCB DE tk BASTILLE. 291 SOUTHERN PORTION. Hie visitor may commence this portion by the Puce de la Bastille. — ^The Bastille was attacked and cap* tnred by the people on the 14th of July, 1789. In May and ^ooe of the following year it was demolished, in pursuance of ) decree of the National Assembly, and part of the materials »ere employed in the construction of the Pontde la Concorde. te site now forms the Place de la Bastille, and the moat is eoQverted into a basin for boats passing through the new canal. ^fc it was, at the entrance of the Faubourg St. Antoine, walthe insurgents of June 1848 had erected their strongest jwricade, which it required all the efforts of artillery to over- ftfow. The comer-house. No. 2, was riddled with cannon- Mils, and very nearly destroyed. The vacant space at the ^rper of the rue de la Roquctte was occupied by a house, ^mh. fell to the ground under the Qre of the assailants. It yas CD the barricade alluded to above that Monaeigneur Denis Affre, archbishop of Paris, met with his death, in attempting » persuade the insurgents to desist from their fratricidal "Joggle. (1) In the centre of the place, the construction of a lountain was begun, by order of Napoleon, but was afterwards ^andoued. According to the design presented by Denon, an

• ch over the Canal St. Martin was to bear a bronze elephant

fflorethan 72 feet high, including the tower supported by the (0 OD}une 25, 1848, the archbishop, justly grieved on account oflhe bloody conflict which had been for the last three days •Preading desolation throughout the metropolis, waited upon "eneralCavaignac, then chief of the executive power, and offered [0 go in person to induce the insurgents by words of peace to ^4y down their arms. Gen. Cavaignac instantly gave his consent, J]j^^^i worthy prelate proceeded to the Place de la Bastille, and, auer obtaining from Gen. P^rot a cessation of • hostilities for the space of an hour, advanced towards the barricade preceded by ^ 'Uoung man carrying a green branch before him in token of peace. At his approach, the insurgents stopped their fire, and appeared to listen attentively to the words of the apostle of peace, when, by some unfortunate misunderstanding, the fire recommenced . The archbishop, seeing that his efforts were vain, wasretiringwhenhe was struck by a ball. The insurgents instantly parried him to the hospice of the Quinze-Vingts, loudly declar- jjig t^al they were innocent of the act. The extraction of the ^all was impossible ; the high-minded prelate, after passing the yigbl in the parlour of the cnv6 of the hospice, was transported wiVi\ft palace, where he died on the following day. His last jordswere: " May my blood be the last spilt in civil war r J^e Constituent Assembly decreed that a monument shouia f^ erecteato his memory in the cathedral of Notre Dame* ^94 EIGHTH AHACminSSBiaMT. animal ; the water was to issue from the trunk of this colossal figure, each of whose legs was intended to measure six feet io diameter, and in one of them was to be a staircase leading to the tower. Under the Restoration it was intended to erect a colossal figure of the City of Paris on the base already con- structed for the elephant ; but, after the revolution of July 1 830, this plan also was changed. The arch over the canal, however, already existed, as also the basement intended for the fountain. Within were the pipes, &c., with staircases descending to the canal. On this has since been raised the Column of Jul\, its pedestal standing immediately on a basement of white marble, supported by blocks of granite. The foundations were laid by Louis Philippe, July 28, 1831. On the western side of the pedestal is figured, in bold relief, a lion passant, and underneath the following inscription : A la gloire des Gitoyens Fran^ais, qui B'arm^rent et comhftt-* tirent pour la defense des libert^s publiques dana les nuSmorablei Journ^es des S7, 28, 39 JuiUet isso* On the opposite side is the date of the laws decreeing the mo* nument, and the other two sides bear the dates of the 27tb, 28th, and 29th July. At the angles of the pedestal is the Gallic cock bearing an oaken wreath in its claws. The shaft of the pillar is partly fluted, and partly encircled with bands bearing lions' heads, whose open mouths admit light and air to the staircase within. The spaces into which these bands divide the column are filled with the names of 504 patriots killed during the Three Days of 1 830. The Corinthian capital, over which is a railed gallery, is said to be the largest piece of bronze ever cast, being 1 6Va feet wide ; it is ornamented with lions* heads, children bearing garlands, &c. Surmounting the capital is a gilt globe, and on it stands a colossal fignre, gilt also, representing the "Genius of Liberty;" in its right hand is a torch, in its left a broken chain ; it stands on on«  foot, with wings expanded, as if in the act of taking flight. The height of the column, which is of the Composite order, is about 1 54 feet, the diameter 1 2 feet ; weight of metal em- ployed 163,283 lb.; it cost about 1,224,098 fr. VnWkB thf column in the Place Vendome, the metallic cylinders of which it is composed are not supported by masonry witbia; the staircase, therefore, vibrates perceptibly to every blast of Wind. This monument was designed by Alavoine and exe- cuted by M. Due. It was inaugurated with great ceremony on July 28, 1840, when the remains of the victims of i^^O Ware deposited in the vaults underneath. In the marine base- ment is a droular corridor, paved with white martiie^ nttevea BbmiL 8TS. SUGinS. M4 iritti «Urt aod eroMOt of black mariile, and lighted by win- dows of staliiMl gla«. Descendiog a few steps, are the scfiii* ebral vaults, secured by four cast-iron doors, ornamented with rkh tracery. Each vault contains a vast sarcophagus 1 4 yards in length, 1 in width, and i deep. Most of the combatants who fell in February 1 846 were also transferred here. Around the base of the pedestal is an enclosure flagged with marble, and protected by a massive iron railing. The throne of Louis Philippe was burnt here on the 24 th of February 1848. The viei9(r from the top of the column is very fine. A small gratu- ity to the keepers is expected. Near theooliunn is a small Doric corps de garde. The corner-house, No. 1, of the rue du Faubourg St. An* toine, was. inhabited by Pe|»n, who was executed as one of Fieschi's accomplices in his attempt against the life of Louis Philippe in 1835. At the comer of the rue de Charonne, ia tlie VasTkitm Saintb CATHiRiiiB, with Doric pilasters sar- moimted by a pediment. The passage de la Boole Blanche, at No. 50, leads to the RUB n& CiunsiiTOM, which, under the name oi rue d§ la ^bmQhetl$, possessed a melancholy celebrity from the maa- sacdre of several hundred protestants of all ages and both sexes, Sept. 28, leai. They were attacked and murdered by a party of loot^Benj pages, and porters, while coming from a new protastant church they had had built at Gharenton. The per- potffatoes of this crime went unpunished. At No. 28, is the llOfiPiCB »S8 QuiNZE'ViNCTS.— -This hospital for the blind was founded by St. Louis in 1260, at the comer of the rae St. Nicaise, and was removed to the Hdtel des Momquetaireg Ndmy in 1779, by Cardinal de Rohan. In 1789 part of its property was confiscated, but was restored in 1 8 1 4 . (See p . 1 2 5 .) Adjainiiig this, in the second court <A No. 26, is St. AiKtoine, first chapel of ease to Ste. Marguerite. — ^This church £»nns a part of the Ho^ice des Quinze-Vingts. It was built in 1701, and annexed to the parish of Ste. Marguerite in 1802.. It contains St. Louis receiving the Sacrament, byGassies, the Entombment of Christ, by Jollivet, a Descent from the Cross and a Resurrection, in grisaille, and a good altar-piece d St. Anthony performing the ceremony of marriage. AtKow 87, is aa elegant fountain, built in 1846, consisting of a oircalar arch, flanked with Doric pilasters, opening into a wellHiculptured mche, with stone seats AdjoinlDg this is the UoMTaL Sti. EuGESiiE, a building formerly connected with the establishment of the Enfants Trouv^ (seep. 125.) It was founded in 16A0 by the bounty of M. Aligre and his lady. Mid wan. afterwards luied as a supplonentary hospital annexed 296 EIGHTH AllAONDI8«ll£NT. to tbe Hdtel Dieu, but is now devoted to the lecqitiattfQf aick diildren, under the patrooage of the Empress. (Seorfr: t^&,) Strangers are admitted daily from 12 to 4. li Jus asoiber entrance in the rue du Faubourg St. Antoine, at No. 124, opeohr ing into a court, at the further end of.wMoh is tbe pnvate chapel of the hospital, a cruciform building, with an OciUgonal body and a Doric front. The interior has no aisles; the two lateral chapels are dedicated to the Virgin, and to St. Vinoent de Paule. Over the entrance is a good painting of ChriBt blessing infants. The rue de Gotte, higher up, leads to the March£ Beauveau, erected in 1779. It has a Goqis de Garde and a halle. The neighbourhood is a kind of Ra^fair^ At No. 184, in the rue du Faubourg St. Antoine, is the HopiTAL St. Antoine.— The abbey of St. Antoine des Champs having been suppressed in 1790, this hospital wa& established in the buildings, in 1795. The structure is msdem, having been rebuilt in 1770, by Lenoir le Rc»nain. Stoangers areaduoutted on Thursdays and Sundays from 1 to 3 (sesp. 143). In the rue de Reuilly there are large barradss, bult en the site of the royal manufactory of looking-glasses, erected by Colbert. This street leads to the Boulevard Mazas, opened in 1853, and extending down: to the quays. Here the Emperor has just bought IS^oeo square metres of ground for tbe erection of houses for workmen (see p. 222 n.). King Dagobert bad a palace here ; it was inhab- ited in the 17th century by the notorious Marquise de Bria- villiers. What remained of it was pulled down in 1853. Higher up is the Maison d'Edugation pour les Jeunes Odvri^res, founded in 1855 by the Empress Eugenie. It is built on the site of a market for forage, and contains 400 beds. We laay now enter the adjoining Place du Trone, a circular space, planted with trees around, and having a very lonely apj^ance. It was used by tbe Jacobins as a supplementary place of execution ; in Augsst, 1794, they immolated 59 of their victims here in one- day. It is now used for public festivals for this quarter of Paris ; and fire-works, shows, games, &c., when given by Government, take place here as well as in the Champs ^lys^s. A ghi^er- bread fair is annually held here after Easter. The - Barri^re du Trone is remarkable for two handsome aod lofty fluted Doric columns, erected in 1788, but only ftfeisfaed in 1 847 . On the lower part of each shaft are colossal figures in bas-relief by Desbceufs and Simart ; those facing thex)uler boulevard represent Peace and Victory ; those withia ^thebar* iSW»H H08nTAt» Stt imd CcMiimerce. The bases rest on erudfonn with four pedimented fronts, internally fitted np as i; iviadiiig staircases lead to galleries crowning the ca- pitals, Mi each off which is an acroterium supporting a colossal bronee slaliie; one represents St. Louis, by Etex, the other P2iil^|ii& 1& Bel, by Dumont. A throne was erected here, on which Louis XIY. received the homage of the City, on his triumphal -entry, on August 26, 1660, whence it derives its &arae« Tto road hence to Yincennes is wide, with a fine avenue. At No. 1 2, rue de Picpus, is the hospital called Maison ^En* ghien^ (see p, 126.) and, lower down, at No. 35, was an Augustine convent, now occupied by the Dames des Sacr^s Coeurs^ In the court is a Doric Chapel. Within the walls of this establishment is a small private cemetery, called Picpus, caotanng the remains of several noble families, sndi as de NooilieB^ de Grammont, de Moutaigu, Rosambo, Lamoignon, See. ;'«nd here, beneath a simple tomb, lies one of the purest {Hiblic characters of modern times, Lafayette. In an adjoining spot repose several victims of the rei^ of terror. For ad- BUBsiott apply at the porter's lodge. At No. 78 is a Jewish hospital, built by Baron James BoAsciiililT And inaugurated on the 26th of May, 1852. It is eopaposed of tiiree pavilions, each consisting of a ground- floor aad two stories, and connected by transversal wings. The oeirtral pavilion oontams the offices and apartments of the dsrectotf ; tfaal to the right is for women, and that to the left for men; In the latter is the kitchen with its dependencies, occupying the ground -floor ; the first story contams 6 rooms for peculiar disorders, old or disabled persons, or for such patients as. can afford to pay ; and the second is occupied by the conHBon* infii-mary for men. The ground floor of the pa- vilion for females contains baths; in other respects it is per- fectly aiaiilar to the preceding one. The transversal buildings contain other infirmaries besides the laundry, dispensary, Sec, and a spacious garden is annexed. The hospital is ventilated apon a new . plan. Strangers are admitted on Wednesdays, Xhorsdays^ and Sundays from 1 to 4. The cost of this build- ing was 400,000 fr. Close to it is a Maison de retraite for infirm Israelites. Architect, M. Thierry. Opposite is the Barriere de Piepus. The rue des Moulins leads tOithe Barriere de Reuilly, an elegant rotunda, whence the outeritoule^ards, skirting the important village of Bercy, or la Grand Piote, where an extensive wine-trade is carried on, vn& oondact the visitor to the Barriere de la Rapee. Here the waEtbateesrfor wine extend half a mjk along the riveK Wine ttf EIGHTH AlftW MiMmE NT. IM bf kit bei« in bond; «id tb« quay is 9i %inm tpiiU fi^ yf^m^ witb easks. At Berey is the P^NT j>s BfiECY, or pe la Gars, a chain briigi^^ wilh ftbcM ia^[Wiiaion4owers. It cost 760,000 ir. Further up the river is the Pont Napolbah, a new yiaduet over the S^ne for the railway round Paris. IiQimediaMy within the Barrim de la Rapee stands the great Mpot DBS FouRRAGEis, for the garrison ol Pam> n h«id- s<Hne buikhng, aoo feet iong, and 4 stones high, witi^ sheds 500 feet long, and 25 feet high, for straw, hay, dec. There is here 4 floating octroi -office moored on the river. The Quai de la Rnpee crosses the Place and Boidevwrd Mazas. Qq the latter is the new prison of La Nouudie Formi (see p. 78. )y opposite to which is the terminus ci the Liovs Railway.— This terminus fponts the whole length ol the me de Bttcy, fn»n the Boulevard Maias to rue Ban^ionillAt. In the centre of this extent a double flight ol stnirs gives aeeess to an immense terrace, 12 metres from the level of the street, the earth ti» which has been transported hither from the hill of the Pare de Berey. The whole terrace leading to it deem &e rue de Lyon, is 570 feet in length by 250 in breadth. The jprinelpal entrance stands opposite to the stairs already men- tioned, and consists of three arches, ai feet high by U in breadth, »irmounted by three gables ; the wing to the right has ten doors, that to the left, 24 ; these give access to the arrival mid departure sheds, covered with iron-bound roofs. Adjoin- ing and parallel to the sheds are waiting-rooms, olBoes> Sec. Behind the edifice there is another terrace, and e<»nnodioDS carriage ways lead up to both. The front terrace has ft eailieg all along the rue de Berey, from its comminicemenl to the rue de Rambottillet ; a bold arch fronts the new rue de Lyoo, which opens into the Place de la Bastille, thus offering an ad- vantageous view of the Column of July. (See p. 294.) From the Place de la Bastille, which affords a convenient view of the Boulevard de la Contresoarpe and its new port, communicating below the Place with the canal St. Martin* the stranger may enter the rue St. Antoine, at the entrance of which formerly stood a triumphal arch, donolished in )k7<9- SOUTHERN PORTION.— THE ISLANDS. At the western end of the Ikdela Citi is the POMT Neuf. — ^This bridge was begun by Ducerceau, under Henry IIL, who laid the first stone on May 31, t67e^ and was a&iitad l» U04, UDdtr Helury fV., wbo contiBiMd it at his . «irir expense, uDder the direction of Mtreband. It wis reeon- str o cted and towered in 1852. It coosisis of two parts; the nortfaera one eontains seven circular arches, the southoti one otAy five. lU total length is 1020 feet, and its hreadth 78 ; it has flemidrcalar seats, and forty-two ornamental lamp-posts. On the square area, at the junction of the two parts of the bridge, a bronse statue of Henry IV. was erected by his widow, Marie de Medicis. Her father, Cosmo de Medicis, had sent her a bronze horse for this purpose, and a figure of the king to suit it was cast in France. This statue was destroyed in 1792 ; and on its site Napoleon intended to erect a magni- fic^it granite obelisk of the height of 200 feet, when the events of 1 8 1 4 put an eod to the project. In 1 8 1 8 , the present statue, cast by order of Louis XVIII., and paid for by public sob- scription, was inaugurated with much ceremony. The model was by Lemot, and the statue itself, formed out of several others, including those of Napoleon and Desaix, was east by . Pi^^ni. The height of this beautiful statue is 14 feet, its weight 30,000 pounds, and it cost 337,860 fr. The pedestal is of white marble, bearing the following inscription : ^ertrici MagDi, paterno in populum animo notisstml principis, sacram effigiem, eiviles inter tumultus, Gallia indignante, dejee- tam,' post optatum Ludovici XVUI. reditum ex omnibut ordini- iaai Gives sere collato restitnerunt. Necnon et elogium cum effigie simul abolitum lapidi rursiuH Inscrtbi curaverunt. D.D. die xxv- mens.: Aug. M.D.CCC.XVill. On the opposite end is the following inscription, copied from the pedestal of the former statue : — Errico IT., GaHiarum Imperatori Kayar. R. Ludovicus XIII. Pi- lius ejus opus inchoatum et intermissum, pro dignitate pietatis et imperil plenius et ampliua absolvit. Emin. D. C. Kicbelius commune votum populi promovit. Super illustr. viri De Bullion, BoutUlier P. ©rarii F. faciendum curaverunt M.D.C.XXXV. Bas-reliefs adorn the sides of the pedestal. In one, Henry IV. is seen commanding food to be distributed to the inhabitants of Paris, who, during the siege of the capital, had taken refuge in his camp; in the other, the king, entering as a conqueror, stops in the Parvis de Notre Dame, and orders the prev6t of Paris to bear his message of peace to the inhabitants. Under- neath the p£M3estal, at its foundation, was placed a magnificent copy of the Henriade of Voltaire. Behind the statue, a double- branched flight of stairs leads to the Seine, where there is a float- ing bathing establishment, and a swimming-school (1). {%) On the Pont Nanf then form.erly stood the Pompe dt la Stir 300 NINTH ARBONDISSEBIENT. From the middle of this bridge the stranger passes into the Place Dadphine, formed in 1 608, and named after the Dau- phin, afterwards Louis XIII. It is triangular ; in the centre is a fountain, after the designs of Percier and Fontaine, erected in 1803, to the memory of General Desaix, who fell at the battle of Marengo. The bust of the hero, crowned with laurel by the allegorical figure of France, is placed on a circular basement. The following inscriptions will be remarked : AUez dire au Premier Consul que je meurs aveo le regret de n^avoir pas assez fait pour la post^rit^. Landau, Kehl, Wcissenbourg, Malte, Ghebreis, Embab^, lea Pyramides.Sediman,Samanhout, Kane, Thebes, Marengo, furent les t^moins de sea talents et de son courage. Les ennenois I'ap- peluienl le juste ; ses soldats, comme ceux. de Bayard, sans peur et sans reproche ; il vecut, il mourut pour sa patrie. L. Ch. Ant. Desaix, n^ k Ayat, d^parferaent du Puy-de-D6aie, le XVII aovit MDCCLVIII ; mort k Marengo le XXV prairial an VIII de la R^publique MDCCC. €e monument lui fut 6\q\6 par des amis de sa gloire et de sa vertu sous le Consulat de Bonaparte, Tan X de la R^publique MDGGGII. This "place" was formerly the residence of the principal law- yers and officers of the Parlemmt, and was the scene of som«  civic festivities in the time of Louis XIV. Further on is the Palais de Justice. — This vast edifice is nearly as old as the Palais des Thermes, (see p. 410), and was used for public purposes long before the invasion of the Franks^ as is testified

• by the fact that, in 1784, a bas-relief, representing Mercury,

apparently of the 4 th century, was* found during some exca- vations in a part of the building facing the rue de la Barillerie. On the same si one was the figure of a ship, being the well- known symbol of Paris. The kmgs of France of the first race resided in this palace, and those of the third, until about the end of the Utb century; Robert, son of Hugh Capet, made considerable additions to it about the year loco ; il was en- tirely rebuilt by Philippe le Bel in 1313 ; Louis XI., Charles VIII., and Louis XII., extended it, and Francis I. made it his residence in 1531. One of its principal halls, called Grande Salle du Palais, now replaced by the Salle des Pas perdw, erected in 1622 by Desbrosses, was destroyed by fire in 1618. There was an immense marble table there, which was used for the royal banquets, and at certain periods of the year, it performed the office of a stage, on which the clerks of the maritaine, so called from a bronze bas-relief on it, of Jesus and the woman .of Samaria. It was built in id04 to supply water to """v TuUerie» and the Louvre, and demolished in 1915. PALAB DK JCmcX. 301 palace, caHed CUna da la Batoche, diverted the pablie with satirical performances and farces. In 1776 a m broke out in the buildings adjoining the Sainte Chapellc, (see p. 306) and conapletely destroyed them. Since then this palace has been receiving constant improvements. (I) Exterior. — ^The front, facing the rue de la Barillerie, is composed of a central body and two wings enclosing an ample court, separated from the street by an iron railing, richly wrought and gilt. The central body is decorated with four Doric columns, supporting four colossal figures above the en- tablature, which is crowned with an attic surmounted by a lofty quadrangular dome. A lofty flight of steps, occupying upwards oi half the breadth of the court, leads to the en- trances, which occupy the spaces between the columns. Fronting the rue de la Barillerie, the lateral wings have facades consisting of four Doric columns, resting upon bossaged base* ments, and extend north and south, skirting the rue de la Bai^rie, and in the latter direction, also, the rue de la Sainte Chapelle, thus enclosing a second court, which gives access to the splendid edifice of that name, and to the HdM de la Prefecture de Police, (see p. 305.) To the north the style of the building gradually changes from the Italian to the mixed Gothic of the 14th century, beginning with a bodV crowned with two segmental pediments, flanked by small turrets, and ending with a buttressed wmg executed according (1) Nearly the whole of this palace facing the rue de la Ba- rillerie and the Quai de THorloge has been entirely rebuilt or underpinned, and vast demoliUons are now in progress on the side of the Place Dauphine and the quay, in order to complete the design. The new structure will display an imposing facade "With a pavilion in the centre, on the Place Dauphine. The southern front is to be in a line with the wing already con- sfrut^ted in the rue de la Sainte Chapelle, which, being continued to tbe Place du Parvis Notre Dame, will afford a view of the ca- tbodral firom the rue de Harlay ; the houses on the Quai des Orf^vreSi from the rue de Harlay to the rue de la Barillerie, and all those of the March6 Palu, together with tbe Morgue, the buildings occupied by the Administration des Hopitaux et Hos- pices, and that part of the Hotel Dieu which is in the Cit^, will be polled down, and a vast square, ornamented with trees and foutttiiins, will be formed on their site. The Prefecrure of Po- Hee is to be rebuilt on the site it now occupies, and is to be pro- longed to the rue de Harlay. When all these improvementi shall have been effected, a sum of !22,ooo,ooo fr. will have been expended on the Palais de Justice in the course of twelve years. The Palais de Justice, when completed, will be more than a kilo- metre round. The present architects are MM. VioUet-Leduc, lasstiS) and Daumet. 30t mym kBMomMamam. t«tlieiffigiiialde^figB8»wluch60Uiect« theptUeewttbaf _ squaro lower, called Lm Tour 4$ VHoHofe. The ^6rigft of this wing is continued along the Quai de rHorloge, and lefni>- nates at a round tower, called the Jour dB Char^ betwftefia which and the adjoining Tour Bombee is the entrance to Ums Coneier§erie (see p. 303.) It was here the guillotine carts used to receive the victims of the Reign of Terror. Further on is a third round tower, crowned with battkmeDts, eidled the 7o«fr 4' Argent, connected with the former by a shoit ourtain. This portion also belongs to the Conciergerie. The otiier parta extend to the Cour de Harlay and the Prefectafe of Police. The bell, called Tocsin du Palais, now refdaced in this tower, repeated the signal from St. Germain FAuxerrois for the mas- sacre of St. Bartholomew. The splendid clock winch Daw- adorns the side facing the Quai aux Fimrs, was replaced th^re in 1852. Charles V. had it constructed in 1370, being the first large dock seen in Paris until then. He also a|>- pmnted a clever artisan, Henri de Vic, a German by bktb, to r^ulate and keep it in repair. The decora^ns were ftmshed in 158&, and repaired in 1685, under Louis XIY. The figures of Piety and Justice which flank the dial^plate, the caryatides supporting the circular arch, and the angels snpportuig the coatof-arms which crowns the pediment, are by Germain Pilon. The whole is profieely painted and gilt. The semieireular Place" fronting the principal court of the Palace was that whereon criminals used to undergo the punish- ment of the earcan, or pMlory, which was abolished in i 846. Interior, — On entering the vestibule, which is Doric, from the principal court, the visitor will, at the further end to his left, perceive a door which gives access to the upper portit^o of the Saint Chapelle. An elegant passage starts here at right angles from the vestibule, unfortunatdy masking the beatt^ul proportions of that monument. This passage gives aocess to the new bttildmgs facing the rues de la Barillerve an^ de fa Sainte Chapelle, which contain the offices of the PitKstfretn- Imperial and other functionaries, and to a staircase descending to the ground-floor under an arch communicating with both the principal and the second court. Returning to the ves&- bule, the stranger will perceive, opposite the principal, en- tranee, a staircase leading to the dmr Imp^riafe ^Appel consisting of scrveral chambers, and, at the other end, the Salle des Pas Perdus, This Salle gives access to the AUe 49$ Tours, opposite the Seine, which contains several off^^ of the Civil Tribunal, and to the Court of Cassation, the lituraries, &c. It is Doric, and is bisected by a line of lofty arcades; with a double-arched ceiling. It is 216 feet by 84, tad eon* 3#t tftii* « Hie wMiaMBt by DanOBt, erected in IMS^tader om of the «rebeiw to the memory of Matesberbet. It eooMli of » himfwwnl and two Ionic columns, MumouBted by a pedtment, wiHi bw fttatue by Bosio, and the insoiptHNi : Stfeiiiie semper fidells regi suo, in solio veriiatem, prsesidiuni in carcere attulit. Two statues, one representing France, the other Fidelity, both by BosiO) occupy the lateral plinths. The panel of the base* meDt contukis a bas-reli^ by Gortot, representing Louis XVI. ia eonference with the Couns^ entrusted with bis defence. Tfais» removed in 1830, was replaced in 1846. A passage, pa* rallel with the SaUe des Pas Perdus, gives aeceis to the Court of Assize by a double-branched staircase; the ceiling of this Court is painted by Jean and Bon Booliongne. A passage be* tween the branches of the staircase leads to the Cour d*Jppel Correctionn^le ; and opposite the staircase is a long narrow passage, iu the style of the times of Frands I.; its roof is flat, witb painted tie-beams, interrupted by elliptical arches of ask refituig on engaged Gothic columns. At the end (A this gallery is a statue of 6t. Lomis, reraaiiLable only for its posH tion; it stands against the wall of one of the towers, in wlidch the will of Iiouis Xiy», immediately on its being received by the Parlement, was enclosed in a recess, and bricked up, in order that its execution might become imposnbie. A smaller g^U^ to the left, at right angles witb the former,, having oyer its eutranoe medallions of Charles V., JustiaiaUy Louis XIIL, andChariemagoe, has its panels filled with portraits of the mostamueat French lawyers, and leads to the Chawibri des Requ^te$f a large hall, with a painting representiag the Roman An^Missadors before the Areopagus of Athens. The Court of Cassation holds its sittings in a spacious room wfaieh was formerly the grande chambre of the Parlement. The Gothic ornaments were removed, and in their place a de ' eoratieu, simple in design but ric^ in ornament, was substi- tuted, by Peyre, in 1 8 1 o. This court is adomed with statues of the Chancellors d'Agoesseau and THdpital, by Deseine. The other courts, indutSng the Court of Appeal, are very ordi- nary apartments. The most iiiterestiiig part of the old palaee, on account of its many mdaadioly asnciatii^s relating to the first French revolution, is the CondfeUGSRtfi, which was the prison of the palace when it was used as a royal residence. Its Dame is derived from tibe concierffe (keeper), who was the chief ^ a jurisdiction called BailVage du Palais, bad the title of baiUi, and mi 304 NINTH JLRRONDISSCaiENT. joyed several privileges. The buildings which fonn tiik prison still retain the character of feudal times. They are now used as a prison for persons during their trial, who are brought there a few days previously, from the other houses of det^tion. (See Prisons.) It has a floating population of about 120 p^sons. On entering the first court, Uie visitor is introduced to a sombre hall, formerly the Salle des Gardes of St. Louis, witii heavy frowning vaulting-ribs. To the left is the Greflfe, and further on a low prison-room, where those condemned to death pass their last hours, their arms bound down by a strait waist- coat. The first hall leads to the parloir of the men ; tiiey are separated from their visitors by two iron railings with wire lattice, and with an intervening space between them of three feet, so that nothing but the voice can pass. A passage to the left gives access to the cells for male prisoners, which, though secure, are airy and dry, looking into a court with flower-beds, where the prisoners may pass the day. To the right of this corridor is the door leading to the prison of Marie Antoinette, now the sacristy of the Chapel. It is a low flat- vaulted chamber with plain groins ; an altar blocks the old entrance, and around it are three paintings, by Simon, Pajou, and Drolling, representing scenes connected with the latter days of that Queen's life. (1) A black marble slab in the wall, flanked by inverted torches, bears a suitable inscription. (2) The window looks into the yard of the female prisoners ; it is adorned with plain stained glass, part of which is arranged in a circle of about 12 inches diameter, showing tiie dimensions of the window at the time Marie Antoinette occupied the cell. The Chapel is simple, and elliptically arched ; above, opposite the altar, is a heavDy grated gallery for the women ; the men (1) One orthese paintings represents her taking the sacrament previous to her execution. M. de Lamartine, however, in his Histoire des Girondins, says that she refused the sacrament from a priest sworn to the Republic, no other being allowed her. (2) The following is the inscription above alluded to, said to have been written by Louis XVIII. : — " D.O.M. Hoc in loco Maria Antonia Josepha Joanna Austriaca Ludovici XVI. vidua, conjuge trucidato, liberis ereplis, in carce- rem conjecta, per dies LXXVI. serumnis luctu etsqualore adfecta, sed propria virtute innixa ut in solio, ita et in vinculis majorem fortuna se praebuit. A scelestissimis denique hominibus capite damnata, morte jam imminente, ffiternum pietatis, fortitudinis, omniumque virtutum monumentum hie scripsit, die XYl. Octo- bris, MDCCXCIII. Restitute tandem regno, career in sacrarium conversus dicatus est. A.D. MDCCCXVI., Ludovici XVIII. regnan- tis anno XXII, Gomite de Gazes a securitate publica Regis minis-> tro, praefecto ©dilibusque curantibus. Quisquls hie ados, adora, admirare, precare." pjiEFECTURE DE POLICE. 30S sit Mpw. ft was in this chamber the Girondins held their la^Waqaet before their execution. Returning to the passage, at its further end, was the prison where Louvel, who stabbed the Duke de Berry, was confined ; it now forms part of the lodge of the keeper who guards the gate of the adjoining court. ^ The dungeons in which the unfortunate Princess Elisabeth, sister of Louis XVI., and Robespierre, were confined, are no longer used. The parloir for women, constructed with the same precautions as that of the men, was the prison of Count Lavalette, who owed his escape to the courage of his wife ; his tomb, at Pere Lachaise, bears a bas-relief illustrative of the subject. The cells for women are similar to those for the men, and look into a court likewise ; both these courts are crowned with heavy depending spikes. The room in which the present Emperor of the French was confined after the affair of Boulogne looks into the women's court, but cannot be vi- sited, as it is occupied by the family of one of the chief func • tionaries of the piison. Next is the chauffotr, a round chamber with a lofty cupola, and benches around, where prisoners warm themselves in winter by a large stove. In the centre is a stone slab, forming a table, the same on which St. Louis used to distribute alms. From the ring in the centre of the cupola an iron cage is said to have been suspended, where the re* mains of Ravaillac were kept after his execution. , A dark passage leads to another room on the ground floor of the Tour d'Argent, where St. Louis is said to have kept his . treasure. Ft is a lofty chamber with a ribbed vault. On leaving this part of the prison, the visitor crosses the first court, and is introduced to the Scniricierey situated under the Salle deg Pas Perdus. Onee the kitchen of St. Louis, as two enormous old fire-places denote, it is now divided into three prisons, one for men, another for t<romen, the third for children ; the pri- soners froin other prisons are brought here in cellular vans, for a few hours at most, to be examined, and then are con* veyed back again. The vaulting is pointed, with ponderous ribs springing from brackets or capitals of pilasters. From one of the windows is seen an arched staircase leading to the Seine, and closed by a heavy grated door. This prison has several times been the theatre of dreadful massacres ; the most recent was on the 2d and 3d of September 1792, when 239 persons were inhumanly murdered. On leaving this place, the visitor will find adjoining, on the Quai de l*Horloge, after the last tower to the left, the D£p6t de hk PRfiFfiCTURE DE POLICE. — See PnSOHS. The visitor niay how cross the court, which leads to the HdtEL PK LA Pr^FECtvws; PE PPLICE, built in 1607 iJy ?«! 306 NINTH ARRONDISSEIfENT. AchUld de Harlay, once the official residence of the Prom President du Parlement, — ^It contams all the offices connect! with the jurisdiction of the Prefect of Police, and a good librar not open to the puhlic. To the left of the entrance, rue c Jerusalem, is a bold archway over the narrow rue de Nazi reth, not open to the public, said to be the work of Jean Got jon, bearing the monograms of Henry II. and Diane de Pdtien Turning from the rue de la Ste. Ghapelle into the ne^ court of the Palais de Justice, containing the offices of the Tn bunal de Police Correctionelle, we perceive the most sumptiiou edifice connected with the old palace of the kings of France The Sainte Ghapelle, erected in 1245 — 8, by the arcbitec Pierre de Montreuil, for the reception of the relics (includini the crown of thorns and a piece of the true cross), bought a Baldwin, Emperor of Constantinople, by St. Louis. Exterior, — ^This splendid building consists of an under- croft portico (once a parochial church) of three Gotbip arches, intersected by buttresses reaching beyond those of a loftier upper one, symmetrical with the former ; two more lateral buttresses endf in two attached spired towers, connected on the outside by a gallery and parapet crowning the upper portico. Between the towers .is a crocketed gable, surmounting a splendid circular window constructed by Charles VIII. The spires are octagonal, of the 15th century, and charged with tracery, crockets, and a crown of thorns at half their height. The southern side consists of four large pointed upper win- dows, in the Three-in-ODA style, with Siree narrow mullioned ehoir-windows. The upper windows are surmounted by crocketed canopies, connected by a sweeping open-worked parapet crowning the whole. On this parapet stand eight] statues of angels, cast in lead, by Geofi&oy Dechaune. The northern side is hidden from view by the buildings of the Palais de Justice. The height of the edifice from the ground is i59 feet; its total length 118 feet, and its breadth 55 feet. The roof is very steep and of excellent construction, and is sur- mounted by a lofty and beautiful spire, 108 feet in heig/i^ richly crocketed and gilt. It was erected in 1853, to replace another loo feet high, which was partly burned down in 1630, and removed a little before the revolution of \7S9. Interior. — The visitor for the present enters the upper chapel by the winding staircase of one of the towers. The , interior presents the most enchanting view imaginable, f* consists of a nave and semi-circular choir, comprising a space of 108 feet by 34 ; the former has four windows on each pide, the latter seven all around, and lancet-arched. They are , ■eparate^ py clusters of three detached columns, with basei " Digitized by CjOOQIC , SAINTS CHAPELLE. d07 aii4<eapital8 ; the groining is quadripartite and elegantly rib- bed. The whole is gorgeously painted and all in blue and red diagonals, diamonds, &c., with fleurs de Tys interspersed. Thei basement is adorned with tripartite archings, embraced by sweeping elliptical cornices from pier to pier, the quatrefoUs of the tracing are filled with old frescos in wax representing the deaths of various martyrs ; under the third window of the nave two of the arches on each side open into an ambrey receding into the wall and adorned in continuity with the rest. Close to that on the right is a small door giving access to a cham- ber, called Oratoire de Louis IX., where that monarch used to retire in order to hear mass from a small window looking into the nave. At the extremity of the choir is a low vaulted square chapel, the roof of which is supported by seven arches resting on slender columns, with a span of three feet ; in the front spandrils are two angels. Above it is a gothic superstruc- ture, where a statue will soon be placed. A screen of three trifoliate arches, resting on low columns similar to the former, with perforated spandnls, and richly gilt, connects this chapel on either side with the main basement. Two beautiful winding staircases of wood, richly gilt, give access to the roof of the small chapel ; that to the right is an exact copy of the left- hand one, which is of the 13th century, and preserved from destruction by the care of M . Lenoir. The statues of the twelve Apostles, modelled with great precision after some of the ori- ginal ones which were discovered on the Mont Valerien during the construction of the fort, have now been placed on brackets in front of the piers. All the windows are filled with beau- tiful stained glass of 124 S, which escaped destruction during the revolutions, (i) Some portions, which were missing, have been successfully supplied by M. Lusson, according to the car- (i) The subjects therein represented in various compartments are, beginning from the left on entering, ist window : the Crea- tion of the World, the Fall, the History of the Patriarchs; 2d and 3d. the History of Moses ; 4th. Scenes from the Books of Josh- ua, the Judges, and Ruth , 5th. the Histories of Gideon, Jephlha, and Samson ; 6th. the Prophecies of Isaiah— the Tree of Jesse, comprising the Genealogy of the Kings of Judah; 7th. the Histo- ries of John the Evangelist, the Virgin, and the Infancy of Jesus ; 8th. the Divine Mission of Jesus, his Passion, Kesurrection, and Ascension ; 9th. the Legend of St. John the Baptist, the Prophecies of Daniel ; loth. the Visions and Prophecies of Ezekiel; nth. the Legends, Prophecies, and Lamentations of Jeremiah, the History ofTobiah; i2th. the Hislory.of Judith ; isth. Various other sub- jects taken ft'om the Old Testament; iiih. the History of Saul and David ; i5th. the History of St. Louis, and the Translalion of the Crown of Thorns. 308 NINTH AaRONDISfflBMENT. toons designed by SteiBbei]. The visitor, cm descending one of the above-mentioned winding staircases, enters the undercr<yfl chapel, still in a very dilapidated state, yet presenting nneom mon architectural details. Detached columns support the com- plicate ribs of the vault, leaving space behind them to form two very narrow aisles, 'in some of the spandrils frescos of the time of Louis XIII. are still visible. During the demoli- tions a passage was discovered here, leading from the chapel to the charter-room, and coeval with the rest. Some coloured sculpture of later date is stili visible in it, and this passage will probably be restored, to harmonise with the rest of the building. The undercroft is rich in tombstones, with which its floor is entirely covered. A richly-endowed chapter, the head of which took the style and dignity of a prelate, was founded here ^ by St. Louis, and became remarkable afterwards for its litigi- ous disposition, so admirably satirized by Boileau in his im- mortal Lutrin. That poet was himself buried in the lower chapel, where his tombstone is still to be seen. (Seep. 377.) ' The Sainte Chapelle with its relics cost St< Louis a sum equal to 2,800,000 fr., and its restoration has cost 1,164,718 fr. In 1789 it was fortunately converted into the depot of the ar- chives of the Courts of Justice, not, however, until the internal ' decorations of both chapels had been destroyed. During the repairs old ]^ans of the building as originally designed have been found. (1) The embellishments are conducted by M. Las- sus. Admittance daily from 10 to 4. A fee is expected. * Opposite to the Sainte Chapelle, is the Hdtel du TrSsorier, afterwards called the Cour des Comptes, a handsome build- ing of the time of liOuis XY., which has been much enlarged, and is now the residence of the Prefect of Police. (2) ^ Facing the Palais de Justice, and near the handsome rue de Constantine, is the Prcuio, a public dancing-room, built on the site of the old church of St. Barthelemi. (See p. 487.) At the southern end of the rue de la Barillerie is the Pont ^ St. Michel, so called as early as 1424, from a small neigh- bouring church. Having fallen down in 1616, it was rebuilt in stone, with houses on the sides. These were taken down in 1804. Traces of a bas-relief of Louis XIII. on horseback " may still be discerned on the side next the Pont Neuf. The bridge is formed of four arches, and is 170 feet long by 83 broad. It was here the insurgents of June 1848 formed their most scientific barricade, composed of a parapet of planks ^ (1) In 1842, while prosecuting the restoration of this church, a human heart enclosed in a cofTer was found under the altar, which some antiquarians assert to be the heart of St. Louis. (2) The bureaux of (be Cwr d99 Cimpt99 ar« now Qual d'Qrwy, ntoSL IHEU. 309 eonouflly interwoven, so as to offer Hie advant«ge of loophdei and a cro0fr>fire. It was donolished by cannon on the 24th. Nearly adjoining this, on the Quai du Marche Neuf, whidi is now receiying considerable improvements, is the Morgue, a plain Doric building, where dead bodies found in the streets <wp river are exposed for recognition. — (See p. 76.) East of this, is the Petit Pont, now reconstructed of one single larch, (i) A bridge, the only conmiunication between the lie de la Cite and the southern bank of the Seine, existed at this spot before the Roman conquest. It was carried away, by inundations or ice, thirteen times between the 13th and 17th centuries, and rebuilt of wood, with houses on it, in 1 669. In 1718 it was burned down, but soon after rebuilt in stone. From the rue Neuve Notre Dame, the visitor will enter the Parvis de Notre Dame, a spacious area, which was built on till 1196, when Maurice de Sully, 68th bishop of Paris, having purchased and pulled down the houses, formed a suit- able approach to the Cathedral. At 2, place du Parvis is the BoREAU Central d' Admission dans les Hopitaux et Hos* PICES. — ^This office is established in buildings erected for a foundling hospital. Opposite to this building is the Hotel Dieu. — This is the most ancient hospital in Paris, its foundation being attributed to St. Landry, bishop of Paris, in 660, under Childeric II. It was at first an asylum for the poor, and it was not until the 13th century that patients were admitted. Philip Augustus is the first king known to have been a benefactor to it, and by him it was styled Mai- son de Dieu. St. Louis enlarged the hospital, exempted it from taxes and duties, and assigned an annujd revenue to it. In 1602 Henry IV. caused two wards to be added. Louis XIII., Louis XIV., Louis XV., and Louis XVI., were considerable be- nefactors to this establishment, and several private individuals have contributed to its enlargement and improvement by do- nations and legacies. In 1789 it was called ^osjpice a'^u- (1) This bridge was defended by a fori called the Petit Chdtelet which was destroyed by the inundation of i296. It was rebuilt in 1369, by Hugues Aubriot, pr6v6t of Paris, who also built the Bastille. It afterwards became a prison for debtors. This fort was considered as tlie real gate of Paris under St. Louif>, ju9t ai the Grand Ghitelet (See p. 37v) was thfi entrance of Paris on the northern side. In a turiif for the toll to be paid at the PeUt Pont, fixed by St. Louis, it is ordained that a monkey for sale shall pay 4 deniers toll ; but If it belong to a. joculateur, or jung- ler, the latter may save the amount by making the monkey dance before the toll-taker. Hence the origin of the proverb : payer en monnaie de singe. A ballad-singer was also allowed to «ing a «eiig instead of toll. 310 NINTH ARRONDISSEMENT. manitS, The present chief entrance, a projectiug Doric Ves' tibale, surmounted by a triangular pediment, was erected in 1804, after the designs of Clavereau. In the first hall on entering from the vestibule, and to the right, is a marble statue by Bosio, of the celebrated philanthropist M. de Monthyon, who died in 1820, and was a great benefactor to the hospitals of Paris. Underneath the pedestal the remains of this worthy man were deposited in 1838, on the suppression of the cemetery of Vaugirard. Opposite this statue is one of St. Vincent de Paule. On the walls are portraits of Bichat, Derault, Moreau, Dupuytren, Boudon, Mery, Desault, and Thi- bault. There is besides an elegant marble monument to De- sault and Bichat. Crossing the Seine by a temporary inner passage, substituted for the Pont St. Charles, now demolished, we reach a hall containing six inscriptions on marble comme- morating the benefactors of the establishment, and statues of Henry IV., St. Landry, and St. Louis. In the adjoining court is a venerable and interesting chapel, built in the 13th century, and once known as the church of St, Julien le Pauvre; it has an entrance by the street of that name. It consists of a nave and aisles, with a choir elegantly groined and ribbed. The aisles are terminated by chapels. In the left-hand aisle is an ancient bas-relief monument to a certain advocate Rousseau. The best paintings here are : Christ exhorting the Jews to give to Caesar what is CsBsar's; the Raising of Lazarus, by Lelay ; the resur- rection of Christ ; the Judgment of Solomon, and the Flagella- tion. The public are admitted on Thursdays, and Sundays, from 1 to 3 ; strangers with passports, daily, on application at the bureau. (Seep. 141.) At the eastern extremity of the Hdtel Dieu, is the Pont au Double, built in 1634. — A (2ou&^ (two liards) was paid as atoll on it till 1789, whence is derived its name. Part of it was formerly occupied by the Hotel Dieu, but when a por- tion of that hospital was reconstructed in 1834 it was entirely thrown open to the public. It has now been rebuilt of one arch. North of this, is the stupendous fabric of The Cathedral Church of Notre Dame. — ^The precise dates of this splendid edifice, as regards its original foundation, and even some of its principal reconstructions and repairs, have never been accurately fixed. It appears certain that a temple existed on this spot in the time of the Romans, the foundations having been discovered in 1711, when nine large stones where found, one of which was a votive altar raised by the NautCB Parisiaci, to Jove, and another bore the effigy of the Gallic deity Hesus. They have been described in several dissertations, and are now at the Pahis de$ Thermes. (See CATHEDRAL CfiURCH OF NOTRI DAMI. ail p. 4 1 0.) It is supposed that on the site of this temi^e a church dedicated to St. Stephen was erected about 365, in the time of Valentinian I. This was either enlarged or rebuilt by Childe- bert, son of Clovis, on the advice of St. Germain, about 52 2 » and IS spoken of by Fortunatus, bishop of Poitiers, and con«  temporary of St. Germain; who says that it contained thirty columns, " ter decern omata columnis" (1) Ro- bert, son of Hugh Capet, undertook the reconstruction of this church, which was called Notre Dame, from one of its cha- pels which Childebert had dedicated to the Virgin. He com- menced, according to some, the foundations of the actual church about the year looo ; but other accounts show that the first stone was laid by Pope Alexander HI., who had Uiken refuge m France, while Maurice de Saliac was bishop of the diocese. Robert du Mont says in 1177, that Rishop Mau- rice had then been long building the church, and that the apsis of the choir was finished but not roofed in. The high altar was consecrated in 1182 by Henry, legate of the Holy See; and in 1185, Heraclius, Patriarch of Jerusalem, who had come to Paris to preach the third crusade, officiated in the church for the first time. The west front was finished by Bishop Maurice de Sully in 1223, during the reign of Philip Augustus; and the southern transept with the portal in 1257, during the reign of St. Louis, according to the following in- scription renewed on the wall of that part of the edifice : — Anno Domini MGGLYIT. Mense Februario idus secundo Hoc fuit inceptum Christi genitricis honore. Kallensi Lathomo vivente lohanne masiatro. The architect's name was Maistre Jehan de Chelles. The north- ern transept and portal, as also the canopies surmounting the lateral windows, were erected in 1312, by Philippe le Del, with part of the proceeds of the confiscated estates of the Templars. The Porte RougCj on the northern side, so called from its having been formerly painted in that colour, was erected in 1 407 by Jean Sans-Peur, Duke of Burgundy, the assassin of the Duke of Orleans, as an expiation for his crime. The internal works of the choir, by which the original beauty of this part of the edifice was much impaired, were begun by order of Louis XIV., in 1699, and finished in 17 14. The pavement of Notre Dame was so much below the level of the Parvis, in 1748, that a flight of 13 steps led down to it. In that year the ground was lowered as at present. Exterior, — ^This edifice is one of the best specimens of the 12th and 13th centuries. It is a regular cruciform church, (1) See Duchesne, tome i, p. 464. Digitized by VjOOQIC . 312 NINTH ARRONDtSfieSISNT. having an octagonal eastern end. At the western end are two lofty square towers, wiiich were intended to siqvport spires. The dimensions of this church were engraved on a brass tablet, in old French verse, and fixed against one of the pillars ; they were stated to be as follows : — length 390 feet, width at transepts 144 ft., height of vautiang 102 ft., height of western towers 204 ft., width of western front 128 ft. The length of the nave is 225 ft., width 39 ft.; the roof is 356 feet in length, formed of chesnut timber, and rising 30 feet above the vaulting. The weight of lead wbieh it supports has been calculated at 420,24olh. The diameters of the cir- cular windows are 36 feet. The foundations are lud 18 feet below the soil, on a hard stratum of gravel. The general style is of the pure pointed architecture ; those parts buUt in the 14th centurjr being closely copied from what previously existed, and distinguishable only by a higher degree of finish in the ornaments. The western front is at once the finest and most remarkable feature. Three ample portals lead into the nave and aisles. They each form a series of retiring arches, with angels, saints, &c. in the intermediate mouldings. The portals are bisected by square pillars (1); the tympans of their ogives are richly-sculptured. The same style exists also in the portals of the transepts ; the central one of the western front was spoiled by Soufflot, in 1760, who formed it into a pointed arch ; but it has since been restored to its original form accord- ing to the designs of it which were preserved. The subjects of the sculptures which adorn these portals are no wha« treated in a fonn so attractive as in Victor Hugo's Notre Dame de Pa- ris, The ogive of the Pwtail du Milieu represents the Last Judgment, in three parts, viz: — i. the angels sounding the last trump, the tombs opening, and the dead rising; 2. the separation of the righteous from the wicked; 3. the Sa- viour on his throne, worshipped by the Virgin and St. John the Evangelist, and accompanied by angels bearing emUems x>f the crucifixion. Among the sculptures of the arch may be remarked figures of Moses and Aaron ; the Saviour treading beneath his feet the wicked, whom Satan is dragging to bell ; the rider on the red horse at the opening of the second seal ; the blessedness of the saints, &c. The sides of this entrance (i) That of the central one was removed on Jan. ist, 1S52, on the occasioQ of the thanksgivings for the renewal of the Presi- dent's powers, but has since been replaced. In a cavity within the pillar was found a bronze plate, containing an inscription 4» the efltect, that the first stone of the new entrance was laid in 1771 ; and also a medal in copper, with the efflgy of Louis XV., and the Inscription " Ludovicus XV., Rex Christianissimus." CATHEDRAL cntmCH OP NOTRS DAME. 313 baf^e 24 lM»>rdief8, representing 12 virtnes, with their opporite vices. Beyond these are fonr other bas-reliefs : ths affering of Abraham ; the departure of Abraham for Canaan ; Job beholding tfabe destruction of his flocks and herds by a tor- rent ; and Job reproved by his wife. On the doors are ear\'ed, Christ bearmg his cross, and the Virgin veiled as the mother of sorrows. The statues of the 12 apostles, which filled the nidies of this portal, and were destroyed at the revolution in 1793, have just been -replaced by new ones, copied from the origmal drawings ; the patriarchs and kings of the Old Testa- ment, that adorned the other two portals, will also be replaced. The pUar of the Portail Ste, Anne, on the right, is orna- mented with a statue of St. Marcel treading beneath his feet a dragon, which had disinterred a woman to devour her. In the tympan above the door are several compartments, in which are sculptured, — Joseph putting away Mary ; Joseph brought back by an angel ; Joseph taking the Virgin to his home ; the Re- velation of the birm of John the Baptist; the annunciation ; the visitation ; the nativity ; the angel appearing to the shepherds ; Herod holding his council ; the wise men on their way to Bethlehem ; the offering of the wise men ; and the presentation in the Temple. Above these are figures of the Virgin and Child accompanied by angels, Solomon prating, and St. Marcel. At the summit is the Eternal Father m his glory, surrounded by the prophets ; beneath him the Paschal Lamb, and still lower, Jesus Christ surrounded by angels and saints. On the pillar besween the two doors of the Porfat7 de la Vierge, on the left, is a statue of the Virgin and Child. The tympan is m three puts, namdy, — figures of six prophets, the death of the Virgin, and the crowning of the Virgin. The arch above is adorned with figures of angels and saints. On the sides of this portal were eight statues of saints, destroyed in 1793. Above and beyond the niches are various bas-reliefs, representmg subjects taken from church history. The most interesting bas-reliefs of this entrance are the 12 signs of the zodiac, and the agri- cultural labours of the 12 months of the year, on the door-posts. The sixtii sign, Virgo, is represented by a sculptor forming a statue, supposed to be that of the Virgin. On the right side of this pillar are sculptured the age of man in six stages, from youth to decrepitude; on the left, the different seasons of the year, in six bas-reliefs. The two lateral doors are ornamented with much admired iron-work, executed by Bis- comette, about 1 580. The buttresses on each side of the doors have each a niche, in which were statues of Religion, Faith, St. Denis, and St. Stephen. Immediately above the three doors is a gallery of small pillars supporting trefoils, called GaUrie 314 Kmtn ARRONDlSSEMENTi des Rots, which formerly contained 28 statues of the kings of Judah, ancestors of the Virgin. All these, executed in the 13th century, were destroyed in 1793, but are now being re*- placed. A second but open gallery is called Galerie de la Vierge, and is now, as it formerly was, decorated with a co- lossal statue of the Virgin between two angels holding chan- deliers ; right and left are figures of Adam and Eve. Above this gallery is the large rose-window between the towers, and in each of the latter are pointed arches, over which runs a lofty gaUery of slender shafts, called the Galerie des Colonnes, and continued round the sides ; above rises the last division of the towers, each side occupied with coupled windows, and rich buttresses at the angles crowned by an open-worked battle- ment of quatrefoils ; they are ascended by a staircase of 389 steps from the rue du Cloltre. (1) The cathedral formerly possessed a fine peal of bells, of which one only remains in the southern tower; it was baptized Emmunuel-Louise-Therese, in 1632, in the presence of Louis XIV. and his queen Therese. It is called the oourdon, weighs 32,000 lb., and the clapper 976 lb. The other bell, named Marie y weighing 25,000 lb., was broken and melted down in 1792, as were eight bells of the northern tower. In the southern tower there are now four new bells for the clock, weighing respectively 2000 kil., 1335 kil., 925 kil., and 737 kil. There is also another bell here, brought from Sebastopol. The mechanism of the clock is very curious. A striking feature of the exterior of Notre Dame is to be found in the vast flying buttresses, fronted by crocketed pinnacles, which rise from the outer wsdls of the chapels. The southern side of the cathedral is plainer than the northern, having been in part blocked up by the archiepiscopal palace. The portal of the southern transept, called Portail St. Marcel, is pinnacled and ornamented with bas-reliefs. Those in the tympan of the arch represent St. Stephen : 1 , instructing the Jews; 2, answering the Jews' arguments; 3, insulted by the Jews ; 4, his lapidation ; and 5, his burial. Above is a figure of Christ pronouncing his benediction; two angels at his sides are in the attitude of adoration; the arches are ornamented with small figures of angels, prophets, patriarchs, bishops, &c. Above the porch is the great rose- window, and over it a smaller one ; the gable, flanked by two turrets, supports a statue of St. Stephen. On the sides of the entrance are eight bas-reliefs, taken from the saint's life. A statue of St. Stephen on the pillar between the two doors, and (1) The towers of Notre Dame afford one of the finest views of Paris that can be imagined. A spire, above the transept, was pulled down in 1793, for the lead, and six bells were melted«  « Digitized by CjOOQIC CATHEDRAL CHCacU OV NOTBB DAMS. ^15 ttatoes of St. Denis, St. Rusticas, St. Eleutheros, St. Marcel, a second of St. Denis, and one of St. Germain I'Auxerrois, in niches oirtbe sides, were destroyed in 1793. The fronts of the lateral canopies of the porch contain bas-reliefs representing St. Martin sharing his mantle with a mendicant ; and Christ, accompanied by two angels, carrying the soul of St. Stephen lo heaven. In niches are two large statues of Moses and Aaron. Adjoin- ing this is the new Sacristy of the church, communicating by a short passage with one of the chapels of the choir. It has a splendid (^ve window, f1anke<l by niches, in front; two narrower windows are pierced in the lateral walls. The eastern body has two, the western one, three. The roof is surmounted by an~ octagonal turret, and an open-worked parapet runs along the coniice. The comers of the buUding are buttressed, and crocketed pinnacles complete the design. On the central pillar of the grand northern porch, Portail Septen- trional, is a statue of the Virgin crushing the dragon. In the tympan above are the Nativity, the Adoration of the Wise Men, the Presentation in the Temple, the Massacre of the In- nocents, the Flight into Egypt, and five scenes of the De- liverance of Demoniacs. Above sits a monarch presenting a sealed volume to suppliants kneeling. The arches are ornamented like the others. Statues of Faith, Hope, Cha- rity, and of the three Wise Men of the East, which adorned the porch, and others representing the virtues and the vices. Queen Esther and Ahasuerus, David and Goliath, and Job, which stood in niches between this porch and the Porte Rouge, were destroyed in 1793. The Porte Rouge is surmounted by a triangular canopy, with crocketed pinnacles. In the tympan of the arch, are Jesus Christ and the Virgin crowned by an angel; on the right and left, Jean Sans Peur, Duke of Burgundy, and Mai^garet of Bavaria, his duchess, kneeling. In the arches are groups of the miracles of St. Marcel. Be- tween the Porte Rouge and the eastern extremity of the church are seven bas-reliefs, representing ; the death of the Virgin ; the funeral of the Virgin ; the Assumption ; Christ surrounded by angels ; Christ and the Virgin on a throne ; the Virgin at the feet of Christ in agony ; and a woman about to sell herself to the Devil, delivered by the Virgin. Interior, — It consists of a nave and choir with double aisles and lateral chapels. The pillars of the nave are four feet in diameter, and support pointed arches resting upon enriched capitals. The pillars of the aisles are alternately simply circular and clustered with 12 slender columns each, the .shafts being detached, and of remarkable elegance of propor- tion. The triforium presents tri-composed windows crowned 3U mnn Anommamxt. with ogiyes, the tympans bf which ar^ (on the southern side 9iily) perforated by a single circular aperture. In tibe choir the windows are only double, and without the apertui'e. The clerestory, which is the same throughout nave and choir, consists of a series of pointed double windows. The vaulting is hexapartite throughout ; its stone work is only three or four inches thick. The ceilings of the aisles are painted with bees on a blue ground. Beneath the rose-windows of the transepts are light galleries of very slender shafts supporting pointed trifoliate arches, with open spandrils. The chapels are plain throughout. The rosaces are very elaborate and exceedingly beautiful ; they still preserve their stained glass of the 13th c>entury, being all that remains of it in the cathedral. The walls of the transepts are decorated with ogive tracery. At the second pillar of the nave was a colossal statue of St. Christopher, erected by Antoine des Essars, in 1413; it was removed in 1785. An inunense vault, extending the entire length of the nave, was formed in 1 666 for the interment of the canons, chaplains, choristers, &c., of the cathedral , but has not been used since burial in churches was discontinued. The organ is remarkably fine ; it is 45 feet in height, 36 in breadth, and contains 3484 pipes. The high altar was pulled down, at the revolution of 1789, but under the empire it was re-erected, and such of the works of art as could be collected were restored. The lateral chapels of Notre Dame were fonnierly remarkable for their splendour, the walls being covered with marble, or finely-carved wainscoting, and containing sumptuous tombs belonging to noble families. These were stripped of their riches in 1793 ; many of them, however, have been repaired, (l) (0 The following is a description of tlie works of art in (lie chapels of the aisles, between the entrance and the transepts, be- ginning on the right of the principal entrance : —First two chapels, in course of decoration. 3d. Christ raising Jairus's daughter to life, by Guy de Vernansal (1688); a^so, the Departure of St. Paul from Miletus to Jerusalem, by Galloche. 4lh The Martyrdom of St. Andrew at Patras, by Lebrun. 5th. Christ driving the dealers fi*om the Temple, by Halle (1688), and the Calling of St. Peter and St. Andrew, by Lebret.— Southern transept : an Annuncia- tion, by Philippe de Champagne. — Northern transept : a statue of St. Marcel, and paintings of the Martyrdom of St. Andrew ; a Crucifixion; the man possessed by a demon putting the false exorcists to Highl, by Matthieu Ety ; and Paul healing the cripple, by Michel Corneille. — 1st chapel adjoining: a Mater Dolorosa, ad. The Adoration of the Shepherds, and the Martyrdom of Ste. Catherine of the Wheel. 8d. enriched with wainscoting executed in the beginning of the isth century, and brought from the ehap- tMNnoom of Notre Dame ; it contains flgyrea of the apostles and CATHEDEAL CHUBCU OP ffOTKB DAME. 317 C7hair.<=— The visitor should now ring a bdl al the rafliag wbidi separates tho aisles of the choir from the transept, when he will be admitted, on taking a ticket, price iO c. He win then at once be conducted to the new Sacristy, (see p. 3i5,) through a low vaulted passage, with three mullioned windows looking into the court, and adorned with the mira- cles of Jesus in stauied glass. The sacristy itself consists of a spacious and lofty hall, with three windows in the pointed style, decorated with the portraits of 24 archbishops of Paris, all beautifully executed in stained glass by M. Mareschal of Lyons, from St. Landry, who lived in the time of Charle- magne, to Archbishop Affre, who fell in the insurrection of June, i848. He is represented on his death-bed. (See p. 293.) The ribs of the ceiling spring from the canopies of niches contain- ing statues of saints and angels. Well-designed ambreys are sunk into the wall, and the fnmiture of the room consists of oaken presses containing the precious church utensils and vest- ments for which this cathedral is celebrated. Here will be seen croziers, mitres, and crosses, sparkling with precious stones ; the robes worn by Pius VII. at the coronation of Na- poleon I. ; (i) several series of most gorgeous robes, profusely embroidered in gold and silver ; the mask of Archbishop Afire, taken 24 hours after his death, the ball with which he was struck and the two vertebrsB that received it. On leaving this saints^ separated from each other by small pilasters ornamented with arabesques. The pictures are an Assumption, by Salvator Rosa, and the Conversion of St. Paul, by Hestout. In three hol- low gilt busts are reputed relics of St. Ursula and the Eleven Thousand Virgins of Cologne. 4th. The Decollation of St. John the Baptist, by Louis de Boullongne, and St. Peter healing the lame man. 5th. St. Paul Imprisoned at Philippi, by Nicolas de la Platte-Montagne ; and the Apostles accused before the Prefect, by Loir. Here are also three marble bas-reliefs of saints. 6th. St. John preaching to the shepherds, by Parrocel, and Christ curing the sick, by Alexandre. Independently of the chapels above mentioned, there is one in the southern tower appropriated to the use ef a religious confraternity of St. Vincent de Paule. (i) At the sacking of St. Germain TAuxerrois and the arch- bishop's palace, in i83i, the populace broke into the sacristy of Notre Dame, and, headed by officers of the National Guards, de- stroyed every thing that came within their reach. The damage thus occasioned was irreparable ; the coronation robes of Napo- leon, and the splendid dresses he presented to the bishops and the chapter on the occasion of that ceremony, were torn up for the sake of their gold embroidery. They have, however, since been repaired. A celebrated artist who was making a most ela- borate picture of the Interior of Notre Dame, having left it on the eaiel In the vestry, it wm cut into « thouswd pieces. 318 NINTH ARBONDISSEHENT. room a short passage to the right opens into the SaUe du Con- ieil, a room not so lofty as the former, lit hy four ogive windows. The only furniture it contains is a series of oaken seats, occupied on council -days by the archbishop and his canons, and two paintings, one representing M. de Quelen, the predecessor of Archbishop AfFre, by Perdreau, and the other, by Lafon, the death of the latter prelate on the barri- cade of the Faubourg St. Antoine. This sacristy has cost one million of francs, and was inaugurated in April, 1854. Returning to the aisle, the chapel next to the sacristy is that of St. Geraud, Baron d'Aurillac, remarkable for having been the place where the young Dauphin, son of Louis XVI., was buried in 1795. (1). It now contains a picture of the Virgin at the Tomb, by Pujol. The three following chapels, namely that of St. Remy, formerly enriched wilh line monu- ments of the Ursins family, that of St. Peter and St. Stephen, and that of the Count d'ilarcourt, containing a splendid monu- ment after the designs of Pigalle, to the memory of that no- bleman, who died in 1769, are now closed, as, indeed, several others which are in the hands of artists, it being intended to paint not only these chapels, but the whole church in the style of the Sainte Chapelle. (See p. 306). (2) ChanceL — ^The firet object that strikes the eye on entering this part of the choir is the carved work of the stalls, in oak. They (i) other accounts assign the Church of St. Marguerite. (2) The other chapels contain : 5lh. The Descent of Christ into Hell, by DeIorme,and St. Hyacinth reanimating a corpse, by Heim. 6th. The raising of the widow of Nairn's son, by Guillemot, and the Burial of the Virgin, by Pujol. On the altar, a beautiful statue of the Virgin, by Raggi. (This chapel formerly contained superb monuments to the celebrated Albert de Gondy, Due de Retz, and Cardinal de Gondy, Bishop of Paris.) 7th. A splendid monu- ment, by Deseine, to the memory of Cardinal de Belloy, Arch- bishop of Paris, who died in 1806, in his 99th year. It represents the prelate seated in a chair, on a sarcophagus, bestowing alms on a poor mother and her danghter, his left hand rests on the Bible. The cardinal's head is remarkable for its expression and resemblance. Opposite are the Martyrdom of St. Hippolyte, by Heim, and St. Charles Borromeo administering the sacrament to the infected of the plague at Milan, by Vanloo. sth. Christ curing the blind, by Granger; Christ healing the woman suffering fi'om an issue, by Cazes. The walls are incrusted with marble, and the windows display the arms of the Cardinal de Noailles, whose family vaults are underneath. 9th. A fine monument in white marble, surmounted by a Gothic arch, by Cartelier, to Leclerc de Juignd, Archbishop of Paris, who died in lali ; St. Peter preach- ing, by Poirson. loth. A good Visitation ; in the vestibule of the Porte Rouge, two excellent pictures; an Adoration, and Mos^s found by the daughter of Pharoah. Digitized by VjOOQ IC CATHEDRAI. CHURCH OF NOTRK DAMK. 319 are sculptured and decorated with bas-reliefs of the principal events in the life of the Virgin, and other sacred subjects, executed by Duboulon, after the designs of Rene Carpentier, a pupil of Girardon. The stalls are terminated by two thrones of great beauty, surmounted by canopies, and adorned with angels holding emblems of religion. At the coronation of Na- poleon, the Pope occupied that to the right. Cardinal fielloy that to the left. Above is a cornice and ei^t pictures in the following order, beginning on the right : 1 , the Adoration of the wise men of the east, by De la Fosse ; 2, the Birth of the Virgin, by Philippe de Champagne; 3, the Visitation of the Virgin, the master-piece of Jouvenet, who painted it with bis left hand, after his right had become paralysed; 4, the An- nunciation, by Halle; 5, the Presentation of the Virgin in the Temple, by Louis BouUongne ; 6, the Repose in Egypt, by the same; 7, the Presentation of Christ in the Temple, by Phi- lippe de Champagne ; 8, the Assumption, by Lahire. The pavement is of costly marble, and in the centre is a brazen eagle which serves as a reading-desk. The sanctuary and high altar are each approached by flights of steps formed of Ljuoguedoc marble ; over the altar is a marble group by Cous- tou, of fine de«gn and execution, representing the Descent from the Cross. On one side of this was formerly a statue of Louis XIIL by Coustou, and, on the other, one of Louis XIV. by Coysevox ; but they were both destroyed in 1 SSI . At present six archangels are placed around the altar. At the mar- riage of the present Emperor (Jan. 1853), the Imperial couple knelt before the railing of the choir. Beneath the choir is a vault, formed in 171 1, not shown to strangers, in which are interred the archbishops of Paris. Four, who had been deposited there, were disinterred at the revolution in 1793 for the sake of the leaden coffins. Another smaller vault con- tained in leaden coffins also the entrails of Louis XI II. and Louis XIV., which shared the same fate. Upon the exterior of the wall that encloses the choir are 23 curious and valuable sculptured compartments in alto-rilievo, begun by MaistreJehan Roux, and finished by Maistre Jehan Le Boutelier in 1362. They represent various passages in the life of Christ. (1) (i) Beginning on the left: i. The Visitation. 2. The Adoration ofthe Shepherds. 3, The Nativity. 4. The Adoration of "the wise men." 5. The Massacre of the Innocents. 6. The Flight into Egypt. 7. The Presentation in the Temple. 8. Christ in the midst ofthe Doctors. 9. The Baptism of Christ. 40. The Marriage of Cana in Galilee. \ I . The Entry of Christ into Jerasalem. 42. The Last Supper. \ 3. Christ washing the feet of his Disciples. 4 4. Christ on the Mount of Olives. (The CruciQxion, the Entomb- ment, the Resurrection, and the Ascension of Christ, were de- 320 NINTH ARRONDISSBBIENT. The ftgures are coloured to represent nature. Above these .re- liefs are eight fine pictures, viz., beginning on the right :— St. Stephen conducted to martyrdom, by Loyse; St. Philip trans- ported by the Spirit, by Blanchet; St. Peter healing a l^e man, by Sylvestre; the Scourging of St. Protesilaus, by Syl- veslre (1705); St. John de Campistran, a Franciscan monk, at the head of a troop of Crusaders, marching against the Turks ; the Beheadmg of John the Baptist, byBouUongne; St. Andrew's martyrdom, by Blanchard; and St. Paul healing the possessed, by Jean BouUongne. There are several excellent works upon Notre Dame, which will amply repay the attention of the curious examiner. (1) North of the cathedral were the cloister and college of the canons, which were destroyed in 1793. Architect, M. Godde. On the southern side of Notre Dame stood the Archbishop's Palace, erected by Bishop Maurice de Sully, in 1161, but rebuilt by Cardinal de Noailles in 169t.— The Constituent Assembly held their sittings there in 1789. It was afterwards inhabited by the chief surgeon of the Hotel Dieu, and the cha- pel converted into an amphitheatre of anatomy. In 1802 it was restored to the clergy. The palace was a handsome re- sidence; the apartments were splendid, and the furniture, partly antique, was valuable. The library was rich in MSS. of the middle ages, and contained manjr literary curiosities. But on Feb. 13, 1831, the populace, having sacked the church of St. Germain TAuxerrois, proceeded to the archbishop's pa- lace ; and on that night and the following day every thing it contained was either broken, burnt, or thrown into the river. The palace and dependencies were left in such a state that they were subsequently removed by order of government, and its feite is now occupied by a cheerful promenade, adorned in the centre with a small Gothic fountain called Fontaine Notbe Dame, erected in 1845. Its height is 60 feet. Two hexagonal basins, the largest of which is. 33 feet stroyed when alterations were made in the arches of the choir next the high altar.) 4 5. Christ and Mary Magdalen, te. The Holy Women. 17. Christ appearing to the Apostles. 48. Christ and the two Disciples on their way to Emmaus. 19. Christ at table with the Disciples, breaking the bread. 20. Christ again appearing to the Disciples. 21. The IncreduHty of St. Thomas. 22. The miraculous draught of fishes. 23. The Mission of the Apostles. 24. Christ giving the Apostles his bencdictloft before his Ascension. (1) The principal are Gilbert, " Histoire de Hoffe Dame," 1 vol. 4to.; Felibien et Lobineau, ** Histoire de Pafis," 9 vols, folio; '* History of Paris,*' 3 vols., Galignani; also Victor Bogy's

• • Notre Dame,*' and MicbeleVs <* Histoire de France,*' Vol. 2.

tLE ST. LOtTtti 'Hi in di^aoaeter, receive the water from the mouths of three tri- cephil|pts monsters (personating heresy in certainly no very flattemg manner) crushed by archangels that occupy the bli^ angles of a triangular basement, supporting a dothic lanlmi of the same form, and consisting of three clusters of colamns supporting as many canopies with ogives, surmounted by a spire. Under this lantern, the ceiling of which is deco* rated with gold on a blue ground, is a statue of the Virgin Mary with the Infant, standing on a hexagonal pedestal. This monu- ment is due to the chisel of MM. Merlieux and Pommateau. Close by, leading to the southern bank of the river, is the Pont de l'Archev£chi£. — ^It consists of three arches, varying from 18 to 20 yards in span, and was built in 1827. To the north are two su^nsion-bridges close to each other. The first is the Pont Louis Philippe, inaugurated in 1834, and connecting both islands with the Quai de la Greve. It cost 1,000,000 fr. The southern end of this bridge was burned down on Feb. 24, 1848, but was shortly after reconstructed, and received the name of P(mt de la Mfonm, It is now to be rebuilt of stone. The other suspension-bridge bears the name of Pont de LiL CiTig, constructed for foot passengers in 1819, on the site of a wooden bridge erected in 1614. The chaias are sustained by pinnacled Gothic piers. It leads to tne ILE Saint Louis, originally called lie aux Fac/ies.«-* Henry IV. conceived the project of erecting houses on this spot ; but the execution of it was reserved for Louis XIII. Following the Quai d'Orleans, the visitor will see the Pont de la Tournelle, so called from the old tower erected by Philip Augustas, that formerly stood on the opposite bank of the river, reaching to the Quai St. Bernard. It was built by Marie in 1620, was twice carried away, and rebuilt about 1656. It consists of six semicircular arches, and is 380 feet by 42, having been widened by cast-iron arches inserted be- tween the piers ; the parapet is also of cast iron. East of this is the suspension-bridge called Pont de Constantine, connecting the Quai de Bethune with tbe southern bank. It was constructed in 1 837 . At the foot of the Quai de Bethune are the Ecole de Natation de VHdtel Lamberty for ladies, and the Ecole Petit, a swim- ming'^chool for gentlemen. At No. 2, in the rue St. Louis en Tile, is the Hotel Lambert, built by Levau, about 1640. — ^The court is small; a magnificent staircase, with a scroll-work h^us- trade, leads from a portico to the state apartments, which re- tain the ^«PBi vmM^ m^^)»f. «tt4 cefitog*/ w origuMiUy Digitized by VjOOQ l^ %f% WNTI4 ARiiopmis»ataENT. executed, and prodace a splendid effect. The cefltegk jtt ihefle fooms and in the long gallery are by Lesneor, I^b**^, and Levau, executed with a degree of elaborate finish farely to be met with. The hotel is rich in t^o historical souvenirs : Vol- taire lived in it when he formed the plan of the Hmridd^'^ and in the gallery above mentioned, Napoleon in 1815 held a last conference with his minister, M. de Montalivct, when he found that all was lost. This splendid hotel, once the residence of a wealthy pr^ident du PaTlement of the 17 th century, and afterwards used as a storehouse for the garrison of Paris, be- longs to the Princess Czartoriska, whose judicioos taste has re- Stored it to all its former splendour. Further on is St. LOBIB EN l'Ile, first district church of the 9tn arron- dissement. — ^This church was erected in 1 &&4 on the site of a small chapel, built in 1606 by Levau, Leduc and Doucet. It has a lofty polygonal spire (erected in 1765, according to au inscription on the tower), in open stone-work. The interior is of Corinthian design, and slightly cruciform, with an aisle run- ning round the nave and choir. The sculptures, wWeh consist of scroll-work in the cupola audits pendentives, were executed by J. B. Champagne, nephew of the celebrated padnter of the same name. In the first chapel, to the right m entering, is «n altar-piece representing Christ at Emmaus, by Coypel; a Holy Family, by Perrm, and another of older date- an As- sumption, by Peyron, and St. Louis receiving the Sacrament, by Johannot. 2d chapel : Jesus dfering his heart. 3d. South- ern transept t a Virghi in plaster, by Ladatte. 4th. Christ appearing to Mary Magdafene ; St. John the Sa^st. 5th. St. Vincent de Paule exhorting the sisters of charity, by Balle. 6th. Jesus disputing in the Temple. Behind the choir are three chapels painted in fresco, and enriched with mo- dem sttdned vnndows. The first, closed by an oaken screen With bas-relief carvings of six apostles, is paiirtetf by Norblin, with figures of Prudence and Fortitude on the lateral walls;' in Ihe window is Ste. Isabelle of France. The second, occu- pying the central arch j is the chapel of St. Louis, and contains four frescos by Jollivet ; 1. St. Louis recfeiviBg the cross from Pope Innocent IV.; 2, the same, in prison, encoxifaging his brothers; 3, Delivering his authority into «h© hands of the Abbot of St. Denis, to govern the kingdom in his ab- sence; 4, his Death. The figure of the s^unt is tbe subject of the window. The third chapel is closed with a screen like the first, with tbe remaining six i^>ostles in bas-relief; in the WHidew is Btauehe of Castile; and on tbe lateral walls. Tem- perance and Justice, by NorMin. loth. St. Franeois de Ssiles, 1^ Hi^^. U til. An AssumptioB, and ihe Yirfgm weeping ^y^r ih« iytroiwmitii ol the Pafwoii. istb. St. Paul pieaoUng, by DucmQt* Idth. Kirtbeni transept : Ste. GenevwT^, in plaft- ter/by Ladatte. 14th. St. Louis Qoaiaga, by Bodem, •wlSt. X^qms ol Fraoce offering the crown of thcmis* 15th. « Deli- veraace from Purgatory. The stationa of the Via Crucia are by Bodem. The organ is above the entrance ; behind it is a painting of St. Louis reiieving the plague-stricken Crusaders. Below is a St. John the Baptist m plaster, by Guiebard. On either side of tbe high altar are statues of St. Peter and St. Paul, by Bra, and two frescos, leprasentuig Moses and Jere- miah, hi the window of the nave over the high altar is a Crucifision in stained glass. The chureb was celebrated as the one to which the University of Paris cams in precession on fiestivala. The northern ipiay of the He St. Loins leads to the Pearr Mabie, wl»eh joins the Qnai des Ormes to the lie St. LQuis.-^It was built by Marie, sttpenntendent^f^oneral of the bridges in France, in 1S35. Two arches were earned away by a flood, in Ittift^ with 23 out of 50 houses on it« The re* maining houses were removed a short time before the revelii- tion of 17 89 . It has 5 arches,, and is 7 8 feet broad and 300 long. At No. 11, Quai Napoleon, is a house, on the site of one believed to have beat that inh^ted by Heloise and Abelard. Tho door bears the monogram and portr£|its of tb^se two un- fortunate lovers* The comer-house, 1, rue Basse des Ursioa, was inhabited by the Canon Fulbert. Further on, is the Pont d'Akcolb, formerly a small suspension bridge for foot-passen^rs only, connectiog the Quai Napoleon wiUi the Place de TBotel do Yille, and now rebuilt with » single iron arch of aa2 leet spaa and 65 in breadth. It oo^ 1 , 15Q,0Q0 &, (1) Thi& bridge corresponds with the street of that name occu- pying the site of a smaller one, in which stood the ancient choroh of St. Pierre aux Boau&« Tbe western doi^rway of thi» edifice, on its demoM^on in 1837,. was removed to the chupcb of St. Severin (see p 412^. Westward of Quai Napdeon,. is the Quai aux FLECRS^-^lt ia planted with four rows of trees, and ^bellished with two fountains. Flowers, shrubs, an4 trees, are sold here and on the Quai Napoleon, on Wednesdays and Satufdays. There rtood here, ia the time of the RqmaB (4 ) Thi^ bridge was the scene of a sanguinary conflict between the Royal Guards and the people in 1830. A young man, head- tflgr th€ pe6ple in their ad^nce vf>OD it with a flag in his band, was laiWd mder the^ a9«hway hi 1^ middle, and frenk his name being Areeie, added te^ the sisnilarity of tbifl tnaii el eoumge to ene 4if9k^€t }i9 Napeleen at Are<ri% the pvesent ap^tflation was given to the bridgA Digitized by VjOOQ IC ^jl4 MINTll AlOtONDISSEnENT. emperors, a prison mentioned by Gregory of Tours luidet the wme of Career Glaucini. At its eastern extrenuty, the, Pont Notre Dame, the oldest in Paris, built m 1499 by Jean loconde, on the site of one dating from 1414, has now been reconstructed at an expense of 1,200 ooo francs It has five arches, and is 362 feet long by 50 broad. In 1660, it was ornamented with statues and medaUions of the kmgs ol France ; houses also stood on it, which were puUed down m 1786. On its western side is the Pompe du Pont Notre Dame a square tower built on piles, and containing a reservoir, into which water' is raised by machinery worked by the stream. At the western end of the Quai aux Fleurs is the Pont au Change. — ^Upon this spot stood the (xrand Font, a wooden bridge, originaUy the only communication between the ne de la Cite and the northern bank of the Seme. In 1141 Louis VII. fixed the residence of money-changers here, and hence its name. Several times destroyed and rebuilt, it was burnt down in 1621, and reconstructed in 1647 of stone, with houses on each side, which were demolished m 1788. it is now to be rebuilt. NORTHERN PORTION. The most conspicuous object in this portion is the HOTEL nE ViLLE, Place de rHotel de Ville.-The pjace where the corps de ville, ormunicipaUty of Pans, assembled under the Sst anS second races of kings is not known. In the earliest reigns of the third race, their meetmgs were held ma house caUed la Maisan de la Marchandise, situated m the Vallee de la Misere, west of the Grand Ghatelet. Under the name of Parlouer aux Bourgeois it was next removed to the neigh- bourhood of the Place St. Michel and rue St. Jacques. This Droving insufficient in course of time, in 1357 the municipaUty purchased, for 2880 livres de Paris the Maison dela Greve, or Jtfmson aux PiUers, which had formerly belonged to Philip Augustus, and was frequently the abode of roya y. Upon the site of this and some neighbouring houses the Hotel de ViUe was erected. The first stone was laid July 1 5, 1 533, by Pierre de Viole prevot des marchands, but the works were afterwards suspended, until 1549, when Dominic Boccadoro di Cortona, an Italian architect, presenting a plan to Henry H., the build- ing was proceeded with. (1) During the war of the Fronde, and (O The key-stone of a vault in the left portico of the central court bears an inscription sUling that Marinus de la Vallee un- dertook the continuation of it in 4606, and finished it in 4 628. Another inscription over the central gate (inside) shows that the cwitna payiUon an4 belflry were Onished in im> • HOIBL M VnXE. 32^ still n»re diiring the revolation of 1789, the edifice was mtteh damaged ; it was, however, preserved from further dilapidation in 180 1 , by being converted into the seat of the prefecture, and was repaired by Molinos. In 1837 it received immeDsc addi- fioDs^ so as to render it nearly four times larger than it was before, and the hospital and church of St. Esprit, together with the church of St. Jean-en-Greve, were pulled down or incorporated in it. The works were finished in 184 1. Exterior, — The Hotel de Ville consisted in 1628 of a large baUding, two stories hi^h, having its western front towards the Place de Greve, with two elevated pavilions at the northern and southern extremities, each flanked by an elegant square overhanging tower ; the other buildings enclosed a small court in the centre. The architecture displayed in this beau- tiful edifice is that known in France as la Renaissance de$ Arts, Each pavilion is erected over a wide archway, a range of windows with pediments, between small Corinthian cdumns, lights the ground floor; above is a long range of plainer win* dows and niches, while a rich balustrade surmounts the facade. 1q the centre of the roof rises a turreted belfry, decorated with two colossal statues representing the Seine and Mame, wUh a clock, by Lepaute, which is lighted at night, and marks the exact time of the Observatory, which is com- municated to it by electric wires. The present comer-pavi- lions, and all the other outer buildings completing the rectangle it now occupies, are the additions it received in 1837-41, at a cost of 15.000,000 fr. The general feature of the building is the engaged Corinthian column, alternating with either windows or niches filled with statues. (1) Its effect as a monument of the time is grand. Over the centre smaller door-way is a bronze equestrian bas-relief of Henry IV., replacing one destroy- ed in 1789. The northern and southern facades are flanked by the extreme pavilions of the principal and eastern fronts. The eastern facade has 4 pavilions, with a central body adorned with 14 detached Corinthian colunms ; the intermediate pavi- (\) Those facing the Place de THdiel de Ville are^Southern pa- vilion: Condoret, Lafayette, Colbert, Catinat, Moli^re, Boileau, Lavoisier, De La Reynie, and J. A. De Thou. Central part: Fro- chot, S. Bailly, L. Turgot, Ahb6 de I'Ep^e, Rollin, Mathieu Mol^, J. Aubry, Robert Etienne, F. Miron, Bud6, Lallier, De Viole, Ju- venal des Ursina, Sully, Landry, Aubriot, Boyleaux, Jean Gonjon, P. Lcscot, Goslin, Philippe Delorme, De La Vacquerie, St. Vincent dePaule, Lesueur, Lebrun, Mansard, Voyer d'Argenson, andPer- rone. Northern pavilion : A. J. Gros, Buffon, A. de Harlay, Monge, Montyon, Voltaire, D'Alembert,. A. Par6, and Papin. The 8tai«j8 on the attics of the other sides represent Juatice, Com-i merce, t)ie Muses, ^^c. 31« KINTH AttoimianiiSNT. liODB hare titlft« eDtftooes, with Derie v«9tib«i£8 leadbig 1^ Ctmf^s.— Thift vast edifice €(«ipriseB three ooorts, two late- ral ones, of GoriaUiiaii and Composite architecture, and the central and most ancient one, wMch is approached from ihe western tr&tki by a broad flight of steps ; (l) an Ionic arcade, presenting some architectural irregularities, runs all around it ; under thss arcade, to the left on entering, is a fine full-lengih bronze statue of Louis XIV., by Goysevox, with beffi-relids re- {M^sentiug Charity and Divine Vengeance, and adjoining is a ^ht of steps descending into the northern court. To the ri^t is a statne ol Charlemagne. (8) The upper story has en- gaged Compaeote columns. The lucames of this court are very beautiful and light. The Western comers of the court are flanked by two engaged circular towers ending in lucar nes sinjilar to the rest. ThB Whole of this court has now received most sumptuous decorations in stucco and gilding ; it has been en- tirely roofed over with ^ass, and an elliptical double-branched staircase gives access to the first story in front of the entrance. Behind it a flight of steps descends into a ^acious vestibule witli fou^ Doric columns, which give access to the lateral courts and to the state apartments. The Salk du rrdne.— The staircase to the right of the en- trance-passage leads to the landittg-{^ace on the first slory, remarkable for a curioui^y ribbed vault, a monument of the age of Henry II* From this the Salle des Huissiers opens into the Salle du Trdne, occupying the whole length of the old porti<m ef the building, a most magnificent apailment. It is 94 feet by 36, with an altitude of 26 feet. . The walls are adorned with velvet hangings, triinmed with gold* Two vast chimneys-pieces, ornamented with recumbent statues of white mari>le, sculptured under Henry IV. by Biard and Bodin, oc- cupy the extremities. Over one of them are, richly executed, the arms of the City, being gules, a ship argent. The square compartmaits of the ceiling are charged with armorial bearings, and over the doors are allegorical paintings of Justice, Pru- dence, Labour, and Concord. Opposite the windows are four paintings by Sechan, representing the personification of Paris in the 6th, i2th, ilih, and 19th centuries. This Salle is used (i) On the flight of stairs under this door-way, M. de Lamar- tine exposed his life with admirable courage on February 26, 1 848, by declaring to an inhiriated mob, thai, as long a&he lived, the red flag should not be ihe flag of France. (2) Around the frieze of this court were marble tablet*, inscribed with the principal events of the life of Louis XIV. from 1659 to 4680, and cireular eomparlraents in the spandrils of ihe arches were charged with ihe baa-relief portraits of several prevots^. des marchands, now effaced. ^ Digitized by CjOOQIC HOTEL BB VILLB. i27 for o^oal iMMiqaets, and will coaveniently bold 200 guests, (l) Adjoiimig this are the Salle du Zodiaque, with carvingi od the wainscoting, hy Jean Goujon, and the Salon du Vote, vriik with a ceiling painted by Schopin, representing the cities of France accepting the present Empire by 7,500,000 votes. These rooms are not public. A corridor to the right of the staircase leads to the Salle du Conseil, an elegant chamber, 60 feet by 37, with blue and gold hangings. The 44 members of the council hold their sittings here. We now come to the State Apartments. — ^From the same staircase, a Corinthian gallery, elegantly fitted up, leads to the landing-place of the principal staircase of the River front, having three flights of steps^ supported by Ionic colunms, and ornamented with bas- reliefs by MM. Debau and Briou. Here is an equestrian statue of Henry IV., in bronze, a copy of that on the Pont Neuf, by Lemot (1818). An antechamber with gilt leather hangings, io imitation of the furniture of Haly and Flanders of past centu- ries, commences the suite. Next is the Salle d' Introduction; it is only remarkable for a bronze statue by Bosio (1687) of Henry lY. in his youth ; its frieze is painted in arabesques by Court. Next comes the Salle de Jeu, adorned with blue silk han^gs and a richly gilt and painted ceilmg and frieze. This leads to the Salle de Bal, a magnificent sa* loon, 70 feet by 40, and 2!2 feet in height, trisected by two rows of three lofty arches each, and furnished in a style of the most luxurious splendour. (2) It is of the Corinthian ord^, with gilt capitals and cornice ; the central ceiling ornamented with a large allegorical painting by Picot, representing Paris surrounded by the Muses and the attributes of art; in the back-ground is an assembly of the most eminent men of France. This painting is surrounded by ten hexagonal compartments charged with allegorical figures representing Theology, Me* dicine. Mechanics, Agriculture, Law, Commerce, Natural Phi- losophy^ Chemistry, Justice, and Geometry. In the first sec^- tion of this splendid chamber the compartments of the ceiling (i) The most interesting recollections are connected with this fine monument of the 1 6th century, which from the time of itil erection has witnessed many of the most important political acts of the revolutions with which France has been visited. From the central window Louis XVI. harangued the populace with the cap of liberty on his head, and General Lafayette presented Loui«  Philippe to the people in 4 830. There is also the room where Robespierre held his council, and where he attempted to destroy Iiiraselfon the memorable 27th of July, HOA. (2) During the winter season the Prefect of the Seine gives somi splendid baHs, invitations io which may be obtained through ths channel of th« Ambassador, or of persons already presented. 33i NINTH ARAONDttSEMCNT. are charged with the signs of the Zodiac, and allegories of N^t and Day. The grounds of the arches of the doors are painted with medallions, severally representing Francis I. and Henry IV. The ceiling of the extreme section has its compartments painted with genii holding scrolls with the names of the most famous artists known ; the two central compartments represent Truth and Genius; the medallions over the doors here. contain Louis XIV. and Louis Philippe; the latter however is consider- ably damaged. The walls are painted in elaborate arabesques. In the centre is a circular divan, in which is a gilt pedestal of bronze, supporting the figures of Agriculture, Commerce, and the Fine Arts. Gilt vases and chandeliers of exquisite work- manship adorn the mantel-pieces. Beyond the ball-room is that for refreshments, called the Salon de Cafe, hung with yellow damask. To it succeeds a spacious dinmg-room, with an ornamental frieze, containing subjects appertaining to the the chase, the fisheries, &c. The visitor is now ushered into the new suite specially destined for grand occasions, where he will witness a degree of splendour and taste not to be equalled by any palace in Paris, the Tuileries not excepted. The centre of this suite is occupied by the Grande Galerie des Fites, with three spacious rooms at each end, a faint descrip- tion of which we will now attempt in their regular order : — 1 . Salle NapoUon ler. The ceiling and walls of this, as of all the following rooms, are gorgeously gilt on a white ground ; the order is Ionic, the furniture green damask interspersed with bees. Over the mantelpiece is a full-length picture of Napo- leon I. in his coronation robes, by Lehmann. The central space of the ceiling of this room is painted by M. Ingres, the subject being the Apotheosis of Napoleon. — 2. Salle de la Paix. Rich Corinthian, with niches, containing mythological statues. In the tympans over the entrances are Painting, Poetry, and Music, frescos, by Landelle. Furniture, red damask.— 3. First Salle des Privdts, to the left ; so called from the busts of the Prevots des Marchands which occupy the spaces between the modillions of the cornice ; the series, which b^ins with Evreux, under St. Louis, in the year 1203, is continued in another room of the same name, and ends with Trudaine, 1772. The ceiling is by Riesener, and repre- sents Repose after Anarchy. Furniture, green damask. — 4. Grande Galerie des Fites, This immense saloon, separated from the Salon de la Paix and the Salle St, Jean at the fur- ther extremity, by two transverse porticos, the ^t cupolas of which support the orchestras, has a magical effect. The spectator is bewildered by a profuseness of decoration of every kmd that baffles desoription. The d^taphed Corinthian cq- HOTEL DE TILLB. 329 liiDni$» with their gilt bases and capitals, the delicate sculp- ture and gilding of the square compartments of the ceiling, the coves, painted by Lehmann, representing, in their penden- tires, man exercising his activity and talent over Nature, Science, and Art, illustrated by 180 full-sized figures in 56 groups, in* depeudently of the minor subjects over the windows, the rich chandeliers and costly furniture, form a unique ensemble of taste and art. Communicating with this salle by open arches, is a ^lery, decorated with equal minuteness, where, on fes- tive nights, the guests may witness the brilliant scene without mixing among the dancers below. In the centre of the left- hand wall, three doors open into — 5. The Salle des Carya- tides , a splendid Corinthian refreshment room, with a gallery above, forming part of the preceding one. Fourteen graceful caryatides support the ceiling, painted in perspective, by Cosse ; the tympans over the doors below, painted by Benou- ville, represent Agriculture, Abundance, Astronomy, and the four Seasons. The furniture of this room, which is red da- mask, is continued on each side along two Ionic galleries running parallel to the Galerie des F4tes and conununicating with the staircase, thus procuring a free circulation of air. Here a door in the centre opens upon the double-branched staircase which descends into the court (see p. 326). It was constructed for the occasion of the ball given by the City to Her Majesty Queen Victoria, on the 23d of August, 1855, and was after- wards to have been taken down ; but its graceful design plead- ing successfully for its preservation, it has now become a per- manent addition to the splendour of the Hotel de Ville. Let the visitor picture to himself this beautiful hall (for such it must now be called,) illumined with floods of light streaming from hundreds of tapers arranged in graceful symmetry around, clustered in cornucopias held by Cupids; or crowning the lustres depending from the ceiling ; elegant fountains playing under the arch which supports the stairs, and forming minia- ture cascades which, rushing through the artificial channels left between the costly flowers thickly planted around, find their way into the grottos beneath, where lovely genii are seen sporting in the cool waters, or peeping from behind the ever- greens ; let him imagine this scene ingeniously diversified in the other gorgeous apartments already described, the whole enlivened by all the wealth, beauty, and fashion the capital can muster, and he will come to the conviction that the fairy dreams of the Arabian Nights may fall far short of reality. (1 ) At the furthermost end of the Galerie des F4tes is — 6. The Sa We (I) Upwards of 7000 visitors have sometimes been admitted to^ ^he City balls J the rooms, forming; a circuit of upwards of half ^ H^ NINTH kKBtOHBiSSaOKT. St, Jean^ being a coimteqpari of the Salon de ia Paiw ftli»adf described. This gives access to — 7. The Salk St, Gene- vieve^ having a beautiful image of that saiot, in alto rilievo, over ibe mantelpiece, and otherwise similar to the Salle Napo- leon. M. Delacroix has been appointed to paint the ceiling of this room. The Salle St, Jean also communicates witi)----8. The second Salle des IrevdtSj the ceiling of which, painted by Muller, represents the conmiunes of France expressing their gratitude to Louis le Gros for breaking their chains. — From this room, or from its counterpart on the opposite side, the visitor descends by the superb double branched staircase, crowned with the galleries already mentioned, supporting its richly sculptured ceiling pierced with skylights (the subjects of which, in stained glass, are allegorical of convivial plea- sures, into the Doric vestibule mentioned above, communi- cating with the central court. The architect of these splendid and more than regal apaitmeuts of the Civic Prince of Paris is M. Lesueur. On the ground-floor, below the Gakrie des F4tes^ is a large saloon of the Doric order, called the Salle St. Jean, It is used for civic purposes, public meetings of literary societies, etc. The offices occupy the rest of the building. Underneath are the kitchens, sufficieut to provide a banquet for a thousand guests. The Hotel de Ville when completed, will contain upwards of 500 statues, busts, and medallions. (1) Architects: MM. Godde and Lesueur. The apartments are visible on Thursdays from 2 to 4, with a ticket to be had on application by letter to JJf . le Prefet de la Seine. On the fourth story of the north-east side of the Hotel de Ville, is the Bibliotheque de la Ville, established since June 1 8, 1 847 . It occupies three rooms, including the reading-room, and three galleries, the largest of which is 120 feet long. It is rich in scientific and commercial works, in foreign publications, works on the municipal history of the cities of France, 6000 volumes of official American publications (now placed in a separate room for the convenience of American visitors,) and 300 manuscript volumes of the registers of the parliament of Paris. The total number of volumes is above 60,000. At the top of the staircase leading to the upper gallery a head of Cy- bele, found in 1657 .near the church of St. Eustache, and evi- dently by a Roman artist, is worthy of notice. The entrance to this library is by the rue Lobau ; it is open daily, from 10 to 3, except on holidays. mile, require 9714 tapers, and 2389 gas-burners, for their fiUI cjomplement of illumination. (I) The offices occupy m rooms. The clerks number 4i8. ST. CttTAIS. 9tl Tiifl^ Place »e L'HdTEL de Villb, formerly Place vkGr^vb, has been tilifi Bcene ef mdsk of the puUie " deeds of blood thai have occurred in the capital. It has been stained with the blood o( the victims of all revolutions, as well as of criminals who have fallen by the hand of justice : executions have, however, been discontinued here. (1) On March 17, 1848, a monster mU" nifestation took place here in support of the Provisional Government, and on April 1 6th following, an attempt to over- throw that Government was foiled here by the steady attitude of the National Guard. The new houses facing the H6tel de Ville and the Seine occupy the site of many a historical building, among which we may mention the Hotel de Sicile or d'Anjou, inhabited in the 14th century by Louis II., duke of Anjou, and king of Naples, Sicily, and Aragon ; two hotels, the property of Jacques de Bourbon, constable of France, and inhabit^ by Blanche de Na- varre in £391 ; and a turreted house inhabited by Scarron and Mme. de Maintenon. Behind the Hotel de Yitle is the Caserne Napoleon for 2500 men, a heavy building, of an ir- regular pentagonal form. It is adorned with Ionic pilasters on a rusticated basement story ; a balustrade runs along the attic, interrupted only by three triangular pediments, charged with eagles and trophies, over the entrances facing the Hotel de Ville, the rue de Rivoli, and the rue St. Antoine. It occu- pies 8,000 sq. metres, and is connected with the Hotel de Ville by a subterranean passage. Behind the barracks is St. Gervais, 2d district church of 9th arrondissemenl. — This church was inai^urated in 1420, and enlarged m 1581* Over the northern aisle of the choir rises a tower about 130 feet high, the lower part of which is of ancient, the upper of modern, construction. The western front of St. Gervais was be- gun in 1 61 6 by Desbrosses, Louis XIII. laying the first stone. It consists of three ranges of coupled columns, successively of the Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian orders, with niches, con- taining the statues of St. Protasius and St. Gervais, and crowned with a segmental pediment flanked with the statues of Moses and St. John. The rest of the church is Gothic, and cruci- form, with single aisles ; there is no triforium, and the clerestory windows occupy the whole pointed arch. Some fine pendant bosses will be remarked m the ceiling of the transepts. The works of art in this church, beginning from the right on entering, are, 1st chapel: St. Philomene, by Smith; (0 Among the persons of note executed here may be mentioned the Conn6table de St. Pol, the Count de Montgotameri (see p. i75, n.). Marshal Marillat, RavaUlac, the Mftr6cha!c d'Aticre, the Mar- quise de BrinviUiers, Cartouche, and Damiens. . 332 NIMH ARI10M>ISSEIIENT. three medallions on each side, with passages from her life. Above is a good Crucifixion. 2d. A curious picture, of the 17th century, of the Deliverance of Souls from Purgatory at the intercession of St. Gcrvais. 3d. The statue of St. Catherine, by Coiuiot, in marble ; a painting, by Vibert, of the Virgin blessing France, and a St. Nicholas, also repealed in the win- dow, in good old stained glass. In the panels of the wainscot- ing is a series of valuable old paintings, representing passages in the life of the Saviour. 4lh. South transept : the Tongues of Fire, at the feast of Pentecost, also St. Ambrose refusing en- trance to Theodosius, by Couder ; statues of the Virgin, Reli- gion and Faith, by Rude. 6tb. A fine Ecce Homo, by Rou- get, and Christ giving St. Peter the Keys, by Jonquieres. The stained glass in the window, representing the apostle Paul before Festus, is by Pinaigrier. 6th. A fine Decapitation of St. John the Baptist, in the style of Guerciao. The glass in the window, by Pinaigrier, represents the Judgment of Solomon. 7lh. Ste. Genevieve consoling an afflicted woman, and Jesus with Martha and Mary, by Philippe de Champagne. 8th. A monument to Chancellor Letellier (1685), a sarcophagus of black marble, supported by colossal white marble heads ; at the ends are beautiful full-sized figures of Religion and Fortitude ; the chan- cellor reclines on the sarcophagus, with a genius weeping at his feet. There is also a spirited plaster Descent from the Cross, an Ecce Homo, sculptured by Cortot, the Good Samaritan, painted by Foreslier, and the altar-piece, St. Paul Preaching, in haut- relief. 9th. The Lady Chapel behind the apsis of the choir is one of the most beautiful in Paris ; the vaulting ribs of its roof unite in two diflferent points, from the first of wMch they descend in a clustered pendant, and from the other in an elaborate open- worked crown, a chef-d'ceuvre both in design and workmanship. Around it is an inscription, partly ancient, thus : parfaite en Taw 1417,pemfe en 1842. The three front windows to the east are filled with some rich specimens of stained glass by Pi- naigrier, represenlmg the histories of St. Anne and the Virgin; the two lateral ones are modern, of the manufacture of Choisy. A splendid Gothic altar of modern execution, adorned with a statue of the Virgin, and four smaller statues of the Evangelists, face the entrance. The decoration of the chapel is the conjoint work of Messrs. Baltard, architect, andDelorme, painter ; 14 oil paintings on the walls are by the latter ; those in the nave of the chapel represent the epochs of happiness of the Virgin's life ; the Annunciation, Visitation, Maternity, and Assumption; the last but one represents the Virgin eymg with the strongest expressioi of maternal love the infant Jesus asleep before her, a very suneripr picture. In the sanctuary of the chapel are the eight ST. GEEVAXS. 338 Christian viriaes. Resignation, Fortitude, Repentance, Justice, Charity, Hope, Truth, and Humility. In the vestibule of the norrA-westeru entrance is a large painting by Dubusc, re- presenting Jesus walking on the waves. The wmdow is deco- rated with modem stained glass, representing, in eight com- partments, the Death of the Saviour, and sulisequent events down to the journey to Emmaus. loth chapel ; St. Margaret of Scotland washing the feet of the poor, by Gassies ; Moses smiting the rock, by Guichard. The door of the sacristy is of wrought iron, and of elegant design. Adjoining it is the cap- tivity of St. Peter, by Heim ; and in the sacristy, a fine Annun- ciation. 1 1th. North transept : the Martyrdom of Ste. Juliette and her son St. Cyr, by Heim ; also a picture by Albert Durer, of the nine sufferings of Christ, dated 1500 ; it is concealed by curtains, but is readily shown to visitors. 12th. Christ at the Feast of Cana, by Jouvenet. Here, upon application, the visitor is introdued into a private oratory, the wainscoting of which is painted in the richest style by the elder Francks, a Dutch master of the 1 6th century ; the subjects comprise Uie whole history of our Saviour's life, Death, and Resurrection, lath. A copy of Rubens's Descent from the Cross existing in the Cathedral of Antwerp, by Morain. 14th. A model in wood of the western front of the church, serving as an altar-piece, with the Baptism of Christ, and the Fall of Man, by M. Caminade. In the window are St. John the Baptist and St. Nicholas in stained glass, bearing date 1620. Facing the aisle is an exhumation of St. Petronilla, by Guercino. Most of the windows have similar decorations. The modem stained glass in the choir has been executed after the designs of Eugene Delacroix. Around the pulpit are statues of the four Evangelists, of oak ; and, above the screen opposite, the Eternal Father surrounded by angels, by Perugino. Paul Scarron, the husband of Mme. de Maintenon, Philippe de Champagne, and many other distin- guished persons, were bmied in this church. The visitor, on leaving this, and turning eastward, will see before him the latest addition to the rue de Rivoli. ( 1 ) The me de Jouy, which, at No. 9, contains a specimen of the architectural genius of Mansard in the Hdtel d'Aumont, will lead the visitor to the me des Pretres. Here, at No. 22, the Passage Char- lemagne crosses the court of the Hdtel de Jassaud^ or d^A- guesseau, where local tradition places the site of a palace. An octagonal engaged tower of the tune of Francis I. is stiU to be (1) Most of the houses of this locality suffered greatly from the efiTects of artillery in the days of June 1848, the iasurgents having transformed this. quarter into an almost impregnable stronghold byihe scientific arrangement of their barricades. 334 NINTB AMIIIAISaMENT. 9eeB in a eomcr qi fb» eoatiy wMoh has coapled Ionic j^Saslerg nmniiig round, and some or namenfa i indicate its fonnQr st^te. This passage leads to the rue St. Antoine ; at No. 120, is the L¥CBE Chablemacne, the baiUUugs pf which helonged to the college of Jesuits fouii^ted in 1 682 , AdjouuDg this, is St. Paul et St. Louis, 3d distriet church of 9th arrondisse- menl.^^This church was begun in 1627, on the site of a chapel bdonging to the adjoining c(HiTent of the Jesuits, founded by Car^nal de Bourbon in 15S2« It was inished in 1641, and Cardinal Richelieu performed the first mass ui it in the picflence of Louis XIII. and his court. The magnificeirt front, now repaired, elevated on a flight of steps, is 144 feet high, and 72 broad at the base; it is decorated with three ranges of Corinthius and Composite colunms, with their interstices richly ornamented. The lower range of columns is surmounted by a circular pediment, the attic range having a triangular one. A dock by Lory and two niches adorn the intervals of the middle range. This structure is cruciform, with chapels on each side of the nave, communicatiug with each other. Over the eross of the church rises a lofty dome, in the pend^ntives ol which are 8eu^[»faued figvoes of the. evangelists ; and, above, foOF figmes in grisaille of Charlemagne, Clovis, Robert, and St. L^uis^ — Interior. — A rich cornice and gallery sur- mount the Cormthian pilasters winch stand in fi-ont of each pier. Baleomes, fronted with balustrades, run around the nave, and the arched ceilings of the choir and nave are covered with heavy sci oil-work. Over the entrance is a fine organ * and b^w, on brackets, St. Paul and St. Peter, in plaster, by Legendre. This church was pillaged of all its riches at the Involution of 1789 ; but a profusion of marble is stjJl to be seen on the high altar, and round the door-ways ; the rails, too, which separate the high altar from the nave, are of black and red marble. The works of art, beginning from the left on entering, are, 1st chapel : a Holy Family. 2d. St. Louis taking the Sacrament, by Besson. 3d. St. Mary Magdalen, by Le- lebvre* 4th. Christ offering his Heart. 5th. Eastern transept : a* blaok marine slab to the memory ol Bourdaloue, buried on the spot. On either side of the altar are two plaster statues by iira, representing St. Paul and St. Peter. Above the arches are two paintuigs, viz., the Agony in the Garden, by Delacroix, and the Conversion of St. Panl^ by Cbautard. 6th<. A good Mater Di^orosa in marble. There are four frescos, by Decalsne, on the WaIIs of the choir, representing the four ev^eUsts* On |he piers oi the arch leading fron^ the choir to the opposite aisle are two black marlde slabs, the inscription of the fiifst show\i^ that the heart of Louis XIV. was deposited hero hy his co^-e Bisnmr. %h maud, and thait of the leeond sUitiiig tiMl the Regent Duke of (Mem caused these insGriptione to be plaoed there to Koord the fad. 7tb ehapel (right ainle; ; the statue of St. VkioeDt de l^ule. 8tb. Western transept : Moses and the brazen serpent, and Louis XIII. offering St. Louis the dedication of this church. 9th. St. Isaltelle, sister of St. Louis, offering a church to the Virgin, by Fhibppe de Champagne, loth. St. Jerome, by Le- febvre. i 1 th. St. Peter aikninisteriBg Baptism, by Latil, and an excellent old Holy Family ; and 12th. The Baptism of Christ. Beyond the church is the sacristy, containing some good paintings, portraits of the successive cuf^ of the church ; and farther on is the chapel of the catechists, ending in a cir- cular recess, painted in fresco by Valbnm, representing Christ calling the children unto him ; it is remarksjiile for being painted on a ground rendered impenetrable to moisture by a new pro- cess invented by M. Cherot, who also composed the colours for the purpose. Although the waB is from its situation par- ticulaiiy subject to damp, the mcture has not suffered the slightest injury. The architect of this magnificent church was Fatfaet Derrand, a Jesuit. Al No. 143, in the mo St. Antoine, is the H6TEL nE SuLLT. — ^This edifice is remarkdsle as the work of Ekicerceau, and the residence of the celebrated minister -who^ name it bears. It is in good preservation, and its court, which is large, is richly adorned with sculpture. At No. 2 12, is a good specimen of the age of Henry IV., new the boardhig-school of M. Favwd. At No. 216 bis is The Visitation, a small church buiH by F. Mansard, n 1632, for the Dames de la Visitation. — ^The dome is supported by four arches, between which are Corinthian pilasters crowned with a cornice. The entrance, on an estrade with lateral steps, is ornamented with two Corinthian columns. The interior is adorned with scroll work, wreaths of flowers, &c., but con- tains no pictures. It belongs to Protestants of the Catvinistic persuasion, and service is perfumed by the pastors of the Oratoire in French, on Sundays and festivals, at 12*4. The con- vent, destroyed in the revolution of 1789, was very extensive. The rue Castes and rue de la Cerisaie lead to the ^vemment Dip(H des Poudres et Salp4tres, Percussion caps are manufactured here for the use of the army. Tlie rue Delorme leads henee to the GitE^ten ne B^sgrve, situated between the me CriHon and the Boulevard Bourdon. — ^This immeBse stopehouse was begun by order of Napoleon., in 1807, a» a depot for the grain and frour required for four months' eonsoinption of the cit^. In llTlB, the MIdiBf , tiM grouadrAoopoBly ol which wudftni sh ed^ 336 NINTH JLRRONDiaSEMERT.' was resumed on a more economical scale, roofed in with f 3 feet more at the projecting parts, and divided into thre^' sto- ries. It is 2,160 feet in length by 64 in breadth, and is 32 feet high. Beneath is a range of cellars, nnder which four water-cuts were constructed for the purpose of turning miU6. Every baker in Paris is obUged to keep 20 full-sized sacks of flour constantly deposited here, and may warehouse as much in addition as he. pleases, on payment of a moderate charge. The building will contain 100,000 sacks; the cellars are used as a supplementary entrepot for wine. For admission, apply at the bureau, in the Place de TArsenal. On tile adjoining Boulevard Bourdon a ham market or fair is held every year just before Easter; it lasts three days. The adjacent Qua! Morland formerly gave access to a small island called He LouvierSj with which it was connected by a wooden bridge. This island was chiefly a receptacle for fire- wood ; but the narrow arm of the Seine which separated it from the northern bank being filled up, it has become a considerable piece of ground, and is now covered with tem- porary barracks. It has retained its old name, and commu- nicates with the He St. Louis by the wooden bridge de VEsto- ccade. In the rue de Sully is The Arsenal. — ^About 1396, the City of Paris built a depot for artillery upon this spot, which afterwards passed into the hands of the government. A dreadful explosion having taken place in 1563, the buildings were reconstructed on a more ex- tensive scale, by order of Charles IX. Henry lY. augmented the buildings and garden, and created the office of grand- master of the artillery, in favour of Sully. Louis XfV. having caused arsenals to be constructed on the frontiers of the king- dom, the casting of cannon in Paris was discontinued. The only use made of the foundries since that period has been to cast statues for the gardens of Marly and Versailles. During the regency, in 1 7 1 8, some of the old buildings were demolished to erect a mansion for the grand-master. The valuable library, called Bibliothcque de Paulmy, originally formed by the Marquis de Paulmy d'Argenson, was deposited here : to this collection were added that of the Duke de la Val- liere, and several others, when it took the title of Biblio- theque de V Arsenal, During the Restoration it was called Bibliotheque de MonsieuXy having been purchased by the Count d*Artois, afterwards Charles X.; but since 1930 it has resumed its appellation de V Arsenal. It is very rich in his- tory, foreign literature, and, poetry, particularly in Italian works; and co/itains about 300,000 printed volumes and a»3QB0 mauscripts, among \iucb {ure m^ }miSabA nJM9« Tbe HOTEL DE ST. PAUL. S37 ground floor is fitted up with book-cases in two long gaUeries. Tbe rai&»g-ioom, and all those on the first-floor, were in- habited by Sully, and they are shown to strangers on appli- catioD. Most of the oeilings are scalptur^, and Sully's private apartments are richTy gilt and painted by no mean hand. In one of the compartments is the portrait of Catherine de Me- dicis ; in another, the entrance of Henry IV. into Paris. There are also marble busts of Henry IV, and Sully. The library is open to the public from 1 o to 3, except on Sundays and holidays. Facing the Arsenal is a large new building, containing bar- racks for the Line. It is built on the site of the ancient and once magnificent convent of the Celestins, whose church, built by Charles V., contained a greater number of tombs of illustrious personages than any in Paris. It was celebrated for the chapelle d'Orleans, containing splendid mausoleums ap- propriated to the remains of the brother of Charles VI. and the descendants of the house of Orleans-Longueville. Most of the tombs of the chapel were transported by the patriotic archi- tect, M. Lenoir, to the Musee des Monuments FranQais, rue des Petits Augustius, and two remarkable ones are at the Louvre in the Musee de la Sculpture Modeme. The mortal remains of the Duchess of Bedford, daughter of Jean Sans Peur, buried here in 1432, are now at St. Benigne's, at Dijon. (I) At the corner of the rue St. Paul, N0. 4, are a few re- mains of the Hdtel de St. Paul, long a royal residence ; the greater part is of comparatively late date, and is now occupied by a eompany for distributing through Paris the filtered water of the Seine. In a long spacious room are placed four rows of chasooal filters, receiving the water of the river, which is drawn Ufiby a steam-engine. The clarifi^ water thus obtained is perfectly sweet and wholesome. Strangers are admitted. At the comer of the rue des Lions, in the rue St. Paul, is a small square turret, of the age of Henry IV. AU the ground between the rue St. Autoine, the moat of the Bastille, the ri- ver, aad. the rue du Figuier, was formerly occupied by build-^ ings which Charles V., in 136iO-5, purchased and formed into a royal palaoe, called the Hdtel deSt. Paul^ on account of itb proximity to the church. The king inhabited the hotel of the Ardbbishop of Sms, at the western extremity ; the Hotel de St. Maur was occupied by his brothers. Within the enclosure were several, edifices, the names of which may stiU be traced in some of the streets huilt on thdr site, such as the Hdtels de (1) Durlns the demolition of part of tt^e ancient church in Hay' 184T, several tombs were discovered at lo feet below the sur- face^ one of which was that of a daughter of King John of £ng- lan^^uirnamed Lackland, and brother of Kichard 1. a 38 tEMTU ARAOMt^lSSEME^t. Puteymuce, de BeautreilHs, des Lyons, &c. Tbis palaee wat libaDdoDed by the kings of France for the Palais des Tour- nelles; and, in the early part of the l6th century, the build- ings, falling into decay, were alienated by the crown, and sold. By striking into the rue des Barres, the visitor will see be^ fore him, at No. 1 , rue du Figuier, the Hotel de Sens, one of the most interesting remains of the middle ages extant in France. — ^It was erected m the 1 5lh cen- tury, and formed part of the Hotel St. Paul. The gateway, flanked by two overhanging peaked turrets, has a finely- groined roof. High up, to the left, the visitor will see an eight- pounder ball lodgSl in the old grey wall; underneath is "28 Juillet, 1830." The windows are curiouis; and there is a re- markable turret in the south-western comer of the court. By ascending the tourelle, the visitor will find, at door 1 1 , a curious winding staircase, leading to nearly the top of the highest tur- ret. In the rue de THotel de Ville, to the left, is another pro- jecting turret, with quaintly-ornamented windows, and awalled- up Gothic archway. This hotel, a model of a noble numsion of its epoch, is still in good preservation . WESTERN PORTION. The Pont Royal, designed by G. and J. H. Mansard, and built in 1684 by an Italian Dominican fnar named FHre Romain, leads from the Tuileries to the Quai d'Orsay. Ik consists of five semicircular arches, and is 432 feet in length by 52 in breadth. This part of the river was formerly crossed by a ferry (6ac), whence the rue du Bac derives its name. Upon the piers at each end are scales, commencing from the low water mark of 17 19, (1) and divided into metres and de- cimetres, to show the height of the river. This bridge com- mands a fine view of Paris, both up and down the Seine. The first object that will strike the stranger, after leaving this bridge, will be the Hdtel Praslin, a magnificent mansion with a terrace towards the quay, but having its entrance and front in the rue de Lille, No. 66. This is one of the largest and most sumptuous of tlie residences of the old nobility. (i) The highest waters known were in J733 and 1740 ; in the latter year they attained 8 metres 20 centimetres. They reached the second stories of the houses on the Quai St. Bernard. The Biblioth^que Imp^riale preserves a volume that floated into a window of a 2d story on that quay. It is entitled, Antiquites, cndatiofu, $ingula^ites detvilles, chdteamo!, etroyawnes, 10OS. PAtAM i>t7 QUAI D'oBSAY. 3)0 Kext' to it are large barracks for cavalry, formerly the Hdtel des Gsrdes-^-Gorps, built under Napoleon, "^yond it is the V^LAis DC QcAi d'Orsat. — ^This magniGcent ediflce was began during the administration of M. de Champagny , Duke de €^are, in the time of Napoleon I. It was not, however, coo- iinued till the beginning of 1830, when Charles X. intended it as a palace for the exhibition of the productions of French in- dustry; The revolution suspended its execution for a time ; it was, however, at length completed by M. Lecorday, under Louis Philippe. This edifice comprises a vast central courts and two tateral ones. Towards the river the front presents a long line of windows, formed by 19 arches separated by en- gaged Tuscan columns, above which is a series of the Ionic order, and over this a mixed Corinthian attic, crowned with an elaborate battlement. The lower story is flanked at both ends by balustraded platforms laid out as gardens. An iron railiHg encloses this front. The principal front facing the rue de LilTe contains the chief entrances, one to the Conseil d'Etai the otiier to the Cour det CompUs; and differs from the river- front in being flanked by two projecting bodies. Other en- trances open from the side-courts into the rues Bellechasse and Poitiers. The central court is surrounded by a double series of arcades with Doric and Ionic pilasters; the lower frieze is in- laid with various-coloured marbles. There is a staircase of Boric design, at each comer of the court ; a third in the wing to the ri^t^ and a fourth is entered from a vestibule in the left wing. The ceiling of the latter is richly de corated, and the walls indifferently painted by M. Chasseriau. Those oC the first flight are en grisaille, representing Siience, Meditation, and Study. The first landing-place is only re- markable for two old inscriptions, relating to the first institu- tion of the Cour des Comptes. The walls of the second fiU^t repj^seni severally Captives taken in war, and Order provid- ing nieaos of defence. The front wall of the second landing-place has,aikgorical figures of Force and Order ; its lateral waUs re- present 4nstiee and Order repressing abuses, and Commerce pro- moting •the mtercourse of nations. The walls of the third and last .fli^t represent Peace protecting Agriculture and the Arts. This staircase opens into the galleries of the first story, com- mqmcatjng with the Hall of Audience for the Court of Ac- counts, which has a most elaborate ceiling of timber- work, and portraits of Barbe-Marbois, Pasquier. UHopital, ani Nicolai, four of the' most eminent Presidents oi the Court. On the wall oj^^ite the windows are two paintings by Alaux, one repre- senting St. Louis with Justice and Wisdom; the other. Napo- leon I. with War and Art. In the ceiling are three compart^ Digitized by VjOOQ IC 340 rami AHRONDlSSSIfEBrr. ments, painted by Beiard» with Wealth, Justice, and Labour. There is also a beautiful chimney-piece of white marMe, with two caryatides supporting a clock. The ground-floor, facing the river, is appropriated to the sittings of the Council of State^ and is visible to strangers. The visitor is first in- troduced into the Salle de& Pas Perdus, an elegant square apartment, in which four rich Doric columns, with spiral flutes and cablings, sustain a balustrade opening into a ves- tibule of the upper story, lit by a skylijo^t. The coves of this vestibule are painted by Gendron in twretve compart- ments, the central ones representing Dawn, Morning, Noon, and Evening, and the others, Childhood, Youth, Manhood, and Old Age. A door to the left opens laterally into the vestiaire, where the Councillors of State put on their robes. The first saloon is the Salk du Ccmiti du Com- merce^ which contains a fine view of the Port of Marseilles, painted in oil by Isabey. Next comes the Salle du ComitS de Ugislation, of the Corinthian order, remarkable for an elaborate ceiling, with tie and cross beams supported by gilt caryatides. Two large paintings, opposite the windows, re- present, the first, Justinian, and the other Moses, by Marigny. On each side of the entrance afe two moxe, tlie one, Solon dictating bis laws, by Dom Papety, the other Numa and Egeria, by Murat. An aatechamber leads from hence to the Salle des Sktnces Administratives, a saloon of extcaordiiiary splendor, decorated with 20 Corinthian columns, of white marble, with gtlt capitals, and portraits of Richelieu, Colbert, d*Aguesseau, Suger, Turgot, Cambaceres, Sully, rHdpital, Portalis, and Vauban, by Uie best living masters. The coved ceiling is richly ^t in compartments, and contains five em- blematical paintings of Commerce, Agriculture, the Charter of 1830, Justice, and Truth, in large medallions, (^posite the central window is Napoleon I. as a legislator, painted by Flandrin. At the further end of the room arc placed the chair of the President and the desks of the councillors. In the tympans of the arches intersecting the coves are 13 medaUions,. with portraits of Mathieu Dumas, Fourcroy, Boulay de la Meurthe, St. Jean d'Angely, Fermon, Bigot de rreameneu,, Cuvier, Jaubert, Treilhard, Dessoles, Merlin, Louis, and Mounier. The Salle du Comite de Vlnterieur, re- Viarkable for four Corinthian columns of granite, gives access to ^e Salle (2u ComiU des Grdces, m whi<^ is a painting by 6asaie9« representing the arrest of President Brisaon in the tinote of the Leagu^e^ Qence th£ visitor proceeds throui^ anoliier Salle desPa&Verdus^similar to the former, the oove^ of whicb^ IMdnted by Gigoux, represent, in medallions. Law, Equity, LEGION D'HONAJBUR. 341 VigAanoe, and Strength. On the lateral walls of the gallery are ttro frescos^ representing Vintage and Harvest, which are best viewed from the unper story. Next follows the Satis JudMaire^ of Doric architecture, in which ate portraits of CotuitSiineoa, and Gen. Allain, by Lemairc, over the doors, and Uiree more paintings, two by Thomas, representing Pre- sident Mathieu Mole pacifying the Parisian people, and Presi- dent Harlay attacked at Blois. The third painting, by Dela- rocbe, represents President Duranti of Toulouse assassinated in a CDnyeni where he had fled for safety. Under Louis Phi- lippe the throne was placed where the chimney-piece now is. The visitor must not expect to be conducted through the apartments in exactly the same order as they stand here, that depending on the capiice of the conductor ; a remark which ap- phes to other plaees also. This edifice cost 1 1 ,340,000 fr. For permissioB to view the interior apply at the porter's lodge be- tween 9 and IS daily. A fee is expiected. Inmiediatdy west of this palace, in the rue de Lille, is the H6t£l de la L£gion d'Honneur. — ^This editice was built in 1786, after the designs of Rousseau, for the Prince de Salm, whose name it bore, (l) The entrance presents a triumphal arch flanked by double rows of Ionic columns on either side ; two figures of Fame, in bas-relief, occupy the spandrils. The arch is connected by lateral peristyles with pavilions, the attics of which are adorned with bas-reliefs. A penstyle ornamented with Ionic Columns and busts extends along the sides of the court to the principal front, which is decorated with six Corinthian columns, forming a portico, under which is the entrance to the vestibide. On the front is the inscription — honneur ET PATRIB. Above are two colossal eagles. In the centre of the front towards the Quai d'Orsay is a circular projection with columns^ which supports a balustrade crowned by six statues. The interior is decorated with elegance, and the principal saloon, ia the form of a rotunda, 40 feet in diameter, looks on the river. It is inhabited by the Grand Chancellor of the Order. (See page 64.) At No. 8 5, opposite, are the Archives de la Cour de$ Compte$, a pladn edifice. Proceeding westward along the Quai d*Orsay, which overlooks one of the finest wharfs of the city, the visitor reaches the Pont tR la Concorde.—- This bridge was built in 1787-90, by Perrounet, at a cost of 1,200,000 livres* Part of the stone (I) Tlhe Pi^nce de Salm having bech toeheaded In 1792, his hotel was disposed of by lotterv, and a joutneyman halr-drcsser obtaltt«ft the winning number/ In I bos the hotel was devoted to its present purpose. Digitized by CjOOQIC . 342 TENiB ARRONDISSEMEKT. employBd was obtained from the demolition of the Bastille. It consists of five elliptical arches of unequal dimensions ; the total length of the bridge is 461 feet^ its breadth is 61 feet. The parapet is formed by a balustrade, divided by plinths^ on which were marble statues, now removed to Versailles. One of the piers bears a vertical scale of 29ya feet. ( 1 ) Opposite is the Palace of the Legislative Body, foiinerly Palais Bolr- BON. — It was erected in 1722, by Louise Francoise Duchess- dowager of Bourbon, after the designs of Girardini, an Italian architect, and continued by Mansard. On coming into the possession of the Prince de Conde, it was considerably enlarged, at a cost of 20 millions of francs, but not completely termi- nated when the revolution broke out in 1789. The Palais Bour- bon was one of the first mansions plundered, and remained unoccupied till 1795, when it was chosen for the sittings of the Council of Five Hundred. The pavilion opposite the bridge was selected as the hall of council, and the rest appropriated as a residence for the president. It was afterwards occupied by the Corps Ugislatif, On the Restoration, in 1814, the Prince de Conde took possession of the. palace, and entered into an arrangement, by which that portion which had been occupied by the legislative body, was appropriated to the use of the Chamber of Deputies, and in 1829 it was purchased for 5,500,000 francs. On the melancholy death of the Duke de Bourbon, in 1830, (2) this palace devolved by will to the Duke d*Aumale; and that part used by the Duke de Bourbon as a residence was leased to the Chamber of Deputies as an of- ficial residence for their president ; but ultimately the whole was ceded to the country for the use of the Chamber, to which the National Assembly succeeded in 1848. At present it has the same name it had under the first Empire. Exterior, — ^An iron railing with two gates gives access to the edifice, the facade of which, built, in the year 1804, by Poyet, consists of 12 Corinthian columns, resting on a broad flight of 29 steps, and supporting a triangular pediment measuring 95 feet at the base by 17 feet allitude. An allego- rical bas-relief by M. Cortot adorns the tympan ; it represents (1) This J)ri(ige was originally called Pont Louis XVI., from the '* place" opposite to which it was built ; but in 1 792 it was named Pont de la Revolution, for which appellation that of Pont de la Concorde was substituted in 1800. At the Restoration it resumed its original name, which was again changed in 1850. (2) The duke was found, on Aug. 27, isso, suspended by his cravat from the bolt of a window of his bed-room, at the GhMeau de St. Leu, and from his age, 74, and his weak state of health, it' was considered improbable that be could have accompjisbed ^is own deatructlon, PALACS OF THE LEGISLATIVE BODY. 343 France standing on a tribune, holding the Constitution in her right hand. The figure of France is 14 fecthi^. At her sides are Force and Justice ; to the left is a group of figures personi- fying Navigation, the Navy, the Army, Manufactures, Peace, and Eloquence; on the ri^t, are Commerce, Agriculture, the Arts, and the rivers Seine and Marne. On the west of the portico is a bas-relief by Rudde, on the east one by Pradler. At the foot of the steps there are colossal statues of Justice and Prudence, 18 feet high; and in the foreground are figures of Sully, Colbert, FHopital and d'Aguesseau. On the side of the Place Bourbon a lofty gateway, copnected by Corinthian por- ticos with two lateral pavilions, leads into the principal court, . Here, an uncouth temporary building (1) erected by the Pro- visional Government in 1848 for the sittings of the Constituent Assembly, for three years masked the elegant design of the palace ; but it was taken down in December, 1851 . The iron railings between the columns were fixed after the attempt of May 15, 1848, by way of precaution against similar coups de main. (2) The court is enclosed towards the east by the build- (i) It was built in 45 days ; over the entrance was a group of three figures en grisaille , representing Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity. The interior consisted of a vast hall 39 metres in length by 2? in breadth ; but owing to its bad acoustic arrange- ments^ which made it impossible to hear the words of an orator at any distance from the tribune, it was subsequently short- ened by about five metres. Over the President's chair were the words : Republique Frangaise, — Libertd, EgalitSf Fratemite* The Constituent Assembly of 1848 consisted of 900 members. (2) Under the pretext of '* petitioning" the Gonstitaent Assem- bly (which had met for the first time on May 4, 1848) in favour of Poland, the socialist party got up a procession on the 1 5th of the same month, and marched, to the number of about 80,000, to the Palais Bourbon, headed by banners, and crying, "Vive la Pologne, Vive la Republique, Vive Louis Blanc I" The gates were closed, but the portico, which at that time was protected only by short iron spikes, was soon scaled, the gates were opened from within, and iin immense multitude inundated the court and the hall of the Assembly, which was sitting at the time. Notwith- standing their astonishment, the representatives remained seated, maintaining a dignified silence, while the president was driven from his chair, and a multitude of demagogues addressed the Assembly in the midst of an indescribable uproar, summon- ing it *to vote the re-constitution of Poland either by negotiation or the force of arms. In vain did MM. Ledru-Rollin, Flocon, and other leading men of the day attempt to obtain a hearing with a view to persuade the crowd to retire. Blanqui, Barbfes, and Raspail were the only orators listened to. At length, after the uproar had lasted full three hours, Huber mounted on the presi- (Jent*s table, and declared in a stentorian voice that the Assembly Digitized by CjOOQIC ' 344 TENTH ▲aRONDISSEMENT. iogji flanking the rue de B<Ku^ogne ; towards the wetl^ lef a similar wing overlooking and giving acoeeg to sevvnl crt&er smaller courts. The post-office, library, offices of the ifiiesture, and habitations of the various officials of the Leipslaave Body occupy these buildings. Interior, — ^The visitor is introduced by a side door on the west of the portico, into the Salle des Qualre Coionnes, of Corinthian architecture, with niches and statues, which leads to the Salle de la PaiXy ornamented with a Laocoon, a Yir- ginius, and a statue of Minerva in bronze. The celling is painted by M. Horace Vemet. The flat rectangular solJBt in the centre contains in three compartments allegorical figures of Agrictdture, Steam-navigation, and Terrestrial Steaanloco- motion. The coves surrounding this central portion, fminted in Louis Philippe's time, represent the balustrades tliat ran "dong the roof of the Palais Bourbon ; here are seen, crowding to witness the ceremony of opening tlie Chambers by the King, ambassadors, members of the Cour Royale, Peers, and the members of the University ; the roysd cortege is not visible, but its presence may be guessed from the attitudes of the spectators. The above is punted in four cenqMitmeDts, separated by allegorical figures of Science, Mamifnstttres, the Fine Arts, and Agriculture. From this hall a passage leads to what formerly was the Sahm du Rot, now de VEmperenr, painted by Delacroix, with figures of the Rhine, Rhdne, Seine, Garonne, Sa6ne, and Loire, the Ocean, and the Medilerraneaai. Here the Emperor receives the deputies. It is furnished witli a fine Gobelins carpet, a throne' and seats all of erimsoa vel- vet. Next comes the Salle Casitnir PMer, or vestibule of the principal entrance. Facing it, stood a statue of Louis PhiHppe, by Jaquot, afterwards a fine statue in white marMe, represent- was dissolved, and a provisional government established. Tbe representatives were then driven out of the hall, and insulted with the most opprobrious epithets, while the intruders, seizing pens and paper, began writing lists of the names of those whom they deemed worthy of forming a provisional government. But after a while piquets of National and Mobile Guards arrived and cleared the hall at the point of the bayonet. The ringleaders had already proceeded to the Hdtel de Ville, and written the names of the members of the new provisional government, viz., Barb^s, Ledru-RoUin, Louis Blanc, Albert, Thor^, Blanqoi, Cabet, Raspail, Flocon, Leroux, Caussidi^re. By this time upwards of 100,000 men of National Guards were under arms; the National Assembly was re-instated that very evening in its hall, and de- clared itself «n permanence. Most of the ringleaders were arrested the same day, and extraordinary military precautions were taken to prevent a similar attempt ft>om being repeated. r FALACS OF THE LEGISLATIVE BODY. 345 iM Uit Aepiddic, by M. Barre, and now the place ia empty. Xme are here statues of Casiinir Perier, by Duret ; BaiUy on bia way to execution, Mirabeau, by Jalay ; and Foy, by De^rets. Orer the entrance, and the opposite door, leading to the Chamber, are fine bas-reliefs by Triqueti. The columns are Corinthian* Adjoining it is the Salle des Distributions, wh&» the Deputies receive the reports of committees, mo- timis of the Chamber, &c. The ceiling of this saloon, pierced with a skylight, is painted in grisaille by Abel de Pujol, and represents in different compartments the Salic Law, the Capltnlaifn of Charlemagne, the Edict of Nantes, and the Char- ter of 1830, in all^orical figures. The passage above alluded to leadu next to the Salle des Conferences, painted by Heim ; en <me sid« ia represented Louis le Gros, attended by hia Mi* nisten^ the Abbe SegHier and tiie Garlands, presiding at an a6«fimbly of bishops, counts, and barons, occupied in drawing up the ordinances for the enfranchisement of the Conomons in 1 136 ; ib the other is Louis XII., presiding at one of the first sittings of the Cour des Comptes. In the latter the artist has availed himself of a miniature of that time, which enabled him to r^pcesent &e scene with great fidelity. At the extremities of thesatte are picti»es en rondy one representing Charlemagne, suTfonaded by the princes and nobles of France, causing to be read to the people his "Capitulaires," which served as the basis of French legislation. The other represents the people applauding St. Louis for the public regulations he instituted previous to his departure for Africa. The visitor will also re* mark the fine figures of Prudence, Justice, Vigilance, and Fonse, and tiM medallions in grisaille, containing portraits of Sngieri IDdpital, Sully, Colbert, Montesquieu, ficc; also the figures at Hie angles, representing Agriculture, the Arts, Sciences, Industry, Commerce, Marine, Peace, and War. In escutcheons are "Code Napoleon" and **Charte de 1830." This Saloon also contains a fine statue of Henry IV., some flags taken from the Austrians during the Empire, and a painting, by Vinchon, Philip IV. opening the States General. There is a beautiful chimney-piece in white marble ornamented with sculpture by Moine, and a picture of President Mol6, by Vincent. The Legislative Hall, formerly the Chamber of Deputies, (1) (i) It was in this hall the Duchess of Orleans made her ap- pearance with her two sons, the Count of Paris and the Duke of Chartres, on Feb. 24, 1848, having traversed on foot the space which separates the Chamber from the Tuileries, while Louis Philippe was hastening from Paris in the direction of St. Cloud. She entered the Chamber at half past i p. m., and took her seat on an arm-chair which had been provided for her, in the small Digitized by CjOOQIC ■ 346 TENTH ARRONDISSEMENT. is entered by a side door in the above-mentioned passage. It is a semicircular hall, ornamented with 24 columns of single blocks of white marble of the Ionic order, having capitals of gilt bronze. The president's chair is situated in the centre of the axis of the semicircle, around which rise in gradation 600 seats, (1) to the height of the basement which supports the colunms. The whole is fitted up in crimson velvet and gold. (2) The stylobate behind the presidents chair is ornamented with circular space before the tribune, ^hile her sons sat on chairs on each side of her. M. Dupin addressed the Chamber, announc- ing the abdication of Louis Philippe, and moving that the depu- ties should proclaim the Count of Paris King of the French^ under the regency of the Duchess of Orleans. M. Marie, M. La- martine, M. Arago, and other deputies here rose to oppose the motion ; but M. Sauzet, the president, attempted to stop them by declaring the Count of Paris duly proclaimed. M. de Lamartine however moved that the discussion should be continued without the presence of any members of the royal family. . Here a sudden tumult was heard outside ; two persons hastily snatched up the young princes in their arms, and, followed by the Duchess, tried to reach first the door to the left, and next the central one ; but the passage was crowded with people from without. The Duchess and her children resumed their seats, while some of the strangers penetrated into the hemicycle, notwithstanding the entreaties of the president to allow the members of the Royal family to leave the place. Again the Duchess attempted to depart by the central door, preceded by the Dukes of Nemours and Montpeusier, and again she was stopped, and obliged to sit down with her sons on the uppermost bench of the right centre. The crowd of intruders increased. MM. Marie and Cr6mieux spoke successively, deny- ing the power of the Chamber to change the law of the regency which entrusted that important charge to the Duke of Nemours, and concluded by proposing the nomination of a provisional government. This was strenously opposed by M. Odilon Barrot, and the Duchess of Orleans herself attempted to speak, but was hushed by her friends. A crowd of armed men now rushed in; M. Ledru-Rollin ascended the tribune, declared that Louis Philippe having abdicated his authority had ceased to be King, and could not transmit the crown without an ap- peal to the people. Great confusion ensued, and lasted about three hours, during which the Duchess succeeded in making her escape. She retired to the Hdtel des Invalides, and quitted Paris the next morning. The scene we have described ended, as is known, in the nomination of a provisional government, which installed itself at the H6tel de Ville, (1) There were 459 Deputies under Louis Philippe; the pre- sent number is only 26i. (2) Over the president's chair, upon the wall which faces the assembly, was a large paint'uig, by Court, representing Louis Philippe swearing to the Charter in the Chamber .of Deputies on Augusts, 4830. PALACE OF THE LEGISLATIVE BODY. 347 a fine bas-relief, by Coutant, representing France distiibuting rewards to the Arts and Manufactures. In the intercolumnia- tions are placed statues of Order and Liberty, by Pradier ; and above the entablature are statues by Allier, Foyatier, Du- mont, afld Despres, of Reason, Justice, Prudence, and Elo- quence. The president's desk is adorned with a beautiful bas- relief, by Lemot, representing Fame and History, standing before a double plinth adorned with the head of Janus in a medallion. (1 ) A spacious double gallery , capable of contain- ing eoo persons, runs round the semicircular part of the Cham- ber ; the tribunes which are occupied by the Imperial Family, the corps diplomatique, and officers of state, are easily dis- tinguished from that of the public. f2) The semi-cupola of the hail is ornamented with arabesques, by Fragonard ; it has a horizontal shifting skylight, large enough to admit the descent of tne chandelier ready lighted into the Chamber. A second glazed roof protects the whole from the weather. Each deputy has a desk to himself; the Commissaries of the (Government whose duty it is to support the bills laid before the Chamber by the Ministers, have their seats, 6 in number, facing the Chamber and before the president's desk. (3) The Library of the Legislative Body consists of about 60,000 volumes. This collection, which, besides comprising all the documents relative to the legislature of France, con- tains a series of historical works, some of great rarity, is cele- brated for possessing the original MSS. of the Nouvelle Hd^. lo'isei and the Confessions , of Rousseau. It is enriched by the complete scries of Parliamentary Reports, Papers, &c., published by order of the House of Commons. A periodical interchange of papers takes place between the Parliaments of France and England. The Library is a very handsome long gallery, with a richly-vaulted ceiling, painted by E. Delacroix, with subjects of ancient history, and is fitted up with great elegance. To obtain admission, apply to the president's secre- tary , who will readily grant it. To hear the debates, a ticket may be obtained from a member or an Ambassador. ' (See note 2.) (1) Under Louis Philippe this bas-relief decorated the tribune, now removed. (2) It is calculated to contain 15 persons, and reserved for persons taking their chance of a seat without a ticket from a member of the Corps Diplomatique. For such persons the en- trance is opposite the Pont de la Concorde. (3) Under Louis Philippe one half of the lower bench of the deputies was reserved for the Ministers, who now do not attend. At tKe opening and close of the Session a throne occupied lti§ place of the chair and tribune. Digitized by CjOOQ IC. 348 TENTH ARRONDISSEAIENT. The palace may be visited daily between 9a.iu. and & p.n. A fee is expected. Sbuth of the Palais Bourbon is Ihe " Place" of the same name. In the centre is a marble statue hy Feucheres^ repre- senting Law, seated on the chair of Justice, her right aand holding a sceptre with the Eagle, and her left resting on the Code. On the pedestal in front of the statue, which faces thfi rue de Bourgogne, is the following incription : — Legis banc effigiem, felicilcr imperanto Kapoleone HI., imperU dosiusq. ImperatorisB Minister poncndam cbravit, anno MDCCXLV. The other sides of the pedestal are charged with devices in bas-relief, allegorical of Justice and Wisdom, and with the imperial eagle. This pedestal was to have received a statue of Louis XVIII. when the Revolution of 1 830 broke out. From June 1848 to December 1851, it was occupied by a colossal statue of the Republic in plaster. TuE Palace of the President of the Legislative Body. is at No. 128, rue de TUniversite. An elegant gateway, con- sisting of an arch supported by coupled Ionic columns^ and surmounted by well-executed groups of children, gives access to an avenue leading to this palace, formerly called the Hotel Lassay, and annexed to the Palais Bourbon when it became the property of the Conde family. It is in the style of the Renais- sance. Adjoining this is the new Hotel of the Minister of Foreign Affairs, the first stone of which was laid in 1845, by M. Guizot, and which has cost 5 millions of francs. The principal front is on the Quai d*Orsay, and consists of two pavilions connected by an intermediate body composed of a ground-floor and upper story. The former is of the Doric, the latter of the lonie or- der. The windows have small balconies, and are suranownted by medallions, the fields of which are of grey marhle« An uninterrupted balustrade runs along the roof. The. wholfi faQade is profusely sculptured. The western pavilion is ooa* nected by a terrace with a somewhat plainer building, whidi reaches to the ruede TUniversite, containing the offices ol the ministry. An elegant iron railing with two gateways en- closes a spacious court with flower-beds in front ef t^M edi- fice ; there are entrances right and left, ascended by steps. Proceeding westward, the visitor will find the PoKT DES Invalides, a stone bridge With four arches of lOo feet span, neplacing a suspension-bridge opened in 1829. It has cost 800,000 fr. It has cast-iron balustrades, and the foot of the central pier is decorated with two statues ; that towards the Pont de la Concorde representing Navigation, and that on the opposite side, Peace. Nearly opposite is the MANUFAGTURK IMPlhUALE DBS TABACS. 349 Manufacture Imperiale des Tabacs^ 63, Quai d'Orsay.—- The French government having the exdu&ive right of manufac- turing tobacco and snuff for a term of years fixed by law, this, the central establishment for the preparation of those ar- ticles, is on a proportionably extensive scale. Hiere is a hand- some house on the quay for the offices of clerks, ficc, and for the residence of the director. The visitor is conducted through the first court, enclosed by the smithy and warehouses, to the rooms where the tobacco is undone by women, laid out in heaps, and moistened with salt water." Further on, the leaves so prepared during 24 hours are stripped of their stalks, and the blades separated from their spines. In the engine- room a steam-engine by Holcroft, of 140 horse power, com- munieates motion to a variety of machinery above. A long gallery on the second story displays a row of ten chop- ping-machines, fed from behind by men who shovel the pre- pared tobacco-leaves into oscillatmg funnels, through which they arrive to the chopper in a highly compressed state. The produce is tobacco ready for smoking. The next room con- tains 31 snuff-mills, fed from above through canvas gullets ; a main horizontal shaft, a foot in diameter, turns as many ex- centrics as there are mills, communicating by straps with levers that give the perpendicular mill-shafts an alternate cir- cular motion. The produce falls upon a broad canvas strap moving horizontally upon rollers, and is thus carried to four sieves; the snuff is silted, and falls into troughs below; the coarser snuff is rejected, and transported by the former process to a pit, from whence a bucket-engine carries it to the third story. Here it returns to the mills below through funnels communicating with the gullets above mentioned. In the next room on this story is a machine for cutting labels ; and on descending, other rooms are seen, where cigars are manu- factured by women, who are paid by the task. Next is the drying-room, where tobacco ready cut is exposed in large troughs to the action of a gentle heat. Two rooms for roll- tobacco come next, where it is spun like hemp, from the de- licate quill-diameter patronized by the Parisian habitiid of the Chuumiire, to the thick rope that forms the solace of the Havre marin. None but the best quality is employed in this branch. The visitor will admire the astonishing celerity with which the men in the parcel-room weigh the tobacco, pack and label it. The parcels are then taken to another room, and packed in barrels contdnin^ 120 kilogrunmes each. Six hun<n«d females are employed in sorting and stripping ; eight hundred more in inani4e^cturing cigars ; these with me 300 men iu the estaWshment form 17 oo individuals. A man will earn from 3 fr. to 3 fr. 50 c. a-day ; a woman, if clever, mAy earn 2 fr. 50 c. per day. There are 1 o manufactories in Finance all depending from this, the central one. The annual profit to the state on the tobacco monopoly is about 153,000,000 fr. Hiere are about 500 licensed dealers in tobacco and snuff in Paris. Strangers are admitted on Thursdays from 10 to 12, and from 2 to 4, with passports. Adjoining is the Pompe a feu du Gros Cailhu, established by Messrs. Perrier in 1786, for supplying houses on the left bank of the Seine with water « There are also baHis on the premises. Nearly opposite is the Pont de l'Alma, a stone bridge of three arches completed m 1856, after the memorable battle of that name. At No. 73 is the Magazine of Military Accoutrements, and at 182, rue de TUniversite, are the Ateliers de Sculptohe. — These consist of two buildings for the labours of sculptors employed by Government on pubUc monuments, besides a house for the director, stone-yards, riieds, &c. Four new buildings have now been added, together with several extensive sheds, used as the Magaztn du Mobi- Her de la Couronne. (See p. 241 .) (l) Admission is generally obtained by applying at the porter's lodge. At No. 160 is the Pharmacie Centrale des H6pitmx Mili- taires. The rue de la Viei^ leads to the rue St. Dominique ; at No. 187 is the Hospice Leprince (see p. 123), and opposite, St. Pierre du Gros Caillou, fourth district Church of the loth arrondissement, erected in 1822 after the designs of M. Godde. It is of Tuscan architecture ; the entrance is flanked by statues of Religion and Hope. The interior is 1 60 feet in length by 70 in breadth ; and contains a nave With Iwo , aisles, having chapels at each end, and a semiciroolat- recess for the high altar. The semi-cupola of the chbi^ is painted and gilt in compartments. The frieze, painted in ft*esco by La Riviere, represents Christ delivering the keys of Heaven to St. Peter. Below this are a Holy Family, Christ at Enunaus, by Janet Lange, and an Angel rescuing St. Peter from prison, by Gaillol. The other paintings worthy of note are t Christ preaching, Daniel nmong the Lions, St. Charles Borromeo aid- ing the sick ; the Adoration of the Shepherds, by Cibot * ^Bap- (1) The ground on which this building fetanda .was once an island called lie des Cygnes, Formerly the furniture, jewels, &c. of the Crown were deposited in a building near the U)uvre ; they were removed to the present Navy-offlce {see p. sss) in 1 760 and partly dispersed during the first revolution. Napoleon transferred the Garde-Meuble to No. 6 in the Champs "Blys^es, whence it wan removed to the Faubourg Poissonni^re. icOLE MtUTAIRE* 3&i tism of Christy by Desgoffe ; and an Annunciation, by Dauphin. Beyond this church, at No. 160, is the large HopiTAL MiLiTAiRE. — ^TMs vast hospital was founded by the Duke de Biron in 1766. It contains 1,050 beds. Immediately opposite will be perceived the Fontaine de Mars, or du Gros Caillou. — Erected in 1813. It is a square building, with four Doric pilasters. In the front is a bas-relief, representing Hygeia, the goddess of health, offering a draught of water to an exhausted soldier. On the sides are vases surrounded with the Esculapian serpent, and adorned with bas-reliefs; the water flows from dolphins' heads* The rue St. Dominique terminates at the Champ de Mars — an immense oblong space between the £cole Militaire and the Seine, of 2952 feet by 1476. It has four rows of trees on each side, and has gentle slopes towards the centre. It was formerly bordered east and west by ditches and embankments, which were formed, in the year 1790, by the population of Paris, of both sexes and all ranks, for the celebrated File dela Federation j which took place on the 14 th of July, when an altar, called I'Autel de la Patrie, was erected in the centre, and Louis XYI., seated in a superb am- phitheatre in front of the £co]e Militaire, made oath to main- tain the new constitution. More than 60,000 persons were constantly at work till the embankments were completed. Napoleon held here the famous Champ de Maty before the battle of Waterloo ; and here too, in 1830, Louis Philippe dis- tributed their colours to the National Guards. On the night of the 14th June, 1837, during the rejoicings in celebration of the marriage of the Duke of Orleans, 24 persons were suffo- Qate d or trodden to death by the pressure of the crowd pass- ing through the gates. On May loth, 1852, Louis Napoleon distributed the Eagles to the army, which were to replace the Gallic Cock. The sight on this occasion was magnificent ; upwards of 60,ooo troops were present, together with many Arab chiefs, who had come over from Algeria as representa- tives of the Arab tribes that have made their submission to the French Government. The Champ de Mars is used for military reviews and manoeuvres, as also for horse races. (See p. 494 .) At the southern extremity of the Champ de Mars is the £coLE Militaire. — Louis XV., by an edict of 1751, founded this school for the gratuitous education of 500 young gentle- men, to be chosen from the sons of poor noblemen, prefer- ence being given to those who, having lost their fathers in the field, were considered as children of the stale. A certain number of boarders were also admissible into the school, on paying 2,000 livres. The Military School, which occu- 351 TENTII ARftOimnSEBOESfr. pied 10 yean in building, was commenced in 1752, alter tb6 designs of Gabriel. The principal entrance is towards the place de Fontenoy, and opens into two courts, separated from each other by a railing. The first, 420 feet square, is bordered right and left by barracks ; the second, a square of 270 feet, is flanked by two open Doric galleries ending in the lateral pavilions of the front, which are connected with the central

• pavilion by intermediate wings, two stories hi^, with en-

gaged couples of Doric columns on the ground-floor, and lonfc colunms equally disposed shove. The central pavilion is of elegant design, and consists of a central Connthian portico supporting a pediment level with the attic, which is sur- mounted by a auadrangular dome. A statue of Louis XV,, by Lemoine, which stood in the inner court, was broken to pieces at the revolution of 1789. The front toward the Oiamp de Mars, which now occupies the whole southern side of that vast space, is composed of a projecting portico of four Co- rinthian columns in the centre supporting a sculptured pedi- ment and attic. Two Corinthian columns recede on either side from the former. On each side of the main building is a pavilion adorned with a pediment resting on 4 Ionic columns. A new pavilion has now been added on each side ; one for cavalry and the other for artillery ; they are of elegant but simple design, surmounted by groups of genii supporting the imperils escutcheon. In front of the dome is a dock by Lepaute, ornamented with figures of Time and Astro- nomy. Within there is a vestibule adorned with four ranges of columns of the Tuscan order, and four niches. On the first floor is the Salle du Conseil, adorned with military emblems and pictures. The chapel was formerly most magni- ficent,, but the valuable paintings which it possessed were de- stroyed at the revolution of 1789. At present it has been re- stored to its former use. Tlie Duke de Choiseul ordered an observatory to be established in this edifice in 1768, and the celebrated astronomer Lalande was charged to carry the project into execution. It was abolished shortly afterwards, i*©-esta- blished in 17 88, and finally suppressed several years ago, when the instruments were given to other similar institutions in diffe- rent parts of France. The military school was suppressed m 1788, and the pupils were distributed in regiments and mili- tary coHeges. During the revolution of 1789, the fecole Mili- taire was transformed into barracks for cavalry. Napoleon afterwards made it his head-quarters. It now fonoos barracks tor about 6,000 men, infantry, cavalry, and artillery, and occupies a space of 1408 feet by 797 . For permission to view the interior, apply to 4/ . fo Commandant ie la Premi^ Bi- udTEL DES INVALIOES. 363 vision Miiikure, 7, Place Vendome, but such permissions are rarely granted . A little to the north of the Barriere de Crenelle, an absorb- ing veil, 200 feet deep, has been formed to dispose of the con- tents of a large sewer. The Avenue de Boufflers will conduct Ihe stranger to the semicircular Place Vauban, contiguous to the Hotel des Invalides, of which we here see the magnificent Dome. This majestic structure was built by the archi- tect Mansard, and fmished in the year 1706. A square mass of building, 138 feet in length, forms the body of the church. It is divided into two stories, and in the centre of each front is a projecting mass, crowned with a pediment resting on com- posite columns. The southern one, which serves as a portico and principal entrance to the church, is composed of two rows of columns, the lower of the Doric order, the upper of the Co- rinthian. On each side of the portico is a niche containing statues of St. Louis and Charlemagne. Allegorical figures ar«  also placed in front of the pilasters of the upper story. Above this, resting on a circular stylobate, rises the drum, which is outwardly surrounded by 40 coupled composite columns; and at the points corresponding to the angles of the lower stories are eight projecting buttresses, finished with engaged columns. An attic crowned with a balustrade, and adorned with arched windows, crowns the drum, from within Which springs the dome; its surface is divided by 12 gilt ribs into as many compartments, each occupied bv projecting devices of trophies, arms, flee, also gilt. From the summit of the dome rises a lantern, with a gilt spire, globe, and cross. The total hei^t to the top of the cross is 323 feet. Handsome iron gates, with eagles on the piers, give access to this edifice. If the stranger, naving selected a Monday for a visit to this arrondissement, has not forgot tiis passport, or if it be a Thursday when the public generally are admitted between 1 2 and 3, he should at once take advantage of the opportu- nity and visit the InurioT. — The interior of this splendid church is circular* With branches of a Greek cross extending in the direction oi the four cardinal points, forming the nave and transepts, be- tween which are four circular chapels, each having three lofty arched entrances, one of which, flanked with fluted Connthian columns, faces the centre of the church, now occu- . (1) At the revolution of 1789 these portraits -were transformed into those of Grecian end Roman philosopherd, with Voltaire and UoUBscau among them. Upon restoring tbeui, Pepin le Bref ^as substitttted for Childebert. Digitized by VjOOQ IC 354 TCNTH ARRONDISSEBIBST. pied by a dreolar parapet surrounding the crypt which con- tains the tomb of Napoleon I. Above this rises the dome, resting on four main arches, in the pendentives of which are paintings of the four Evangelists, by Delafosse and Lebrun. The attic over the pendentives is adorned with 12 medallions, containing portraits, in bas-relief, by Bosio, Tannay, Rux- thiet, and Cartelier, of Clovis, Dagobert, Pepin-le-6ref, Charle- magne, Louis-le-Debonnaire, Charles-le-Chauve, Philip Augus- tus, St. Louis, Louis XIL, Henry IV., Louis XIII., and Louis XIV. (1) The attic is surmounted with a drum, pierced with 12 arched wmdows, with key-stones supporting garlands, and adorned with 24 engaged coupled pilasters, from the en- tablature of which springs the first cupola, painted by Sou- venet, in 12 compartments, 28 feet in height by 1 1 in breadth at bottom, and 8 at top, representing the Apostles. The cupola ends in a circular cornice 54 feet in diameter, sup- porting the lantern, the windows of which arc not visible from below. This lantern is crowned with the second cupo- la, painted by Delafosse : St. Louis presenting his sword to Jesus surrounded by angels. This picture is 50 feet in dia- meter, and contains upwards of 30 colossal figures. The entire ceDing of that part of the nave where the high altar stands is profusely painted and gilt. The Assumption of the Virgin, and the Trinity, surrounded by angels in adoration, are by Noel Coypel ; Ithe angels playing on musical instru- ments, which adorn the intrados of the two windows which admit light into this part of the church, are, to the right, by Bon Boullongne; to the left, by Louis BouUongne. — Chapels and Transepts, — Over the entrances to the chapels are baa-reliefs, representing events in the life of St. Louis. The chapel of St. Austin, to the right on entering, is painted by Louis Boullongne. with scenes from the life of that saint. The bas-reliefs are by Flamant and Laprerie. In the adjoining transept is a monument to Vauban, consisting of a sarcophagus of black marble, resting on a basement of red marble. The figure of Vauban is reclining on the sarcophagus ; behind it is an obelisk bearing his arms and surrounded by trophies. Two statues, representing Genius and Prudence, by Etex, stand beside the hero. Next follows the chapel of St. Am- brose, painted by Bon Boullongne, in six compartments, repre- senting as many passages in the life of that saint. The cupola represents his apotheosis, ^he chapel opposite is enriched with bas-reliefs and sculptures by Le Cointe and Paltier ; its cupola, painted in six compartments by Michel Comeillc. represents passages of the life of St. Gregory. Next follows ^he western transept, with a monument to Turcnnc, brought TOMB OF NAPOLEON I. 355 here from St. Denis, composed by Lebran and executed by Tuby. The marshal is represented expiring in the arms of Imxnorlality. At the feet of the hero is the affrighted eagle of the German Empire ; a heraldic obelisk rises behind. The last chapel, dedicated to St. Jerome, has paintings by Bon Boullongne, of various incidents in the life of that saint. The sculptures are by Nicolas Coustou. — The High Altar, — It is ascended by ten steps of white marble ; the altar-table is of black marble, surmounted by four spiral columns of the same material, supporting a canopy, all profusely gilt. Winding staircases on either side of the high altar descend to the iron railing communicating with the old church, opposite which is the entrance to the crypt containing the Tomb of Napoleon I. — ^This entrance is flanked by two sarcophagi resting upon plinths, and surmounted by two Co- rinthian columns crowned with segmental pediments ; one is dedicated to Marshal Duroc, the other to Marshal Ber- trand, the Emperor's friends during his adversity. A bronze door ^ives accrss to the crypt ; over it, on a black marble slab, are the following words, quoted from the Emperor's will; «* Je d(58ire que mes cendres reposent sur les bords de la Seine, au milieu de ce peuple Fran^ais que j'ai lant aim^." Two colossalbronze caryatides, by Duret, at the entrance, hold the globe, sceptre, and imperial crown. A gloomy gallery, running under the high altar, now leads to the crypt, dimly lighted by funereal lamps of bronze, and adorned with bas- reliefs, designed by Simart, and executed by Lanno, Petit, and Ollin, representing : 1. The termination of Civil War ; 2. the Concordat ; 3. the Reform of the Administration ; 4. the Council of State; 5. the Code ; 6. the University ; 7. the Court of Accounts ; 8. the Encouragement of Trade and Commerce; 9. Public Works; 10. the Legion of Honour ; all due to the energy of the late Emperor. The pavement of the crypt is de- corated with a crown of laurels in mosaic. The balustrade, surrounding the tomb, is adorned with sculptured laurel wreaths, encircling the names of the following victories : Rivoli, Pyra- mids, Marengo, Austerlitz, lena, Friedland, Wagram, and Mos- kowa. Twelve colossal statues, by Pradier, representing as many victories, stand against the pilasters, facing the tomb, consisting of an immense monolith of porphyry, weighing 133,000 lbs., and brought from Lake Onega in Finland at a cost of 140,000fr. Its exquisite polish has been effected by a powerful steam-engine. It covers the sarcophagus, also of a single block, 12 feet long and 6 in breadth, resting upon two plinths, which stand on a block of green granite, brought from 366 TENTH ABAONDISSEMENT. the Vosges. The total height is 1 3 ^ feet . Iq the gallery whidi encirdes the crypt is a recess, called the Chapells Ardente, containing the sword the Emperor wore at Austerlitz, the in- signia he used to wear on state occasions, the crown of gold voted hy the town of Cherbourg, and the colours taken in different battles. At the furthest end of the recess is the statue of the Emperor in his imperial robes, due to the chisel 'of Simart. This reliquaire is closed with an iron railing. The marble employed in this monument has cost 2,000,000 fr., and the whole expense amounts to about 9,000,000 fr. In a vault beneath the pavement of the dome are deposited the bodies of Marshal Mortier and tlie other 14 victims of t'ieschi's attempt on the life of Louis Philippe on July 28 |I833. To these have since been added the bodies of Marshal Damremont, killed at Gonstantina, Marshal Lobau, and Mar- shal de St. Arnaud. The Dome of the lovalides is one of the most sumptuous works of the age of Louis XIV. The small green esplanade in front of the southern porch was formerly bounded by a fosse, over which a drawbridge served as an entrance to the king whenever he visited the church. The stranger, on leaving this, will pass through a corridor to the Hotel . — ^Pfevious to the reign of Henry IV. , old and disabled soldiers had no other resources in France than the chaiity of the monastic establishments of royal foundation to depend on for their support; but in the year 1596, that king formed an asylum for military invalids in an old convent in the Fau- bourg SI. Marcel. This institution was removed to the chateau de Bicetre, by Louis XIII., but for want of funds did not re- ceive any augmentation. In 1670, during the administration of Louvois, Louis XIV., by whose wars the number of invalids was greatly augmented, determined to found a magnificent establishment to receive them. The foundations were laid in .1670, and the main building, as well as the first church, were finished about 1706, by Bruant. The second church, sur- mounted by the dome, was destined for the celebration of festivals and military anniversaries. Several additions were made at various times to the buildings of the hotel; and the whole edifice now covers 16 acres of ground, enclosing 15 courts. Under Louis XV. and Louis XVI., the number of in- valids was small, but the institution maintained its dignity and privileges. At the revolution of 1789 it took the name of Temple deVHwnaniie; and during the turbidence of that pe- riod was always respected. Under Napoleon it was called Temple de Mars, ana the number of its inmates was fright- fully augmented. At the Restoration the hotdi resuno^ed its HOTEL DCS INVALmeS. 3&9 original title. This magnifioeRt infititution is nnder the direo* tion of the Minister of War. The staff of the establishment comprises : a marshal of France (now Count Omano), gover- nor ; a heut .-general, commander ; a colonel, or lieut. -colonel,- major ; eight captains, adjutants. There is an administrative council composed of 10 members, including two senators and a commander. There are also one almoner, two chaplains^ two chief physicians, one chief apothecary, and 10 assistants; 26 Sisters of Charity, and 260 servants of all kinds^ The Hotel is divided into 14 divisions, each of which has a chief of division, an adjutant and sub-adjutant. The gover- nor has 40,000 fr. per annum; the general-commandant, 15,000 fr.; the intendant, 12,000 fr., and the colonel-major^ 70OO fr. All soldiers who are actually disabled by their wounds, or who have served 30 years, and obtained a pen- sion, are entitled to the privileges of this institution. The whole of the invalids, amounting at the present moment to 33 OO, officers included, are boarded, lodged, clothed, &c. The table service of the officers is of plate, the gift of Maria Louisa. For meals, the inmates of the Hotel are clivided into three parties ; the hours of the first are 9 a.m. and 4 p. m.; those of the second 10 and 5, and those of the third, con- sisting of the employes, half past 10 and half past 5. The soldiers have for breakfast, soup, beef, and a dish of vege- tables ; for dinner, meat or eggs, and vegetables ; cheese, on Fridays. At each repast about a quarter of a pound of meat is served to each man, who also receives a litre of wine and 154 pound of white bread daily; the wine and bread are of the same quality for all ranks of officers and men, but the officers have an extra dish allowed. Each man has his bed, straw mattress, wool mattress, and bolster, with a press for his clothes. Strangers are strongly recommended to visit the Invalides al meal-time, to witness the great order, cleanliness, and comfort that prevail. In the distribution of meat, wine, and clothing, if any person does not consume his allowance, he may receive an equivalent in money ; and persons deprived of legs are al- lowed money instead of shoes. The pay of the invalids for minor expenses is according to the following scale per month : — -private soldier, 2 fr.; corporal, 3 fr.; lieutenant, without special duties, and sergeant, 4 fr.; sergeant-major, 5 fr.; captain, without special duties, 5 fr. 33 c; adjutant, 6 fr.; acting lieutenant, 8fr.; captain, 10 fr.; chef-de-bataillon,20fr.; lieutenant-colonel, 24 fr. ; colonel, 30 fr. The hotel will hold 3,000 invalids. They all wear the same uniform ; their only ^ ordinary duty, conformably with their own request, is to mount guard m the hotel and its dependeneies. The number It 58^ TENTH ARRONDISSEMENT. of officers is about 170. There was an Hotel des lavalides at Avignon, but it has been suppressed since 1850. Exterior, — ^The H6tel has a wide terrace in front, laid out as a garden, where the visitor will perceive 16 beautihil bronze pieces of heavy artillery and two mortars mounted along the fosse, being the fruits of former victories. Among them some Prussian guns, highly ornamented, are well de- serving of inspection ; and near them will be found 1 6 pieces of artillery captured at Algiers and Constantina, bearing Ara- bic inscriptions, and resting upon stone supports. This terrace communicates through a gateway with the extensive Esplanade des Invalides, consisting of six squares partly planted with trees. It measures 1440 feet by 7 80, and reaches to the Quai d'Orsay. It was planted in 1750, and replanted ^ in 1818. At one third of the avenue which traverses it, is a circular space, in which stood a fountain, ornamented with the celebrated bronze lion brought from the place St. Mark, at Venice, but restored in 1815. To that succeeded a pedestal ' with a bust of Lafayette, now removed. The front of the hotel is 612 feet in length ; it is divided into four stories, and presents three pavilions. The central one ^ is decorated with Ionic pilasters, supporting an arch, on the tympan of which is a bas-relief of Louis XIV. on horseback, sculptured by Coustou, jun., and restored in 1816 by Car- telier. On the pedestal is this inscription : — Ludovicus Magnus, militibus regali munificeniia in perpetuum providens, has aedes posuit An. M.DC.LXXV. Statues of Mars and Mmerva m bronze, by Coustou, jun., adorn the entrance. The triangular pediments of the extreme \ pavilions are adorned with military trophies, resting upon attics. Their roofs are crowned by square terraces surroundeJ with balustrades. The four bronze figures at the corners of these pavilions, representing vanquished nations, are by Des- 1 jardins, and formerly adorned the statue of Louis XIV. in the Place des Vicioires ; they are 12 feet high, and were placed here in 1800. The dormar-windowsof this frontare very remarkable ; ^ they are formed of military trophies in stone, each consisting of a cuirass, in which is the window, surmounted by a hel- met and hung with a mantle, the whole looking like a row of gigantic knights defending from above the approaches of the place. The western front in the Cour de TAmitie resembles this in its general design. The principal front has two lateral gateways, and a central one leading into the Cour d^Honneur, which is 315 feet long, 192 feet broad, and is entered by a spacious and elegant vestibule adorned with Ionic ccdumns. UOtlSi DSS INVAUOBSi 359 It is surrounded b^ four piles of building, with central pro- jections, and pavilions at the angles. Each pile is decorated with two ranges of arcades, crowned by an entablature, and by dormar-windows ornamented with military trophies. At each angle is a group of horses treading the attributes of war beneath their feet. The arcades enclose spacious galleries. The central projection of the southern side, bearing in front a statue of Napoleon h, is a colonnade of four couples of Ionic columns, supporting Corinthian ones, surmounted by a pediment with a clock, by Lepaute, with statues of Time and Study, and crowned by a campanile. The wings right and left are occupied by the governor, his staff, the physicians and surgeons. The Hotel is now lighted throughout bv gas ex- tracted from water, and warmed by a general calonfere. Library. — ^The library, founded by Napoleon, contains about 17,000 volumes on theology, jurisprudence, belles- lettres, and strategy, and possesses manuscripts of Sully and Colbert, a fine picture of Napoleon ascending Mont St. Bernard, copied from David, and a model of the Hotel it- self. Next to the latter are two gilt candlesticks which be- longed to Marshal Turenne, the cannon-ball (weighing 3 lb.) by which he was killed, and a small equestrian statue of that hero executed in gold and silver. The library is open from 9 to 3, except on Sundays and festivals. Strangers are not admitted to consult the books without a permission from the bureau. Council-Chamber, — This is in the passage west of the h- brary on the same floor. The vestibule contains a numerous collection of miniature drawings of all the flags and banners taken in war from the time of Henry IV. to the present, besides the banners of many towns of France. In the bA- \oimn% Salled*Attmte are portraits, by Vernier, of Maurshals Bessieres, Suchet, Perignon, Augereau, Kcllermann, de Broglie, Bcrnonville, Due de Bellisle, Lanncs, Gouvion-St. Cyr, Mas- sena, Clarke, Moncey, Lauriston, Ney, Brune, Lefebvre, Da- voust, Oudinot, Victor, Viomesnil, and Berthier. The Council- Chamber contains portraits of the Governors of the Hdtel des Invalides, viz. LemaQon, Panat, Guibert, Sombreuil, who was guillotined during the revolution of 1789, Berruyer, Ser- rurier, Duke de Coigny, Latour Maubourg, Jourdan, and Le> tellier. There are three marble busts, one of Napoleon by Bosio, another of Louis Napoleon by Emile Thomas, and one of King Jerome, executed and presented to the Invalides by Count d'Orsay ; a full-length portrait of Louis XIV. by Bigaull, and another of Napoleon by Ingres. Over the door are two jne- daUions, by Vernier, with portraits of Mansard, and Bruant, the architects of the H6tel. Digitized by VjOOQ IC S6<> TEMTH ARRONMSSfMCNT. UormttoriVs.— These are on the first and seieotid Btdries, and consist of 12 spacious rooms, called the Sattes Vaoban, I'Hautpoul, de Luxembourg, de Mars, d'Assas, de Latour l*Attvergne, de Bayard, deKl^ber, Moncey, Bertraad, Louvois, ind Molitor. They contain each from 50 to 55 beds. The other ro<Hns contain each from 4 to 8 beds. The infirmaries are extensive and well ventilated. Refectories and Kitchens. — In the piles of buildings to the right and left, on entermg the Gour d'Honneur, are four grand refectories, or dining-rooms. Each of them is 150 feet in length by 24 in breadth. One is devoted to the officers, and the three others to the sub-officers and privates. They con- tain some indifferent paintings in fresco, representing fortiBed towns and places in Flanders, Holland, Alsace, Tranche Comte, Burgundy, 8cc., conquered by Louis XIV. In each are 30 round tables, for messes of 12. There are two kitchens, one for the officers, the other for the privates. Adjoining them is tiie larder. More than 1 500 pounds of meat are boiled daily, and a similar quantity is used for ragouts ; 60 bushels of vegetables are consumed daily. The meat and vegetables are cooked by patent furnaces, each of which heats ei^t coppers. There are two more coppers, each dressing 1200 lb. of meat* and a spit that roasts 400 lb. at a time. Galeries des Plans Reliefs d0S Forteresses de Fronw.-^This is a collection of upwards of fifty plans in relief of the fortresses of France, which occupies two long galleries on the 4th story, connected by a transversal gallery, west of the Cour d'Honneur. Here may be seen, in the proportion of 1 to 600, the models of Pernignan, Cherbourg, Antibes, Strasburg, Bayonue, Belle Isle, Oleron, St. Martin de Be, Ham, Villefranche in the Pyre- nees, Dunkerque, Mont St. Michel, Besancon, &c. Several o( them occupy a space of from 220 to 240 square feet ; the houses, rivers, the adjacent country, the hills, mountains, etc., are executed with great precision in wood, plaster, and other materials. There are also models of the Mont Cenis, Swit- Eerland, the bajttle of Lodi, and the last siege of Rome, which are extremely interesting. It is to be regretted that the galle- ries do not receive sufficient daylight, being in fact mere gar- rets. This collection is only open to visitors from May 1st to June 16th, with tickets. (See p. iv.) Church, — The Eglise ancienne, which is separated from the Dome (see p. 353), by an elegant railing, consists of a long nave, and two low aisles, supporting a gallery which appears behind the arches of the nave. It is 66 feet in height, and about 210 feet in length. The piers of the arches are fronted by Corinthian pilasters, which support a bold entablature, above HOtlL DEB INVAL1DEB. 361 a Kqe of archei) windows throws light upon th«  hmBen ttiat are ranged along both sidog of the nave. (1) ltfo$t of the ]Her8 of the nave bear inscriptions on marble, viz. of Count de Guibert, governor of the hotel, who died in 1786 ; Duke de Goigny, 1821; Marghal Jourdan, 1838; MarshalMon- cey, 1842; Marshal Lobau, 1838; Marshal Oudinot, Duke de Reggio, 1847 ; and Baron d'Espaguac, 1782. Two bronze tablets are besides inscribed with other names, amongst which are those of Marshal Mortier, killed in 1835 by Fie- schi's infernal machine, Marshal Damremont, who died be- fore Clonstantine in 1837, Marshal Bugeaud, 1849, and Gene- rals N^rier and Duvivier, killed in the insurrection of June, 1848. Governors dying while holding office are alone al- lowed to be buried under the nave, and to have monuments erected in the church. The pulpit is of white marble with gUt ornaments, and bronze bas-reliefs of scriptural subjects. A portion of the nave, railed off by a fence of polished iron and brass, forms the choir. The dome is described at p. 353. The Hotel des Invalides may be inspected by strangers daily from 10 till 4. There are Invalides ready to act as guides for a small fee, and a trifle will be expected" by those who show the Goundl-Chambcr, Kitchen, and Refectories. At the comer of the rue de Crenelle, No. 127, is the Hdtel du Chdtelet, a splendid specimen of the grandeur of the days of l-ouis XIV. "Hie Cour d'Hotineur is one of the finest in Paris. It is now inhabited by the Archbishop. Opposite stood the J^glise de St. Valere, once the chapel of a convent. The property, confiscated in 1789, passed in part to the family of pavoust. Prince of Eckmuhl, and was by them sold to the late Mr. Hope, who built a riding-bouse on it, which is now pscd as a barrack for cavabry. At No. 77, rue de Varennes, Js the Hdtel de Biron, now occupied by the Dames du SacrS Caur. ^ (0 In the time of Napoleon nearly 8oeo flags filled the nave ; but on the evening before the entry of the allied armies into Paris, MftPch 54, 1844, the Duke de Feltre, Minister of War, by order of Joseph Bonaparte, commanded them to be burnt, and the sword of Frederick the Great, which was preserved here, to be broken. The orders to that effect were given thrice before they were obeyed. On the nth of August i85i, a fire broke out here on Ihe occasion of the funeral obsequies of Marshal S^bastiani. By timely exertions it was got under before it could damage the building; but out of the 25o flags which adorned the walls, five ^ere entirely consumed, and many more or less damaged. T\xe poroiol of command taken in the war with Morocco in i844, the

• ^ock, and the organ were considerably injured; the high altar

and a large painting by Kitable were completely destroyed. 362 f|»Ttl ARRONDlSSEStCNT. At No. 69, rue de Babylone is the chapel of the Oriental Society for the union of a\\ the Christians of the East. At No 49 are infantry barracks famous for the attack they sustained in the revolution of 1830. Near this, at No. 12, rue Mon- sieur, is the Armenian College; and at No. 27, rue Oudinot, the principal establishment of the Freres des Ecoles Chri- tiennes. In the adjoining Place de BreteuU is the Abattoir de Crenelle. — Like the others, this abat- toir consists of several courts and piles of building. (See p. 2 83.) It was begun in 1 8 1 1 , after the designs of M. Gisors. It contains an object of peculiar interest, which is the Artesian Well. — On the 1st of January, 1834, the boring of this well was commenced by M. Mulot, of Epinay -sur- Seine. The operation was one of immense difticulty, and was not brought to an end until February 26, 1841, when the water burst out with inconceivable force, and broke through the machinery which surrounded the top of the tube. The temperature of the water was 28* centigrade, or 83^ Fahrenheit. (1) Several times did the boring instrument break and fall in during this arduous operation ; once, in May, 1837, when the length of the bar united was 407 metres, or 1 , 3 3 5 feet. It required 1 4 months' incessant labour to recover it. The immensity of the labour in forming this well may be conceived, considering that the boring-instrument had to penetrate to a depth of l,8oo feet, the whole of which is now lined with galvanised iron. The water rises 112 feet above the surface of the ground in a pipe supported by a wooden scaf- folding which is accessible by steps. At the mouth of the well it yields 560 gallons per minute; at an elevation of 112 feet it gives 264 gallons. Water from this well will rise to the highest story of any house in Paris. The pipe is 2 1 indies in diameter at the top, and 7 at bottom ; its depth is 5Vi times the height of the cross on the dome of tlie Invalides. The Hopital de Madame Necker, 1 5 1 , rue de Sevres, was a con- vent of Benedictine nuns until 1775. In 1779, at the sug- gestion of the wife of the celebrated M. Necker, Louis XVI. as- signed funds to convert it into an hospital. The chapel pos- sesses two tine statues of Aaron and Melchizedek, in marble, purchased for 1,200 fr. from an individual who discovered them when digging the foundations of a house. This hospital is visible on Thursdays and Saturdays from 1 to 3. (See p. 143.) It is now receiving considerable additions. (i) It has been ascertained that, throughout the basin of the Seine and adjoining departments, artesian wells may be bored wherever the elevation of the soil does not exceed by 4o metres, or 131 feet, that of the Abattoir de Grenelle. INSTITUTION IMPERIALE DES JEUNES ATEUGLES. 363 Next door to this hospital, at No. 149, is the HopiTAL DEs Enfans Malades. — Ou this spot existed a cha- rity-school, called Maison de VEnfant Jdsus, which was pur- chased, in 1732, by Langiiet de Gergy, rector of St. Sulpice, and opened for the reception of poor girls and sick women of his parish. It was afterwards con veiled into a school for the daughters of poor noblemen, and in 1802 was formed into an hospital for sick children. Strangers are admitted on Thurs- days and Sundays, from 12 to 3. (See p. 145.) At the corner of the boulevard and the rue de Sevres is the Institution Imperiale des Jeunes Aveugles. — This esta- blishment originated in the benevolent exertions of M. Hauy, who, being himself blind, in 1784 opened a school for blind children. In 1791 it wis created a royal institution by Louis XVI. It occupied the buildings of the Seminaire St. Firmin, in the rue St. Victor, but was removed in 1843 to the present splendid building, which, with its courts and gardens, covers a rectangle of neai'ly 4, coo square feet. It was erected under the direction of M. Philippon, architect, at a cost of 1,850,000 fr. Over the grand entrance is a bas-relief, by M. Jouffroy, representing on one side Valentin Hauy, the first in- structor of the blind, teacliing his pupils ; on the other, a fe- male teaching to six girls; in the midst. Religion encourages both. The building is divided into two sides, containing distinct apartments for the males and females. The visitor is first conducted to the right wing, occupied by the boys, and witnesses successively their ability in brush-making, joinery, turning, weaving, and basket-making, which is considered the best employment for them, except music, for which they have a peculiar aptitude, and which is here cultivated with the utmost care. On ascending the first story, he is introduced to the school and music rooms, and next to the chapel, which occupies the centre; it is of the Ionic and Corinthian orders combined. Two ranges, of 12 columns each, form an upper and lower gallery occupying the whole perimeter of the cha- pel, save the choir, which is cruciform, and separated from the nave by a main arch. It is crowned with a cupola, and ends in a semicircular recess, the semi-cupola of which is painted in fresco by Lehmann, and represents Christ calling children around him. The ceiling of the nave is of timber work, with gilt rosettes, in square compartments. On the se- cond floor are the dormitories, four for boys, and two for girls, besides a supplementary one in case of necessity. Dressing-rooms with tanks for water are contiguous to them. Here also are the rooms of the Sceurs de Ste, Marie, that attend in the infirmaries, which are two in number, one for 3«4 TCNTH ARllONMSSBMKNT. each 8^x. A repetition of neariy the same rooms oecurs on the side of the girls, arranged for occupations proper to their sex. The refectories are fiirnished witn long marble tables, besides a long marble washing-basin with spouts, against the wall, and occupy the ground-floor, together with the kitchens, baths, &c. All the professors are blind, and the establishment requires hardly any aid of mechanics from without, nearly every thing being manufactured by the inmates. Water is supplied from the artesian well at Crenelle. The building is heated by means of hot-water pipes, and lit with alcohol mixed with a combustible liquid extracted from wood. A f^mnastic apparatus is constructed m the garden, and the in- ferior arrangements are admirably adapted for the health and comfort of the pupils. The chUdren, if received gratuitously, must not be under 9 nor above 14 years of age, and are re- quired to produce certificates of their birth, freedom from con- tagious disease, and idiotcy, as well as of their parents* good conduct and indigence. For boarders no age is fixed. It is interesting to see so many unfortunate children, who would otherwise be thrown on the charity of the public, educated and trained to profitable occupations. Among the elder pupils there are some excellent pianists and performers on the most difficult instruments. They have a printing-office for the pub- lication of books in relief, the types being sharp enough to produce impressions without cutting the paper; so that the child, by merely moving its fingers along the lines, can read with tolerable ease. The printers and compositors are all blind. Every pupil besides has books written by himself under dictation, by a process of pricking the paper which produces conventional letters m relief on the paper. This system was invented by M. Louis Braille, a professor of the establishment, bom blind, who died in 1852. Some pupils excel in mathematics, and by the methods described can put on paper very intricate calculations. In the Salle des rentes visitors will find a variety of articles for purchase, made by the inmates, some of them beautifully executed. At present there are about 200 pupils. The Government has al- lotted 160 purses of 800 fr. each to the education of as many indigent pupils of either sex, and several benevolent indivi- duals have endowed the establishment in a similar way. Boarders, French or foreign, are admitted to share the benefits of this admirable institution. The last Saturday of every month there is an examination of the pupils, at which foreigners are admitted with tickets, for which a written application must be made to the dhrector ; and four or five times a year there are public concerts held in the chapel, to which the public is HOSPICE DES IMCUKABLES. 366 admitted. The director and chief instractor i» M. Bou4«  Adimttance with ticket, to be obtained from the Director, on Wednesdays from 10 to 4. (1) In the rue de Sevres, No. 86, is a convent of the Dames ds la Congregation de Notre Dame, with a small but elegant Gothic chapel ; and at No. 95 is a religious society of the Lazarists, with a small Doric chapel fronting the street. Opposite is the Fontaine Egyptienne. — Constructed in 180C. It consists of a statne, standing within the gate of an Eg^^tian temple, and pouring water from two vases into a semicircular basin, whence it issues through the mouth of a sphynx, in bronze. In the entablature is an Egyptian eagle. Close by is the Hospice des Incurables (Fehhes), 42, rue de Sevres. — This house, originally called Ildpital des Incurables, was founded m 1G32, by Cardinal de la Rochefoucault. A spacious court leads to the chapel, the front of which has a gable surmounted bjr an iron belfry, and is deserving of attention. Two niches with statues of Religion and Faith flank the entrance. The interior is cruciform, without aisles, and possesses many pictures, among which an Annunciation, and a Flight into Egypt, in the nave, both by Perier, as also a Guardian Angel, by Champagne, a Holy Family, an Adoration of the Magi, and St. Vincent de Paule preaching to the Sisters of Charity in the transept to the left. The other paintings, though by unknown artists, are mostly good ; particularly the Adoration of the wise men, and that of the shepherds, both on wood, the latter bearing the date of 1 404 . There are also two curious pictures of the Flemish school, in the transept to the right, the one representing the Saviour holding some thread stretched out, which his mother is winding into a ball; in the other painting he holds aboard steady, which Joseph is in the act of sawing. A good Holy Family will attract attention. In the same transept is also a handsome marble monument of the founder, representing him kneeling on a sarcophagus, and an Angel holding his train, and in the opposite wall is a large marble tablet cotitaining a list of the donors to the establish- ment. In the window is a Descent from the Cross executed in stained glass, of the time of Pinaigrier. The inflrmaried consist of long galleries partitioned into separate rooms, one for each patient, modestly but sufBciently furnished, and which gives them the appeartot^ of streets. Visitors meet with po- hU attention, and are admitted from 1 to 4. (See p. 125.) the rue de Sevres and rue du Bac meet on the site formerly occupied by the Cemetery of St. Sulpice. In the me du Bac, (i) the number of blind in all France is stated to be about 37,000, besided 75,ooo blind of one eye. Digitized by VjOOQ IC 366 TENTH ARAONDISSEMEyT. at No. 140, is the Hdtel Chatillon, built by a pupil of Man- sard, and now occupied by the Congregation, or convent, des Sceurs de St, Vincent de Paule. Norlh of this stands St. Francois Xavier, or, £glise des Missions £trax- GfeRES, second chapel of ease to St. Thomas d'Aquin, 128, rue du Bac. — A missionary seminary was founded at this spot in the 17 th century, by Bernard de Sle. Therese, Bishop of Babylon. The church was begun in 1683, after the designs of Dubuisson. It consists of two parts, one on the ground- floor, and the other above. The lower church is perfectly plain, and service is performed in it only on Sundays. The upper one, of the Ionic and Corinthian orders, is slightly cru- ciform, with two cupolas; the choir communicates with the seminary behind. Over the altar is the Adoration of the Magi, by Couder, and St. Louis washing the feet of the poor, by Bon Boullongne; on the north side of the choir is a good painting, by Luca Giordano, of Christ driving the money- changers from the Temple, and a small copy of one of the cartoons of Raphael. In the right transept, used as a chapel of the Virgin, is a Holy Family, and in the left transept, or chapel of St. Francois Xavier, is the apotheosis of that saint. On the right side is a good painting of the Death of Christ. Over the eastern door is the organ, and a small gallery. The altar is of white marble, and is graced with three beautiful bas-reliefs of Hope, Faith, and Charity. The seminary is in- tended for the instruction of young men in the sciences and languages necessary for missionaries in the east ; among its members was the virtuous Abbe Edgeworlh, who attended Louis XVI. in his last moments on the scaffold. In the rue de Vai'ennes, at No. 53, is the Hdtel Monaco, fomierly belonging to Prmcess Adelaide, now sold to the Duke de Galliera. It was constructed by Brongniart, and 5tands in a fine garden, with a long avenue reaching quite to the rue de Babylone. Gen. Cavaignac resided in it while he held the office of Chief of the Executive Power in 1848, and M. Baroche, President of the Council of State, in 1853. In the rue Vanneau, No. 14 is a faithful example of the style of Fran- cis I. No. 69, in the rue de Varennes, is the Hdtel d*Orsay, formerly belonging to the lale eccentric and wealthy M. Se- guin, and since embeUished by Count Duchatel. In the rue de Crenelle, at No. 103, is the residence of the Minister of the Interior ; at No. 107, a very curious and in- teresting CoUection of- Algerian produce, visible on Thu?sdays with cards, for which apply by writing to the Minister of War; at No. 1 10, the Hotel of the Minister of Public Instruc- tion, and at No. 116, the Hdtel Forbin Jansoji, remarkable STE. CLOTILDE. 367 for its el^ant entrance, and now occupied by the Turkish Embassy. Near this, at No. 106, rue de Crenelle, is the an- cient convent of PcntSmont, now used as barracks for cavalry. Part of the old buildings have been demolished, and a new one erected to enlarge the barracks. The church, devoted to the protestant service, fronts the street, and is surmounted by a well-proportioned dome. It is cruciform, and ornamented with Ionic pilasters. This street contains some hotels of the most ancient nobility of France. The streets east and west of the rue Bellechasse occupy the ground formerly known under the name of the Pre atuB Clercs, celebrated for the endless petty disputes it gave rise to between the University and the Abbey of St. Germain-des- Pres. The University claiming jurisdiction over this ground, the students used to repair thither for their diversion, and it consequently soon became a constant scene of debauchery, duelling, and confusion, to the great scandal of the reverend fathers and peaceful bourgeois of St. Germain, who had often to defend the inviolability of their homes with arms in their hands (1). On the Place Bellechasse, formerly a dependency of the Convent of the Augustins du St, Sepulchre, is Ste. Glotilde, the intended chapel of ease to St. Thomas d'Aquin, destined to replace the insignificant chapel of Sainte Valere, in the rue de Bourgogne. This church, commenced in 1846, after the designs and under the direction of M. Gau, is in the pointed style, 95 metres in length by 29 in breadth ; the height of the nave is 26 metres. The front consists of three entrances, separated by buttresses and surmounted by two galleries and a wheel-window, crowned by a gable be- tween two lofty steeples with spires. The gable is surmounted by a statue of St. Clotilda ; four other statues of saints occupy the niches fronting the buttresses, and twenty-eight statues more adorn the three entrances, the pointed receding arches of which are profusely sculptured with wreaths of tasteful design. They are approached by a flight of steps extending (i) In 1278, Gerard de Moret, abbot of St. Germain des-Pr^s, caused some walls to be erected on the road to the Pr^s aux Clercs, as a protection against the students ; but the latter pulled them down, alleging that they encroached upon the road. The abbot, however, caused the alarm-bell to be rung, and the domestics and subjects of the abbey fell upon the stu- dents, the abbot and monks cheering their adherents all the while with cries of Tuel Tuel Many students were taken pri- soners, and others either mortally wounded or maimed. The U^versity threatened to close her doors unless immediate satis- faction were granted for this outrage ; whereupon the abbot, his monks, arid their provost, were condemned to various prnaltic" aeS TENTH ARRONDISSBMENT. along the whole breadth, and give access to a ^Micioas pro- pylseum. Three has reliefs adorn the ogives of the inner- doors, the central one representing the Crucifixion, that to the left, Christ refusing the earthly crown, and that to the right, the Glory of martyrdom. The system of buttressed is continued all around the edifice ; they are pinnacled, and connected by flying buttresses with the wall of the nave. The root is at! iron. Interior, — The church is cruciform, and consists of a nave and two aisles ; there is a chapel on each side on entering, and there are five more around the apsis of the choir. Hie windows of the chapels are single; those of the naVe and aisles, double ; the transepts receive light from large wheel- windows, below which there is a double window, flanked by single ones. The groining is quadripartite throughout ; the clustered columns of the piei-s have foliated capitals, and the design in general produces an excellent effect. The decora- tions of this edifice are not sufficiently advanced to admit of a complete description, nor is the public indiscriminately allowed to visit the building; foreigners, however, generally meet with indulgence m this particular. The chief feature of interest at present is the excellent stained glass in the win- dows, executed by Lusson, after the designs of Galimard, Maury-Duval, and Jourdy. (i) The apsis of the chancel has five lancet arches ; the other four arches are equilaterid, and their piers are closed with dwarf walls, enriched towards the aisles with has reliefs, representing, in the left aisle : 1. The Marriage of Ste. Clotilde. 2. Her Maternity. 3. The Baptism of Clovis through her persuasion. 4. Her Death. In the right aisle: 1. St. Hesperia. 2. Her refusal to accede to the wishes of her lover. 3. Her Death. 4. She is seen carrying her head in her hands after execution. — ^All the chapels are receiving decorations in the Byzantine style. The organ-loft is over the entrance. This church, when finished, Will have (4) The subjects arc, left aisle on entering : 4 . St. lohn the BaptiBt. 2. 8t. Denis, St. Oeciiia. 3. St. Helena, St. Hllarins. 4. St. Prosper, St. Camilla. 5. St. Germain, St. Genevieve. 6. St. Rodegunda, St. Gregory.— Opposite aisle ftom the transept : 7. St. Monegunda, St. M(5dard. 8. St. Puleheria, St. Leo. 9. St. Ursula, St. Donatianus. lo. St. Paul, St. Christina. 1i. St. Victor, St. Agatha. t2. The Saviour.— Transepts, lateral Wlndjows : the fevan- gelists and TWelve Prophets— front windows, tO the left: Christ and the Virgin ; opposite, Christ and Moses. — CbapeU Of the choir : 1. Six medallions with Passages from the Life of St. louis Oi France. 2. Nine medallions with Scenes from the Old and New Testament. 3. The Lady Chapel -. the Life Of the Virgin In fineen medallions. 4. The Life of St. Joseph, in nine medallions. -'5. hix medallions with Pasiages from the Life of St. Rcmy. DEPOT D£ LA GUERBE, 360 cost ^,000,000 fr. It is to receive a set of bells formiog a complete octave, so that the peals rung from the belfries of Ste. Gotilde will be the most musical in Paris. At Nos. 82 and 86 is the War-Office, formerly a convent of the Filles de St, Joseph. The buildings take up a considerable portion of the rue St. Dominique, and extend northward to the rue de TUniversite, where, at No. 71, is the Depot de la Guerre. — This office is subdivided into four sections, viz. : — 1. That of the map of France, to which aro attached no less than 98 employes, of whom 83 are draught»- men and engravers, for the execution of the new map of the French territory now in progress ; 2. that of topographical ope- rations; 3. that of historical labours, comprising the classili- cation of the Archives, the service of the Library, of the col- lection of charts^ manuscripts, 6cc., and lastly that of military statistics and regimental affairs. The depot contains a valuable library, of upwards of 20,000 volumes, which is celebrated for the following literary and historical treasures : the com- plete correspondence of the Ministers of War, from the reign of Louis XIII. to 1814; the autograph letters of Louis XIV. to Philip v., his grandson. King of Spain ; the military memoirs relative to the wars of the Spanish succession, part of which have been already published; the correspondence of Napoleon and General Bertiiier; autograph letters of Conde, Jourdan, Iloche, Massena, Ney, &c., and the manuscripts of Vauban, Folard, Guibert, Bourcet, and other eminent military men. It also, possesses a very extensive series of drawings of the battles of Napoleon, made by his order from exact surveys,- afterwards executed on the localities themselves ; and a great number of important documents, the most valuable of which are successively publishing under the title of Mdmorial du D6* pdt de la Guerre, To visit this library apply to M, le Direc* tear du JUp6t de la Guerre, 82, rue St. Dominique. The rue St. Dominique, which in 1642 boro the name of Chemin de$ VacheSf and afterwards that of Chemin de la /u«- ticey is celebrated for its noble residences; among them the following are worthy of observation ; the Hotel of ih§ Duchess Dowager of Orleans, No. 62, formerly mhabited by the Ardi'Chancellor of the Empire, Cambaceres, and now oo» cupied by the Ministry of Public Works; the Hdtelde Gram* mont, No. 113; and the Hdtel de Pdrigord, No. 115, now the property of Prince DemidofiT. EASTERN PORTION. The rue St. Vincent de Paule leads from the rue du Bac to St. Thomas d'Aquin, parish church of the tenth arrondisse* meat, Place 3t. TUoinas d'Aqiiin.— This church formerly b^, , Digitized by VjOOQIC 370 TENTH AREONDISSEMENT. longed to a convent of Jacobins, founded by Cardinal Riche- fiea. It was begun in 1683, after the designs of Pierre Bullet. The front, rebuilt in 1787, by Brother Claude, one of the monks, is decorated with two ranges of columns of the Doric and Ionic orders, surmounted by a pediment, in which is a bas-relief representing Religion, and is terminated by a cross. This church is 132 feet in length, and 72 feet in height. The interior is ornamented with Corinthian pilasters, the capitals Of which are carved with unusual spirit and elegance. The gpandrils of the arches are filled with wreaths of flowers and fruit, and a bold cornice sustains a narrow gallery runnihg all round the church. It is slightly cruciform, with single aisles, and is adorned with the followuig frescos by Blonde!, viz.— In the cupola over the intersection of the nave and transept . four compartments, containing the four Evangelists, Christ holding the Gospel, and the Virgin adored by angels. In the pendentives : St. Thomas d*Aquin, St. Francois de Sales, St. Vincent de Paule, and St. Dominic. Left transept, over the altar : the Marriage of the Virgin. Right transept : her Vrt- sentation in the Temple. Over the lateral arches of the tran- septs: Faith, Hope, Charity, and Divine Justice. On the ceilings of the transepts . medallions with Angels carrying the instruments of the Passion. On the walls of the choir : St. Peter and St. Paul ; its semi-cupola is richly gilt. Flanking the altars of the transepts ; medallions with figures of the Vir- gin and St. Vincent de Paule. Behind the high altar is a cha- pel to St. Louis, with a picture of that saint; the ceiling, by Lemoine, represents the Transfiguration ; the frescos on the walls represent the Bearing of the Ark. Over the doors leading to this chapel are pictures of St. Catherine of the Wheel, and St. Louis praying. The other pictures in this church are, in the left aisle : the Prodigal Son, by Roehn ; the Conversion of St. Paul, by La Hire ; and St. Thomas d*Aquin stilling a stonn at sea, by SchefiFer. In the right hand aisle : Magdalen at the Calvary; Paul before Festus, by Vouet, painted in 1639; a Descent from the Cross, by GuiDemot, and a good Holy Family Of the Flemish School. Th6re is a fine organ over the en- trance, and another in the Chapel Of St. Louis. The church k celebrated for its preachers, attd for its fal^otiable congre- gations. Adjoining to this church, 3, Place St. Thomas d'Aquin, is the JtfusigE d*Artillerie.— This highly interesting and curious museum, a visit to which should not be omittea, established in the ancient convent of Ih© f'euillans lA 1794, was removed to this cottvent of the JacoMM itt 1797) dnd was originally f&rmed of arms froifl the Garde-Meuble de la Couronne; the Qba- MUSEE D*AR11LLER]E. 371 teau de Chantilly, the Chateau de Sedan, the Bastille, and other aimories. During the wars of the first Napoleon the museom was greatly augmented by spoils from the enemy, but in 1814 was much diminished by the removal of arms claimed by the allies ; in 1815, the Prussians caiTied off 580 chests of arms, (i) In the passage leading to the rooms of the ground- floor there are guns of various calibres, from the roughest con- trivances m the infancy of the mvention to the most elegant forms of later days. Among them are several Turkish pieces with Arabic inscriptions, four pieces taken from St. Juan dlllloa in 1838, a Hussian howitzer and gun, taken at Bomar* sund„ and some guns of peculiar make manufactured by way of experiment. A colossal chain is suspended along the walls, 590 feet in length, and weighing 7,896 pounds, called the Chaine du Danube, from having been used by the Turks for a pontoon bridge over that river, at the siege of Vienna, in 1683. On entering the vestibule on the ground floor, we find field-pieces, howitzers, culverins, and falconets. Two pieces of large calibre, with Arabic inscriptions, flank the inner door. Next is the Salle des Modeles, with models in the proportion of 1 to 6, of cannon, gun-carriages, ammu- nition-waggons, &c. Prussian, Dutch, Norwegian, and other fire-arms are arranged in racks against the walls. There are also here some Russian muskets taken at Bomarsund, and one of Jacobi's infernal machines fished up in the Baltic. The visitor may now enter the adjoining court-yard, where he will see a muJiber of guns, howitzers, and mortars, taken at Se- bastopoU and some of the French ones used at the siege, with marks of Russian balls upon them. There are also two large bells brought over from the cemetery of Sebastopol. The visitor then returns and ascends the staircase, which leads to the Salle des Armures, of Doric design. The ceiling is painted in grisaille with arms and attributes of war. It is lit by semi-cir- cular windows; the walls are hung with trophies of helmets, coats ot mail, shields, &c. Along the walls there are complete suits of armour, on blocks, with the escutcheons of the for- |her owners (some of whom are uncertain) painted upon them. "the middle of the floor is mostly occupied by figures on horseback in armour. The walls have also received a series o^ portraits, by Philippes and Van Parys, of the most eminent French generals from the earliest limes to the present day. Among those already placed, the visitor will remark Count Val^^ de Lanboissiere, the Duke de Raguse, Antoine de La- fayette, Louis Chai'les de Bourbon, Tristan THermite, and tv^co members of the family of Sully. In this gallery the (I) The visitor can have an excellent catalogue for A franc* 372 TENTH ARROKDISSEMEIVr. armoor is arranged chronologically, the series commencing at the farthest extremity. The visitor will remark No. 6, the armour of Frederic Maurice, prince of Sedan ; No. 17, of the time and with the initials of the Emperor Maximilian; No. 21, that of Frederic V., King of Bohemia; No. 40, that of the Duke de Mayenne, head of the Ligue; No. 41, Henry Duke of Guise; No. l93,thehelmetof Bajazct 11., son of the conqueror or Goustanlinople. Other suits of anuour, of historical in- terest, have been transferred to the Musee des Souverains ai the Louvre ( See p. 172); and otheis, of doubtful origin, are described in the well-composed catalogue, but would be too numerous for description here. At each extremity of the gal- lery are two trophies containing arms of rich and costly exe- cution ; and on brackets near them two ancient helmets, one of which is said to have been that of Attila, who died in 453 ; the other, on which are some verses of the Koran in Arabic cha- racters, is said to have belonged to Abderama, killed by Charles Martel in 730. Here also in a gilt frame surmounted by an eagle, is the flag of the old Garde Imperiale, In the other gal- leries, which are numbered 1, 2, 3, and 4, are racks, in which small arms, ancient and modern, are arranged. The most cu- rious and costly objects are in glass cases. Along the sides, next the windows, are rows of tables, presenting models of cannon, gun-carriages, military equipages, machines, instruments, &c. Upon the floor under the racks are models of large dimensions. We may notice, in gallery No. 1, the precious inlaid carabines, cross-bows, and stirrups; Nos. 1339, 2260, 2259, 1333, and 1382. in gallery No. 2, the model of the bridge of Mellingen, and the oriental arms in the press; in gallery No. 3, in a glass case, relics of the battles pf Agincourt and Crecy ; and in gal- lery No. 4, the collection of modern arms, and those of Indian and other savages. Strangers ai'e admitted on Thursdays from 12 to 4, with passports. A building containing a military li- brary of 6,000 volumes, besides naval charts, &c., is also at- tached to this museum, but is not open to the public. Opposite the Place St. Thomas d*Aquin, at 3 1 , rue St. Do- minique, is the noble mansion of the Due de Luynes. At No. 57 in the rue de Grenelle is the Fontaine de Grenelle, one of the finest in Paris. — Bou- chardon executed the designs, figures, bas-reliefs, and some of tlie ornaments. It was begun in 1739, and finished m 1745. The building is of a concave semi-elliptical form, 90 feet in length by 36 in elevation. In the centre is a pavilion, resting on a basement, with plain horizontal rustics, and consisting of two couples of Ionic columns supporting a pediment. In front is a group in white marble^ representing the City of Pari^ AGAD^IIIE DC MEDECIXS. 073 sitting on the prow of a ship, between the Seine and the Marne. In the lateral niches are allegorical statues. Between the co- lomns is the following inscription, by Cardinal Fleury :— Dum Ludo\icu8 XV., populi amor ct parens optimus, publicaB tranquillitatis assertor, Gallici imperii finibus innocue propa- galis; p;ice Germanos Russosque inter et Ottomanos feliciter conciliata ; gloriose simul et paciOce regnabat ; fontem hunc ci- vium utilitati, urbisque ornamcnto, consecrarunt Pra?feclu8 ct ^diles, Anno Domini M.DCC.XXX.IX. The wings have Doric pilasters, between which are four sta- tues and as many bas-reliefs, representing the four seasons, besides two escutcheons containing the arms of the city. At No. 28, in the adjoining rue dela Chaise, is the Hospice des Manages, which was once a lazaretto for child^ ren afflicted with scorbutic and other cutaneous diseases. In 1557, the old building having been pulled down, the munici- pality of Paris bought the ground and materials, and erected an hospital for beggars, old men, idiots, &c., called Hdpital de$ Petites MaisDnSf from the courts being surrounded by small houses. In 1 80 1 , this institution was appropriated exclusively to the aged and infirm, and called Hospice des Manages. The buildings are plain, a chapel is annexed to them, and the garden is extensive. The front doorway is remarkable for its scroll works. The Sceurs de Chariti attend, and the chief medical man is Dr. Labric. (See p. 122.) Strangers may visit this interesting hospice daily from 12 to 4. At the junction of the streets opposite to this hospice is a fountain of no interest; and immediately to the east is the Abbaye aux Bois, first chapel of ease to St. Thomas d'Aquin, 1 6, rue de Sevres. Contiguous was a convent, bought in 1719 by the Religieuses de Notre Dame aux Bois. The only pictures of note it contains are a Virgin and Dead Christ, by Lebrun, and a St. .Tohn, by Vincent. The Chapel of the Dead is worthy of inspection. Facing this is the Maison du Noviciat des Religieuses Hos- pitalieres de St. Thomas de ViUeneuvey 27, rue de Sevres. The rue de Sevres terminates at the Croix-Rouge, a spot where six streets meet. At No. 7, rue de Crenelle is the Mai- ne of the tenth arrondissement, and close by, the rue des Saints Peres. Here, at No. 39, is th«  • Acad£hie de M^dectne, Jbrmerly at No. 1 2 , rue de Poitiers, where the meetings of the royalist members of the Constituent Assembly of 1848 used to be held. Its entrance, erected in 1784, consists of a noble arch supported by two engaged Doric columns on each side. Above is a statue of Esculapius, and, in the hall where the sittings are held, there is a status 374 TENTH ARRONDISSEMENT. of Baron Larrey. (See p. 146.) This building was formerly annexed t ) the HopiTAL DE LA CHARiTifi, 45, rue Jacob. — ^This hosputal was founded in 1613, by Marie de Medicis, for a rehgious commu- nity called Freres de la Chariti, who were all surgeops or apothecaries, and not only afforded medical relief to the sick, but ministered to their spiritual wants. The building which is now receiving considerable additions, has a handsome front, with a spacious Doric entrance and vestibule. The courts and gardens are large and airy. (See p. 143.) Strangers aie admitted on Sundays and Thursdays from 1 to 4. The rue Bonaparte, on the right, leads to Saint Germain des Paifis. — ^This is the abbey-church of one of the most extensive and most ancient monastic estahUshments of Paris. Childebert I., son of Clovis, on the suggestion of St. Germain, 26th Bishop of Paris, founded a monastery about the year 551, though the Pragmaticum, which is still preserved among the Archives du Royaume, dates from 561 . He defeated the church to the Holy Gross, St. Stephen, and St. Vincent ; the relics of the latter saint were brought by him from Spaio, and given to the monastery, together with the treasure whi^hhe had taken from Amalaric, at Toledo, and a piece of the true cross. This foundation was endowed with many estates, and among others with the fief of Issy, extending over the whole of tiie southern bank of the Seine, from the Petit Pont in Paris to the village of Sevres. Throughout this domain the community pos- sessed full jurisdiction, which they retained till 1674; and the prison of the Abbayelong remained as a monument of their im- Sortance, The church, dedicated in 557, was celebrated for its ecorations, and was called ** The Golden Basilic." The build- ings, gardens, 6cc,, which occupied the site cither of a Roman temple, or of some building dependent on the Roman inq>erial palace, were without the walls of Paris; but in 861, the Nor- mans, in their incursions along the course of the Seine, at- tacked, and nearly destroyed, the monastery. The church was burnt; nothing is supposed to remain of it except part of the lower walls of the western tower. The tomb of Childe- bert was carcfuUy restored by the monks after the invaders re- tired. According to some accounts, the abbey sustained three alAacks of the Normans in 846, 853, and 886; but the ediHce was soon afterwards repaired; andTtlie Abbot Morardus, 26th in succession, began rebuilding the church in 990. The work was carried on by his successors at various intervals, till 1163, when Hugues HI., abbot of the monastery, hayias completed its restoration, it was consecrated by Pope Alexander HI. In 1644, and 1653-g.J^^ ^community caused ST. GERMAIN DES PRl^. 175 the wood-work of the choir to be altered, and the wooden ceiling replaced by stone vaulting. The great altar was also moved to the entrance of the choir, and the tomb of Childe- bert placed in the middle of the churdi. The chapel of Notre Dame was begun about the middle of the 13th century, by Pierre de Montereau, during the abbacy of Hugues d*Issy, and was Gnished in the time of Thomas de Mauleon, bis successor. This^ if we may judge by the fragments Ihat remain, was one of the most exquisite pieces of architecture of the middle ages. About the same time adso, Abbot Simon, in 1239, bqgan the celebrated refectory, which was finished in 1 2 4 4 . This building resembled that of St. Martin des Champs, and was not unlike a church. In 1277 also, the cloisters were erected on the northern side of the church, by Abbot Oddo ; so that the monastery, at the time of the revolution of 1789, must have been a rich repository of the architecture of the 13th and preceding centuries. In 1369, the abbey was fortified against the English by Charles V.; and, m the time of Henry IV., being still without the walls of the town, it resembled a fortress, like its rival St. Martin des Champs (1). At this latter period it was encompassed by 'a moat ; and to the west, where part of the Faubourg St. Ger- main now stands, was the Prd aux Clercs. (See p. 367.) Up to 1503, the abbots bad been generally elected by the community, but after that period they were nominated by the crown ; and among other distinguished men who attained this honour was Casimir, King of Poland, who died in 1672. Tn 1644, this celebrated community was incorporated with the illustrious congregation of St. Mauf ; whence ema- nated those learned Benedictines, whose historical and critical labours have formed an epoch in modern literature. MabUlon, Montfaucon, Achery, Buinart, &c., were all of this abbey* The abbot's palace was built by the Cardinal de Bourbon, m 1586, andstfll exists, a large brick building, faced with stone, east of the church. In 1789, this abbey being suppressed, the buildings became a saltpetre-manufactory. An explosion taking place in 1794, the refectory and library were destroyed, and the church much damaged. Under Charles X., the resto- ration of it was commenced by M. Godde, and completed in 1836. The site of the chapel of Notre Dame is now occupied by a street, where part of the side walls remain; houses stand on the cloisters and where the refectory once existed ; (1) In May, 18S4^ some workmen who were repairing a circu^ lar staircase at No. i7, rue St. B^noit, diicovered several loop- holes in the wall forming the well of the staircase, and it was ascertained upon investigation to have been one of the towers of the fortifications of the old abbey. Digitized by CjOOQIC , 976 nSNTH ARRONDISSEMENT. and few traces remain except the abbot's mansion and the church ; the latter is one of the most interesting m<»]uments of Paris. The square-buttressed tower with double-arched mullioned windows, which flanks the entrance, dates fr<»n 990, the time of the Abbot Morardus ; it was formerly topped with a stone spire, which has been replaced by a wood^i one of an octagonal form, with four smaller ones at the comers. There were two turrets besides, flanking the choir, but which were removed in 1820. The western porch, although disfigured by a worthless Doric entrance, deserves attention, as Sso the lateral entrance by the rue d'Erfurth. The former is pointed, with i^eceding arches resting on clustered columns; in the ogive is a bas-relief of ancient date, represent- ing the Last Supper, and over this the figure of Christ. The figures that once adorned the western front may be found in Montfaucon's Antiquities. The interior is cruciform, with a choir nearly circular at the east end ; the nave is simple, havmg Elain aisles without chapels, except one in the right hand aisle, ut the choir is surrounded by them. There is no triforium in the nave, and the arches are semicircular ; all this part is also of the time of the Abbot Morardus. That part of the choir which stands between the eastern towers is supposed to be in- termediate in date to the nave and the choir ; the latter of which is the work of Abbot Hugues III., in 1 1 63. All the ca- pitals of the pillars forming the piers will be particularly re- marked for the devices of which they are composed ; many of those in the nave are restorations of the old ones, which, from their ruinous state, were obliged to be removed ; they were, however, copied with the most scrupulous fidelity, and are now gilt and decorated with great magnificence ; the ceiling is painted in ultra-marine, interspersed with stars, and the foliated capitals of the lofty engaged columns which front the piers are likewise gilt, the shafts being left white, which pro duces an excellent effect. The spandrils of the ogives of the clerestory windows are inscribed with mottoes taken from Scripture. In the ceiling of the intersection, of the nave and transepts, M. Flandrin has painted four medallions with the figures of archangels. But the most conspicuous part of the interior is the choir, painted by the same artist, with a profusion of gilding and decoration of every kind peculiar to the Byzantine style. The vault is painted in ultra- marine interspersed with stars; the capitals of the columns are gilt, and the shafts painted in the bnghtest colours. Over the spandrils of the arches are the twelve Apostles painted in fresco, and around the apsis are represented the Lion, AngeJ^ Eagle, and Ox, emblems of the four Evangelists ; over the cen- ST. GERUAIN DES PR&. 377 tral arch is flic Lamb. The wall at the entrance of the choir to the right is painted in three compartments ; the tympan of the upper ogive representing the Abbot Morardus, three of his immediate successors, and King Robert. The lower ogive spaces are adorned with the figures of Fortitude, Justice, Chastity, and Truth; and the field below represents Christ bearing the Cross. A simila/ arrangement is in the opposite wall, where the upper ogive represents ' St. Droctovsus and St. Germain on one side, and King Childebert and his Queen, Hudrogote, on the other, offering the church to St. Germain. The lower ogives display the figures of the other cardinal virtues. Faith, Hope, Charity, and Humility. The field below re- presents Christ making his entrance into Jerusalem. Five of the windows of the choir are adorned with modern stained glass, representing the Saviour, the Virgin Mary, and three aposties. The stalls of the choir are profusely carved. The high altar, placed at the entrance of the choir, is of white marble, and stands on a raised platform composed of beautiful French marbles. The right hand aisle contains little worthy of attention, save the Martyrdom of St. Vincent, by Cazes (1784), and the afore-mentioned chapel, surmounted by a cu- pola and drum, the ceiling of which is boldly painted with the apotheosis of a saint. Over the confessional is a Mater Dolo- rosa, by VarcoUier. The adjoining transept, which is the chapel of Ste. Marguerite, contains a handsome marble tomb of one of the Castellan family. Opposite the first chapel of the choir is St. Paul haranguing Herod and Berenice, by Cazes (1784). In the same chapel is a tomb of James Duke of Doug- las, who died in 1645. His figure in marble is reclining on a sarcophagus. Here there also is also a picture of the arch- angel crushing the evil one.' Tn the 2d chapel, black marble slabs mark the remains of Mabillon, Descartes, and Montfaucon. Here there is an excellent picture by an unknoivn master, re- presenting the vision of St. Catherine of Siena, in which she saw the Holy Family, and shook the hand of the infant Saviour. In the 3d is a statue of St. Anne with the Virgin, and another of St. Remy; in the fourth one of St. Genevieve; the window of this has some fine old stained glass of Pinaigrier. The Lady Chapel is circular, and has two finely painted grisailles on can- vas, the first attempts of Abel de Pujol : the Adoration of the Magi and the Presentation in the Temple. Next is a Mater Dolorosa, in plaster, with four angels on brackets, kneeling. In the chapel of St. Vincent de Paule is the statue of that saint ; in that of St. Paul is a monument to Boileau, whose heart was transferred here in 1819 from his tomb, which exists in the undercroft of the Sainte Chapelle. (See p. 308.) Digitized by VjOOQ IC 378 TENTH ARRONDISSEUENT. In this cbapd are also two sood paintiags, Christ delivering the keys to Peter, and the ai^el delivering St. Peter from prison, tn the adjoining one is Joseph leading Christ, by Delarue, and a marble monument to another of the Douglas family, Earl of Douglas and Angus, who died in 1611. The following tran- sept contains the tomb of Casimir, King of Poland, who ab- dicated his crown in 1668, and died abbot of the monastery in 1672 ; the king is on his knees, offering up his crown to heaven, and in front of the tomb is a fine bas-relief of one of his battles, and Suneon kissing the Saviour, the colouring and design of which bear traces of a pupil of Rubens. The paintings in the left aisle of the nave are : the Deatti of Sap- phira, by Leclerc (17 18); St. Germain distributii^g the presents of Childebert to the poor, by Steuben ; the Entrance of Christ into Jerusalem ; the Baptism of the Eunuch, by Bertin (1718); and the Raising of Lazarus, by Verdier (1677). The pulpit, of white marble, is of elegant design. Two flights of steps lead to it from the right aisle; it is flanked by two statues in bronze, by Jacquot, one allegorical of the Mosaic law, the other of the Christian faith. The front is adorned with three bas-reUefs in bronze; the lateral are arabesques, and the one m the middle represents the Saviour preaching. The canopy is supported by two busts in bronze resting on marble pedestals. The other objects worthy of notice are, the organ over the principal entrance, the baptismal font in the first chapel to the left, richly sculptured in marble, and inlaid with gilt bronze, and, facing the right aisle, a statue of the Vir- ^n, the same which Queen Jeanne d'Evreux gave to the abbey- church of St. Denis, surmounted by a tasteful Gothic canopy, and surrounded by a gilt railing. The tomb of Childebert, that formerly stood in the middle of the church, is now at St. Denis. For a description of this, and of the interesting dis- coveries made in the opening of other tombs of this church, as well as for the general history of the abbey, tiie reader is referred to the History of Paris. (1) The dimensions of the church are 200 feet in length, 65 feet in breadth, and 60 feet in height. After leaving this most interesting church, the rue Bona- parte, which now extends without interruption to the rue Vaugirard, will lead the visitor to the rue Ste. Marguerite, but lately the site of the Abhaye, (Sec p. 81.) The rue de TCchaudee leads to the rue de Seine ; and the small Passage du Pont Neuf, one of tiie first established in Paris, to the rue Guenegaud, and the Quai Conti, now con- (i) HiSTOltY OF PxBis, 3 vols. 8vo. There is Also a history of the ahhcy by Bouillard, one of the Benedictines of the society. Digitized by VjOOQ IC nOTCL DES MONNA1S8. 379 siderably widened. The stranger will be reniinded by ttiese names that he is on a spot immortalised by the genius of Sterne ; and thou^ he may not meet with similar adventures on the Pont Neuf, he will still find booksellers* stalls on the Qnai Conti, where femmes de chambre still pass, thoudi not always escorted by a sentimentalist like Sterne, or followed 1)y a valet like Lafleur. New locks have just been constructed in the river opposite, with iron gates on a new plan. The house No. 5 on this cpiay bears a tablet with an in- scription stating that Napoleon I., on leaving the school of Brienne, lived in it on the 5th story, being then an officer of artillery. On this quay is the Hotel des Monnaies. — ^A mint existed in Paris under the second race of kings, and was placed somewhere in the royal palace of the lie de la Cite. It was afterwards established in the rue de la Monnaie. That building was pulled down in 1768 ; plans were furnished by Antoine, and the first stone of the present structure was laid on 30th April, 17 68, by the Abbe Ter- ray, comptroller-general of the finances, on the site of the Hotel de Conti . Itwas finished in 1 7 7 5 . The pri ncipal front is 3 60 feet in length, and 78 in elevation. It is three stories high. In the centre is a projectingmass with five arcades on theground floor, supporting six Ionic columns, crowned with an enta- blature and an attic, ornamented with festoons and six statues, of Law, Prudence, Power, Trade, Abundance, and Peace. The front towards the rue Guenegaud is 348 feet in length. Two pavilions rise at its extremities, and a third in the centre surmounted by a squaie cupola. On the attic stand four statues, representing Fire, Air, Earth, and Water, with slabs bearing appropriate distiches. The intermediate buildings have only two stories. The ground plan includes eightcourts, of whicn the central one is the most spacious. It has two pavilions facing each other, each bearing a pediment; the southern one has four Doric pillars, in front of which are busts of Henry II., Louis XIII., Louis XIV., and Louis XV. The central arcade of the principal front leads into a vestibule, adorned with 24 fluted Doric columns. On the right is a staircase decorated with sixteen Ionic columns, and a bust of Antoine, the architect ; in the antechamber above is a coining- machine by Thonnelier; and next is a magnificent saloon, called the iiusde Mofi4taire, adorned with so Gwinthian columns in stucco, supporting a gallery. On the mant^piece 18 a bust of the present Empress. This room contains an inunense collection of the coins of France and other coun- tries, classed chronologically, besides the medals struck on various public occasions, such as marriages, victories, ef- Digitized by VjOOQ IC dSO TENTlt ARROMDmSEMKNT. they are contained in 5 rows of stands on each side, besides bthers in the embrasures of the windows. The stands to the left on entering contain medals only ; those to the right, coins. The series of the former commences at the first win- dow to the left, proceeds regularly to the third, thence to the stand immediately opposite, and ends with that nearest to the entrance. The oldest authentic medal here is one of Charle- magne, an invaluable relic of excellent execution ; the earliest medal of which the original die exists is one of Charles VII. (1461). Medals of Boccaccio, Louis XII., Henry VIII., Fran- cis f ., Loyola, Mary Queen of Scots, Cardinal Richelieu (a su- perb medal by Varin, for which his life was spared', &c., will successively meet the visitor's eye, until, gradually descending to the present period, he will find medals commemorating all the stirring events of the last few years : the proclamation of the republic of 1848 ; the visit of the French National Guards to London in October 1848 ; the cholera of 1849 : the return of the Pope to his states ; the 2d of December 1851, the Pro- clamation of the Empire ; the marriage of the present Em- press : the visit of the Queen of England in August 1855 ; the taking of Bomarsund and of Sebastopol, &c., besides an immense number of medals with portraits of the princes or leading personages of all countries, such as Queen Isabella of Spain, Victor Emmanuel of Piedmont, Narvaez, Kossuth, etc. The medals struck in commemoration of the Great Exhibition are all in the stands of the right-hand windows, together with a collection of French copper money before the re -coin- age ; smaller stands before the piers of the windows contain private medals or counters (i), and Japanese, East Indian, and Chinese coins ; the oldest of the latter is dated 1700 years before Christ. We now come to the five rows of stands to the right on entering, which contain coins of all the nations of the world, arranged by countries. The most interesting of the English coins is a gold half noble of Henry VI. (1421) ; of the Spanish, one of King Tulca (date 680 j; of the German, the lozenge shaped rix-dollar (1683), etc., besides the African cowrie, Mexican, Bolivian, Greek, Turkish money, etc. The fifth row from the entrance contains the whole series of French coins from Theodebert and Theodoric (511 to 548) down to the present time. Four large glass presses flanking the en- {i) The coinage of medals and counters is a privilege of the mint of Paris. The net profit under this head amounts to about 26,000 fr. Upwacds of ioo,ooo medals and counters were coined last year; viz., 563 in gold, 2 in platina, 76,029 in silver, 17,118 in copper or bronze. Besides these, the mint coined "'2,000 medals of saints. HOTEL DES MONNAIES. 381 trance and the chimney-piece opposite contain an interesting collection of standard weights and measures, implements for engraving, stamping, etc., and chemical substances used for the purposes of fining. In adjoining rooms are several models of the furnaces, instruments, &c., used in coining and assaying money, and other stands containing a numismatic gallery of the Kings of France, of modern workmanship. The last room of this series is called the Salle Napoleon; here are arranged nearly all the dies of medals struck under the Consulate and the Empire ; here is also a splendid colossal marble bust of Napoleon I., executed for Foucheby Canova in 1806, a model in bronze of the mask taken from the Emperor's face at St. Helena 20 hours after his death, and a bust of the present Emperor, by Desboeufs ; a model of the pillar of the Place Vendome in bronze, peculiarly interesting, as display- ing the statue of Napoleon which adorned the column before the Restoration, in his imperial robes. It was executed by Brenet, in the proportion of 1 to 24, and cost 6000 fr. A glass case contains a representation in wax of the bas-reliefs with which its shaft is encircled. On a table, under a ^ass case, is a closed casket, containing a collection of all the coins struck with the effigy of Napoleon I. in the kingdom of Italy, given to the Musee by the present Emperor when he was President. Returning to the first hall, a door opposite the entrance to the right leads to the staircase of the Gallery, on ascending which, the visitor will find a room partly filled with specimens of mineralogy, and metals in theii- refined slate, and partly with the dies of counters, honorary medals, tokens, &c., coined under different reigns. From this, passages right and left, containing dies of coins and historical medals, from Charles VIII. to Louis XIV,, and from Louis XVIII. to Louis Philippe, lead to the last room, which completes the series with the reigns of Louis XV., Louis XVI., the first Republic, and Na- poleon. The visitor, on retracing his steps, will enter the gallery of the first room, which is filled with dies of medals struck on particular occasions, or for public societies, com- mercial companies, and private individuals. Here also, in a glass case near a window, are ancient seals of various reigns. A very copious and learned catalogue is published of the whole, with detailed descriptions of the medals ; and, from its low price of 3 francs, the visitor will do well to possess such a work. Among the medals will be remarked one commemorat- ing the birth of the King of Rome, with his bust. Medals of which the dies are retained are sold to visitors for the benefit of the establishment at a trifling cost ; but of the coins of >yhich only one specimen exists^ or of which th§ dies are lost, 382 TENTH ARRONDISSBHSNT. casts exactly resembling the originals are exhibited in tt)e eases of the mnseum, the oriffinals being carefully preserved but not shown to the public. In this Hdtel are perfonhed all the ope- rations of coining, besides the assaying and stamping of the gold and silver for jewellers, &c., who ai'e obliged by law to biave every article stamped before it can be sold. It is also the seat of the general administration of the coinage of the State. The Laboratory of the Mint is entered from the court to the left. In the flrst room are two steam-engines of 32 horse- power, by which all the machinery of the establishmeat is worked. A door to the left leads hence to the furoacc^room, with six furnaces containing from 800 to 1200 kilogrammes of silver each. The bars cast here in iron moulds are afterwards taken to the grand atelier, a lofty hall, wheit 16 roUei's arc in constant motion, flattening the bars to the required thick- ness, according to the coin they are intended for. After this process, tiie bars, which have aopiired greater lengili and compactness by successive rolling, arc taken to another furnace- room adjoining to the first, where they are exposed to a red heat, to render them more malleable. Thence they pass iato the hands of the cutters, who are accouunodated m a gallery mnning all round the top of the grand atelier. Here round pieces of the required size are cut out of the bars by machinery, aad what remains of the bars is taken back to the melting- furnaces. The pieces are now weighed ; if loo light, they art sent down to be melted ; if too heavy, they are reduced by a sort of plane. This machine is so constructed as to throw aside the piece as soon as it has undergone the process of plan* ing, so that it only requires feeding. When the pieces prove of the standard weight, they are taken to a room communicat- ing with the gallery, where, after being exposed to a red heat, they are cleansed in a mixture of water and sulphuric acid. They are now reduced to the exact diameter required, by the action of a machine which at the same time gives a slight elevation to the rim. The floors of the grand atelier and of the gallery are latticed, so that a piece falling down cannot roll away or stick to the shoes of a person treading upon it. Gold is worked in another room adjoining the engine- room; visitors are not allowed to enter, on account of the small particles of gold with which the floor is strewed^ and which are carefully swept up ; but the process is the same as that described above. The coining-machines are in a hall op- posite the principal entrance in the flrst court, there aro eleven of these machines, viz. one for gold, 6 for five-franc pieces, 2 for two-franc pieces, attd 2 for small coin. When they are all worked at once, they produce l ,500,ooo fr. per day . PALAIS DE L'lNsnnrr. 383 They are the invention of M. Thonnelier, and well deserve inroection. Each strikes off 70 pieces per minute. (See p. 14.) The museum is open to the public on Tuesdays and Fridays from 12 to 3. To visit the laboratory and ateliers, visible on Fridays from 10 to 1, apply for a special ticket to M. k PrS sident de la Commission des Monnaies et Midailles, Hdt^ des Monnaies. To the west stands The Palais de l*Institut. — ^The meetings of the Institute were held at the Louvre till 1 806, when the government granted to them the College Mazarin, now called the Palace of the Insti- tute, on the Qnai Conti. This edifice was founded by the will of Cardinal Mazarin, for natives of Roussillon, Pignerol, Al- sace, and Flanders, which had been recently conquered or annexed to the crown. These nations alone neing admissible into the college, it took the name of Les Quatre Nations, The cardinal bequeathed to the college his library, the sum of 2,000,000 livres for the expense of its construction, and a yearly revenue of 45,000 livres. This edifice was commenced in 1661, after the designs of Levau. The front forms the concave segment of a cii-cle, terminated at the extremities by projecting pavilions, with open arcades in the basements. lA the centre is the front of the church (now the hall where the public meetings are held), composed of four columns and se- veral clustered pilasters of the Corinthian order, surmounted by a pediment, in the tympan of which is a dock supported by Art and Science personated in bas-relief. Above the front rises an attic, adorned with Composite pilasters, and pierced with lofty arched windows, the whole surmounted by a dome, having a small cupola ; vases adorn the roof of the pavilions, which are ornamented with Corinthian pilasters. In front are two fountains, ornamented with lions in cast iron. The first court is octagonal and has two pavilions, fronted by Corinthian columns supporting sculptured pediments, and ascended by steps. The second court is rectangular, and much larger ; the buildings which surround it are tenanted by various officers and persons connected with the Insti- tute. The western pavilion of the first court leads to the public rooms of the Institute ; and a door, on the same side, opens into the corridor of the hall where the public sittings are held. In the vestibules there are marble statues of several of the great men of France, who have honoured the county by their intellect i d'Alembert, Montaigne, Mol6, Mon- tesquieu^ RoUin, Montausier, Moliere, Corneiile, La Fontaine, ^oussin, Racine, Cassini, and Pascal. The Grand Hall is fitted up with benches forming a semicircle, in front of which are the seats and bureaux of the president^ secretaries, &c. The 384 TJSNTH' ARRONDISSEMENT. recesses formed by the ancient chapels of the church are now I us^ as galleries. The dome is richly ornamented, and the etfect of the whole is miposing. The Hall is also adorned with marble statues of Bossuct, Descartes, Fenelon, and Sully. The eastern pavilion of the same court leads to the BibUotheque Mazarine by a handsome staircase. Cardinal Mazarin possessed a library, formed by the celebrated Gabriel' Naude, who col- lected the most scarce and curious books in France and foreign countries. It consisted of 40,000 volumes, which, in 1652, were sold by a decree of the Parlement de Paris. To repair this loss, Naude, aided by Lapoterie, bought up for the Cardinal a great number of the works which had fallen into the hands of booksellers and private individuals. This second library Maza- rin bequeathed to his College. To these wore added the library of Descordes, and that of Naude, wh9 died in 1665. All these works, added to the books possessed by the college, formed the BibUotheque Mazarine, The manuscripts were removed to the royal library, but others have since been bought ; and the collection is now calculated to amount to 150,000 printed volumes, and 3,700 manuscripts. The library consists of an octagonal ante-room, a large gallery turning at right angles, 136 feet by 24, and a third room 54 feet by 24. All these have richly carved wainscoting, and Corinthian colmuns. sup- porting a gallery. The principal room, where students are acconmiodated, occupies the site of the famed Tour de Nesle. (l) It is adorned with many good marble and bronze busts, some of which are antique. The visitor will remark those of Mazarin and Racine, and the inkstand of the great Conde. It }ossesses also a very fine terrestrial globe of copper, executed •or the Dauphin by the brothers Bergwin, under the direction of Louis XVI.; the latter is even said to have worked at it himself. It now bears the impression of a bullet with which it was struck from the Louvre, defended by the Swiss guards, during the revolution of 1830. There is also a curious col- lection of models of Pelasgic monuments of ancient Europe, executed by the late M. Petit Radel, a member of the Institute. The library is open to the public daily, except Sundays and festivads, from 10 to 3. It is inconvenient in winter, as it is not warmed. The BibUotheque de Vlnstitut is approached by a staircase from the second court. It is peculiarly rich in ail scientific works, both national and foreign, and contains (0 In 1 842, vhile making excavations in a court of the Institute, part of the walls of the Tour de Nesle were discovered, and in 1850, the piles of -the foundation of this tower were discovered by the workmen engaged in the hydraulic works then in progress for repairipg the cmbankmentd of the f mall branch of the Seine, fc icOLB hVS BSAGX ARTS. 385 eompkte series of nearly all the transactions and periodical publicatioiK of the scientific societies of the world . The number of volumes is about 1 00,000, and they occupy a long wainscoted room, ornamented with carved work, at the extremity of which is the justly-celebrated statue of Voltaire, in marble, by Pigalle. Qn each side is a gallery. Into this library no stranger is admitted without an introduction by a member, which however it is easy to obtain. For information respect- ing the Institute, its Academies, and the days of their meetmgs^ see p. 95. On public occasions the members of the Institute wear a costume of black, embroidered with olive leaves in green silk. To obtain tickets of admission to the annual meetings the name of the applicant must be inscribed, at the ofQce of the Secretary of the Institute, at least one month beforehand. The tickets are for one person. Opposite is the- Pont des Arts. — ^This bridge, for foot-passengers only, takes its name from the Louvre, which, at the time the bridge was constructed, was called Palais des Arts, It rests upon narrow piers, and is composed of 8 arches of wrought iron, with a wooden platform. This bridge, the first built of iron in Paris, was erected by a company, who until 1848 exacted a toll. Each of the first 7 arches is 56 feet, the 8th 84, the length of the bridge is 488, and the breadth 30. It was built by MM. de Gessacand Dillon, and finished, in 1804, at a cost of 900,000 fr. The view from this bridge is very fine. The stranger now enters on the finest of the Parisian quays, the Quai Malaquais, which in the olden time bore the un- harmonious names of YEscorcherie and Sabhmnerie, until it assumed that of La Reine Marguerite (the first consort of Henry IV.) in 1631, the palace of that princess being then at the comer of the rue de Seine. It afterwards became the Hotel Mirabeau, and was demolished about 1690. A large piece of empty ground has just been bought here by the Go- vernment for the purpose of erecting a suitable buildii^ for the Caiue des Dipdtt et Comignations. (See p. 1 14). Turn- ing into the rue Bonaparte he arnves at the Palais and £cole des Beaux Arts. — ^The school of the fine arts here taught is divided into two sections, one of painting and sculpture, the other of architecture, and distributes annual prizes to its pupils, who are instructed by a large body of pro- fessors. Those who gain the grand prize given by the Acaddmie des Beaux Arts, on certain conditions, are sent to Rome, to study there for three years at the expense of the government. rThe students are instructed in all the vanous branches of their profession, and an exhibition of their works, as well as of those sent by the students from Rome, takes place every year. ( See

• Digitized by CjOOQIC

394 TBNtH kMrninaasmgn. page 106.) During the reTolation of 17S9, M. Alitaiid^ k^ flo^ had succeeded in Ibrming a rery exteiifiye AHiBeiimA ef all the monuments of the middle ages, and sndi etiier objects of art as could be rescued from the populace. With great eiH thusiasm and unwearied perseverance^ that gentlemao formed what was appropriately called the Musde 4es AionUments Francais, and the government appropriated to it the bttildings ofthePetits Auguslins. In 1816, however, the goTerun^ait directed that these monuments should be replaced in thechtxrebes from whence they had been taken, or restored to their original possessors. The first part of the decree was carried iftto effect* but the monuments, &c., formerly belonging to private fa- milies, in few instances returned to their rightful owners; they underwent a sort of second pillage, and a very large pro- portion are for ever lost to the country. In lg20,« new edi- fice was begun in the convent garden, but was not carried on with much dihgence till after 1830. It has since been finished by M. Duban, the total cost being 3,515,907 fr. Courts* — There are two courts in front of the palace,- se" parated by a dwarf wall and open iron-work. The first is entered through a gateway adorned with busts of Peussin and Pujet. The court is flanked by two buildings of looie design ; the northern one contains the offices of the Director and two amphitheatres for students : the southern one, which- masks part of the ancient buildings of the convent, disf^ays in its intercolumniations the sculptured ornaments of a door, and other interesting fragments of iheHdtel de /a rfei»otw!ite^ com- monly called the Maison de la Couronne d'Or, It was a splendid specimen of the architecture of the 14lh century, and was purchased in 1363 by the Duke of Orleans, brother to King John. The portal of the church of St. Benoit bas also been placed here. (See p. 407.) Between this imd the porter's lodge is what is called the Sixtine Chapel The front is formed of the portal of the chateau d'Anet, built in 1548 for Diana of Poitiers, by Henry II. It has three ranges of coupled columns of the Do- ric, Ionic, and Corinthian orders, and is adorned with bas-re- liefs and statues, the finest of which is a Cupid in the act of Itringing his bow. Over the top arch is this inscription . Brssaeo haBc Btatuit pergrata Diana marito Ut diuturna sui sint monumenta viri. The interior consists of a single nave, with an ar^ed roof JBrenglhened with elegant tie-beams and king-posts. The waiaseoting which covers the walls at the entrance is the Um tbut «donie4 the ^ateaa ^/imt, A m^en, ooaristjog Dtgrtized by CjOOQ IC t Ml iHtAHtM^ sappdrtdd by foiar oolamiifl of red marUe, and llastflHMdrti Gorintiikii order, separates the entranee from the ave. At the end is a splendid copy of Michael Angelo's Last udgmeot, by Sigalon, on canvas, occupying the who!e surface f tbt wall. In a side chapel to the left, of hexagonal form, and rowned with a cupola, are casts of the Moses of Michael An- bIo, and two tombs, by the same, one of which is the Tomb r the Medici ; and also a fine cast of the bronze gates, by hiberti, of the Baptistery at Florence. The nave is now sed as a repository for plaster casts, among which will hd ien a copy of the elephant that was to adorn the Place de la astille. (Seep. 293.) Here also are 12 pendentives copied om MiebaelAngelo's great frescos in theSix-tineChapelatRonie. Ketaro^ing to the court, the visitor will obs^ve in the laire a Corinthian column of red mai'ble, on the top ol 'hich is the figure of an angel in bronze, one of several ived from a group, pillaged by the mob from the tomb I Cardinal Mazarin. Immediately behind it is the beav- ful front of a chMeau erected at Gaillon in 1500 by ardinal d'Amboise, and transported thence by M. Lc* oir. Its western surface is studded with brackets sup- ortiog anti<|o6 statues, and medallions. The second court

semi^eliiplical, its great axis being occupied by the front of

)e palace 240 feet in length by 60 in height, consisting of two iteral pavilions connected by a central facade, with a plain isticated basement, on which rest 12 attached and fluted orinthian columns with 1 1 arched windows between, and irmoanted by an attic story. The pavilions have plain Co^ mthiaa pilasters with square-headed niches. In front, on ither side of the entrance, are pedestals with tai marble sta* jes, the work of as many French artists studying at Rome. he court is flanked by two arched screens, the one to the left f florid Saxon style, with three arches; the opposite one nth four ; the two central ones supported by a colossal pen* ant keystone, the whole in the style of the time of Frffiicis L ^yond this, in a garden, is a fountain, surmounted by four gares sculptured by Paolo Poncio. Underneath is an escnt^ heoB by Jean Goujon, and two seated figures by Germain 'lion. Off the walls of the court, forming the corves, ard sptf^ imens of old architectural and sculptural fragments, of which le following merit attention : a bas-relief of 1440 ; marble ledallions with the beads of Titusy Vespasian, Claudius, and lalba; two antiepie lions, and a shield of metal walled in^ nd eoibossed with mythological subjects. Opposite the en* ranee to tee palaoe are two Discoboli, eopied in marble from tie anti^e. In tb^ ceutre of ttte eottft id a tvtticm tfxonolitlt S88 TENTH AR&ONDISSEMEMTi basin, broiight from the Abbey of St. Denis, 12 f<^i in dia" meter, and ornamented with quaint heads of Ceres, Bacchus, Pan, Neptune, Avarice, various animals, etc. It is believed to be of the 13 th century. Interior* — In the spacious Corinthian vestibule are stair- cases right and left leading to the upper stories. Next is the innermost com*t, where the visitor will read in gilt letters : Inceptum Ludovico XVIII. Ludovicus PhilippuB peregit monumentum anno MDCCCXXXVIII. Underneath are medallions with the portraits of Leo X. and Francis I., the restorers of the arts; and facing them are corre- sponding likenesses of Pericles and Augustus. Round the walls are engraved the names of famous artists of all countries ; the Englishman will be mortified to find here the name of only one countryman, Inigo Jones ! This court is rectangular, and paved with marbles. On the walls to the right and left are fragments of antique tombs, &c., also a curious bas-relief, representing a sacrifice. There are also statues of Cupid and Psyche, by Cavelier; thp. Venus Pudica, by Vilain; and, in the centre, Mars in repose, by Godde. On the, opposite side is the entrance to what is properly the Eeole des BeauooArts. The galleries on the ground floor contain casts and copies of architecture from the antique, separated into three divisions; one for Grecian, the second for Roman; and the third for the arts of Europe in general during the middle ages. The amphitheatre for the distribution of prizes, &c., on the western side of the inner court, is semi- circular, and, besides richly gilt compartments in the cupola, contains one of the finest productions of modern art, by Dela- roche, representing groups of the most celebrated artists of every age and country, assembled and presided by Zeuxis, Phidias, and Apelles, for the purpose of awarding prizes to successful competitors. It contains 75 figures, of which 7o «re artists. One of the female figures, arrayed in a green mantle, is the portrait of the artist's wife. This work is in oil on the wall, but is treated with all the freedom and force which characterise a fresco, and stamps Delaroche as one of the greatest of modern painters. (1) From the ample amphi- theatre the visitor is conducted to the SaUe Louis XIV, contain- ing the first part of a series of portraits of the most eminent members of the Academy, amongst whom are Yanloo, Ser^ (1) He is said to have occupied three years and a half in exe- cuting tliis work, and to have received 80,ooo fr. for it. it was considerably injured by a fire which broke out in the amphithea- tre on the ^6th of December 4 855, but has since been success- fully restored to its former beauty. Digitized by VjOOQ IC EGOLE DES FONTS ET CHAUSSEES. 389 vandoni, Lemoine, 8cc. Here, on a splendid chimney-piece of white marhle, he will also see two angels, the work of Ger- main Pilon. From hence a gallery, filled with busts, leads to the Salle du Conseil, where the series of portraits is con- tinued ; it contains besides 8 chandeliers of wood, carved and gilt, once the property of the old church (now demolished) of Ste. Genevieve; also two candelabra modelled upon ori- ginals found at Pompeii, and marble busts of academicians. Next is the Gallery of Prizes, divided into three <part8 by two partitions with Doric pilasters, and lit by seven arched windows. Here is held the annuaJ exhibition of works sent by the students at Rome, and of those executed for the annual prizes given by the school ; the northern side being set apart for paintings, the southern for architecture. The walls are adorned with the pictures that have gained the grand prizes. Here may be seen the prize-works of the most emi- nent artists, such as Blondel, Hesse, Pujol, &c. The collection begins with a painting by Natoire, of the year 1721. The exhibitions take place in September. Every six months there is a competition for admission of nearly 500 young artists; of whom 100 are chosen for painting and 30 for sculpture, who then study from antique and living models, under the direc- tion of twelve eminent professors (there are 23 in all). The ai'chitectural section has a monthly competition. The Salle des Modeles, a room lit by 1 1 windows, contains models of the most renowned monuments of Egyptian, Grecian, and Roman art. The visitor will remark the Hanging Gardens of Semiramis, the Parthenon, the Colyseum, the Propyleion, the theatre of Ephesus, the temple of Palmyra, the Amphitheatres of Nimes and Aries, the baths of Augustus, the triumphal arch of Orange, the leaning tower of Pisa, the donjon of the Bas- tille, &c., all executed in the proportion of l to loo. The materials used are either cork or plaster. Foreigners are ad- mitted on application at the porter's, from 10 to 4. A fee is expected. In the rue des Marais, not far from this palace^ No. 21, is the house where Racine died, in 1699, and Ad- rienne Lecouvreur, in 1730. From hence the stranger may go to the £lcoLE DES PONTS ET Ghacss^es, 24, ruc dcs Saiuts Peres. — This school dates as far back as 1747, but it assumed no im- portance till 1784. It possesses a rich collection of plans, maps, and models, relative to civil engineering, as also a good library. The present building, consisting of an entrance with fluted Doric columns, between two lateral pavilions, dates from 1845; and the museums, &c., not being yet classified, Birangers are not admitted. A special order may, though Digitized by VjOOQ IC 990 EIXVKKTQ AIIBONDISSIVENT. with difficulty, be obtained for the purpoee, by ttmlyiiig by< letter, post-paid, to if . le Secrdtaire du Comeil uineral de lEcole des Fonts et Chanss^es, at the School. For informii- UoQ respectlDg this school, see p. 104. The stranger, entering the Quai Voltaire, will find the Pont pu Carrousel, or des Saints P^res, a mosl elegant bridge of three iron arches, of 47 metres span, iiesUag on stone piers. It was built by M* Polonceau, in 1834. The arches, ton^isting of five ribs between each couple of piers, cooDected by decreasing circular ho<^s with the upper bars, are formd of hollow pieces containing wood and pitch. It was eretBted by ii conipany, at a cost of i,030,ooo fr., and a toll, iprodueii^ } 60,000 fr. a-year, was till 1848 paid on it by caiTiage and foot passengers. Us ei^tremities are adorned with four seated statues of stone on castriron pedestals, by Petitot, representlDg, on the side of the Tuileries, Industry and Abundance ; on tlie other, the Seine and Paris. At No. 1, rue de Beaune, on this quay, is fbt hdt«l in which Voltaire resided for some time previous to his death, and where he died. His nephew, M. de Villetto, kept his apartment closed afterwards, as did also Mme. de Montmo- rency, the next proprietor of the house, so that it reniained unopened for forty-seven years. On this quay are ahops o( dealers In prints, and artides of 9)ertu; and the straog^r will find it an agreeable and entertaining promenade. We may enter this arrondissement by the March]£ St. Germain, built on the q^ot where once flosi rished the Foire St. Germain, It was built, in 181 1, by Blondel, and affords every possible advantage ef light and air. it is a parallelogram, 276 feet in length, by 225 in breadthi ^ach of the fronts has five entrances, closed by iron gates. In the galleries are nearly four hundred stalls, arranged in four rows, with a free and commodious circulation on even side. To the south of the principal structure is a smallei building appropriated to buicbera, in the centre of which is i niche, wilh a statue of Plenty, by Milhomme, having on ili pedestal a lion's head, from which the water flows into a basin A guard-house, bureaux for the inspectors, and other depen dencies, are attached to the buildings. In the centre of tb^ garallelogram is a fountam, which formerly stood in the plart t. Sulpice, ornamented with 4 bas-reliefs, represcntihg Peace Commerce, Agriculture, and the Arts and Sciences. AboTi is a bust of the present Emperor. Garble sheDs form \h 0r. seines. Itl ^N^ P9H oC A vase, iiroin wkenee the water lalls inla l«r§v 9Q9Ui« whera it eapurates into six fmaU streams, and dtseendf i9to 9qu«re basins. A market for birds of every deseription il held in the adjoining street, rue Lobineaa, every Sunday Q2eraiDg«  From the Marehe St. Germain the visitor will proceed fce St. Svlmge, pajrish church of the eleventh arrondissement. Tbi3 splendid structure was begun in 1655, when the first stone was liid by Anne of Austria, according to the designs of Let vau. Th^ woi'ks were carried on successively by Gittard and Op^nbard, but fnwi want of funds made little advance mur 111 the rector of the parish, Languel de Gergy, in 1742 coU lected by a lottery sufficient money for the completion of the buUdiog. Servandoni finished the magnificent portico and front in 1746; the two steeples were raised by Maclauren, in 1 749 ; the northern one was altered and finished by Chalgrin, in 1777. — Exterior: The portico is composed of a double range of Doric columns, 40 feet in height, and is approached by a flight 4>f ateps intersected by the plinths of eacheouple. It supports a gallery and colonnade of the Ionic order, fronU ing an arched gallery, with columns 38 feet in hei^^t; above was a pediment, destroyed by lightning in 1779, and now replaced by a balustrade. Under the portico are three eur trances, with ni^^es between, and seven alti-rilievi above, illustrative oi tiie cardinal virtues. The ceiling is in com^ partments, exquisitely sculptured. The summit of the northeTU tower is 210 feet high; on it is the telegraph that correi|ionde with Strasburg ; on the southern one is that for Italy. Three bells of 12,500, 8,500, and 1,800 pounds* weijght respectively, were placed in the north tower in 1824. The northern towej* consists of four stories, successively of &e Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, and Composite orders. The uppers most story alone is circular, and crowned with a balustrade. The southern tower is of a diflferent design; the upper circular story is Doric, resting on a square story with blunted angles. The southern facade, distinguished by two rows of columns of the Doric and Ionic orders, is ornamented with statues of St. John and St. Joseph ; that of the north presents the Com* posite and Corinthian orders, with statues of St. Peter and St. Paul. The back is formed of an elliptical mass, crowned with a dome, and an overhanging semicircular turret; slender tur^ rets, containing winding stairs, flank the body of the choir. The plan of the building is cruciform; its total length 432, its breadth 174, and its height 99 feet. JnUrior : Aisles surround both nave and choir, and diar pels ixwrrespond to each arcade. The pilasters are Corinthian ; 391 ELEVENTH ABAONDiSSEIIBNT^ ilie Ydulted rMf of the choir is elaboiatdb{r onttoaMfted^imtb i aeroO-work. At the entrance of the naTewe t«ro fl he flo -ol the largest tridachna gigas known, resting «pon tnatms roek«  work in marble, executed by PigaOe; they wwe gMmi to Francis I. by the RepuUic of Venice. The pulpit isr eirtitsely suppOTted by two flights of steps, and ornamented mtt^finnres of Faith, Hop, and Charity. The oiga^gaUerjr xerifl > on twelve magnincent Composite colmnns. The oigan, bar die- ^piot, is richly carved, ]»resenting seventeen figuns' playing on musical instruments or supporting comueopiasi jiftdss the finest in exterior of any in the capital. The priiuai^ #gure is King David. On the pavement of the transept is trotsd a meridian line made by Lemonnier in 1743. The ragnsM^ the sun, passing through an aperture in a metal irfate is the win- dow of the southern transept, form upon the paTemestc t h^ minous circle, about lOH inches in diameter^ wln(br>mov^ across the Une, and at noon is bisected by iU Tbm peoaliarity of this line is its being continued, for wantel horiiontal space, vertically along an obelisk of white marUe, in the cotner of •the northern transept. The vaultmg of the cvoss eoatains lour good paintings of saints in medallions; and" onder- nealh, at the entrance of the ohdr, stands the : bigh^altar, decorated with a profusion of splendidly-gilt ornaments, and separated from the nave by a balustrade of bronze and saarble. It has a bas-relief in bronze: Christ preaelring in the Tmsjple, the work of M. Choiselin. The candelabra are of exqcmite workmanship. The following is a description of tbeciuip^, beginning from the right on entering. — 1 st chapd (provisianally closed, being in course of decoration). — 2d, painted m fresco by Heim, with the Consolation in Death, the Bffieaey of prayers for the Dead, and the Father, Son, and Virgin Bfary, m the ceiling. — 3d. St. Roch praying for the cessation of the pestilence; his Death, his Apotheosis, on the ceiling, la the spandrils of the arches are the personifications of the cities of Rome, Piacenza, Cesena, and Acquapendente, all adoiird)l6 frescos, by Abel de Pujol. — 4th, painted in fresco by Vi&dtoa, with passages of the life of St. Maurice. In the oeifting are angels bearing the crowns of martyrdom, and in thepende^- tives, figures of Religion, Fortitude, Hope, and Charity. On the altar is a marble statue of St. Maurice. — ^6th. A marble monument to Languet de Gergy. The prelate is kneeling on a sarcophagus, whilst an angel chases death from his sidr. The stained glass, representing the Eucharist, in the wmdow of this chapel, is very fine. — ^Beyond the transept is, 6th. The sacnsty, fitted up with richly-carved wain^coting.-c«-7th. Jesu9 and the woioaa of Samaria ; the Preaching qt gt, Paul, ST. SinUFICE. 393 -^8llK Ite iaterdian Ai^els; the Archangel crushing the De«  ttOD^^-^9tli<^ tgH»e» Geneviere and St. Germain, by Louise De- mast i^snA healing the woman of Canaan's daughter, by €briageri«^loth. The Virgin learning to read; St. Peter h«Myii§^ Hie lame man, painted by PaUiere.— ilth. The Lady Gba^,'>MiaaoA the dioir, whieh is entirely encrusted with marJala^ and addrned with the most gorgeous sculpture and ^Hdin^ the altar is Corinthian; the marble statue of the yirgi»?witli the Infimt, the work of PigaUe, stands in a recess h^led'tem dbove. The ehapel has a double dome, the upper wkefaa^ei^iii fresco fay Lemoine, representing the Ascension of '^arii^tQ. (^ the walls are four paintings, the Annunciation ^ Visitatldv; Bi^ of the Saviour, and Presentation in the Temp^ lif ¥Mloo.^--12th. St. Louis praying, by Drolling; SL Fiaerajr^osing the crown of Scotland, by Dejuinne. — 13th. Tbe^^ei^of Sapi>hira, by Picot ; Christ conducted by; St. Jo- sepbj'iby ftemond — 14th. St. Francis d'Assise praying, by Pi^sre^ <1747), and St. Gregory the Great performing a miracle (l)i ->-* 15th. St. Charles Borromeo relieving the pli^;ae^tridEen at Milan, painted by Granger; the Marriage of ithe V»gin, by A. Pereda (1640).— 16th. The baptismal chapelJ: After the left transept is the i7th, with some ri(^ earring; by Brun, and the Adoration of God, painted on eanva88.»^l 8tii. St. Vincent de Paule haranguing the sisters of Chairity in favour of foundlings; the same assisting Louis XIH.aniiiS' last moments; both admirable frescos, by Guillemot^ In :Ae' ceiling is^ the Apotheosis of St. Vincrat de Paule. — 19th. TfaeConvorsiott of St. Paul, and his announcement of the Re- rarrection b^ore the Areopagus; two frescos painted by the late M. Drolling. The ceiling represents the apotheosis of the > Mint; — ^2lBt. The Baptism in: the Jordan; the Martyr- dom' ol St. Lawrence, painted by Cuny. On the piers of the'Choir and transepts are statues of the twelve apostles, on-bitickeits ; and, on each side of the Choir, two angels in mar- biei the^one to ^e left^ by Desboeufs, represents the Angel of SaoKd'Craitory; the other opposite, by Droz, the Angel of Mar^rvdom. In the windows of several of the chapels is aoiiie »oM' staimed glass, and the windows of the choir are . (i).The following is the very crediMe legend forming the sub- ject: of ihift pictare :— Ambassadors having been sent to him by sQD?te nation n«t mentioned, requesting him to send some relics, he ^9,\^ them an old rag. The ambassadors expostulated, con- tendiiig that thai was not a fit present to be sent; whereupon he took it up, and slit it with a knife ; to the astonishment of all present, drops of blood issued from the rent ! The envoys, of course, ttiankfwUy accepted the wonderful rag, an4 went away, |f4 ELEVESri'A AUffnmSEBIENT. adorned with modem wpmaum of the sum. Hie i lery u worth Yi»itiB($. Froating thi« ehuich ic the Fontaine ob &r. SuiPicE.->-'The Place St. Sttlpftee, first pro- jeeted hy^ Sei'vandoni, was fornied in 1754; at the peaee ef i^ miens, the fountaiii wbieh is now in the Marehe St. Geraaain WAS plaoed theve hy order of Napoleon. The present fouaftain, by VisGonti, eonsists of three concentric octagonal baeias in- tersected by sculf^tured plinths. From the eentre of the tapper- laost rises a quadrangular body, flanked with fluted GorinUiian pilasters, between which are cii-cukr niches filled with the Statues of Feneloo, Bossuet, Fleebier, and MassUhm^ The uppermost bann is decorated with four vases, from which water flows, and lour recumbent lions grace the intennediate iMsin. Afloweivmaritet is held on this place Mondays and Thursdays. On the southern side stands the Sminaire de Si. Sulpice, a large plain building, erected in i820, whidi eonlaias a theo- logical bbi«ry of 30,ooo vols. ( See p. 1 18.) West of the fountain, is the new Maine of the l Itfa airon- diasement. The ground floor is Doric ; the upper story Corin- thian. Over the eutnace is a smaU campanile contaiiUAg a clock. The streets leading to the Place St. Sulpice are to be consider- ably widened. In the rue Garaneiere, No. 8, is a fine hotd, fonaeriy be- longing to the Duchess of Savoy. The front is adornai with ft range of Ionic pilasters, having for volutes boldlyopr^o^iecting rams' heads. In the same street is a fountain, erected i& 17 1 5 l>y Anne of Bavaria, widow of the Prince of Conde. Turning eastwards into rue de Vaugirard, the visitor will 9nd the Odeon Theatre. (S^ p. 476.) Nearly opposite is the PAI.ACE OF THE LcxEiiBOfjafi. (1)— Upon the site oC this palace Robert de Harlay de Saucy erected a large house, surr rounded by gajNlens, in the leth eeptury. This mansion was purchased and enlarged, in 1583, by Uie Duke dt)piiiay*- Luxembourg, and bought by Marie de Medicis for 9o,000 fr. in 1612, when the present palace was built, by Jaoques Des* brosses, upon the model of the Piiti palace, the ifesidenee of the grand-dukes of Tuscany. It was then called by her name. On being bequeathed lo Gaston de France, Dulbe of Orleans, her second son, it assumed the name of Palais d'Or- lianSf whidi it retained long after. It was afterwai4s ceded, for 500,000 livres, to Anne Marie Louise d'Orleans, Dachess de Montpensier ; and in i 67 2 became the property of Elisabeth d'Orleans, Duchess de Guise and d'Alencon, who, in 1694, sold it to Louis XIV. Afterwards it was inhabited by the (1) For a more detailed account, and interesting aneedotes eoBiieeted with this palaee, see Bistoiit of Paius, % vols. ero«  T)iatkm «t Bnnuwiek, and by Mad«m« d'OfliMU, qmm dowager of Spaia, oo wboM cUiatfa Louis )CVI. gay« it (o liis forotiisr, alt^wardfi Louis XVIII., who oocapied it till he Idl France, in June 1791. Puring the first years of U&e rovolu- tion of 1789 it was converted into a prison. In 179^ the sittings of the Directory were held there, and it was then eallad PeUais du Directoire, When Bonaparte oanie into power, it was at first devoted to the sittings of the eonsuls, and received the name of PcUais du Consulat, and, shorUy alter, thai of Palaii du Senat Comervateur. This senate hehl its sitliogs there till its dissohition ia ISU, when the Cbanoher of Peers Wtts created. In March and April 1849 Louis BIam held his socialist meetings of worimien there. la the sohieyMot month of May, the Exeoutive Commission occupied it during ila epbenoeral existence. Private authoriied sodeties were afterwards permitted oooasionally to boUl exiraerdinary puhlia sittings in the late Chamber of Peers, and since IBI^t Hhas resinned its old destination and name of Palais du SSn^t. EcBtmior. — The edifice is remarkaUe for tiie beanty of its proportions, and its solidity. The court forms a paraUdo- gram of 360 fee), by 300. The front towards the me de Vaugirard consists of two large pavilions, connected toge? ther by terraces, in the centre of which rises a cupola, sur- rounded with statues. This front is couneeled with the pria? cipal pile of building, by two arcaded corridors. Four large square pavilions terminate the angles of the main buildiag, which consists of a raised ground-^oor, an upper story, and attic. A new building entirely scpeens the lower and partially the upper portion of tiie back of the original edifice. A new oloek pavilion tms replaced the old one; the upper part is orr namented with allegorieal figures of Eloquence, Juslaee, Wis* dom, Prudence, War, and Peace, by Pradier. They are feet high. Two Genii crown the dock (by Lepaute), with Renown in bas-relief. The lower story is decorated with bossaged Tuscan pilasters, the second with Doric, and the third with Ionic pilasters. The grand staireaas has a fine range of Ionic columns, between which are tropMes and statues of some of Napoleon's generals. The busts of several senators of bis r^gn, which had been removed during tile Bo- storatioo, were replaced here and in other apartments in 1850. Interior. — On entering the apartments now occupied by the Senate, the first room, called Salk de$ Gardes, is adorned with statues of Aristides, Cincinnalus, Cicero, Leonidas, Solon, by Roland, and Pericles, by Masson, and a bust of Generid JLajdaKse, the first president of t^e Senate under the Bmi^ire. N^t foUows the Salle d'Att^e, where a ped«0f«l» fortt»r^^ 396 ELEVENTH ARBONDISSEMENT. adorned with the statue of the late Duke of Orleans^ now bears the statue of Julius Caesar, of bronze and marble, brought here from the Louvre. The ceiling, by Jadin, represents Aurora, There are, besides, statues of Prudence and Perseus, and bust^ of Lally ToUendal, Simeon, and Guvier. The walls of the ad- joining Salle des Messagers are decorated with paintings representing : Charles IX. receiving the keys of Paris from rHdpital, who refuses his consent to the massacre of St. Bar- tholomew, by Caminade; St. Louis, by Flandrin; the Duke of Guise (Le Balafre) proposing the League to Harley, by Vinchon ; and Charlemagne on his throne, by Bouchot. The ceiling, by Decaisne, represents Union, Force, and Abundance. Next follows the Salle du Tr6ne, an immense hall, formed out of the old salle of that name, the old Salle du S^nat, and the Salle des Conferences. This splendid saloon, the decorations of which are not terminated, is gorgeously gilt and sculptured ; the three ceilings belonging to the old Salles above-mentioned, are now being amalgamated into one. The throne, occupying the central wall to the right, where the old Salle du Senat was, is decorated with an unsparing hand ; it consists of a canopy supported by six caryatides, standing on a platform ascended by four steps, the whole profusely carved and gilt. To follow the order in which the visitor is conducted, we shall first describe the paintings at the end nearest the en- trance, viz. Napoleon 1. elected Emperor; the forty flags taken at Austerlitz displayed before Napoleon I.; Napoleon L at the Invalides, all by Signol. A door to the right opens into the Galerie des Busies, which runs parallel to the Salle du Trdne, and, besides other decorations, is filled with busts of the great generals and statesmen of the first Empire. This opens into the present Salle du S^nat. It is semicircular, ninety -two feet in diameter, and covered by an hemi- spherical vault, painted by Abel de Pujol, in compart- ments, containing allegories of Law, Justice, Wisdom and Patriotism. The medaUions over the windows are by Vauche- lin. The vault is supported by eighteen Composite columns. In a semicircular recess or niche are the seats of the Pre- sident and Secretaries, approached by steps. Eight Compo- site columns support the cupola of this recess, and between them, on plinths, are the statues of Turgot, by Legendre-He- rald; d*Aguesseau, by Maindron; L'Hopital, by Valois; Col- bert, by Debay, sen.; Mathieu Mole, by Bare, jun.; Males- herbes, by Bra; Port&lis, by Bamus. In the comers of the hall, in niches, are the statues of St. Louis, by Dumont, and Charlemagne, by the same. In front of the galleries are statues of Marsh«ds Masseaa; by Mercier ; Uones; by Debay; Gouyioa PALACE OP TfiE tCXEMBOCRO. 397 St. Gyr, by Husson, and Mortier, by Briau. On each side of the recess is a large picture, that on the right representing Louis XI. with the Dauphin receiving the Deputies of Paris ; on the left, Philippe de Valois* congratulated by the Peers on the reforms he had introduced; both by Blondel. Imme- diately below the President's chair was the tribune, now remoyed, as the orators speak from their places. The seats gradually rise towards the wall. (1) The flooring is of iron, to admit of warming by steam in winter. Haying completed the circuit, we now return through another door to the Galerie des BusUs, this extremity of which is exactly similar to that already seen, and then re-enter the Salle du Trdne, The paintings as yet visible on this side are : the Return of the Pope to Rome in 1849, by Benouville ; Napoleon HI. visiting the works of the New Louvre, by Gosse ; the Distribution of the Eagles in the Champ de Mars in 1852, by Pils. Adjoining the Salle du Trdne is the Cabinet de VEmpereur, a room of simple design. The paintings here represent : Napoleon III. returning from St. (Uoud, and the Marriage of the present Empress, by Fleury ; Napoleon I. at Vienna, and his Return from Egypt, by Yinchon. On the mantelpiece is a bust of the present Emperor in porcelain, by Gille. Returning to the Salle du Trdne, the visitor may sometimes, on application, obtain permission to see the Library, which is not open to the public. It is a splendid gallery extending the whole length of the garden front, and contains 15,000 volumes, including the journals and reports of the House of Lords. In the centre of the gallery is a hemicycle and cupola painted by Delacroix, representing the Elysium of great men as we find it described by Dante. The poet is conducted by Virgil, who presents him to Homer, Horace, &c. Around the cupola are Alexander, Achilles, Pyrrhus, Hannibal, GsBsar, Marcus Aurelius, Socrates, Plato, Orpheus, Hesiod, and Sappho. The five compartments of the ceiling to the left of the cupola, by Riesner, represent the Gospel, Law, Hiitory, Philosophy, and Poetry ; those to the right, by Roqueplan, represent Industry, Military Genius, Eloquence, Political Science, and Mathematics. At the extre- mities of the library are statues of Montesquieu, by Nanteuil, and Etienne Pasquier, by Foyatier. In »*;ii-cular niches are four allegorical statues by Simart and Desboeufs, representing Music, Philosophy, History, and Science; also busts of Barbe Marbois, Fontanes, Cuvier, the Dukes of Albufera, de la (1) At the close of the session of 1847 the number of peers yfM 305. The present number of Senators is i50, exclusive of the Princes of the Blood, Gar4inalSy and Archbishops. 39$ RMMoiMmilt, and Riohelim^ MArihris MaodGfUdii, Hakott, and iewdain; MttrqoiBes de la Place, tally ToUeftdal^ and tbe GbaBcellor d'Ambray. Tbe adjoiniag readlngHro^m was decorated by Messrs. BoiilaDger, Scheffer, and Picot. There are two allegorical statoes by M. Joaffroy ; and one of Gotf vioB St. Cyr, by M. Seurre. On the ground fkmt is tbe Chapelle de Marie de Midicis, a plain room, with an alUu*, There are two other rooms ; the first is the Salle des Garde$ de Marie de Medicis, only remarkable for a Last Supper, and a Virgiii and a Grucifiiion, both by Philippe de Chamfia^e. Adjoining is the Chawbre a coucher de Marie de M^tns, a splendid apartment, decorated in the snmptuoHs style of hertimc. The arm-chairs now in this chamber were used at the corona- tion of Napoleon. The panels are all richly gilt and painted in Compartments, four by Philippe de Champagne, and four by Nicholas Poassin. The centre of the ceiimg represents Marie de Medicis, by Rubens, and eight square compartments wbi^ it contains are by t^hilippede Champagne. Those to the rigbl are family-portraits of the house of Medicis } those to the left of that of Henry lY . There are also four paintings by Htibens in this rocm. The scroll-work on the walls is exceedingly delicate and beautilul. The furniture of the period has been repaired j and placed here; it is gold ana crimson velvet. At the revolution of 1789 the panellii^ and paintings were taken down and concealed, but were replaced in 1 Si 7. In the case of marriages of senators or their daughters, the parties meet in tbess rooms to sign the contract. (?/io/»i.-TThis Chapel is a parallelogram 69 feet by 2#, of rich Doric design, and receives light from the conrt through four windows. The vault is divided into compartmenls deco- rated and gilt in the richest style. The circular compartments representing the four Evangelists, and Uie eight medallions representing angels, each holding an instrument of the Passion, are by Yaudielet. Opposite tbe windows are four large paintings by Gigoux, representing the apostle Philip, St. Louis pardoning traitors^ St. Louis in Palestine, and the Marriage of the Virgin; and behind the high altar is an immense fi^esco by Abel de Pujol, r^resentii^ the Throne of God (Ret* tv.>. llie altar is surmounted by an ^aborately gilt niche, conneeied with the door behind by a wooden ceiling, under whiely, tbe ba^ of the altar is enriched with an Adoration of the Sfaephetds, by 6imon White, an American artist. In a oiche in tike wafl opposite the altar is an admirable group of an Angel and two children, by Jalav; and the holy water henAsL^ are attached to richly sculptured marble pedest^s, surmooated by angels. Private mm ii. pwfonnod tef e daily* GAsmf w Tn tuxflnoraA. 399 Qoihfif of M9d9m 44rt.-^Iii the bdimg^ •a Am «nlitli •liB of w ooarts is the gallery for pAintiiigSy fonned 6y order of Miriede Medids, and at fint composed of tweniy^fottr larg# pietureBy by Rabens, representkig the al)egorieal history of that queen. It was afterwards augmented by severid pietnree which. hekmged to the qoeen-dowager of Spain, and by other* from the Jung** cabinet. The gcUkry waa long negleeted, and about the year 17ao the paintings were removed to form tte mnseumof the Loavre. (1) The pietnres were brought back when thoYietories of Napoleon had filled the Loat^with the finesi W0tkA of art in Europe, but were again removed there in 18li5. The gallery, whieb is entered from the garden- side <(oii the left hand), and the rooms annexed to it, noW contaift ibe foest works of iiring artists^ porehased by Govern^ ment. Aonong them those of Delaroche, Horace Vernet, Biard, Court, Devoia, Graaet, Pierre Gnerin, Le Tiers, Rioolt, and Roqt^^an, are particularly worthy of admirstioB. Ghangea are ooBtiaiially takmg place m the arrangement of this gallery, m «0nsefienoe of the n^ which orders the works of each artist^ on his deeesse, to be removed to the Lomrre. Tha ceiling ol the gallery represents the signs of the Zodiac ifl twelve pictures^ by Jordaens, and the rifldng of Aurora, by Callet. A door to the right on entering opens upon a terraee, leadiog through a rotunda, eontaining various groaps and sta- tues, both mafble and bronse, by some of the best modern sculptors. Beyond the terraoe are five rooms ; those to ^«  right on entering contain engravings, drawings, and pastelsi and, M^ Junes' cartoons of the subjects exeoated in stained glass in the chapels of Dreux and St. Ferdinand ; the rooms to the left are 31ted with pictures and sculptare. From the last of the suite afine view is obtained of the grand staircflse jof the palace. Tl^ Gallery of Paintings is open to the puiMc on Sundays^ and oiB all other days, except Mondays, from la to 4, by ap«  plying with passp&rt at the porter's lodge. Catalogues are sold on the spot. The apartments and chapel are visiMe daily. ^ard^i.-^The garden was first planted by Desbrosses, at the lime of the erection of the palace, tn 1792, the finest trees were out down, with the intention of building ca/^^Sj ball* rooms, &c., and establi^ing a fair, but the ground thta. cleared remained waste till 1 801 . Since then great improve* ments have been made in this garden. Near the entranee, opposite to the rue Souffiot, a new parterre has been con^ strneted and decorated with a fomitain, built by Caprine di (ly Among thetn, besides the history of Marie de M^dieis, w^re the history ef 9f. Brano^ by Lesueut*, add the sea-ports of Ternet and /Qsapti Hue* Digitized by VjOOQ IC 400 ELEVENTH ARRCnOHSSEMENTJ Medicis after the designs of Jacques Desbrbsses. It is sur- mounted by a naiad, and has received a new basin of large dimensions. In the adjoining parterre, is a beaatifal marine group of Gain and his family after the death of Abel, sculptured by Garrand. All the old statues, which had been mutilated during the first revolution, have been ronoved, and new ones by the best Parisian masters plaeed in their stead, along the eastern and western terraces. They are, bc^nning with the former one, 1. Bathilde, wife of Clovis II., by Therasse ; 2. Bertrada, wife of Pepin le Rref, by Ou- dine ; 3. Jeanne Hachette, by Bonassieux; 4. St. Ge&eviere, by Mercier; 5. Marie Stuart, by Maindron; 6. Jeanne d'Alfaret, by Brian; 7. Glemence Isaure, by Preault; 8. Mlk. de Mont- pensier, by Demesmay; 9. Louise de Savoie, byGlesiDger; 10. Jeanne d*Arc, by Gude; 11. Queen Hudrogote, by Eishoect. On the opposite terrace, beginning from ti^e south, are the following : 12. Hippomenes, by Ottin; 13. Laore de Noves, by the same; 14. Marie de Medicis, by Cailloaette; 15. Marguerite de Valois, by Lescorne ; l e. Valentine de Milan, by Huguenin; 17. Anne de Beaujeu, by Gatteaux ; 18. Blanche de Gastille, byDumont; 19. Anne d*Autriche, by Ramus; 20. Anne de Bretagne, by Debay; 21. Marguerite de Pro- vence, by Husson; 22. Queen Glotilde, by Klagmami. The terraces have their balustrades ornamented with vases and groups of children. Stately flights of steps descend into the flower-garden below, in the centre of which, opposite the pa- lace, is a large octagonal piece of water. Here, upon pedestals, are the Diana Venatrix, and the Athlete ; facing these and the palace is Archidamas, in marble, by Lemaire; and in the adjoin ing grass-plots two columns surmounted by statues from the an- tique. Other statues of less note are placed around the partem. Groves of chesnut-trees, interspersed with seats, cafes, and pa- vilions, flank the terraces on either side. From the flower- gai'den extends a long avenue formed in 1795, the entrance to which is flanked by two white marble lions, copied from the antique, and in the distance is seen the front of the Observa- tory. To the east is the Botanical Garden of the £eole de Me- decine ( See p. 404.) and west of the avenue is ^ immense nursery-ground, called the P^piniere du Luxembourg. Rows of orange-trees add to the beauty of this dehghtful spot during the summer ; a new orangery has been constructed near the Petit Luxembourg. M. Hardy, head-gardener of the Luxem- bourg, gives periodical courses of gratuitous public lectures on the pruning and grafting of trees. Nine gates afibrd access to this beautiful garden, which is enclosed by a handsome railing on the side of the rue de Vaugirard. The teogth of the garden fnmt iMMrtfr to soutfr iii 919 metres. Its breadth is 570. ' The mm is 34 1, 064 square metres. It is open to the publia frcHtt da;%reidi to dusk. CAne by Hie tresteni gate- of the Luxembourg, in the rue de Fleurusi is tbe small ThMtre da Luxembourg {See p. 480). Faehag tbe'rue de Vaagirard is the P«T!T LuxsmooRG. — ^This hotel, which is a dependency of the palace of tiie Luxemljoui^, was commenced about the year 1 629, by order of Cardinal Richelieu, who resided in it while the Palais Royal was building. When he removed he pre- seated-^if to his niece, the Duchess d'Aiguillon. It passed by descent to^ Henry Jules de Bourbon Conde, after whose death, Anne, princess palatine of Bavaria, occupied and repaired it. Under tho Directory, four of the directors occupied the Petit Lu%iraisiK>ni^, the fifth living in the palace. Bonaparte resided here six month*, before he removed to the Tuileries. It was af terwardfe^ the residence of the Chancellor of France, as Pre- sident of the Chwnber of Peers. Under the Constitution of 1 84a the ^fVf 6tirwr/ des Con flits used to hold ils sittings in this pa- lace, siad it is now the residence of the president of the Se- nate. At tbe western end is a chapel, built on the site of one beiongii^^' the ancient cloister of the Pilles du Calvaire^ the ruHis- of which were brought to light in 1848 by the demoli- tion- of d small' prison attached to this hotel, for prisoners un- der trial by the Court of Peers. The ministers of Charles X., and aftcpwiirds Lecomte and Henry, who attempted the life of Louis f^il>pe, were confined in it. The present chapel, built l>y Bf . G»ors, is in the style of the 1 5th century, with a square to^ii^er feeing the rue de Vau^rard, and a gabled front and niches fiSteingthe garden A cloister extends from it, enclojiing^ a scfoare. It was inaugurated December 5th, 1855. At No. 70, rue de Vaugirard, is the Cowcent des CarmMites, now a convent of Dominican friars. M. Lacordaire, the cele- brated preacher, belongs to this brotherhood. Part of the an- cient religions house, with the Chapel, is still appropriated to sacred purposes; the rest is occupied by private ten^^nts. TI:o chapeU 'dedicatedr to St. Joseph, is cruciform and of the Tuscan order, without aisles. The foundation-stone was laid in 1 fi 1 3,, l>y" Marie de Medicis. The dome, painted by Flamel, is worthy of observation ; the altar is lofty, and ornamented with pillars of black marble; having gilt bases and capitals. The altar- piece represents ttie Death of St. Joseph. Under the commu- nion table is an ancient alto-rilievo, in white marble, repre* renting tbe Last Supper. A bas-relief, in gilt bronze, re- presenting the Circumcision^ is under the altar table of tb*^ leSt transept The diapels are adorned with scroll-work ar Digitized by VjOOQ IC 409 XLETEEmi Atiaorii)issE»li:Kf. old paintings, and the first decorated with a eetlim^Mi fresco^ representing St. Camillo. It was in this convaat the noasadcrea began in Paris, in September, 1792. Hundred* of pri^^ta, im- prisoned here, were murdered. An anniversary iBkas8:i6 per^ formed for them. The heart of Archbishop Affre ia^also pre- served in this convent. (See p. 293.) The weUrknown £au de MSlisse and the Bknc des Carmes are stiU se^ lifiie. At No. 94 is an organ factory, formerly occupied by a Bomtf called Conservatoire de Musique Religietise, now aiUidi£t. At the corner of the rue du Regard is the Fontaine deLeda, erected m 1806 by Bralle, ornamented with a liashrelief, by Vailois, representing Leda, and Jupiter under, the Cotm 0t a swan. The water flows into a basin from the bird'^ besik. At No. 17, in the same street, is the Hospice DEViLLAS(Seep. 123); and at 39, rue duCberche- Midi, is the Hdtel de Toulouse, where courts-martial are held, and opposite to which a military prison has lately hi^ea built. Returning to the rue de Vaugirard, the visitor will find, at No. 109, a new Communal School, erected by. the City. It contains an Asile d*Enfance^ mutual schools for .boys and girls, and an adult school. The facade is adorned with, a fine bas-relief, by Millet, representing the City of*Paris protecting childhood ; to the right, a young girl looks up to the City as her mother, while a young boy at her side is instruf&tiiig an- other of liis own age ; . to the left is an adult workmjM!, wbo has laid by his tools to receive instruction in geometry .^ . Next door to this, at No. HI, an immense reservoir has been constructed by the City, to receive water from tb&iMisiD of la Yillette and the Artesian well of Crenelle, and supply the fiubourg St. Ccrmain. A winding staircase leads to the top, where two separate sheets of water, of 800 square metres each, will be seen. The depth is 5 metres, and the total <]^aiiiity of water is 2 16,000 cubic feet. The rue de Vaugirard qrossc» the boulevard Mont-Parnasse. Here, a little to the left, is the ter- minus of the Western Railway, one of the most elegant buildings of the t'apital. A wide street, called rue de Rennes, opeas opposite \*> the terminus, and meets the rue de Vaugirard. at the corner of the rue du Regard, thus establishing an almost dire«t com- munication with the Tuileries. The visitor may strike into the Avenue du Maine, and cross the barrier of that name, when he will see the colossal viaduct, with its skew arches, crossing the road. A carriage-way has been constructed within t e barrier up to the level of the viaduct, to the right of which is a level surface of 2,000 square metres. The terminus oc- cupies 3 hectares of land ; it rises lo metres above the level of ibe ft<ytt ; f allerieg i l metres broad run along three of its sidte; The freat consists of two payilions connected by a portico of 7 arches, over which are seen the gables of the arrival and departare sheds. The lateral porticos, 95 metres in lengthy have 17' arehes, and lead to the waiting-rooms and offices. The outer boulevard leads to the CiHBYikRS hv Mont-Parnasse. — ^This cemetery, opened iii t934y is situated in the Plaine de Mont Ronge. Its extent was fonnerly about 30 acres, but it now contains upwards of i4S, and extends from the Barriere Mont-Pamasse to the Bam^M d'Enfer. The old enclosure is a parallelogram, skir^< by lateral avenues, and two principal ones crossing each other at a rotunda in the centre. Several tributary walks run parallel respectively to these. Among the monuments oc cttpying the circumference of the rotunda, the following are en ^ titled to notice : Alexandre de Senne, a distinguished artist ; Deseiue, a ceiebrated statuary, who executed the monument of Cardinal De Belloy in the Cathedral of Notre Dame (See p. 318n.) ; Marquis of Bourbon-Conti ; Boyer, the eminent phy- sician ; Guillemot, a painter, many of whose works we have had occasion to mention ; the Duchess de Gesvres, the last of the fan^y of Duguesclin. In the central avenue running from north to Boutti is the toml) of Count de Montmorency-Laval. That running from east to west contains the tomb of Ottavi, a rdation of Napoleon, and an eminent orator. In the western avenue is the tomb of Bear-Admiral Count dtJrville, a cele- tyrated navigator, who in 1842, with his wife and son, fell a victim to the catastrophe on the Versailles raihroad. (Seep. 503.) In the southern avenue will be observed the tombs of the DachefiS of Vallombrosa, and of De Guignes, author of the Chinese dic*ionary compiled by order of Napoleon. The ave^ nuc to tiie east contains the tomb of Boulay de la Meurthe, one of tho^ Council of Five Hundred, highly esteemed by Napoleon, and father to the late vice-president of the Bepublic. Near it, in the north-eastern secondary path, opposite is the monu- ment of De Pouqueville, well known for his travels in. Greece. In this cemetery are also the burial-grounds of the hospitals. In Ihesottth-WBStern compartment was the grave of Pepin, exe- cuted With Fieschi and Morey in 1835 for a conspiracy against the life of Louis Philippe ; his accomplices also were buried here, as well as Alibaud, executed for a similar attempt in 1836, but their graves are no longer distinguishable. The burial place of common criminals is in a separate ground adjoining. Returniiig by the Barriere Mont-Pamasse to the boulevard of that name, so called from its having been in the olden time a favoifrite place of resort of the students of the University, Digitized by VjOOQ IC 404 wuivxanm who aBmaod tiieinsidyes with, madiBg venes^ tpmaks^tat^^ and other academical pastimes, ^ stranger wiSk petonve, ^ No. 96, the Grande Chaumierej a cdehcatod, liKii^h aot select, garden of public amusement in summer. (See ^ «»l.) Grossing the rue de TOuest, and the Gardmn of theLuxwn^ Lourg, the visitor will find, at No. 9, mede FEst/ Ihseii* trance into the Jardin BoUmique da VEtoh de Medemne, The medicinal plants that will bear exposwe t» the rtimnh) of France are here culttvated; eacli plant has a tickel:: headttg its names in the systems of Linnaeus and Jmsiea. Optm. from May 1 to Aug. 31, from o to io a^ m., and from 3<1if» 7^i»v>if., ei^cept on Sundays and Fetes. ' * Lower down in ^e rue d'Enfer, al No. 30, iB.liM< £coLE ImpsbjalLC des Mines, and Mimralogieal JffMetim. — This magnificent hotel, fonnerly called M6m d» ¥^nddm&, was built in 1707, by a society of Cartlmsiam men^- and afterwaids purchased by the Duchess ol Venddme. Tbe lesti^ tution bo which it is now appropriated was j^rojected t^ Cai^ dinal do Fleury, and. commenoed in 1783, hut -waft not definitively organized until i8l6. The^ whole kuildnig, which has cost 860,000 francs, has been reeimtiy' enliiFged and, repaired. Its front is plain, bull tasteful; a Sjpaeious court, entered by a handsome railing, gives aeees& to it* Over the segmental pediment of the asehed doorway, arc sculptures representing Mineralog^*^ and Minings &e latter holding Davy's safety lamp. The professors and direetcrs of the school reside in the honse. The entranee room oft the first floor contains a large skeleton of the Ichthyosaur«»» Tfaig room ushers us into a suite of nine large rooms; containing a magnificent collection of minerals of aU countries, in^u^ng that of Hauy, removed hither firam the Hotel de» BtoMioies. Beginning from the furthest room to the right on entering^ the minerals of France are arranged accor^ng to the deparlto«nl9 in alphajbetical order, in presses, while the stands ooirtdin minerals of all countries scientifically classified. In arlafeeFal room adjoining to the first is a collection of the miners^ pro* ductions of the French colonies. A series of groend-and po- lished jaspers and agates are adjusted in the window panes of the 6th room, so as to show their transparency. A lateral room commumcating' with this contains stmie inleiKsliDg geo«  logi(^ q[>ecimen8 ; but the principal geolo^oal oeiWtioii, comprising that of the Paris Basin formed by MM. €i]nri«E and BrottgDiart, occupies five roomston the 2d floor, where a^crr complete aeries of fossil bones, sheUs, zoophytes, a^koaeailvsy enodnitSA^ Scfl^ wiUihe found. In the ficst room »paleoalfte^ ^mii ifLti&esd^ dettdsitoaDd^{o(nnl lege^tibikt^, ift.tli^ad^ ftvote ffr. xooB. '4i» ^pecimaiB «l<lhe«u»iaaitfiiBand pteskKSoras:; and in the 4Ui, modeU in vAw( «f Mount Etna, by M. fAk de Beaumont, acid qI ilottnt Vesaviua, by M.Dnfrenoy, will attract particular attevtiom. In tbe aeeond room to the right an antenog, a doer leads to four rooms filled with models of the various machines used in mining, smelting faraiaces, speoimeBs of timtier^ aptieal instruments, a plan in relief of the valley of •Cha0M(aoy, and a model of the gaU^es of the co^-pits of La -^Kiaiide QM>it» in the department of the Loire. The first floor <alsa cotttains an assay aifice, which is not pnblie, and on the .gn>und' floor are laboratories, lecture-cooms, the oouncil-cham- Jber., and the library, which contains -6,000 Tolumes. About 25^0^000 specimens of all kinds are contained in the museum, aod adtttians are constantly made. It is open e\'ei^ day mlh \pasflport from 11 to 3, and to the public on Tuesdays, T^Uiirsday^ aad Saturdays, at the same hours. The li- brary, is open daily to students and strangers, on permission obtained oa the ^ot. Gratuitous and public lectures are de- livered here on geology and mineralogy during five months ef the yaar. (See p. 104.) In tbs me Monsieur le Prince, at No. 22, is the house for- merly belanging to Jian Goujon, with his bust flanked by two figuFss in aho-rilie^o, representing Painting and Sculpture. In ihe^ue ftaeine, is a reservoir supplied with water from the basiade Ja Viiiette, for the quwrtier .St. Jacques. In the rue de la Marpe there were several of the old colleges for poor ischokrs for which Paris was Temarkaible before the revolution of 178». At No. 89 was the CoUege de Narbonne, founded by <tiie archbishop Bernard de Targes ; and at No. 93 is 4heoUi 'gateway of the CoUege de Baye%vx, founded in 130^8 by GNililanme BoBnet, bishop of that place. Here the new street to foe called Ibe Rue des Eoobes has been opened as iar asithe «oe St. Jean de Beauvais. At No. 94, is the Lvcj^e St. Louis. — k college was founded on this spot as eariy as 1280, by Raoul d'Harcourt, canon of Notre Dame, from whom it took the name of CoUege d'Hcurcourt, It was rebuilt in 1675., and some part of the ancient structure still ea^ists. The principal mass of the building was begun in 1 8 1 4 , and iihe collie opened in 1820. The court is spacious, and at tbejQBd is Mie x^tiapel. On the other 3 sides are buildings 4 stories high, having gidleries on the giKiimd-floor (See p. lo3}. At the top ci the Tue de la Harpe is the Place St. Michel, where a igato of that name formerly stood. On one side is a foontauk, 'Consisting of a large niche, occupied by Doric oo- Imans st^orting a pediment, and bearing an inscription by SaafcflH, atlvchn^ to 4he Beiighbourhood of the eollc^ ; -^ 406 ELEVENTH AHROflDISSEMENT. Hoc sub monte snos reserat saplentla fontes, *■'■'■ Ne tamen hanc pari respae fontia aqaam. ^< . In the rue des Gres, on the right hand, is the ancietol chft]^el of the Convent of the Jacobins, now an el^menldty school. The adjoining building is a barrack, remarkable for its nussire construction and square overhanging towers. From this street the rue de Cluny leads to the Plftce and Colli£ge de la Sorbonne — ^built on the placfe of the same name, where a celebrated school was founded by RobiSrt Sor- bon, in 1253, for a society of ecclesiastics, who might "devote themselves exclusively to study and gratuitous teadhitf^. • The fame of this institution, which became the head of 'the Uni- versity of Paris, and conferred such renown on tttfe ^^aUiean church, is too well known from its connection with' the his- tory of France to need any further allusion. The CblUge du Plessis became absorbed in it ; and in 1629, Cardinal 'Kiche- lieu, who had graduated there, laid the first stotie of ^he pre- sent buildings, to which considerable additions are now being made, with a principal front in the rue des Ecoles, and the first stone of which was laid on the 14th of August^' 1855. The old buildings enclose a wide quadrangular cbtirl, and are not otherwise remarkable. For a list of the lecliires de- livered here gratuitously the stranger must apply at the porter's lodge. (See p. 99.) — The library of 50,000 volumes, is open daily from 10 to 3, and in evening from 7 till 10, festivals excepted. Vacation from July 11th to Aug. 25th. The Churchy begun in 1635, after the designs of Lemercier, was not finished till 1659. Towards the street is a pedinacnted front of two stories with Corinthian columns below and Com- posite pilasters above. Between the latter is a clock flanked by two colossal figures in bas-relief. Behind the pediment rises a magnificent dome, on a drum with buttresses adorned with clustered Composite pilasters, bearing statues on their entablature; its surface is studded with small canopied lu- carnes; it is crowned with a balcony, lanterri, and cross. Two ranges of balustrades surround the body and attic. Towards the court is a fine Corinthian portico of bold propor- tions, with six columns in front, and four within, fesllng on a flight of steps, and supporting a triangular pediment, the in- terior is cruciform, of the Corinthian order, with chapels lead- ing on each side from the nave and choir. The dome is Eainted in medallions and compartments with angels, em- lems of religion, &c., and the pendentives with Sts. Am- brose, Gregory, Jerome, and Austin; by Philippe de Cham- pagne. An oil painting by M. Hesse, of Robert ScM^bon presenting his theological pupils to St. Louis, deserves at- Digitized by VjOOQ IC HOTEL DE CLUNT. 407 tention. Above the arches and in the stained glass of some . of the windows are the arms of Cardinal de Bicbelieu, and in the rig^ transept is his celebrated tomb, the chef-d'oeuvro of Giraitdon, executed in 1694, (l) and one of the finest pieces of Aoujpture of the 17th century. The statue of the cardinal, in a reclining posture, is sustained by Religion holding the book which he composed in her defence. Near her are two genii, who support the arms of the Cardinal. At the opposite eiLtrenuty is. a \^oman in tears, who represents Science deplor- iag the lost of her protector. The two figures of Science and Religion are portraits of the Duchesses of Guyon and Fronsac, nieces to the Cardinal. Another monument, to the Due de Richelieu^ minister under Louis XYIII., executed by M. Ra- mey^ ia shortly to be placed in the opposite transept. In the windows of the transept are St. Louis and St. Ui'sula in stained glass. Few buildings in Paris suffered more during the revolution of 1789, than the church of the Sor- bonne, and such was its st:/.? of decay that part of the roof jiad fallen in, when Napokon ordered such repairs to be executed as were necessary to preserve it fipom total niin. After Uie Restoration it was used as a lecture-room of the school of Law; but, in 1825, it was restored to divine worship. Service is performed here on Sundays at 8 o'clock. The interior . is shown by the pointer for a small fee. Descending the rue de la Sorbonne, the visitor will remark the wide space cleared for building, and traversed by the new rue des.Kcoles. Houses are now springing up here ; to the right, the new Sorbonne, already mentioned (which occupies the site of a temple of Bacchus, and of the church of St. M- noit, suppressed in 1791), and, to the left, various private houses. The lower part of the rue de la Harpe is being en- tirely pulled down, to make room for the boulevard de S^ bastopol (see p. 272), which is to terminate at the place St. Mchel. Opposite the ruede la Sorbonne is the Hotel de Cluny, 14, rue des Mathurins, certainly one of the finest remains of the ancient mansions of Paris of the 1 6th century. It was begun, on part of the iiiins of the Palais des Thermes, by Jean de Bourbon, abbot of Cluny, about 1480 ; after his death, his successor, Jacques d*Amboise, continued it in H90, and it was finished in 1505. This most interesting (I) During the revolution of i789, the tomb of Cardinal Riche- lieu, Me others, was desecrated, and his head paraded through tlie streets on a pike. M. Armez, father of the deputy of that Dame, under Louis Philippe, contrived to gain possession of it, and bequeathed it to his son. A suit was however commenced to ^ppjj?e} him to %iYO it up, which he has since dpne^ 408 ELETENXH ABBOiaUiBCMERT. iBanaion hae beta the abode of seven] eminent ^rtr«aD»; in ibih, Mary, sifter of Henry Vin. of Bnglaiid, andind9«r of Louis XII., inhabited it immediately after the dsi^th 4>f her husband. Her bed-diainber is still called CkanAfB de la Reine Blanche, from the custom of the Oueens oi France wearing white mouraing. In 1536, James Y. ei Scotland celebrated his marriage 'here with AladeleiBe, dangfater of Francis I. In 1565 it served as a refuge to the dae^nal de Lorraine, the Duke of Guise iiis nephew, and the Dohe of Au- male;in 1625 the Abbess of Porit Royal asd her imiig iook possession of it; from 1579 to 15S4 it*heloiiged to a iamif^oi comedians; and the Section ol Marat held its^ittiD^ in it in 1793. At length, after having suecessivaly .passed tivougfa the bands of a physician and a Ubrar4aoL,4t came into tlie pos- session of M. du Sommerard, a learned and eattiuaiafitic an- tiquarian, who formed here a most .valuable eoUactieD of objects of art of the middle ages, saqred, civil, and miilhary, and arranged the whole in chronological order. Xhis precious collection was in 1843 p' .aascd by govermn^irt ^m tbe heirs of M. du Sommer i.d for 200,000 fr., and Obe hotel for 300,000 fr. Since then, it has received valuable additions. and been formed Lito a museum of national anti(|iBtie8. (i) The Gothic turrets and richly ornamented lucame windows are the striking features of the exterior of this remarkable building, which encloses three courts and a garden. The turret, containing a staircaise, was used as an ol^rvatory by Delisle, Lalande, Boohart de Saron, and De Mossier* liie facade and the battlements of the wall facing the street 4iave been restored, the principal entrance has again been adaraed with its old sculpture, and a second entrance opened beside it. . Over the former, the escutcheon of Jacques d'Ambone has been replaced where it was before. In the &st oourt, wider one of the arches, is the four-branched cross of the^diovchof St. Vladimir, Sebastopol, sent over by Marshal Misgiee. The eu trance to the museiuus Ls >close to the tower on .the right. We shall frequently refer in the following description io the catalogue, which may be bad on the spot. The .first room con- tains plaster-casts, relievos, mosaics, 6cc. Here Nos. 92, loi, 193, 1795, and in the 2d room, a colossal white marUe chim- ney-piece, with a basso-rilievo of Christ and the Samaritan, and the two canopied seats, marked 532 and 537, deserve attention. This and the next two rooms contain aeveral re- markable specimens of stained glass, triptychs, carved femi- ture of the 1 5th and 1 6th centuries^ church ornaments and gar- (1) See an essay by H, du Sommerard, on thafiatel4eX3ttA7. flOXEL Dl GUJNT. 409 t. io Hw 3rd room NO0. 209, 7M, -aiid 725 oliim 3be 4th room 16 also adorned with aremark^hte mar^ hieshooBey-pieoe, with Acta'OD sculptared on the frieze. In (he 6tb BOOB, two models in plaster of facades proposed for the ca- ihedral of St. Ouen, at Reuen, deserve attention. Returning to the 4tti room, a j)as6age leads to a lofty hall, constructed upon thevtoadatioDB of an old one, which threatened ruin. Its de- . xoratiasa are simple, hut in accordance with the style of the hilildiilg ; tiie floor is composed of small bricks of various «o1mu», jo aa to produce the effect of mosaic. Here are aa|KiBed lo view ten specimens <ff beautiful Flemish tapestry, ttfveii of which 'bdong to a series of ten, illustrating the hia- tflTfTJOf Bi»dd and Bathsheba. The remainder of this series is esfa&ited to disadvantage in the 5th room. The various hihlifiai pecaoiu^ represented in them are dressed in the coGteme d Losm XII. For the minute description of these valaalbje relics, onoe the prq)erty of the marquises of Spi- 4iola^ af Genoa, the visitor ds referred to the catalogue. In the centre of this j*oom is a pedestal with a marble group of the three Fates ; and in ^the corners there are glass presses jfilled with ecclesiastical attire of various periods. At the fur- ther end of the haU there is a glass case on a stand, with the j^maiss of the crozier and vestments of a bishop of the 1 2th 4;eatury. Returaing io the passage, a wooden staircase, beadng 4he arms and initials of Henry IV., and transported hither from the P^ais de Justice, leads to the second story of the tiotel ; the entrance-room «f which has a balcony apemog into the new hall described above, and contains, be- sides Tanious weapons, suits of armour, and several carved . -chests of carious workmanship ; that marked 620 is worthy of inspection. This room gives access to two different suites ; thait to the right consists of three rooms : the first contains Mms Jirahiable Fl^Bnish tapestry and remarkable old furniture ; . the secosd and third are filled with ancient crockery, terra- cotta, «namds, some remarkable pieces of Luca della Robbia, od ^as8, curious church-furniture, etc. The ceiling is of timber^ painted in the Byzantine style. Returning to the en- trance-room, the first room of the front suite contains, among other lomiture. No. 54 1, an ancient bed, profusely carved, said to have belonged to Francis I. , when l>uke of Yalois. Here are alsO'Other specimens of tapestry, marked 1708-1 1 , representing Henry IV., as Apollo ; Jeanne d^Albret, his mother^ as Venus; Marie de Mediois, his wife, as Juno, and Antoine dc Bourbon, his Coth^, as Saturn. In the 2d room, named after M. du Sommerard, and containing his bust, are several splendid fieee^jd iumitare of cdiony, among which is one, No, 594, 410 ELEVEEOB ARRONDISSEUENT. sent from Spain by Admiral Nelson to a cabinet-maker^ named Faivret, at Paris, to be repaired. No. 725 is a painting on wood, of the 1 5th century, of great merit, represent!]:^ ttie coronation of Lonis XII. In the 3d room, remarkable Jor its flnely sculptured chimney-piece, Nos. 399, 4011, 403^ 404, and 1009, as also a series of minute statues, of the kjngs of France, claim particular attention. The glass-stands contain valuable old jewelry and small articles of apparel. In the 4 th and last room the stranger will see an altar-screen of pure gold, finely executed, a gift of Henry II., Emperor of Ger- many, to the cathedral of Bade. In a comer stands a jtrip- tych, brought hither from the church of Bomarsiind.^ The faces of the Virgin Mary and of the other figures it contains are painted, and appear through apertures cut, according to shape, in thm gilt brass leaves, which cover the rest of the surface. In the centre is a glass-stand, containing curious ostensories, embossed dishes, and a night-cap formerly worn by Charles Y. Returning to the first room of this suite, we find, on the right hand, the Chambre de la Reine Blanche, alluded to above, containing valuable pictiures and bas-reliefs, among which we may mention No. 105, the Diana Venatrix, No. 759, by Primaticcio, representing Love and Diane de Poitiers as Venus, and No. 722, Mary Magdalen at Marseilles, painted by king Rene of Provence. This room leads to the chapel, an extraordinary monument. The ceiling is supported in the middle by a round pillar, from which the ribs extend along the vault, and terminate on brackets against the waUs. The vault is loaded with tracery. The chapel re ceives light from two single pointed windows flanking a recess, in which are three double windows with tracery. Here are sacred utensils, crosses, &c., a remarkable reamng-desk and an altar-piece, carved in three compartments, representing Abraham and Melchisedek, the mass of St. Gregory, and the Last Supper. From the chapel a winding staircase of singular workmanship descends into a lower room, or vestibule, com- municating on one side with the garden, and on the other with the court leading to the Palais des Thermes. This vestijiule is nearly of the same design as the chapel, only plainer and less lofty. It contains many interesting relics. Crossing the court, on the opposite side, the visitor descends to the remains of the ; Palais des Thermes, once the residence of the Roman government of Gaul, as well as of the kings of the first and I second races. It was in this palace Julian had fixed his re- sidence when he was proclaimed emperor by his troops in 3t)0. (1) It is mentioned by Ammianus Marcellinus, and by (1) During the late demolitions in the rue des Matburiad^ «  PALAIS DES THERMES. 411 ^ Gt^ry 0f Tours. A deed of 11 3 8 styles it by the name it still beairs/and recent discoveries leave no doiibt of its having formed part of the residence of the emperors. It was bonnded, towiairdsthe east, by a Roman road, now the rue St. Jacques, which. At the river side, was guarded by a strong tower. The garden of the palace extended on the west as far as the Abbey of St. Germain des Pres, which was built at the south-west conier of ttie enclosure, and a straight line, running from the Abbey to the river, determined the western boundary of the garden, which was also terminated by a tower. On the side of the bin where the Pantheon now stands, near the Place St. Michel, was an amphitheatre. An aqueduct from Rungis, two leagues beyond Arcueil (at the latter place two arches are still standing), has been traced under the Palais des Thetmes, and was originally built, it is supposed, for the use of the imperial residence. The only perfect part of this palace remafningis a vasthall, formerly the frigidarium, or chamber for cdld baths. Its dimensions are ; length, 65 feet, breadth, 45, and altitude 54. In a large rectangular recess to the right on entering is the piscina or cistern, 32 feet long by 18 in breadth ; its bottom is about 4 feet lower than the present floor of the frigidarium. In the wall opposite to the piscina nre three niches with remains of water-pipes, formerly com- mimicating with a subterranean conduit for carrying off the waste water. The masonry of this hall \^ composed of alter- nate rows of squared stones and bricks, covered m some places with a coat of stucco four or five inches thick. The thickness of the walls is surprising. From this Iiall, a small room, giving access to the cellars, (which cannot be visited without a guide, who receives a small fee) leads to the tepidarium, or chamber for warm baths, now entirely divested of its vaulted roof. Here the niches in which the bathing-tubs were placed, are ^till visible ; at the furthest end, next to a flight of steps leading to the rue de ]a Harpe is the hypocaustunit a low vaulted chamber which contained the apparatus for warming Water. Subterranean passages extend under the neighbouring hoiiscfs ; and, from north to south, under the hall, runs the aque- duct, about two feet wide and one and a half deep, lined with cement. Part of a third hall may still be traced in a house to the south. The roof of the frigidarium was for many years covered with a thick bed or mould, cultivated as Reman altar was discovered, from which it appears that this palace was built by Gonstantius, and not by Julian as had been erroneously supposed. The inscription on the altar was as fol- lows ; Hoc quod erexit atrium virtus Consiantitf D, Solis ornav, alt, K vi'rti(9 Hliani C^tarit, ii3 mmaau .^siommkbiient. • (gariea, and >plAnted with 4raet. This int6i«8t»gi ct anliquity hid long been used as a workshq>, and, 4ilUr passing through various hands, was purchased by the maai- c^pality of Paris, and ui opening made to connect it with tiie Jlotel de Cluny. The still existing hall is now filled with the •relics of Roman sculpture dug up in Paris. The Musde tics Jhermes et del'Hdtel de Cluny, as it now is called, is epto to the public on Sundays from 1 1 to 4 ; strangers with passports Are admitted on Wednesdays, Thursdays, andiFridays, from ia . to 4, Mondays, Tuesdays, ^nd Saturdays are days lor stndeots. M. Delalain's new premises, opposite the Hotel de (Cluny, occupy the site of a house lormerly inhalnted by Marshal de Catinat In the true desNoyers, No. 74, is a house called, like sevsml others in Paris, of uncertam origin, the Hdtel de ia Meine BlanchB. It is however of the time of Louis XHL At the opposite corner of the rue Boutebiie is the ancient GoU^ de Jiaitre GervaiSy founded in 1370, now barracks fr.r infantry. The rue Boutebrie leads through the rue des Pretres to St. Severin, second district church of the eleventh acron- dissement« — l^rom au early period there existed on this spot an oratory and cells, where St. Severin, Bishop of Agaaoe, con- ferred the monastic habit upon St. Cloud. He died in ^30. In the ninth century the Normans destroyed the mmiaatflry. The cbiuroh became parochial about the middle of the elewenth century. The present edifice was built in 1 2iO , enlarged in 1 347 4md 1489 and repaired in 1 6S4 and 1 84 1 . Its style is Gothic. Over a canopied porch, with retiring arches on clustered co- lumns, and flanked by crocketed spires, is a range of five pointed windows, over which runs a foiled balustrade. A large semi-circular window of complicated tracery oconpies the breadth of the nave; a second balustrade, «imiiar to the 'former, connects two spires flanking the gable. Flyng hut- tresses, connecting it with two isolated spires, complete the western front. To the north is an elegant square tower, torn- municating by a flying buttress with the gable, and sur- mounted by a singular pyramidal roof of the l^th century. The tympanum of the porch bears a modern bas-relief by Ramns, representing the Virgin and Saviour between two angels in tbe act of adoration. On the side of the rue St. Severin there .are five pcNinted and canopied windows, with a second eDtnttce, in the ogive of which is a fine bas-relief by MaiUet, repre- senting St. Martin sharing bis cloak with a mendicant. The interior consists of a nave and choir, with double aisles. The eastern end is octagonal. The thrce compartments of ttie nave next to the west end are of the date 1210; thereat ^»f<|ie ^^ Digitized by CjOOQIC 4»9 r with tfaaduMr, but mt tlieapiB, af» «■# to l» of UiB date 1347; tbe jq)9iftaiid apsidal cfaapeis ar»of 1489; A sa^akx ctrfumn witb spiral cablings at the crown of the apm 19 w«fftby of notice. The mouldings, of the date 1 347 , as well as tiae: k^f^tODes of the vaults, and the capitals ai« quaintly^ ewif^Md. Some fine stained glaae semains in the choir, and. i» tlii»:8aicristy , but that part of tike church has been spoiled by aitaml^baaft made at the expense of tbe celebrated Mile, de Mont- penaeri !0fae works, o^ art in this chun;h are as follows, be- gkuBOg irom the aide to the right: — l«t Chapel, for baptism*, Si.. John the Baptist preaching, and ^e Saviour baptised, &8sep% by Flandiitt, jun. ] 2d^ Scenes from the life of the* Virgin, by Signol ; 3d, the Marriage of the Virgin and 1he> Fli^ into Egypt, by the same ; 4tb, in the ogives, the- calling ol Andrew and Peter, and the Martyrdom of St. Andrew ; be- l9!W, Paul preaching, and: ^ Imprisonmeat of the Apoetlee at JatQsaAem. Fronting the arch, Stw John the Baptist preaoh-^ ing». all freseDs, by Schnetz. 5th, Sts. Peter and Paul in the Mamertine prison ; the Conversion' of Paul; Peter denying GbioaiL; Pister receiving the keys of paradise; all frescos by BieBnoiinry ; atii, in the ogives, Ja»i» and Mary Magdalene- (Stc J« m. 17), and the Penitent Magdalene. Below, Jesus a^ at Cana, and Jesos rebuking Martha, frescos by Mmrat; 7 th, iix tfaft ogives, the GalHng of James and John, St. John writing thB'Apx^^ypse under the inspiration> of Heaven ; below, his^ Ma»tyniom< in a* cauldron of boiling oil, according to a pe>» cesrod. legend ; the Last Supper, all frescos by Flandrin. 8th > Stet Genevieve' distributing food to tlie Parisians ; the same amak taking the veil, and St. Germain visiting the< wounded o& the field of battle, by Hesse». 9th and ioth> a double- chapel: St. Severin visiting Glodovech on his siok-bed ; St. Severin receiving St. Cloud in his retreat, and giving him the iDODiastic habit ; both frescos by Cormi. 1 lib-, the Lady Oja- pel ; il contains a beautit'ul marble statue of- the Virgin and Ghihl, Ify'Bfidan, and a painting of the same, by Bellet. The> l41h represents, to the left, fielzunce. Bishop of Mareeiltes, making i^ vow for the cessation o( the pestilence which raged in- thai icity in 1720 ; and, to the right, St. Jerome taking the Sacrment, both frescos by Chrome. The I5tb contains St. Lons' bearing the Crown of Thom&, and his Death, by Leloir. In the iiM*n the Li4 and Death of^St. Charles Borromeo, in foiB*'eompartments, by Jobbe-Duv^l^ AH the other chapelll apa provistonaliy closed; FIxMn Uns^diureh the vitiitor should proceed to the comer oP the^me d»l»^^ and the rue St. An^r^ des Arts, where-then^ fenwrif was^a^ firaatudi' sunnount^ by^ sm*Ul-f<naaEied hen^. 414 ELEVENTH AlRONDISSEBiEl^. built in ODdunemoration of the treudb^rj of Periiiet«ie €&tii, the son of one of the ^hevins of Paris, who <$^sauBA this gate of St. Germain, afterwards I^rte de Bttci (wfaieh stood at the western end of the rue St. Andre des. Arts,) to the forces of the Bourgoignons in 1418, in^ duBe- quenoe of which the €k)unt of Armagnac was slain^ andlLiagp Charles VI. unhappily fell into the hands of the a^Esss^is. The rue St. Andre des Arts leads to the rue Haut^eoffie, where Nos. 5, 9, 13, and 21 are remarkable for ihor did -tor- rets. At No. 30 was a convent of PriEDionstratensiaBLt amoks. In the rue de Tflcole de Medecine, No. 6, is the Etude Im- piriale Qratuite de DessiUj founded, in 1767 , by Bf . Bachelier. The court is in the Ionic style, and over the arched gateway are caryatides in basrrelief. (See p. 105.) At No. 15, is the Uv%t£ DuPUYTREN. — ^This important pathological colteotion is due to the publio-spirited and celebrated surgeon whoBs 'name it bears. Dupuytren Mi 200,000 fr. lor the establishment of a professorship of patfaokgicid anatomy. At the sug^estmi of M. OrfilA, dean of the faculty, the council of the umversity then granted a sum towards founding a museum of moi^id anatomy. The refectory of the ancient convent of the^Odrdb- liers was purchased and arranged for the purpose. The front is Gothic, with an engaged octagonal tm^et flanking the gable. The principal porch has a fluted elliptical areh. Next tsiit is asmailer entrance, adorned with docketed spires. la the vesti- bule is a bust of Dupuytren . The hall is lof t^ and spacious ^ in the centre is a marble bust of Pare, by David, and all around are glass cases in which the numerous specimens of diseiised limbs are placed. Admittance is obtained by a small fee to the porter. The unprofessional visitor must expect • to see many disgusting objects. For further particulars see p. i38. To \he west in the same street is the £cOLE DE Mi^DECiNE, the scat of the Faculty of Medicine^ m the Academy of Paris. — ^Medical schools were first established in Paris in 1469 ; and, in 1472-7, buildings for that purpose were erected in the rue de la Bucherie. In 161«, an an^i- theatre for anatomical demonstrations was built ; but/ln 1776, the faculty removed to an edifice in the rue St. Jean d&Beau^ vais, formerly occupied by the Ficulty of Law, On- the union of the faculty of medicine with the school of surgery, they removed to the new school of the latter, the present edifice. The first stone of this building, after the designs of Gondouim, was laid by Louis XV., in 1769, on the site <tf the ancient Col* l^e de Bourgogne; it was inaugurated in 1776, and is a speci- men of elegant architecture. The front towards the sifeet is ioOLE tB MEDEGDSB. 415 198 ilett in kngth ; the lateral wings are connected by a pof tifio^ ftMmed of a double range of coupled Ionic colunms, inter- ropted by an arched entrance leading into a rectangular court, and snrmonnted by a ba^relief representing Louis XY., accom- panied by Wisdom and Beneficence, granting privileges to tbe School ol Surgery, and the Genius of the Arts presentmg to the king apian of the building. The court is 66 Itet by 96. Allfas bottom is a portico of six Corinthian columns, of large proportions^ resting on steps, and surmounted by a pedunent. ThA faaa-Klkl of the tympanum represents Theory and Prac- tice joining hands on an altar. The inner frieze of this portico bears medallions with the portraits in bas-relief of Pitard, do la Peyvonnie, Pare, Marechal, and Petit. The amphitheatre, to which it leads, will contain 1 ,400 students. It is a hemicycle, lit by a skylight, and contains a monochrome fresco by Gibe- lin^ doted 1775, illustrative of the utility of the Medical Science. For a list of lectures delivered here, all of which are gratuitous, see page 134 n. The hours, &c., which vary, may be learned on application at the porter's lodge, or from the prinked lists affixed^ at the beginning of each academic session, to the doors of the lectore^rooms. The external portico leads to the grand staircase on the left. Beside it is a plaster statue of Breschet counting the pulsations of a youth, by David d' Angers. On ascendiDg the staircase, a door to the left leads to the library, a large room, with a circular skylight, containing 30,000 vo- llimes,^ and open daily, Sundays and Thursdays excepted, to students tami. 11 to 4, and to strangers by permission to be obtained at the Bureau. A door of^oate to the staircase leads to the Museum of Comparative Anatomy, highly interest- ittg to the professional visitor. The first is a rectangular saloon with an arched ceiling, lit by skylights, and occupying the whole length of the attic over the portico. A gallery running round it is ascended by a winding staircase in the centre. The middle of the room is occupied by two rectangular railings, Ofinlalmng skeletons of the larger animals, such as lions, la- mas« &e. Begmning from the right below, is the anatomy of the nervous system, in a great measure due to the practised hand of M. Benonvilliers. A detailed exposition of the 6th pair ol D^es in the human head is truly astonishing for its exe- cotion. . Next comes the muscular system of mammifera, the osteology of reptiles and birds ; a valuable series of phrenolo- gical specimens, mostly consisting of the heads of criminals, among which, that of Fieschi, in a case next to the clock, dis- playing Uie fracture he received from his own infernal ma- chine . The osteology of the human skull is ingeniously exposed by a combination of springs holding asunder the sutures, which 416 ELEVENTtf AEROfnnSSEHHMT* nurrbereeonjoined at will. Dr. Dumotitier's raludUy^pliKoo- logicri ooUeetion is now arranged here. Nest is ar series of angiological si^ecimens, injected. The general classifiGatioii iar according to the system of Mandl. In the gallery aLove is a series of embryology, &c. The eye, the organs of taste and smell, follow in succession. Here we find, in two gilt frames, the dissection of the acoustic organ of the smaller mam- malia, due to the patience of the donor, Mr. Hyrtl, of Vienna. Next come the digestive organs, exempliOed in the abdomens of various animals. The specimens of the lym- phatic system are injected with mercury. This part of the Museum is, however, greatly inferior to thatof Florence, due to the labours of the immortal Mascagni. The circulation of the* blood is exposed next in specimens of various animals, and great attention has been paid to the study of the anatomy of the- human body by regions. Among the skdetons of insects, that of the Scarabceus McMontha, consisting of 77 pieoes, is remarkable. A marble statue of Cuvier stands at the end (^ the room. The greatest praise is due to the late M. Orflla for his exertions in forming and enriching this museum, which is continued in the second' room. In the third room, among various specimens of natural history, will be seen, under a glass bell, the model in wax of the dwarf Bebe, 20 inches high, born in the Vosges, and attached to the service of Stanislas, King of Poland ; he died in 1764, aged nearly 25 years. Here are also the organs of hearing, as magnified through a micro- scope, and a collection of substances belonging to the ma- teria medica, and mineralogy. In the fourth is a collection of anatomical and surgical instruments, filling 6 presses, among which, in one next to the window, is the case of instruments used for the autopsy of Napoleon, and a cabinet of instruments of natural philosophy. This museum is not open to the public, but students and foreigners are admitted daily, Sundays and Thursdays excepted, between II and 4, on applying to the Secretary's office. The rest of the building contains rooms for demonstration, a council-chamber, &c. A statue^of Gay-Lussac is shortly to be placed here ( See p. 134). The library and museum are closed fr,om Aug. 15 to Nov. 15.. Opposite is the H6PITAL Cliniqce de LA Facult^ de M^decine, a handsome building, founded on the site of the cloister of the Cordeliers, and containing about 120 beds. The hospital forms a square, with a garden in the centre. The public is admitted on Thursdays attd Fridays, from 11 to 12. (See p. 144.) At No. 20> rue de Tftcole de Medecine, in a back room, QhaiiotteCOraay stabbed Marat; while in a bath^ on the idtb J\ily, 1793. At No. 26 u a foimtaui, coDsistiBg of 4 iiicb^ JBorHioQHted by a pediment ; and turrets will be observed at the comer of the rue Larrey, and 22, rue de r£cole de Med^r cine. The latter street leads into the rue de rAncienne Come^ die, so called from the Tbedlre Frangais having been formerly located in it. The theatre was about midway, opposite to th^ Cafe Precope, which was the resort of Voltaire and all Ib^ literary and dramatic celebrities of that day. Turning hence at No. 2 1 into the Cour du Commerce, an ob- scure gateway nearly opposite leads to the Cour de Rohan, and thence to the rue Serpente. At the comer of this and of the rue Mignon, the visitor will remark the sculptured front of tlxe ancient College Mignon, afterwards Granamont, founded in 1343 by Jean Mignon, Archdeacon of Blois. It became na- tional property in 1790, and was occupied by the Archives of the Royal Treasury in 182 0. It is now a printing ofQce. Theme de TEperon and rue des Grands Augustins lead to the Mabcvi^ des Augustins, or a la Volaille, Quai des Au- gustins. — ^This market for poultry, also called La Vallee, waf erected in 1810, upon the site of the churdi of the convent of the Grands Augustins. It is built of stone, and contains three parallel galleries. The length is 1 90 feet, and the breadth 141. The naawet days are Mondays, Fridays, and Saturdays ; but poultry, and game (when in season), are sold by retail daily. WESTERN PORTION. The visitor may commence this extensive and interesting ajrfondissement by t|ie Coll£cg Imperial se France, founded in 1529, bv Fran- cis I., at the solicitation of Parvi, his preacher, and tne oel#- brated Budaeus. Professorships have since been founded in it by most of the subsequent sovereigns, and, previous to the middle of ihe 16th century, 4 00 or 500 student* regularly attended the lectures of this college. The wars and contagious disorders that afflicted Paris at the close of that century drove away ttMB scholars and professors ; but Henry IV. formed the project of erecting a new college, and had those of Treguier, L4on, and Cambrai, pulled down to make room for it. This intention, 4'riMtrated by his death, was partially carried into execution by "jLouis XUI.; it was again suspended till 1774, when the college was entirdy rdbuQt by Chalgriu. (1) The buildings, of simple (i) In this college M. Coste ha^ l^cen for some years past car- rying on hia experiments for the artificial breeding of fish, and visitors raav see the plaee where the young fish are reared In ba9iii»'eoiismetedfer the .purpose. ^ 418 TWELFTH AMIONDISSEMENT. but elegant style, enclose three courts, the principal, of which, facing the Place Gambrai, is entered by an isolated rusticated arch surmounted by a sculptured pediment and flailked with railings. A statue of Charlemagne, by Leveol, is to be placed in it. The left wing contains laboratories for chemistry, and lecture-rooms. The right wing gives access dirouj^ a ves- tibule decorated with busts of Remusat, Yauquelin, Ampere, Sacy, Daunon, Portal, Andrieux, and Jouffroy, to the second court, separated from the third by a portico of coupled Doric columns. The latter court opens by a railing into the rue St. Jacques, over the entrance of which are two busts, representing Science and Literature, their difiTerent branches being insciibed in wreaths below. There are two semicircular amphitheatres for lectures ; the one for chemistry has a laboratory adjoining. lo the other, for physics, are two paintings in oil ; the first, by Lethiers, represents Francis I. signing the order for the esta- blishment of the college; the other, by Thcvenin, represents Henry IV. endowing the professorships. In the oriental lec- ture-room is a valuable painting, by Camus, of the Death of Jacques Delille. In the upper stories are cabinets of minera- logy and natural philosophy, and a library. A prospectus of the numerous lectures delivered here may be had at ^e col- lege. (See p. 101.) Strangers are admitted vnthout difficulty. The insurgents of June 1848 had erected formidable barricades on the Place Cambrai. M. Bixio, the representative, was shot here through the body while attempting to scale one of them at the head of a company of the line. At No. 1 15, rue St. Jacques, was the £coLE D'AniiiNiSTRATiON. — ^Immediately after the revolution of 1848 the Provisional Government decreed the establishment of this school, the object of which was to set a limit to patron- ' age and favouritism in the nomination of prefects and other! high functionaries, by obliging the Executive to select them from among persons educated for that purpose in a special' school. Profesio.^ were named and lectures commenced; but/ owing to the important questions the Constituent Assembly had to consider, tne bill sanctioning the existence of the school| was left to stand over for the consideration of the late L^-" gislative Assembly, which rejected it. The school was con-' sequently dissolved, after an existence of about 18 months.^ The buUding was formerly the Colldge Duplessis, founded by' Geoflfroy Duplessis, secretary of Philippe le Long, m 1322.'" under the pontificate of John XXII. Cardinal Richefieu took' this college under his special protection, on account of tho" name it bore, and the present building was erected by him 1 |n 1 808^ it was occupied by the Ecole Normale (see p. 428), * Digitize" ;' PANTHEON. 419 A Iftife higher up in the rue St. Jacques, at No. 123, i6 tlitt Lvd^E Loiis LE Grand. — This was formerly the College ds Clermont^ founded in 1660. by Guillaunoe Dnprat, bishop d ClennonJt,. The first stone of the chapel was laid by Henry 111., in 1582.. The Jesuits bought it in 1563, and modified the iastitutlon according to the spirit of their order. This 83ciety being expelled from France in 1 594, the college was abandoned, and, when recalled in 1604, they were forbidden to reopen it, or to '^vc instruction. It was not till 1618 that they obtained this indulgence, when, delivered from all restrictions, they determined to rebuild their college. The first stone was laid on thq fir^t of August, 1628, and it was erected after the de- signs of Augustin Guillain. Louis XIV., who was much attached, to the Jesuits, having, on a public occasion, called this college his own, the society immediately gave it the name which it DOW bears. The Jesuits being driven a second time from France in 1763, the members of the Collie de Lisieux removed into this building. In 1792, this college, organised under a new form, received the name of College de rEgaliti; in 1800, that of PrytarUe Frangais; in 1804, that of Lyc4e Imperial; in 1814, it resumed its former name of College Lows le Grand. In 1848 it was called Lycee Descartes, It contains a lai^e library and a good collection of philosophical instruments. (Seep. 103.) The stronger may now turn into the rueSoufflot, on his left, prolonged to the rue d'Enfer. On entering the Place du Pan- theon, he will be struck with the stately pile before him, ThePAWTH^ON, which, by a decree of Dec. 6th, 1851, has now resumed its former name of church of Ste. Genevieve. (1) Clovis, at the solicitation of his queen and Ste. Genevieve, built a church to the apostles Peter and Paul near his palace. To the church a religious conununity was afterwards attached, and in process of time the house became a celebrated abbey; Ste. Genevieve was buried, in 512, in this church, which wag thenceforward dedicated to her, and she became the patron BiQDt of^ Paris. The church of Ste. Genevieve having fallen into ruins, .ppiua XV. was induced by, Mme. de Pompadoui* to erect one; .near it upon a large and naagnificent scale. Designs prescnte4 ^ Soufflot were adopted, and^ on the 6th September, ^7 64^ f^<p,king laid the first stone. The cost of the building ^as deirayed by a lottery. At the corners, in front of the railing wJbich surrounds the whole edifice, are two magnificent caQ(lelahi*a of cast iron. The portico, to which a flight of 1 1 8lep3^ o^pupying. the whole breadth of the front, gives access, (0 %^ d|)cr(^ of March 23d, iS53, the chH>ter of this churqh cgmpowd t)f a dcjui and eU chaplains. . - h A20 TWELFTH A:BBOIIIIlISSEMENT. jiresents ft froat of 6 fluitod GoriBttBAn colunult, <• IM ii Height by 6 in diameter, wfaidi, together with 1 6 lotenud oiaes support a triangular pediment, 129 feet in breadth, by 27 ii height. The pediment contains a large compo«itioii in relkf by Pavid, representing France, surrounded by, and ^paasin^ honours to, some of the great men that have illustrttted her On her right hand are Fenelon, Malesherbes, Mirthean, Vol taire, Rousseau, Lafayette, Carnot, Monge, Maond, and David the painter. On her left are figures representing soLdiers o the republican or imperial armies, with Napoleon in front At the feet of France are seated History and Liberty, Inscribing the names of great men, and weaving crowns to regard them In the extreme corners of the pediment are Ogoral of youth studying to emulate the virtues of thdr predecessora. Tfa< figure of France is 15 feet in height. On the frieze taoieath i is the inscription, in gold letters — kVlt GRANDS HOMMES Ik <>ATaiE EECONKAI^AKtl^. During the Restoration a radiant cross was introdfieed into lh< tympaniun, and tiie inscription r^ thus :*^ D. 0. M. sub invoc, S, Genovefcp. Lud. XV. dieavit» Lad* XTIII restituit. Under the portico are bas-reliefs, representing Genttw, Science, Art, Legislation, and Patriotism. The edifice is carofiform each limb of the cross terminating in a pediment. Tht twr lateral fronts have also secondary entrances wifh bronse gate approached by steps, which, however, do not improve the g«  neral appearance of the edifice. A low Corinthian gallery, o later construction, is a most unfortunate addition to the east ern limb, and harmonizes badly with the unqueslionabl grandeur of the general design. From the c^tre of the cros springs a lofty circular drum, surrounded by a peristyle «  32 Corinthian columns resting on a stylobate. Above rises majestic dome, terminating in a lantern, surrounded hy a gat lery and balustrade resting upon consoles. This lanfem fo| merly bore a gilded ball and cross, at present there is- bat d latler. The total height from the pavement to the top of 1^ donv is 268 feet, and the number of steps up to the highest gaU^ of the cupola is 47 5. The number of columns in 1^ iaieni is 130; in and about the entire edifice, 258. The breadth i each limb is 105 feet. The construction of three stone cupol one within the other, each independent, is a curious featarej this edifice, highly interesting to the sdentifie >1aitor. II llah of the church approximates to a Gred( cr^ss, 302 feet] length by 255 transverse; the external walls of the iimbs 4 perfectly plain, with the ^ception of a fxiM and e^roioe. | Digitized by CjOOQIC i CkMMhili Mkmnade nms all aloo^ the wdls of the iateHor ; orer "iie eiita3)liAare is a gallery giving access to the semi- eirenlar windows of the bailding. The raulted ceilings are ri«My soriptured, and are 80 feet from the pavement. The doflie^ a* leet in diameter at the gallery, and rising over the ceatnr of the cross, was originally sustained within by arcaded sapporls^ wfaieh, from the imperfect manner of (heir erection, threatened, flooit after being finished, to bring down the super* stmettitft; they were therefore replaced by solid piles of ma- sonry. Oa. these pien are bronze tablets now concealed bdund the new wains<;pting, engraved with the names of those who fell is the revolution of 1830, in gold letters. The paintiag of the dome is by (h-os, who received 100,000 firancs for its etecution, and was created a baron on the oasasioA of Charles X. visiting the church. It is a fine compo- sition, extending over a superficies of 3,721 square feet. Upon the lower part are four group, connected by figures of angels and other emblems, each of which represents a monarch of Fraiiee, who, by the lustre of his reign or the infhienee of his age, formed an epoch in the history of the country. Clovis, Charlemagne, 8t. Louis, and Louis XVin., are the monarchs so designated; they render homage to Ste. Genevieve, who de8ceii& towards them on clouds. In the heavenly regions are seen Louis XVI., Marie Antoinette, Loais XYIL, and Ma- tooe Elisabeth. A glory at the loftiest point in^cates the presedKie of the Deity. The pcndentives of the dome are co- vered with allegorical paintings by Gerard, representing Glory embracing Napoleon, France, Justice, and Death. Doring the revolution of 1789 the walls of the interior of the church were ornamented with bas-reliefs relating to philosophical subjects ; in lft26, these were replaced by attributes of Catholic worship. Three statues, representing Clemency, Justice, and Immorta- lity, have been removed since 1852. Eight copies of the fresooB of Michael Angelo and Raphael in the Vatican at Rome, by }A, Baize, provisionally adorn the nave and transepts. The pavement of the church is formed of stone and marble in- terpcHcd; onder the dome it is entirely of marble, with a find eircolar mosaio^ the exact span (33 feet) of the upper dome. Sinee its restitution to Catholic worship, three altars have been erected in the choir and transepts, all richly gilt and sculptured with canopies supported by Corinthian columns ) aad oaken stalls for the officiating clergy are placed on either side i^ the choir. In the niche behind the high altar are painled tte Sanour, and Sts. Peter, Paul, Germain, and Gene- vieve. ; On the eomioe, at each corner of the transept, are gilt ^ wreaths with the initials K. U«demeath the church is att im< Digitized by CjO.OQ IC 429 TWELFTH ARBONDISSSlfEKt. meiise series of vaults, the entrance to which is at tJiio /aa^iend. Those towards the east are lighted from the groui^^, and the vaulted roofs are supported by Doric columns. Sonie.of the stones of the vaults are 50 feet in length; the whole uodej^croft is constructed without any cement whatever. In tbo^ under the western nave, monuments and funeral urns are ,AJ»:auged somewhat after the fashion of the Roman tombs at Pompeii. Jo the centre are two concentric circular passages, whej;e, A ^oud echo repeats the smallest sound. Within these vaulta.are ce- notaphs to the memory of Voltaire and Rousseau, (t) with a fine marble statue of the former by Houdon. Among .the nota- bilities buried here are the illustrious mathematician, JLagraiitge; Bougainville, the circumnavigator; the Dutch aitou^^ De Winter; Soufflot, the architect of the church; Marshy. Lailnes, Duke de Montebello, &c. Mirabeau was interred her^f .with great pomp, in 1791. The celebrated Japotheoses ol .Voltaire and Rousseau took place the same year. Marat wa^ JUuried here ; but his remains, as well as those of Mirabeau, were afterwards depantheonized by order of the Nationajl Govern- ment. (2) In one of the recesses is a model of the building in plaster, in the proportion of 1 to 24, with sections^, which will give the visitor a clear idea of the general construction. This building has cost 30 millions of francs .sinpe its foundation. The visitor is strongly I'ecommended not only to visit the vaults, but also to ascend the dome ; wJbich, Wng the most elevated building in the capital, affords a magniOcent view. Strangers are readily admitted; a small gratuity is ex- pected by the persons who show the edifice. The Place Cam- brai, the Place du Pantheon, the rue Soufflot, and the rue Si. Jacques were the most formidable strongholds of the insurgents of June 1848 on this side of the river. The troops and Natio* nal Guard were resolutely repelled for two successive 4ays, until the irresistible power of artillery was broughtyto bear upon the barricades. The Pantheon was filled with insurgents ; (1) On the tomb of Voltaire are the following in«cripfloTis !

• • Poete, hiBtorien, philosophe, il agrandit I'esprit hutnain'; il

lai apprit qu'il devait Hve libre."— " 11 d^fendit Calas, Sirven, de la Barre, et MontbaiUy." — "11 combattit les atb^s «t tea fa~ natiques, inspira la tolerance, et r^clama les dr4»its de l^oiame contre la servitude de la f^odalit^." On the tomb of Kqu^scau is the following : " Ici repose Thomme de la nature et de la V^ril^," The remains of these celebrated writers were removed to the Pantheon during the first revolution ; but were secretly taken away during the Restoration. (2) The body of Marat, after being taken fipom the Pantheon, was thrown into a common sewer in the rue MoBtmartre, close to where now stands the Passage du Saumon» BrBLIOTH^CB STB. Q E WBVitvE . 423 it -xriiA hfft^ (hey had their head-quarters on this side of the rfrar. Facmg this noble monmnent, is the £cotE DE Droit, erected hj Soufflot in 177 1 . The entrance is ornamented with fonr Ionic columns, crowned by a pedi- ment, and the interior of the building, forming a circular arc, possesses some commodious lecture-rooms. The Arst establish- ment of regular schools of law in France dates from 1384, and the re-organization of the Facultj of Paris took place in 1762, lyy order of Louis XV. For a hst of the numerous gratuitous lectures delivered here, seepage 108, the hours, &c., may be learnt from the printed lists affixed to the doors of the lecture- rooms. Here is also a public library of 8,000 volumes, op&t daily from 10 to 3. The new building on the opposite side of the square, an exact copy of the preceding one, contains the Mairie and Jus^ tice de Paix of the I2th arrondlssement. In one of its rooms is a bust of M. Simonin, clockmaker, who bequeathed 315,000 francs to found 33 beds at the Hdpital des Incurables. The northern side of the Place is occupied by two new build- ings. The first and western one is the handsome front of the College Ste, Barbe, (See p. 103,) which stretches to the rue de Reims behind, of which it occupies a whole side. This collq^e,. founded in 1730, by Jean Hubert, was on the point of being dissolved in 1798 for want of funds, when some of its former pupils joined in partnership to support it. Their efforts suc- ceeded ; and having annexed to it the buildings of the ColUge des Cholkts, founded in 1283, and part of the ecclesiastical ColUge de Montaigu, founded in 1314, the new buildings were commenced in 1841. The small gabled building west of it is an entrance to a new hall for examinations lately added to the Lycde Louis le Grand. The building east of it is the BiBLiOTH&QUE Ste. GENEvitiVE, presenting a front of 19 arched windows, erected on the site of the remaining buildings of the College de Montaigu . — ^When Cardinal de Larochefoucauld established in the Abbey of Ste. Genevieve, 1624, the regular canons of St. Yinc^t de Senlis, the community had no library. Shortly after the Fathers Fronteau and Lallemant formed a col- lection of about 10,000 volumes, which was afterwards aug- mented by Fattier Dumoulinet, who purchased several collec- tions, including that of the learned Pierese. In 17 10, Letellier, archbishop of Reims, bequeathed his valuable collection to the abbey. The wsdls of the new edifice that has been expressly erect- ed for this library are externally covered with the names of ce- lebrated writers of all nations and periods. The mono^am SG. is engraved on discs along the walls. The entrance is by a vestibule, the ceiling of which rests upon iron arches sup^ pOtMd 1^ Dorie gaiters, onA adoraed M% boMs ttf IH. B6r» nard. Montaigne, Pascal, Mdiere, Lafolitabe, Besia^, ftaatii' ton, Voltaire, Bufibo, Laplace, Guvier, Mirabeaa, J. J. Roaneaa, Motttesquieu, Fenelon, Racine, Comeille, P^ossht, Descartes, and L'HdpitaL The groand-fioor to the left of flie ^«s&> bule id divided into 7 long galleries fitted up wifii hdck- eases; that on the opposite side contains a single hail, aow filled with the collection of manuscripts. Here too book- cases line the whole extent of the walls, kh eA^^ double staircase of five branches leads to the lafldiii^«piaee e( tk6 upper story. On the wall <^po9ite is a copy, by Bsin, ^ the School of Athens J the original of utiiidi, podiitsd hv Raphael, exists in the Vatican at Rome. The ^aco for tia^ C^otol picture is not happily chosen, as it easmot be viewed ffom a sufficient distance. Flanking it are two medalUoas in ftmbo fepresenting Science and the Fine Arts, and opposite 1^0 more with Theology and Law, all by Baize, fiie staircase is painted In the Byzantine style, and the m^mogram 1^ i^ is frequently repeated throughout t^ biiildkig. The Ming of the staircase is painted in ultra^marine and intov 0^rsed with stars. The weii-eculptured parapet of €ie itair- 9%sie deserves attention. A door flanked by two bow^^wkidcnr^ With iron fr^es, and snrmounted by a painting by^ Buffet, lipr^senting ** Study surprised by Night," ushers the victor tdio the public reading-hall. Here he will be struck with Admiration at the happy effect of the application of iroh to architectural purposes. Stone pedestals, placed in a lin<* bisect'* f^ the hall which occupies the whole length of ther edifice, iustain a series of graceful iron columns, on the slender forms df which rest light perforated arches of the same metal, support* ing the dotible-vaulted roof of the edifice. The general appear* liice is strikingly beautiful. The hall is 300 feet long by 60 in breadth; the height to the vault is 30 feet. BetWeeo the Above-mentioned pedestals bookcases are fitted up. The visitor Vill remark a beautiful specimen of Gobelins tapestry, repre* senting Study surprised by Night, after a painting by l^ze. ilailings are placed along the bookcases, which line the walls tip to the window-sills ; a low gallery runs all round f&t the convenience of reaching books on the upper shelves. WiAding •taircases in the corners communicate with the rooms bdcrw. The library contains upwards of 200,000 vohiraes and 3000 manuscripts. The reading-room is open daily from 10 tod. and from e to 10 in the evening, except on Sundays aad fiestlvals. The building has cost 1 ,77 5,000 fr. The btiildittg at the opposite corner of the me des Stent Voie§, ecartaifl» the apartments of the functioiuaries. ftr. ttamm bo U6m. M lb HWfoeflM Sc^TolM lutfd byihtfettliM two ooHegii : Ao (hli^ FotM, founded in 1391, arid the C6U4§b 4$ hsiwa, f6und«d in 1412. Immediately behind the Pantheon if St. iftEHRB MJ Mont, parish ehureh of the 12tharrondifiei> mnrt.-^Thie ehctreh was originrily a chapel for the vassals if the atybey of Ste. Generieve, and stood within its walls; bat after the city walls had been extended by Philip Augustas, it w«s made parochial. The abbot was so jealous of the inter- ferenee of the Bisiiop of Paris, that the entrance to this church still emitmued to be through that of Ste. Genevieve, and re- ASitied so till the 17 th century. The date of the building hi said ie be 1121. On being made parochial in 1292 it was eadarged, atad the curious square tower and circular Hurret are pnMilj of that date; these have ^n repaired by M. Godde. the ohnni^ wasmudi enlarged is 1491 , and the choir increased ii( length in 1517. In 1537, both choir and nave were nearly r^imilt, and, ih 1 eo5, some adjoining ekamiers, now used isr tiie eatechumens* rooms, were added. The first stone of tie portal was IM in leio by Queen Marguerite de Valois, cud a tabkt over the dmrch-door remained till the revolution 6f i7M, besffing an inscription to that effect. In 1024 the apper slory of the tower was built; the church Was finally de* dicaM, and a new high altar raised, in 1626. The olckst pertioris of the existing edifice are the lower stories of the tower and llie northern aisle of the choir, which are not later than 1491^ The other parts are nearly all of the date 1537, except the western front, which is a most singular mixture of the Italian and Gothic. Four engaged composite columns, having their flutes intersected by carved bossages, support a rioh triangular pediment adorned with modillions. The second story bears a circular interrupted pedimrat; and, lastly, the attic is gabled, and graced with a round window, and an el' liptioal one above it, with tracery. The steeple tower is square, and flanked at one of its angles by a lofty slender circular tur** ret. The lateral and posterior parts of the ehureh present a eurioua medley of flying buttresses, gurgoyles, turrets, and spiresy some of them of no mean workmanship. The ebttfth is ereeiform. The eastern end is octagonal, and an aisle, with chapels in each arcade, goes round the whole. The pritttipal architectural peculiarity of the interior is the great h^hf of the aisle, which is on a level with the imposts sup^ porting the vmlting-'ribs of the nave and choir. Lofty &%* tacbed eolummi with Doric capitals front the piers of the nave and choir, and in the vaulting spaces of the lateral walls, over thf cireular ardies i^ringiDg from the central columns, are small clerestory whidewt. Those of the aislee are lofty, '^'^^ 426 TWCtfTH 4RRONDI9S&MENT. being fl&ed wiUi good stained glass, said to be by Pinaigrier. The tracery of the windows of the left aisle of the choir is peculiariy good. From the middle of each column, all roand the church, excepting at the transepts, segmental arches are thrown from one to the other, supporting a very narrow gal- lery and balustrade, which encircles the colmnns on the side of the aisles. The arches of the choir are pointed. The choir is separated from the nave by a magnificent and elaborate screen, consisting of a low elliptical arch, fonnerly divided by mullions and tracery ; two spiral staircases, of exquisite beauty and lightness, wind round the pillars at the entrance, and two finely-wrought door-ways, crowned with figures, separate the aisles. The parapets of the staircases are particularly remark- able for their rich perforated tracery. Above the arch are the statues of Christ and of two angels in the act of adoration. The vaulting of the cross is ornamented with a pendent key-stone - 12 feet deep, supported by iron work within, and most elabo- rately sculptured, as indeed are almost all the key-stones both in the nave and chapels. The works of art in this church are as follows : — 1st chajiel, to the right on entering, a beau- tiful Holy Family in bas-relief, and two frescos, by Alisny : the Baptism of Christ, and St. John the Baptist preaching. 2d, a curious picture of the Holy Family, and a good one of tlie school of Lesueur, representing the Martyrdom of St. iSle- phen. 3d, a Last Judgment. Marble slabs contain a list of celebrated personages buried in the parish. The window has some beautiful stained glass. 4th, a curious stained glass window of 1568. (1) 5th, a Crucifixion, with Louis XIII. and St. Louis introduced at the foot of the cross ; a remarkable Entombment of Christ in stone, surrounded by the Virgin and six other statues of the size of life ; also a fine picture, by Laval, of Paul and Silas before the magistrates of Philij|)pi. 6th, an Adoration ; the Death of St. Louis. In this and some of the following chapels will be remarked the sacred subjects on glass in the windows, with quaint mottos in old French verse. 7th, St. Charles Borromeo, by Varin (1627), and the Four Horsemen (Rev. vi. 2-8), by Emile Courbe. 6th, St. Bernard praying, and the Jews collecting manna. On the wall, between this chapel and the 9th, is an epitaph on Racine, Written by Boileau, and one to Pascal, who was buried in this diurch. 9th and loth. Under a vaulted ceilmg connecting these two chapels is a tomb, supposed, from an inscription near (I) The subject of this quaint composition is : "Many are called, but few are chosen." To the right a few chosen approach the Lord's Supper; to the left, all follow worldly pursuits: one buys • house, another a bullock, and a third marries. OT. hxmm Btj biont; 427 it, tol)^;Hie original depository of the body of Ste. Genevieve, but 3(vmc& from its mouldings must be of the 13th century. Tbe walls are hung with a vast number of votive images, &c. The. second of these chapels has received beautiful decorations, and a Gothic altar, gUt and painted in the most gorgeous By* zantine. style, and adorned with the statues of Sle. Genevieve, St.. Germain, and St. Clotilda, besides nine statues of saints in alto-riUevo around the altar-table. Near this chapel, in the aisle^ are two fine pictures, said to have been painted soon afiei: 17 09 by De Troy ; the first representing, according to report, Aline of Austria^ attended by the Parlement, imploring Ste. Genevieve, who makes intercession for the life of Louis XIU. Most probably, however, it is by Largilliere, andr^resents the Gepius of France with the Parlement interceding with Ste. Ge- nevieve for the cessation of a fanune which then raged. The ^d, tbe,eounterpart of the former, by Largilliere (1 696) represents tbe t?r6vot des Marchands and the city officers in full cx>stume, with a great number of spectators, among whom are Largil- liere bimjseiLf and the poet Santeuil, praying to Ste. Genevieve. They are said to be both votive pictures, offered by the City of . Paris, and are worthy of a careful inspection, nth, in the chapel of the Virgin, are some fine frescos, painted by M. (l^'^^'^^^y namely, the Annunciation, the Adoration of the Ma^i,:the Visit to St. Elizabeth, and the Death of the Virgin. In a /riame against the wall there is a fine old specimen of em- broidery in silk, gold, and silver, representing Christ at Em- maus. The three windows of the apsis of the choir, and those of th^ chancel, contain. some splendid old compositions in stained glass, representing sacred subjects. 12th. Christ the Consoler of the Afflicted, by Jouvenet ; the Adoration of the Magi.. 13th, a Holy Family, and Christ showing his wounds to die Apostles. Uth, the Marriage of the Virgin, and a statue of S\t Vincent de Paule. 15th, Ste. Augustine, crowned with thorny, tcth, the Plague of Paris, by Basse, and a Cruci- fixion,. .i7th, Saint Louis in prayer. 18th, the Nativity. 19 th. Saint Romuald praying, by Maillot. The pulpit, by LesU)ccaj;d, after designs executed by Lahire, is supported by a. .figure of Samson, and ornamented with beautifully- carved statuettes. On the 3d of January, the festival of Ste. Genevieve, and 8 following days, pilgrimages are made to this church,, and it is celebrated in Paris for the ceremonies that take place in it. Pascal, Tournefort the botanist, Lesueur the painter, P. Perrault, Lemaitre, Racine, Rollin, and the Abbe de Sacy, were interred here. This church, from the rich effect produced by its smgular architecture, its pictures, and its other ornaments, is one of the most interesting of the capital. 42 § TWZLFTfi AtJiOJftolSSSMStn. The interior is a favoarife stibje«t tri& Fumdi arti^. tM millioti fr. have just beengfven to have it tborooghly rfepdlr^. The LrttE Napol^oiv \fi estaMished iti part of th€ (^rdi aad other buildings of the abbey of Ste. Geneviere, fotttided in the year 508 by Clovis and his queen Clotilde. The kntoer was buried here in 5 i 1 . Up to the thne of the reToIcil0& ol 1789 the tomb of this king existed in the church of St. Gene- yieve, but was evidently of more recent constrttctioii, * TMs tomb was transported in 1816 to the abbey of St. Deafe. ' The first ehurch of Ste. Genevieve was burnt by the Danes nft 857. Under the reign of Louis Vlf. the abbey Was re^organiaed, on account of a quarrel which arose about a carpet ^hieh ^ canons had caused to be spread before the door of the ihbtv tOT the convenience of Pope Eugene III., who had come to' Pittrfs in 1145, having been driven away from Rome. The fanyM^^ of the Pope claimed the carpet as their own, on the g^und that the Pope had sat upon it. The servants of the abbey would not allow the claim; high words ensued, followed by blows, and the carpet was torn to pieces in the fray. In con- sequence of this scandalous occurrence, a new abbot was flamed, and 12 new canons transferred to this abbey from that of St. Victor. The abbey was repaired and enlarged in 1177, aiid A school established in it. The church occupied the site Of the rue Clovls. Little remains now of the old abbey except the western wing and a tower enclosed by the modern building of the lycenm. The former is of the f4th century, the upper part of the tower is of the 15th, and the side towards the rue Clovis (so called because the lower portion of the tower is said to have been built in his reign) was erected as late as 1825. The apartments still existing contain several objects of eovio- sity, such as a series of portraits of the soVere^ns of France, from Philippe leHardi to Louis XV., and also one of Mary Queen of Scots. This lycenm was called College de Henri IV. in 1814, but has now resumed the name it received in 1^2. The soni of Louis Philippe were educated at this college. (See p. 1 03 .) In the first court is a bust of Casimir DelaVigne. In the rue de la Vieille Estrapade, at No. 16, the visitor WiH find the entrance to a reservoir receiving water frotti the artesian well of Grenelle for the use of the Faiibourg St. Mar- eeau. It is composed of two receptacles, each 9« feet by 50, and 15 feet deep, containing in all 147,000 cubic feet of water. A third reservoir is constructed under it, to receive the water from Arcueil. That from Crenelle is at the temperatuie of ei degrees Fahrenheit when it arrives here. At No. 45 in the rue d'Ulm is the fie^lii NoRiiALE.<^This spacious bcdidifig, aeoifiMh'ftnctf tCOm WSM4LI. 499 Al^ol J4^7 hY tbe 6sUbli»biDeDt« for i^arUculars of wUcii see p, 10), ii eateied bv a ^mcious court (Wonted by a pro- jeotiJoig paviUoo> tbrougo which the visitor passes by a Doric V^tibule into a large square court enclosed by the building. Tlw architecture is in the style of the last century. Over the Drin€9|^ ^Qtranee are statues representing Science and Liteiv Im^ ; and on the bracked which adorn the walls of the inner comrt ai^ placed the busts of the eminent men formed by tt^ £coie Nonnale sinoe its institution in 1795. The number of pu|)^ls is nearly lOO, of all persuasions. Spacious corridors J/siad to jthe lecture-roouu, cabmets of botanv, zoology, fossils jm^ QMneralpgy, natural philosophy, and laboratory of cbe- iQjstry. E&cept the two latter, Uiere is little remarkable in tl^oQi. Xh^ library, on the first floor, is a spacious saloon, OQtB^taining 20,000 volumes in fine oaken bookcases, and lit by a windows. The Salle de Reception is somewhat smaller, mad will soon receive the portraits, in medallions, of Lagrange, Lapiace, Hauy, Daubenton, Monge, Berthollet, Bemardin de §*. Pierre, Suard, Garat, and laharpe, who were the first prpf^issor)^ of this celebrated school at the time of its opening, July 17, 1795. The chapel is on the ground floor to the w^st; it contains a fine Saviour by Lavergne. The dormitories pccupy the second story ; the refectories, two in number, are m the grouod floor to the north ; under-ground are the kU- itotsi, cellars, ^c. This establishment may be viewed on Thursdays after 4 o'clock, o^ applying to tbe Director. It ]m (»%i 2 millions of francs. The rue des Ursulines will lead the visitor nearly opposite to St. Jacques du Haut-Pas, 252, rue St-Jacques, second di^irl<^ dmrch of the nth arroudissement. — On the site of this church a chapel, dependent on the hospital du Haut Pas, existed in the 1 4 th century. The present structure was commenced in i^^O^ the first stone being laid by Gaston of Orleans, brother jof jLouis XIU' When the dioir was built, tbe works were sus- pended, but were resumed in 167 5, by the munificence of Anne de bourbon, Duchesse de Longueville, and terminated in 1634. The architecture of this church consists, externally, of a triangular pediment supported by four Doric cx)lumns, over the principal entr^ce ; there are besides two lateral doors. The lower is square, aiid Dcric also. The plan is slightly cruci- fiorm, the choir ends in a semicircle, and a sin^e ai^e surrounds bot|i nave and choir. The right aisle alone is flanked by cha- Dels ; the opposite ope of the nave has none. The ist chapel in the form.er contains tbe font; here is a «^od St. Jerome, by Hubert, and an Annunciation. In the 2a is a Holy Family, by ]M4&Qe, aiid a ^od Virgin a^d Child on wood, of the Uth 4^0 TWELFTH ARKOICDISSEHENT. century. Close to it, in the aisle, is another Aimuncia- tion. In the transept is a fine Entombment, by Degeoiges ; and against the piers of the entrance to the choir are two plaster statues, one of St. Philip, by Grienewald, the other St. James, by Foyatier. In the choir, over the sacristy door, is the Presentation of the Virgin in the Temple. Next follow, 1st chapel, St. John the Baptist, by Vetter. 2d, the Saviour blessing the world. 3d, St. Philip preaching to the Phry- gians, by Jaoquard, and the same appearing to Theodosiu^^ by Coutan. 4th, St. Philip presenting Nathaniel to Jesus, by Hoi- feld, and the Miracle of the loaves and fishes, by Champmartin. The 5th 16 the Lady Chapel, of elliptical form, with a lino statue of the Virgin and Child ; a Visitation and an Annun- ciation, both by Bouterweck, and four small paintings by Barret; St. Joseph with Jesus in his arms, St. Louis,. St. James, and St. Catherine. 6th, Jesus Christ appearing to St. James, by Goyet, and his Calling of St. James and Judas^ by Lestang. 7th, the Lapidation of St. James, and St. Jaiues as Bishop of Jerusalem, by Jonquicres. 8th, St. Magloire^ by Goyet, and a shrine containing his relics. 9th, Jesus healing the step-mother of St. Peter, by Calvaert ; ReligioUj, Hope, Faith, and Charity, in four tableaux, by Lesueur, a St. Peter, by Restout (1728), and a Sinite Parvulos, by Gerard. iojLh, Ste. Genevieve by Carbillet. A good Crucifixion will be seea in the left transept. In the five Saxon windows of the apsis are the figures of saints in modem stained glass. Cassini^ the astronomer, was buried here, and the learned La Hire Cocbin^ rector of the parish, and founder of the hospital, &c. Next door to this church, at No. 254, is the iNSTiTiJTiON iMPERiALE DES SouRDS MuETS. — ^For this insti- tution France is indebted to the celebrated Abbe de Tfipee, who, without patronage, and with a fortune not exceeding £500 a- year, undertook to maintain and 'bring up at his own expense more than 40 deaf and dmnb pupils, whom he instructed ta read and write, to comprehend all the difficulties of grammar, and to reduce the most abstract metaphysical ideas to writing. The Abbe de Ffipee was first brought into notice by the jEm- peror Joseph II. on his visit to the French capital in 1 7 7 7 . His sister. Queen Marie Antoinette, soon after visited the school, and the institution was ordered to be transferred by Govern- ment to a convent of Celestins, which had been suppressed. This, however, was not carried into effect till 1 78 5 . The Abb^ de rfipee, dying in 1790, was succeeded by the Abb^ Sicard, who improved the system of instruction. During the revplu* tion of 1789 this institution was transferred to the buildings of the Seminaire de St. Magloire, rue St. Jacques^ whereit still ^ Digitize INSTITIITION IMPERIALE DGS SOUBM-MUETS. 431 coatmuM. The number of gratuitous pupils is 80 ; besides io admittealo balf-pensions, and 10 to three-quarter pensions. At present there are 130 male and 80 franale pupUs. The number of boarders is unlimited. To be admitted gratuitously into the institution, the child must be full 7 years old, and not exceed 1 5, and must present a certificate from the authorities of his or her parish, of age, baptism, vaccination, being really deaf ^d dumb, and without the means of paying for educa* tion. The boys and girls are in different schools, where they remain six years, and are taught reading, writing, arithmetic, drawing, engraving, or some trade. The terms for boarders are 1,000 fr. a-year, besides 3oo fr. paid on entering. From 90,000 fr. to 100,000 fr. arfe annually devoted by government to the support of this institution. The]S€Ule des Exercioes is Doric, and adorned with the busts of the Abbes de TEpee and Sicard, and that of the Emperor, with a fine picture of de r£pee, by the donor, M. Camus. ' It represents the Abbe de r£pee em- bracing the young Count de Toulouse, at the moment when the latter, who was deaf and dumb and had been educated out of cha- rity by the Abbe, recognizes the house of his relative, who bad wilfully abandoned him. The refectories, dormitories, &c., are laj^e and airy, and arranged as in the institution des Jeu- nes Aveugles. (See p. 363.) A garden is annexed to the esta- blishment. The chapel is Doric ; behind the altar is a re- markable oil-painting by Yemet, of Christ healing a deaf shepherd, and to the left is a picture of good execution by Person, a deaf and dumb artist, representing the Abbe de r£pee on his deathbed. The figure seated next to the deathbed is the Abbe Sicard, and the young man in the for^round represents one Antoine Dubois, who died in 1850, aged 93, having lived continually in the establishment, in virtue of the will of the Abbe de Vtyee whose pupil he was. The trades taught here are shoemaking, tailoring, turning, joinery, and lithograph)^. The days of admission are Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fri- days, from 2 to 5. (1) At No. 193, is the Convent of the Dames de St, Michel The cliurch has a Doric facade of some merit. On the same side of the street were the convents of the Ursulines and the Feuillof^ tines; and between the latter and the Convent of the Valde Grdce was a house of English Benedictines, where part of the remains of James II. was buried, after bequeathing his head, heart, and intestines to the British Collies. (2) It is now used as a school. (i) There are about 26,ooo deaf and dumb in all France. ia) Part of the remains of James II. were found acme year* ago at St. Germain, where he died, and a handiome tomb i»a» 439 TW^iFTB AJunoiommwf^ . The rue d£ TAbW d« rfipe$ iMds to the me d'gi^, ___ «t No. 65, will be found the Couvent dei Dam$s dmrmMim, where Mademoiselle de la Valliere, the beauti&il rowtoigB id Louis XIV.., took the veil in 167 5, as Sceur lom$ de ia Mi$^ ricorde. lu the chapel is a fiae raarble monuiueBt oi Car4iiial Berulle, founder of the convent . He is represai^ed kii«dii»g mi a pedestal adorned with bas*reliefs. Opposite is anothfir v%> luable bas-relief in marble, by Barrois, representing % De^oent from the Cross, also a good bas-relief on the alUff . The tot paintings are : a Virgin and Child, St. Joseph and Jesu&yChr^t bearing the Lamb, by Guet, and an Annunciation, by AliieUer. Returning to the rue St. Jacques, the stranger wiU &k1 iha HoPiTAL MiLiTAiRE and Chuech nu Val ds Giu££^ ^77, rue St. Jacques. — The buildings of this hospital belonged to a convent of Benedictine nuns, who were ori^nally e^tabltsbed at the Val Profond, near Bievrc Ic Cbatel, three league^ Upom Paris, but removed to the capital, in 1621, by Anne of Auatria, consort of Louis XIU. The community were at ^i lodged in the Hotel du Petit Bourbon, in the faubourg St. Jacquea; but a few years after they built a convent, of wlueh the queen laid the first stone in 1624, conti^ibuting about onfr'half of t^ expense. The queen, having been married 22 years witboHt issue, made vows in several chapels, &c., and, (unoog i^tbapit in that of the Val de GrAce, where she promised to build fk church, if her desire to give an heir to the throne should b«  realised. At length, on Sept. 6, 1638, she gave bi^rth to a prince, afterwards Louis XIV. After the death of Louis JUQ., the queen prepared to fulfil her vow. On April H, i^^, Louis XIV. laid the first stone of the church with (preai ffomp, . The elder Mansard furmshed the plans, and superintended t£i«  execution of the buildmg for some time, but, having loat the queen's favour, it was entrusted to Lemeraer, and aubsequently to Le Muet and Leduc, who deteriorated the original c^ign. A quadrangular court is entered by a railing facing the street ; the sides arc adorned with ten triangular pedunents supported by columns of irregulu' Doric design. To the left la the bronze statue of Baron Larrey, the celebrated surgeon, 4)n a pedestal of white marble, adorned with four bas-reliefs of t^ same metal, representing the battles of la Ber^sina, the Pyra- mids, Austerlitz, and Sommo Sierra, where Larrey di^tiiigui^hed himself. The statue, which is 9 feet high, representa tarrey resting against a howitzer, on which ai*e placed sfine of hS» erected over them in the church of that place, hy the sivniA- cence of George IV. it was the custom ip those days Co have difffrent places of intermeiit for diCTerent parts of the body of ai#tlBguisned persons. CHURCH DU VAL DE GRACE. 433 works. In his right hand he holds Napoleon's will opened at the words : ** I leave 1 00,000 fr. to the Sargeon-in-chief Larrey, the most virtuous man I know." This monument is by David d' Angers. In front is the church, with a dome resting on a lofty drum, strengthened around by buttresses, adorned with Composite pilasters, and pierced with sixteen windows ; four campaniles, or small bell-turrets, stand out from the gallery on which the dome rests. The front is ornamented with a portico of Co- rintliiaii columns supporting a pediment ; above is a range of Composite engaged columns bearing a second pediment. The entrance is approached by a flight of large and wide steps. The plan of the church is that of a Latin cross ; in the nave the public used to attend service, and in the other parts were chapels for the nuns of the convent and for the ladies of the Court. The intersection of the cross is circular, four lofty ardies open into the transepts. The nave is flanked by chapels communicating with each other, now devoid of altars, except one in the nave, where the altar-piece is an Ascension. Tne decorations of this, as well as the other parts of the churdi, are Corinthian, and are executed with great precision and boldness. All the sculptures are by Anguier. In the spandrils of the arches of the nave are large figures in alto-rilievo, re- presenting the Christian Virtues, and the vaulting of the ceiling "presents richly-decorated compartments, filled with figures of saints. The pendentives of the^ lower dome contain circular comJ)artments, in which are fine alti-rilievi of the four evan- gelists. The vault of the dome is admirably painted on stone by Mignard, and has been reputed as one of the finest frescos in France. Around the frieze below the gallery is the follow- ing inscription : A. MDCL, Anna AustricB D. G. Franco- rum Regina Begnique recirix^ cui suhjecit Deu8 omnes hoste$ ut conderet Domum in nomine suo. The high altar is sur- mounted by a magnificent canopy, supported by six fluted spiral columns of grey marble, with bases, capitals, and foliage of bronze gilt. Four angels placed on the entablature of the columns hold censers, and from palm-branches are suspended others, with scrolls bearing inscriptions. The whole is termi- nated by a globe and cross. In front of the altar, and in the centre of the intersection of the cross, the letters A. L. (Anne- Louis) are inlaid in the pavement, which here, as well as throughout the whole of the edifice, is formed of rich marbles. The chapels for the nuns are separated from the rest of the building by iron gratings, and in that behind the altar, whiclLis a beautiful piece of architecture, a crimson curtain screened the superiors of the convent from the view of the congregation. In one of these chapels, formeriy the oratory^ Digitized by VjOOQ IC 4d4 TWSLFni 0f JUrne d'Aulrichc, whose bust is fleeo on the oeifing b^lby an JLsgel, are frescos representing views from Spain. In the northern arm of the cross is the entrance to a vsMidt where the remains of the abbesses were deposited, on marble shelves. . Here also is shoivn a cabinet, where the hearts of the Bourbon family were preserved encased in silver, a custom originjding from the foundress having bequeathed her heart to this church. The remains of -Queen Henrietta, ^^e of Charles I. of En^and, were placed hci*e. The nuns were buried underneath the nave, in a vault, the entrance of which is near the westers door. A small confessional, with a strong iron grating, c^ns into the church near the high altar, from one of the passages behind. This was the confessional used by Mile, de la Val- Hcre, previous to her taking the vows ; ttom the windows of the above-mentioned passage is seen the building she oocupied at that period. During the -revolution of 1789 the church was converted into a depot for the materiel itf military ho^tals, and thus escaped the fury of the populace. Under Kapoleon the convent became an hospital for soldiers. In 1826, the church was repaired, and restored to divine woi*ship. The associations connected with this place are interesting, from the . fact that it was once the fashionable convent for members of the nobility of France. A fine statue of the celebrated surgeon Broussais, who is interred here, stands in the oonrt of the ho- spital . The church is open every day, and the vaults, £ce., are

• no wn by a military attendant.

Opposite to this church, the rue du Val de Grace, leads to a new entrance into the garden of the Luxembourg. At No. 21, in the rue de rArbalete, is the £c0LE BE Phjlrhacie. — ^Thc school occupies the site of an ancient convent, called Hopital de Lourcinc. The first botanical garden in France was formed in the grounds of this oomvent in 1 580, on the model of that of Padua. There is a cabinet 0f 'Speci- mens of all kinds of drugs, with a select mineralogicalooHeetion, well worthy of inspection ; also a small but sdeet library, open daily to the public from lo to 3. Underneath is the hall t)f meeting, containing some interesting portraits of Frendhphy- . sicians. It is visible every day except Sunday. (See p. a4o.) !rhe botanical garden has a separate jentrance at No. ®. in the rue des Postes, at No. 42, is the elegant hi[$liiiigt»f "the ColUge RolUn, and at No. 30, ^e S^MiNAiRE DU St. Esprit. — ^Tbis building was erected in i769, for a seminary, wiiich wag *ujmressed in t792; and restored .in 1 8 1 &. It has a ^e bas^ief abox/« the pedknent ei ihe -church, x^presenting a missionary preadkiag. (See -f^.^iB.) It ^atains some tolerable piotures. JikRd!4kKV to tiuB was :&e £?aZ^^ ifet ilmglai^ a JMmisary cstabtigfaod iy lettere patent granted by Louis XiV., in i 684, 'iniucJi^aiUhonsed Catholics, who could not be educated for the fxriestbpod in England, to live in an ecclesiastical ocaumujiity. The hovse, suppressed in 1 7 92 , i s now let for secular purposes. At No. 5, rue des Irlandais, is the Cou^^Gfi i>£6 iRLANDAis, a bandsomc and conunodious build iilgj lomung three sides of a spacious quadrangle planted with trees. On the ground-floor of the right wing is the chapel, ^i&tijq^i^d by its simple neatness. It was built after tho designs of Bellanger, in 1730, and is dedicated to the Virgin, wbose fitatue in marble is over the altar. To the right of the Vii^jQ, 4« entering the chapel, is a painting of St. Patrick^ and oa tjia left one of St. Bridget, patroness of the Irish. In a vault J]eneatii jres>ose the ashes of several distinguished Irish. Above the chapel is the library, oontaimng a large collection ^ weeks, principally theological. It is said that James II. Jbiegueathed his intestines to this college, but no monument xemaMOs U) indicate the spot where they were deposited. This instittitioQ is under the direction of British catholic subjects, wboiexercise their authority under the superintendence of the Jtfintf^t^ of 4he Interior ; it consists of an administrator, a p£efeolx>f study, a bursar, four professors of morals and of dog- jnatic theology, of philosophy, of classics, a physician, and ^out 400 ilrish students, of whom about 25 priests graduate annually. A great number of bursarships belong to this col- iGge>. '^hicb tt^ the exertions of the principal, I>r. Miley, and the reputation of its learned professors, is m a very flourishing 4iondition. Similar establishments were founded at different tioies, ^nd in different parts of tbe kingdom, by permission aad under the ^^ointrol of the Kings of France. 13ike xues 4e la Vie^e Estrapade and Fourcy lead to the £cQiL£ PoLYT£GBNiQ(JE, jue Descartes, established in 1795 ia Una J^ldiqgs of the College de Navarre, founded in 1304 by Philips ie Bel and Joan of Navarre. A fine hall and chapel ol ih^ : 14th century l^elonging to the old coU^e still remain. A new ^ront has been erected to this inconveniently-placed insiktution^ facing the old place, to whidh it now gives its name. It is oimtfnented with bas-reliefs representing imple- fiaeotoibnd machines of war and peace, v/ith five medallK)ns on the attic, of legrand, Laplace, Monge, Bertholet, and Four- croy. (See p. 104.) . The building with its enlargements has «0i8i 2);OO09OaO fe. Op Q)e ^mall ^quaie ki kasA ^ this nAilaGe is the new fiOasjiJim^. GtSEXitm^ xeplaciAg ,one erected in 162^. It . fomiB alaiffo^ck^ ibf^ water isaues t&om three lions' hesm* 436 TWELFTH ARRONDISSEIiENT^ In the me de r£oole Polytechnique, forming a direct com- munication between that establishment and the Place Cambrai, at No. 6, will be seen a few remains of the chapel of the Col- lege des Grassins, founded by Pierre Grassin d'AblonIa 1369, for poor scholars in divinity. In the rue de la Montague Sle. Genevieve, at No. ^7, is the ColUge de la MarchSj now occupied by the Cnche^ Ste. Ge- neoiSi)e. Nearly opposite to it are the remains of the College or Seminaire des Trente-Trois, so called from the number of scholars it contained, 33 having been the age of oux Saviour. At the lower end of this street is the MARCUig DES Carmes, or DE LA pLACE Malbert, established i\i 1818, upon the site of the convent des Carmes. — ^It^ plan re- sembles that of the Marche St. Germain ; but it is less spacious and commodious. In the middle is a fountain, a pilaster sur- mounted by heads of Plenty and Commerce. In the adjoining rue des Carmes, and facing the market, was the ColUge de Lisieux, the buildings of which still remain en- tire, and are now used partly as a barrack, and partly as the Maaasin Central des Hdpitaux. In the same street was the College de St. Jean de Beauvais and the College de Preskf some remains of the latter of which may perhaps be made out. In it Peter Ramus was massacred during the St. Barth^lemi. At No. 23 was the ColUge des Lombards j once the principal Irish college, which, with its chapel of the 17th century, of r ather curious design, still exists. The rue St. Jean de Beauvais, running parallel to ttiis, also contained some old colleges. The principal school of law was here, and the remains of the chapel of the College de Lisieux, already alluded to, may be seen at No. 5. A square towei called La Tour Bichatj or more properly La Tour de §i. Jean de iMtran, one of the last specimens in Paris of the arcrhilec- ture of the times of Philip II. and Louis VIII., has now been pulled down to make room for the rue des ficol^. This tower and the adjoining Cour de la Vacherie belonged to the Knight: Hospitallers of the order of St. John of Jerusalem, aflerwardj Knights of Malta, first established in Paris in 1171. Thif Elace enjoyed the privilege of sanctuary. The detnolitlon rought a large number of parchments to'light, moist of then of the 13lh and 14th centuries. These have been carefully collected and deposited at the Hotel de Ville, where they ar< undergoing a strict classification. The visitor may now complete his tour through this classi land of the old colleges of Paris, known by the name of th

• ' Quartier Latin," by proceeding to the rue du Fouarre, one o

the most miserable streets in Paris, but one of the most c€ OBSBRVATOIRB. 437 lebrated in the early days of the University. It then contained several schools, where puhlic disputations were held, and is supposed to have derived its name from straw spread on the ground for the scholars to seat themselves on. The works of Dante, Petrarch, and Bahelais contain frequent allusions to this street. In 1368 the statutes of the College de Justice or • darned that any boursier of 6 years standing, who should have proved unable to sustain an argumentation in this street, should be e-Kcluded from the college. Iii the same year gates were placed at the extremities of this street. In tjie rue de FHotel Colbert is a house, No: 20, erroneously said to have been inhabited by that statesman. "Die court contains some bas-reliefs of the time and style of Jean Goujon. At No. 13, in the rue de la Bucherie, is a small building, surmounted by a dome, formerly the School of Medicine. SOUTHERN PORTION. This portion will be most conveniently commenced by the Obsekvatoire, adjoining the rue d'Enfer. — Upon Uie esta- blishment of the Academy of Sciences in the reign of Louis XIV., Claude Perrault was charged by Colbert to prepare a design for this ediBce, which was begun in ie67,and finished in 1 67 2 , When the building was already far advanced, John Dominic Cas^ini, the astronomer, whom Colbert had sent for from Bologna, came to Paris. He found the structure so ill sidapted to its purpose, that, at his suggestion, several altera- tions were made, which, however, did not render it suitable for taking accurate observations. The principal pile forms a parallelogram of 90 feet by 82, to which have been added on the south two lateral octagonal towers. In the north front Is a projection of 24 feet, from which the building is en- tered. The platform on the top is 85 feet from the ground, rhe whole building is of stone, neither wood nor iron having;. been used. The principal part of this edifice being toun^ unless, a low building has been erected on the Bast, in' which nearly all the observations are made. This is so placed that two sides are parallel, and two perpen- dicular^ to a meridian line traced on the floor of a room on the second story,. from which French astronomers count their Ipiigitude; its direction is marked by an obelisk at Mont- tnartre, distant nearly three English miles and a half from the Observatory. On tlus line, between Dunkirk and Barcelona, the observations were made for determining the length of the arc of the terrestrial meridian between the equator and pole, now fished at 5,130,740 toises. (l) The line of the southern (i) Tlie ten-millionth part of this length has been adopted for the mitrei or standard linear measure in France. 439 TWELFTlf itRRONOimSttENT. finrnt iff fnkeit as the latitude of Paris, this o fia wta toiy td-^ centre from whence have diverged the several trigonometrical calculations for forming the map of France, known as ktC<wrte de Gassini, or de rObservatoire, in 182 sheets. Underneaft the building are some subterranean chambers, nojr no longer used, which were originally constructed for making astrono- mical observations, by means of openings through tho^roof of the edifice, for experiments on gravitation, &c. On the first floor is a telescope 22 feet in length, and 22 inches in-diaMieter, not now used ; there is also an achromatic telescope of hur^ dimensions. The collection of modern telescopes and'astrono- mical instruments of all kinds attached to this iifistltulion is exceedingly good. On the second floor is a spacious* room, containing globes, various magnetic instruments, the merid^ line uinm the floor, and the marble statue of Cassikti^ who ^ted in 1712, aged 87 . A fine white marble statue of Laplace, the celebrated astronomer, by Garraud, has also beea l&fchjr placed hese. Upon tiie floor of an(dher room is a map of the worlcl, engraved by Chazelles and Sedileau. Upon the roof of tfaas edifice, foumed c€ thick stones, is an anemometBr, wtncb ijidi- ^ cates Uie: dicectioa of the windi, upon- & dial in one of- I9ie rooms. There are also two caun-gauges, for ascei^taining the quantity of naia which falls at Paris during the year. The eastera tower i& covered with an immense rotatory cupola e£, copper, by means of which the observer may easily potnC Ins instrunifint to any part of the heavens, without incoiiventence from the weather. Smaller ones of similar eottstmetion cower two littiie turrets on the roof. The number of steps^ leading to^the roof is 162. A well-selected library of *5,eoo' volumes, for the use of the professors and observers, is attached to the establishment. The building on the east is entered from the first floor of the principal structure. It contains Tarious, instroments, and among others a transit instrument. The roof of. this, small buiMing, aa:l of the cupola of the- upper platform, opens in various parts, by means of simpto mecha- nical asrangements; and observations are made here ev^y night. The BurecuL des Longitudes holds its sittings hete. (See p. 97 .) The Observatory is now surrounded by a tenaoe, according to the origiiial plan of Perrault, and the- oafer court enclosed by railings and pavilions. In one of the wii^ added to the main building is an amphitheatre for 800<pef^Qiis, where the late celebrated M. Arago used to give his popular Icc- tucea oit> astijonomy every year. The cabinet of iostnmiefits i& not visible except to the personal fidends of the astronQmers. • the reafe of the building is. A wide anrenue^^ pianAedi wittt te^ leads straight to th» gapiev of th» Laamnftovvf. * Bferf doojc t& fht Obswratoiy, is a reservoir for watcr^ ' w&idi is ^teserving a Tisit from the antiqaarian. TheTisff<jr on descending a few sleps will see four raulted chambers wrft reservoirs receiving water from Arciieil. Part of the vaultrng^ is of Boman construction; the more modern parts and the chief conduit date from Marie de Medicis, who laid the first stone with great ceremony in 1624. The largest chamber of this reservoir has 78 arches; it is 31 metres by 30, and contains 1395 cubic metres of water (368,280 gallons). In the court may be seen some fri^pments of water-pipes of Roman construction. A small fee is expected by the person who shows .this place. A few steps further on, facing the Boulevard Montparnasse,. and close to the Closerie des Lilacs, (see p 491) will be seen the statoe of the unforlunate Marshal Ney, erected on the spot wiier&bewas shot, and inaugurated with great solemnity on the 7tfci of December,^ t853, 1»e anniversary of his executioii, iB %e presence of Prince Napoleon and the high functionarieai of the State* It stands on a pedestal of white marble, richfy sculptured by Gisors, and agreeably contrasting with the base- ment, which is of granite. On the faces of the pedestal are engraven the names of the battles at which the hero distin- guished himself. The artist, M. Rude, has represented the illtistrioas mar^al in an attitude of command, animating his followers to advance ; but the open mouth, which in this case coHipletely distorts the features, is an unfortunate circumstance that ought to have been avoided. The Hospice des Enfants Trouv^s et des OuPHEims^, 74, rue d'Enfer, was founded by St. Vincent de Paule in 1638. In 1667, on a decree of the Parlement, the managers ejected the Hospice des Orphelins in the Faubourg St. An- toine, and placed the Enfants Trouves at the corner of the Par vis Notre Dame. At the revolution of 17 89, the latter were removed to their present house, formerly the Convent of the Pretres de FOratoire. At the same time the ancient abbey of Pori Royal, in, the rue du Port Royal, was appropriated to the safi^je Imposes. The latter is now a lying-in hospital, and the fAcraer pnly is appropriated to children. The buildings are plaiA, but airy and comfortable, and the chapel contains no- thing of interest. There is a statue of St. Vincent de Paule, by Stouf, in the court. (Seepage 123.) A little beyond is the Infiamerie de Marie Tu^rI;se, 116,^^ roe d'&aXer, lor m account of which, see page 120. CrosMOgthe Barriere d'Enfer, and following the outer bou- Iwardto the left, the stranger will see the tenninus of the' .Soeaux railway. (Seep. 544.) Next follows the Barriere' d'Arcueit, or St, Jacques, immediately within which the gcil Digitized by VjOOQ IC 440 TWELt^TH AfiAOKDtiEHBIIENT^ LOTiME used to be ereoked before 1852 wlienever^tlwce/i •xecmtloD. It i» now erected on the Place, de la (See page 284). Close to this barrier is a cbnreh jvei teStbjra fraternity of capuchins. Here also is one oi the enteanoefttetfae Catacombs. — ^Thcse immense receptacles for the biBe& oiifae dead were devoted to that purpose in 17 84, when the CaoBcil^ St^e issued a decree for clearing the cemetery of &e iBaACBBts, and lor removing its contents, as well as tbose of other enne^ teries, into the quarries that had existed from a remote pmoA beneath the southern part of Paris, and by ivhksh the iMaaanra^ tory ) the Luxembourg, the Od6on, the Yal de Qciee^ the Pmt' thten, the rues de la Harpe, de St. Jaoques, de To&ceoB^.4B Vaagirard, and several othar streets, are completely awieri> mined, (l) Some sinkings of the ground having oocamd, :a oommittee was appointed to direct such works as ^aBglrt be required to avert the danger which threatened the straets mad houses. On the suggestion of M. Lenoir, lieutenaoft-geiieraljof the police, a part of the quarries under the Pkdne da MsBt Seuris was allotted for this purpose ; a house, known hy the name of la Tombe Ismre, or Isauardf (finom a famous mbfaer who once infested that neighbourhood,) on the oid~raad.to Orleaas, was purchased, with a piece of ground aidgoiBiBg; a shaft was sunk, the cavities propped up, and various poriaoBB walled off for receiving the dead. The ceremaByt'Olf.coo» secrating the Catacombs was performed on the 7 th ol Ap^'y 1786, and on the same day the removal from the cemeteries began. This work was always performed at n^t ; the tnoed were brought in funeral cars, covered with a pftU, folkfwed by firiests, chanting the service of the dead, and when they^veaobed the Catacombs were shot down the shaft. The tomlMtpn^ monuments, 6cc., not claimed by the families of the deoenel; weiB removed and arranged in a field belonging to the-Tembo Issoire; some of them were very curious, and among tliem was the leaden coffin of Mme. de Pompadour. They werei^ (i) The ascertained extent of quarries under the surface of l*ari8 is 674, 8oo mMres, or about 200 acres;— viz., under fJie public roads or streets, i82,85o, and under the other parts- of the city, 49i,95o; but it is probable that they extend much further. The variations of the surface and fissures whieti have occasionally appeared, lead to the presumption that these exet^ vations run under one-sixth of the capitaL The quarters under -which the principal portion of them lie are the faubourgs St. Marcel, St. Jacques, St. Germain, and Ghaillot. The quantity of stone which they have furnished for building has b«ih et^ tlmated at 11,000,000 cubic m^res. There are M9 qaanifle within the department of the Seine, prodndng annuattyma* terialf worth 1 #,000,000 fr*, and employing 4,000 imrkmsmi >.: tHS CATACOMM* 441 d flrtwy ed htmt^m during the revolution of 1769^ and a guin^ gmeHe erected on the spot. The Catacombs served ako as ODavement rcoeptaeles for those who penned in popular com- BBOtiftu or massacres. The bones, when first brought, were boaped up without any kind of order, except that tbose from each oflm«tery were kept separate. In 1 8 1 o , a regular systeoa of aflBsogmg the hemes was commenced under the direction oi 11. HerioBrt de Tfaury. Openings were made in many placet to admit air, channels formed to carry off the water, st^ were euuftnieted from the lower to the upper excavations, piUara «iaeied to support the dangerous parts of the vault, and tho afadkand bones built up along the walls. — ^Some years ago^ aidwHssion into them was strictly interdicted, on account of the daagerous state of the roofs of the quarries ; but at pmsfiaft^ the woarks of consolidation being nearly completed, a Latter addressed post paid to M. Lorieux, Ingenieur des Ifiom^ No. 36, rue du Gherche-Midi, occasionally receives a iar* vomahk answer. Upwards of 60 staircases descend into llie Catacombs from different points; but the principal en* tCBBefi is at the fiarriere d'Enfer, in ihe garden of the wesfe* em. acstroi building. The staircase leading thence down to the Catacombs consifte of 90 steps; at the bottom of which a senea <tf galleries conducts to that called Port Mahon, from aoLold soldier, who worked here and amused his leisure hours, fitt ^ years, in carving out of the stone a plan ot Port Mahon, wheie he had been long a prisoner. At a short distance from thkspot are some enormous fragments of stone nicely balanced on a base hardly exceeding a point, and in this equilibrium tiiey^faave remained for more than two centuries. (1) About ^oo yardsiurthcr on is the vestibule of the Catacombs. It is of as octagonal form. On the sides of the door are two stone benches, and two pillars of the Tuscan order. Over the door i8'«the i^owing inscription : — Has ultra metas requiesount beaimn spem spectantes. The vestibule opens into a long gallery lined with bones from the floor to the roof. The arm, leg, and thigh bones arc in front, closely and regularly piled her, and their uniformity is relieved by three rows of ii) Instances of similar rocking-^toneg, or Logan-ttones, as they aire termed, are frequent in seyeral parts of Great Britain ; those of Twydnetk in Wales, and of St. Agnes's Island (Scilly group), are celebrated. Oliver Cromwell caused one at Sithney to he thnownfrom its support, as being a heathen monument. Ill %r%2if a Lieut. Goldsmith, R. N., in a flrolio, threw down a very remarkable one at Castle Treryn, in Cornwall ; but subsecpieoUy, ashaipediif what be had done, replaced it by the aid of a power- ful maddnery ; and it still exists, as nkely balanced as before. • Digitized by CjOOQIC 441 TWELFTH . akidfe>at ta^atUt distances'. Behiiid these are* thrown fliesmiB^ hones. This gallery conducts to sereral rooniff, rcscmhiiii^ ohafKlsv lined with bones variously arranged ; and in tSteeeii^ tre, or niches of the walls, are vases and altars, somcof wfai^ are formed of hones, and others are ornamented with skulls of different swes. These chapels contain numerous inscriptions; one is caHied the Tombeau dc la Rdvotution, another the TOm- beau des Victimes, and eoQlose the bodies of those who pe- rished eitiier in the early period of the revolution of 178^, or ia the massacres of the 2dand 3d Septend)er . On a iargeslone piUar is the inscription Memento, quia ptilois en;, and oo another are sentences taken from, the work of Thomas a Kempis> ** f he Imitation of Christ." Here is a fhuntain. also, in which same gold dsh were pot, and in which they lived hut did not spawn. The spring was discovered by ^e workmen ; thebasin was made fbr their use, and a subterranean aqueduct oanies off the water. M. Hericart de thury named it la Source d'Oth bUf but it is now called Fontaine de l» Savftantrnne^ (mo. an inscription containing the words of Ghristto the Samaritan wmnan. A faint mouldering smdl ts perceivec^. but not tn a disagreeable or dangerous degree. The various galleries, form- ing a most intricate labyrinth, have now been so altered as generally to correspond exactly with most of the principal streets on the surfece- Two cibinets have beea formed! in the Gatacond» by M. Hericart de Thury. One is a minoodo- gical colTectioa of specimens of all the strata of the qtar- ries ; and the other is a pathological assemblage of diisetsed bones, scientifically arranged. There is likewise a table, on whidr are exposed the skuHs most remarkable either for their formation or the marks of disease which they bear. The aUbimi which is kept at the Catacombs contains a great many effiistoss of sentainent, a few of devotional feeling, and numerous con- temptible and profligate witticisms. Calculations differ 9S to the mnnber of bones collected in this vast charnel-houae ; it cannot, however, be dbubted that it contains the remains of at least 3 ,oo<r, coo of human beings. ( 1 ) At No. 57 in the rue du Faubourg St. Jacques is a laige eon- vent, now inhabited by the Dames de St, Jo$eph. Lower down, at No. 47, is the HoPiTAL Cochin, founded by M. Cochin,, the beDev<)Iftat rector of St. Jacques du llaut Pas^ ia 1780. It wa&injteudod for his owa parishioners; but patients^ of the same qUvsmPiAs those of the Hotel Diot, are now received fieom aU parfaiirf (4) A map of the Calacombs, willl explanations confaining mawy interesting details, has just been published by SI. 5. dcFoannr, Ingenieur diu Xine$, ...: \^ ^ Digitized by VjOOQIC «P0t. uimAW». 44^ tt»«9M. fM 11^. Ui,} The ftotlda^ <KMSiM9 of » aute jM^^ivM fbf«e<pirvlli«n», tbe eentnl one having tw» Di»fo eok koofii bffivi«^ an eataUatitre. Opea to stningav on Iliiii»^ ch^^abd SUBfdETfs from l to 3. l» tiie adjoming rue d« la SiMi^, at No. 7, i» a eo&Tent of ibtDame^Anffustines^dia Sacr6 €cBwr, erected at a cost of two imltiotiffof fraoes. Besi4ies a boarding-school fot ^ung ladies, tltt^coAven^also has aecommodJMioii ibr female inyalids, who are^ amended' here as in a Maison de Sante. The exterior is sllnple ; withifi is a spaeious eourt surrounded by a Done ap* codii ; tho^ebopeK opposite the enlramse, is esteped' by a portieo of our I onie ooltimn» supportiiig a pedimeBt; the interior i9€<»- rtelhiaB, and remarkaMy elegant. Ai the roe des €apueiB», 15^ Fanboorg St. Jaeipies, is the Wtmtkh DO Mioi. — This boildiBg was ereeted by the C»-

p8Chi& tn9X9, and occupied a» a monastery ti]l 1784 ; it ww

iheiicoivirerted iota an* hospital for Burses and ttew«%(»R infants, aiteetedwitift syphllitfc coBiplakit». In ^l9itf adults of both Senas were admitted, and it became a generat syphflilao' ho»- pjtal^. Sttl)6eq[uentiy it was deemed necessary to separaier tfte seatesv and ftoaales were sent to- anollier hospital, theLeixnane; (See p. 144.) To risil the hospital, a^ply to the director. Ja the 9tt«et opposite, ^ visitor will find the 'HthtmHk »'A€co0CHEHE!tT, 3, ruedbPbrtRoya?. (Seep-. f39.>- The foes desGapucins et des Boui^ignons lead totfao ' noPfTAL LouRoniE, 111, rufi de Lourdne. (Seep. 144.) Following the rue de Lovreine eastward, the visitor w€l find, fei the uuc Mbuffetard, St'. Sf^DARD, third district church of i2th arrontM ssc n icnt. — > It was the parish chureh of the viMage of St. M^edord as* earfy as the 12th century, and was dependbnt on the abbey of Ste. Gone? i^ve. The front consists of a plain gabfe with bnttresses, Ad^mx^v/i^- attached and crocketed pinnacles and a graceful pointlfd window over the porch, which however io Saxon. Ttio nave and aisles are of the end of the- 151fe eentury; fto choir audits arcades are of the dates 1&61, 15^;, when many W^im and additions were made to the church. Tho square tower, supporting' a spire^ is prcrfiably as* old as* the nave. In 1685 and 1784 the church was *'embelli^ed,'" to use the- laogoageof the time, and the deformities of its choir and cba- pCFl^add^. Most of tfte key-stones bear bas-reliefs, and the groinings, with their ribs and pendant bosses, are enseedingl^ grateful. In many of the windows valuable specimens of old stained glass will be Eenyacked. bi. tiia^ fi<rst Qhapel iort^e ci^bt hand aisle, on the pai»l of tb« aJtwc, a» valnable old painting on wood will attract atteBtion^? it wpreseiite the Descent tro^ 4i4 TWSLFTH ARAOKntSSEMBIT. t|M Gro08. The 2d is the Chapel of St. Fiacre, painted in fresco by Leuillier ; to the left, St. Fiacre is represented preaching,, and (opposite, affording relief to the poor on a wlnter^s day. The Ggures of Charity and Humility are on each side of the window. Next is a plaster Descent from the Cross, notwith- 0|it merit* and in the Chapel of the Crucifixion a Dead Christ, and several small painting of some value, among which inay hie mentioned the Virgin and Saviour, St. Francis de Sales, atid St« Vincent de Paule. A very good Annimciation is in the l^lorwing one. The 7th chapel, behind the choir; slightTy Qruciform, is dedicated to the Virgin, and is remarkable fortke; Marriage of the Virgin, by Caminade, and the ceremony of the Bosieres, instituted by St. Medard. There are also two plaster, stfitues; the one is St. Joseph, by Jacquot, the other St. ¥tn- Ipmene, by Dubois. The 8th chapel has a fine picture of St45.' Genevieve, by Watteau. In the 9th is a picture of the Fleixush &Qhool« representing the Virgin learning to read under the tui- tio.i ot St. Anne, her mother. In the lo^ is some old fitained glass representing Ste. Anne, the Virgiik, and the Saviour. In the nth, and last worth mentioning, is a new painting by Boulanger, St. Denis causing an idol to f^Jil by miracle. There are two organs: the larger is oy^ the entrance; the other in the right aisle. Over the canopied seat in the nave are the four evangelists, painted on oanva8s.---Same curious historical events are connected wi^h this church. In 1 561 , an attack was made on it by some CeiI- vinists, after hearing a sermon in a neighbouring house. Se- veral of the congregation in the church were killed, and much damage done to the altars and windows. In 1727, the Abb^ P^s was buried in the cemetery, and in 1730 the **conTuI- si^ns" At his tomb began, which gave rise to the sect of the Convulsionists. All the lamentable displays of religious ex-> tntvagance of that sect took place in and about this church • and the scandal occasioned by them was only suppressed by closing the cemetery in 1732. (1) The advocate Patfn, the Ffench Quintilian, and Nicole, the moralist, were buried he^. At the corner of the rue Censier is a plain new fountain.' The rue Moufitetard here crosses the small stream of the Bierre (See page 28), which however is only visible in some oC the adjoining streets. Its muddy and unwholesome waters are of great value to the numerous tanners and dyers, esta- blished along its course from time immemorial. '{i) On this occasion some poet (probably a convulsionist) in- lertbed on the gate the following distich :_ De par le roi, defense * Dieo De faire miracle en ce li«u. Digitized by VjOOQ IC UANUFACTDRE IMPiBIALE DES GOBELINS. 445 The rue Mouffetard lesds southward to the Manufacture Imperiale des Gobelins (Tapestry and Car- pet JJanufactory.) — ^From the 14th century dyere of wool have beea established in the Faubourg St. Maroel, upon tli«  Bievre^ the water of that stream being favourable to the process oi dyeing. One of them, Jean Gobelin, who lived in 1460, acquired considerable property in the neighbourhood. His descendants continued his trade witii success, and, having bo^ come extremely rich, discontinued business, and eventually filled various offices in the state. To them succeeded Messrs. Canaye, who, not confining themselves to dyeing wool, worked tapestry for hangings, a manufacture until that period confined to Flanders. About 1655 they were succeeded by a Dutch* man named Gluck, bringing with him a workman named .lean Liansea, who excelled in the art. The establishment prospering, Louis XIV., at the suggestion of Colbert, determined to erect it into a royal manufactory. The houses and gardens of the es- tablishment were purchased in 1662. Skilful artists were at* tached to the manufactory, and, in 1667, the celebrated L^ brun was appointed director. (1) Here is also the celebrated carpet-manufactory, which was made a royal establishment in 1604, by Marie de Me^licis, in favour of Pierre Dupont, who invented the process for finishing the carpets, and who was placed at its head with the title of director. The workshops, originally placed in the Louvre, were transferred, in 1615, to a soap^manufactory at Ghaillot, and the establishment hence derived the name of La Savonnerie, In 1826 it was annexed to the Gobelins. The visitor will pass through Ave rooms filled with ^[)ecim6ns of rich tapestry and carpets of the reigns of Francis 1st, Louis XIV., and Louis XV., besides se- veral modern specimens, mostly executed at this establish- ment. Next follow the work-rooms for tapestry and car- pets, six in number, containing 26 looms. The work is called the haute-lis$e, from the warp being placed vertical, in con* tradistincUon to the basse-lisse, done at Beauvais, where the vparp is horizontal. In the tapestry-work, which is called tissu, the workman stands at the back of the canvas on which he is employed, with the model behind him, to which he oc- ^sionally refers, in order to adjust the colour of his woollen or silken thread to that part of the picture he is copjring. The object of the process being to present as smooth and delicate a surface as possible, all cuttings and fastenings are performed at the back. Hence the necessity of his working on the wrong side. The carpet-work is called velours ; here the workman stands (I) icbrun painted his famous battles of Alexander the Oreat as patterns for this manufactory. Digitized by VjOOQ IC 446 9WSUVH OTi the right sidey'wilh ^ aiodel over his Jiead, ^i^^gmptt vdistaBce Irani Jus ejF^s. i« -a wooUy ^orfaee is «e«pnve^ the workman, in weaving, cuts on 4he right Me of ihe pieee. The caj;petB manufactured here are consideced far superior 4e the Persian for the evenness of their surface^ >the Oneness and the strength of their texture. The colours and designs are per- loct. Some of the carpets ivke as long as 5 to 10 years to be made, and cost from 60,000 to 150,000 fr., and even at these high prices the workmen are ^'ery inadequately paid. None are sold. The largest carpet ever made is probably that Hia- nufactured at La Savonnerie, for the gallery of 4he Louvre : it oonsists of 72 pieces, fomung altogether a length of more . than 1300 feet. About 120 workmen are .employed in the«s* tablisbment; they earn from 1500 to 2,500 fr. a-year, and have hitherto received pensions of from 600 to looo fr. when disabled by age or infirmity, but a ^modification of this syi^tem is now under consideration . The productions of ti»s ananuiac- . tory, whioh belongs to ^vemment, are x^luefiy destined for the palaces of the State. Connected with 4he mannfjaetory 18 an .establishment for dyeing wool, directed hy aiile ehenusts, where an infinite variety of shades, many un- known in the trade, are pBoduced. it consists of twolaige rooms ; one for the process of dyeing, the other eontaining presses where the dyed wool is deposited. There is also a^libol -iof design ; and an annual course of lectures on ehemistry , 4is applicable to dyeing, is given here from October to Januar^r. The closeness with which the painter's art can be here imitated will excite the visitor's astoni^ment. A catalogue may be had at the lodge for 1 5 sous. Admission, with .pas^rts, on Wed- nesdays and Saturdays, from 2 to 4 . At No. 28, rue du Petit Gentilly, is the Majson St. Casimur. — This small chaiitable foundation £ot the education of the children of Polish exiles, estat^hed in .1846, and mainly support by the efforts «f the patrioCic Princess Czartoryska, is .under the direction of six Polish sis*- ters of charity, driven by persecution from their native soil . Bere, with that persevering patriotism which distinguishes their unfortunate nation, they have created a little Poland around thenL; 40 children learn their national language here, and. receive instruction at their hands. The neatness and order that |)ervade this establishment, the airy and tidy dormitories, the simple refectory and school-^room, the small but cheerful garden with its homely chapel, will interest and please Ijhe visitor, nptwith- standuM the melancholy jrecoUections with which they !ai^ ns- .^ciated. The g^ts of private charity whidb this (^onuounity receives are applied to the relief of Polish widows ^nayh^qp. JftABCBB AUX CHSYACX. 447 4)Bliiift ibe Baniere de Fontaineblem, 4>r d'ltalie, and <3Dqg titf road to the right, is the suburb called (he Mai- fion Blanche, vfhkh obtained a melancholy celebrity la haa, 184^« from the murder of General Brea. This crime was C^ommitted at No. 66, on the route de Fontainehleaii, 10 mi* nutes' w^from the Barrier, now replaced by a small charch, in the Gothic style ; the altar stands on the very q|K)t where the General fell, and the cburch is dedicated to St. John the Baptist, the patron saint of the unfortunate victim. (1) The recess of the choir, painted in fresco, represents the Trinity. TVithtn the Barrier, on the Boulevard de THopital, is the Abattoir de VUkjuif, so called from a small village without the walls ; this^lau^terhouse is a counterpart of tbe otiien. Northward along the Boulevard de THopital is the rue du Marche aux Chevaux, where, at No. 15, is the beer^biewery of M. Diunesnil« whose cellars form part of the ancient quarries from wbich Paris was built, and are a continuation of the Catacombs. A solid winding staircase of l o feet diameter and 84 8t4^s leads down to them; the roof of the QeUar, which is jQat, is supported by piers in masonry « feet high ; the ensemble forms a vast subterranean labyrinth. To visit them apply Ut the j6pun ting-house. Ladies are advised not to try the expor.ii.cat. A few steps further the visitor will find the Makco^ aux Chevaux. — ^The horse-market was origii^ Ily it) On June 24, 164S, Gen. Br^a, who eommanded the tro I b 4m tbe side of the rue Mouffetard, had succeeded in taking 1 tbe barricades of that street, whicb bad been defended with 1 o greatest obfitinacy. Tbe insurgents still defended the Barri^ir de Fontainebleau, where they had made a formidable barricade* Gen. Br6a, in order to put a stop to bloodshed, advanced in company with Capt. Mangin, aide-de-*cainp to Gen. CfeameBmes, in order to pai4ey with them, and induoe tirem to surrender. Tiiey Hiviled bim to alight and eome amongst them. Unit they mright iktsa Mm better. Suspecting no treachery, 4he general, obeyinii the impulse of a kind heart, did as he was desired. But no sooner had he and his companion crossed the barricade, tban they were seized by the ruffians, dragged to the above- mentioned house, and summoned, on pain of deafh, to order the force nnder bis command to lay down their arms. On bis refVlsitt, lie was j^iven an hour's lime for refieotion, with an in- ttmaStion that rif be -should refnse, bis 4oeyBa and thaft of bis l9^1low«^Bisoner was sealed. TbQ hour passed, and found the noble victims xeady to sacrifice their lives for their personal honour and the welfare of their country. Two hours after thdr deaih,the barrier and the scene of this horrid crime were occupied biy the troops. Gen. Br6a was born in I790 ; be had served in ihe campaigns of Calaibria, 'Spain, Belgium, ^xmiy, wnd Itussta, aiiil%ad 'been ^omided at ihs iiattle of Lecpisig. His murderers mmnn^aA bfoolfrl'^nnrtMl.'eottvict^i, wadexsmftoO. 448 TWELFTH ARRONDISSEHENT. established on the Boulevard des Gapucines,in 1604, by Hen- ry IV. , and transferred hither in 1 64 2 . In 1 8 1 8 it was planted, and the ground arranged so as to form avenues for exercising horses. In the middle are two plain marble fountains sur- mounted by lamp-posts ; at the sides of the avenues are stalls; and on one side is an essai, or artificial hill, with a steep as- cent and descent, for trying the strength, &c. , of draught-horses previous to purchase, which is done by tackling them to a cart with the wheels clogged. The maritet is held on Wednesdays and Saturdays, from 2 till 4 in winter, and from 1 till dusk in summer. Few horses but those for ordinary purposes are sold here. The number generally on sale varies from 600 to 800. Mules and asses may also be had. The police r^ula- tions tend to diminish roguery here if possible. On the same spot is held the Marchd aux Chiens, or dog- market, every Sunday from twelve till two ; and in the ad- joining rue Poliveau is the Pourriere des Chiens, or dog- pound, where dogs found in the streets are kept for a week, and afterwards hanged, unless claimed by their owners. Opposite this Marche, on the Boulevard de THopital, is the liOSPICE DE LA YiEILLESSE (FEMALE), Or LA SaLP£tRI|»E. — The civil war under Louis XIV. had drawn an immense number o iadigent to Paris, and in 1 656 the establishment of a general I: ipital for them was ordained. Extensive buildings, occupied as a saltpetre-manufactory, were granted, and M. Bruant charged to make the necessary alterations. This Hospital, con- sisting of no less than 45 different buildings, which occupy a space of 29,462 square metres, is 1680 feet in length. A Doric gateway leads to a court, which serves as a promenade. The principal front to the northwest is above 600 feet in length, and has four projecting pavilions. In the centre is a vestibule fronted by three arches, leading to the church, the dome of which covers a circular space of 90 feet in diameter. The nave and transept intersect each other in a large octagonal space, into which four large chapels, also octagonal, open. The high altar is in the centre. The buildings of the hospital are not remarkable for any thing, except their vast size. There are two gateways, one of which, belonging to the wing built by Cardinal Mazarin, is named after him, ai^ bears in the tympanum his arms- supported by two figures in bas- relief. In 1662, from 9,000 to 10,000 paupers were admitted here. It is now exclusively appropriated to the reception of women, who are divided into three classes, viz. : — 1, Repo- santes, or aged officials of the hospitals; 2, indigent persons, divided into valid inmates, or afflicted by old age only, infirm, or decrepid and incurable patients; 3, epUeptic persons and tXULVtGt DES iOOSSAlSs 449^ kmatief . It is always full. The total number of beds for patienls is 5000. The number of beds occupied by lunatics. Idiots, or epileptic patients, is about 1400. The lunatics, of whom about three-fifths are dangerously mad, are kept in separate infirmaries, and treated with the greatest care and at- tention. Sewing is enforced to such an extent that in one month 48,000 military sacks have been known to be com- pleted. The harmless are allowed to amuse themselves in the occupations they fancy, especially in gardening, the salutary effect of which is conducive to their recovery. (I) There is a small market within the walls of this establishment, under file control of the administration. A visit to this hospital, whi(^ is now receiving considerable improvements, is highly interesting. (See pages 36, 145.) Strangers are readily ad- Butted on applying with passport at the porter's lodge ; an at- tendant (usually a female) will accompany them round ; a small gratuity is expected. At the corner of the rue de Poliveau and the rue des Fosses St. Marcel, is a fountain erected to commemorate the revolu- tion of 1830. In the adjoining rue du Fer a Moulin is the ABfNiiTHfiATRE OF ANATOMY, an establishment of anatomical sehook, built on the site of the ancient cemetery of Glamart, which has long ceased to be a place of burial. (See p. 139.) The same building gives entrance to the CiitETiiRE DE Ste . CATHERINE . — It hasbcen closed since 1315^ aad the only interesting monument is that erected to General Piehegru, interred here in 1804, and who, as the reader will recollect, was implicated in a conspiracy against Napoleon. ' At the end of the street is the Place Scipion; in front is the Maisom Scipion. — ^Under the reign of Henry III., a rich Ita- lian, named Scipion Sardini, built an hotel on this spot, which was purchased in 1622, to form an asylum for aged and infinn men. in 1636, it was given to the Hdpital de la Salpetriere for its slau^ter-house, bake-house, Sec. It now forms a ge- neral baJLe-house for all the hospitals and hospices. Strangers ate allowed to visit this immense establishment. In the rue du Puits rHermite is SvE. P^LAGiE, the prison for political offenders. (See p. 82.) Al No. 33, in the rue des Fosses St. Victor, was the (ji0tLtiOE DES EcossAis. — ^This seminary, first situated in rue (i) Last year, the number of lunatics under treatment in Paris was 5,182. In all France they were t6,7i9, being i in 2,125 of the whole population. In Paris the proportion is 1 to every 419. The proportion of lunacy is about one-fourth greater in women than in men. The eipense to the department of the B^nefOT tb^ maintenance of lunatics is about i,29o,ooofr. a-year. a* 4&0 TWOJTH AKlOimiSfliaNT* flea Anumdiers, was established in the present building ia ueo. It was originally founded by David, bishop of Moray in Sksotiand, in 1325; and again by James Beatonn, or de Be- thune, Archbishop of Glasgow, in 1603. A marble slab, on the chapel door, records fiiese facts, in a Latin inscription, surmounted by the armorial bearings of the two founders. The college was rebuilt by Robert Barclay in 1665. This and the two other British colleges were suppressed at the revolution of 1789, and their property sequestrated. The government of Na- poleon embodied all the British colleges of Paris in one esta- blishment, under the authoiity of the Alinister of the Interior, and gave them the Irish college, rue des Irlandais. Over the door was inscribed, Cftef-lieu des Colleges Britanniques. Upon the Restoration, the former president of the ooUeges, and the other English Catholic clergy, claimed their property . That of the Irish college was restored without difficulty, but that of the Scotch and English was left in the hands of an ad- ministrator appointed by government, and still remains under the control of the Minister of Public Instruction for the purpose of defraying the expenses of clerical education of young men chosen by &e Catholic bishops of Scotland and England. The present administrator is M. Tabbe Caire. Its chapel, which was erected in 1672, and dedicated to St. Andrew, was repaued by M. Delavigne, the head of a private institution now directed by M. Beauchef, which is established in the building. It is on the first floor, and in the Ionic style ; part of the nave has been separated from the rest of the chapel by a partition, thus focp- ng a vestibule. Here the visitor will see the monument of the unfortunate James II., erected to his memory by his faithful friend and the constant companion of his exile, James Duke of Perth, governor of his son, called James III., the Pretender. This monument, consisting of a black marble sarcophagus rest- ing on a basement, and surmounted by a pyramid of white marble, was executed by Louis Garuier, in 1703, and bears a long Latin mscription. On the top of the monument was formerly an urn of bronze gilt, containmg the brain of &e king, who died at St. Germain en Laye, Sept. 16, 1701. When the Irish college was made the chef-lieu of the British colleges, this monument was transported there, where it re- muned some years; but is now restored to its original place. Under the arch adjoining it is a slab, over the heart of the Queen'; another over the entrails of Louisa Mana, second daughter of the king; and on one side, another over the heart of Mary Gordon, of Huntly, Duchess of Perth. In the second portion of the chapel is the altar of oak, of Corinthian ajrcfai- lecture, and riehly carved. The altari[iieo« i^resents the ST. MIGOLAS BO CRARDONNfeT. 451 UsaiiyNlom of Bt. Alidf«w. The monogram SA is frequeatly repeftted among the sculpture of the ehapel. In the studv of the direetor of the Institution is a full-length portrait of the Pretender, in armour. Monumental tablets and inscriptions exist here in memory of James Drummond, Duke of Perth, who died in 1720, and of the next Duke of the same name, who died in 1726; of John Caryl, Baron Dunford; France, Jennings, Duchess of Tyrconnel; Sir Patrick Monteith, of Salmonet? Sir Marian O'Conoly; Dr. Andrew Hay; Dr. Lewis Innes, confessor to James II.; and Dr. Robert Barclay. The valuable manuscripts of James 11., which, as mentioned in tlje inscription on his monument, were confided to this seminary, unfortunately disappeared during the revolution of 1789, but the Library still exists. Next door to this college is the convent of English Augustin auns, which was the only religious house in Paris that was not disturbed during the revolution of 1789. It is a plain building, with a chapel, containing some English monuments. NORTHERN PORTION. The stranger should enter this portion by the Place Maubert. Her0 some of the first barricades were erected in June 1848, and, notwi^tanding the combined efforts of the troops and National Guard, this stronghold of the insurgents was not taken tiJl the evening of (iie second day, at the cost of an imr Hiense sacrifice of human life. The roe St. Victor leads hence to St. NieetAS bu GnAnnoNNET, first district church of the I tifa arrondissement. — ^Upon the site of this church stood a ehapel, Wineh became parochial in 1230; its reconstructioii was oommenoed in 1656, and finished in 1 709. It is said to have derived its name from tbe waste ground on whieh it was originally built. The tower is earlier than the rest of the edi- fice, and is anterior to Idoo. The principal front in the rue Si. Yieteor is madned by other buildings, and the only public eMFimoe n now fay the western front, which consists of two stories j the lower Ionic, bearing a triangular pediment, the tipp^' Composite. The interior is cruciform, with single aisles atid a semicircular choir; its pilasters are Corinthian^ re- saarhali^ U>r the anomalous absence of oaulicles. The vault- ing \A fitoieircular, and the windows have circular arches. Therer is an unusual number of good paintings to be found in ^iS'ichuiH^; tiiey are as follows*. 1st ehapel, to the right on eoter^g, the Raptism of Christ, by Corot, and Christ healing the Blind. 2d, Dream ol St. Jos^h, and the Marriage of the YiN gin. ad, 8t. Nieholaa reeeiviBg esEtreme unction; and tiM Mar^ Digitized by VjOOQ IC 46i TWELFTH ARRONDISSEMENT. t3rrdom of St. Thecla. 4th, a Descent from the Gro^, and a Resurrection, both by Lebours. In the following transept is the Communion chapel ; the altar piece is Christ with the two Disciples at Emmaus, by Saurin ; and on either side, St. Paul jpreaching, and St. Justin refusing to sacrifice to the Gods, both tiy Noel Coy pel. Here is also a good old Ecce Homo. 5 th, T>aid before Festus, and St. Charles Borromeo administering the Eucharist to the plague-stricken at Milan, by Lebrun. 6th, a fine portrait of St. Francis de Sales in a medallion sur- mounting a handsome marble tomb, by Anguier and Girardon, in memory of Jerome Bignon ; it bears the bust of the latter, and is flanked by statues of Justice and Truth. On the l)asement is St. Jerome striking his breast with a stone. 7th, the Marriage of the Virgin. 8th, the Apotheosis of St. The-* jesa. 9th, Ste. Genevieve praying, i oth, a line group, by Bra, of the Virgin and Child. In its irregular cupola is the As- sumption in fresco. 11 th, St. Louis Gonzaga saying mass, by Bochat; Christ in the Garden of Olives, by Marquet. I2th,* St. Charles Borromeo praying. The ceiling is by Lebrun, and facing the aisle is the monument to that artist, and another to his mother. The former consists of a pyramid surmounted by his bust, by Coysevox; at the base are two statues. Re- ligion and the Fine Arts deploring his death. The latter, exe- cuted by Tubi and Cottignon, after designs of Lebrun, re- presents the deceased issuing from her tomb at the sound of the last trumpet; the angel is particularly admired. 13th, a Presentation in the Temple. 14th, St. Bernard performing mass, by Lesueur. 1 5th, a bas-relief in plaster, representing St. Peter in prayer ; also the palsied man healed, by Sacquespee (1675). 16th, Western transept : Christ raising the dau^ter of^ Jairus, by Vignaud. 17th, the Good Samaritan. 18th, the Deliverance from Purgatory, and a Mater Dolorosa. I9lh, St. Catherine of the wheel, by Marquet ; and the Baptism of Christ. Facing the right aisle is the Agony of Christ, by Destouches; and facing the nave, St. Nicholas. Near the high altar, is a curious Crucifixion painted on wood, of the time of Albert Durer. The organ is handsome, adorned with statues and caryatides, and the choir is richly decorated with marble. At No. 30, rue de Pontoise, is the SSminaire de St. Nicolas du Chardonnetj a large plain building, (See p. 1 18) and oppo- site, a primary school, with a haut-relief, representing the City of Paris taking childhood under its protection. The large new building nearly opposite is the Fourriere, oi pound, where vehicles and horses seized by the police are now sent. The old pound was in the rue Guenegaud. The present Jbuilding has large stables and arched sheds for vehicles. HALLE AUX TINS. 453* At No. 76, rue St. Victor, is the College du Cardinal Ic- moine, founded in 1300. Few parts of tJ^e original building exist. At No. 68 is the ancient Siminaire St. Firmin, The celebrated reformer Calvin resided for some time at this semi- nary. It was suppressed in 1790, and served as a prison during the reign of terror. A dreadful massacre took place in it in the days of September, when ninety-one priests were murdered. (1) It was subsequently used as an institution for the blind previous to the completion of the new establishment behind the Invalides, and is now a barrack. The Rue du Car- dinal Lemoine, hard by, has now been prolonged to the Pont des Toumelles. Further on is the Halle aux Vins. — The Paris wine^market, established in 1 656, beyond the Porte St. Bernard, had long been found insufficient for the commerce of the capital, when Napoleon ordered the construction of one much more extensive upon the site of the* celebrated Abbey of St. Victor. The first stone was laid on Aug. 15, 1813. The works were carried on at first witii great activity, were relaxed during 1815 and two following years, but have since been finished. The ground on which the Halle aux Vins is constructed measures about 26,000 square metres. It is inclosed by a wall on three sides, and towards the quay is fenced by an iron railing nearly 800 metres in length. * This magnificent market is divided into streets called after the different wine countries, viz.: — rue de Champagne, rue de Bourgogne, rue de Bordeaux, rue de Languedoc, and rue de la C6te-d*0r. On the side next the quay are offices for those who superintend the entrance and departure of wines, and a great number of merchants' counting-houses. The piles of building are eight in number; the whole may contain about 450,000 casks. In the back-ground is a warehouse appro- priated to spirits, and constructed without either wood or iron ; as stone for the roof would have been found too heavy, a hollow brick about six inches long was used. In the halle there is also a bureau de depotage, containmg gauges of the casks of the different parts of France ; and purchasers of casks may have them measured here. Wines entering this depot do (0 The following is the copy of a document referring to the above : — " The treasurer of the commune is to pay to M. Gilbert Petit 4S livres for the time employed by himself and three com- rades in the dispatch of the priests of St. Firmin during two days.— 4th September, year IV. of Liberty, and ist of Equality, pursuant to the requisition made to us by the section of Sans- culottes who set them to work.— Signed, Nicout, J6r6me Lamark, commissioners," At the back is the receipt, signed " G, Petit, his Mark, 3^, 464 TWELFTH ARftOBOnsSfllfENT. not pay tbe octroi dyty until th^ an fiold o«t of It; YKA, ao long as they remain in bond, the owners pay ww^oaae^ rent, Sec. The number of casks that enter in on^ day is fre^ queatiy 1 ^500. Olive oil also is sold here. The halle i» open to the public from e to 6 in the summer ; and from 7 to 5 in winter. A great quantity of inferior wines is always on the wharf in front of this market. On the Place St. Victor, Nos. 24 and 26, with their elabo- rate sculpture and historical medallions^ Will attract attention. At the corner of the rues St. Victor and Guvier, is the FoMTAiNE GuviER^ or DU Jabdin DBS Plantes. — ThisCoQntain replaces one built in iHl , after the designs of Bernini, against one of the boundary towers of the enclosure of the Abbey St. Victor of the 15lh century, whkh remained entire (the only relic of the old Abbey) till lately. The i^esent fountatn was planned by M. A. Vigoureux, the architect, and is dedicated to the illustrious savant whose name is thus inscribed oirer the entablature—** A Georges Cuvier.'* The ornaments of this monument are very elaborate^ It is composed of a lofty half- circular pedestal, supporting two Ionic columns^ between which a female figure seated on a lion represents t^e genius of Natural History, with an owl at her side ; above is an eagle with a lamb in its talons. In her left hand the Bgure holds a tablet, on which are inscribed the words " Rerum cognoBtere causas" and at her feet are a number of marine and land animals. The volutes of the capitals of the columns are made up of spiral shells, cleverly arranged ; the entablature and spandrils of the arch are sculptured in the same taste. A halfknroular frieze, or band, on the top of the pedestal is sculptured with heads of ' men and of animals. Water issues from the mouths of three lizards, placed at regular intervals around the iiedestal, and falls into a semicircular iron basin. MM. Feuoheres and Po- maratau were the sculptors. ' Nearly opposite is the IlopiTAL DE LA PiTi^, 1 , ruc Lacepedc. — This hospital was founded in 1612, and is so called bei^use its chapel was dedi- cated to Notre Dame de la Pitie. From its foundation until 1 809 it was used as an asylum for orphan children. (See p. 1 42.) Strangers are admitted from 10 to 12 on applying to fbe Director. The chapel contains five pictures by Lewrf . The stranger may now enter the JARDiN DES Plantes.— At the solicitation of Henouard and Guy de la Brosse, his physicians, Louis XIII. founded the Jardin des Plantes, in 1 63 5 . Several distinguished men, among whom may be reckoned the names of Duvernoy, toumefort, Vaillant, Bernard de Jussieu, and Cysternay du Fay, ccmtiibttted ^ Digitized by CjOOQIC JiUUHEf DBS HiiNm. 411 graitty to the prosperity of the establishment, pnvioHsly to th0 appointment of BuffoB» in 1 7 29 » to the funottons of supeiiiH tendent. That celebrated naturalist devoted himself perse- Yoringly to the interest of the garden ; and before his death, in 1788, the names of Daobenton, Anthony de Jussieu, Winslow^ A. Petit, Faujas de St. Fond, Van Spaendonck, Desfontaues, Fourcroy, and Portal, shed lustre on the establishment. At the revolution of 1789, the universities, the faculties of medi- cine, law, Sec, being suppressed, it was doubtful whether this Garden would not be involved in the general proscription ; but, as it was considered national property, it was respected. During the Reign of Terror, and up to the Consulate, the insti- tution was much neglected, and had deteriorated from want of funds. But on Bonaparte's arriving at the head of affairs a new impulse was given, and the only subsequent check which it received was in 1814 and 1815, when it was apprehended that the foreign troops who occupied Paris would destroy the garden; by a special convention it was however protected from all injury. The magnificent cabinet of the Stadtholder was claimed, but it was afterwards agreed Uiat an equivdent should be furnished from the duplicates of the museum. Se- veral valuable gems were returned to the Pope, and many objects of natural history and books belonging to emigrants restored. Since that time, however, the support of this mu- seum has been munificently provided for by the state ; large funds are annually voted for the professors and pupils of the institution, and its condition was never so flourishing as at the present moment. (Seepage loi.) It is under the control of the Minister of the Interior ; and consists of, 1st, a botanical garden, with spacious hot-houses and green-houses ; 2d, several galleries, in which zoological, botanical, and mineralogical collections arc scientifically arranged; 3d, a menagerie of living animals; 4th, a library of natural history ; and 5th, an am- phitheatre, with laboratories, &c., for public lectures on every branch of science connected with natural history. The lec- tures, which are all public and gratuitous, commence in April and last till the end of Autumn, two or three courses being carried on together, and the professors succeeding each other. The days and hours of admission are to be learnt from the notices posted on the doors of the amphitheatre, or at the bureau of the establishment, where information upon all points connected with the Jardin des Plantes is readily given. The whole establishment has cost upwards of 4,ooo,ooofr. Garden. — On entering the garden from the rue Geoifroy St. Hilaire, the first building facing that street is the gallery of zoo- logy; the edifice to the right contains the library, and the mine- 456 TWSLFTH AARONDISSEMKOT. ralogical and botanical collections; to the left are sfiacious hot- houses, the menagerie, and the gallery of oompwrabve anatximy . The intermediate space is flanked by two parallel aveiiHes of lime and chesnut-trees. Bordering on the rue Bufion is a &ar- sery of forest-trees, surrounded by an iron railing, and con- tiguous to it, two beds appropriated to such foreign perennial plants as bear exposure to the winter of this climate. Near these is a cafe, for the accommodation of visitors. Between the avenues are large enclosures, forming the Botanical Glarden *' and part of what is called the ** School of Botany." It is carefully arranged ; the visitor may at once know the nature of the various plants by the colours of the tickets; the red denote medicinal, the green alimentary plants ; the blue those used in the arts, the yellow ornamental, and the black poi- sonous plants. It is open from 3 to 5 every day. The nurse- ries, &c., skirt the rue Bufiton, and comprise an interesting collection of fruit trees. The different species of pear-tree albnc are upwards of 300 in number. To the west a sunken- closure, railed round, presents m summer a splendid display of flowering shrubs. Between the conservatories is a path leading to two mounds. One. called the labyrinth, from its intricate paths, is of a conical shape. On the ascent is a cedar of Le- banon, the first seen in France, which CoUinson, an English phy- sician, prescnled to the garden in 1734; it was planted here, t!ie ye*ir following, by the elder Jussieu, and now measures 10 '/a' feet English in circumference at 6 feet from the ground. At the top of the hill the visitor will And a pavilion, entirely of cast bronze, with scats, from which a view extends over the garden, the greater part of Paris, and the distant land- scape in the directions of Montmartre, Vincennes, and Sceaux. One of the pillars has a sun-dial, in reference to which the cornice bears the inscription : Moras non nurnero nisi serenas. On the eastern slope is a small inclosure, in the centre of which a granite column, resting on a base of different minerals, marks the grave of Daubcnton. The western hill is a nursery of fir- trees, nearly all the known species being planted on its slope. At the foot of it is a spacious enclosure, in front of the amphi- theatre, with the residences of the administrators and professors; a gate leads into the rue Cuvier, on the left. This enclosure contains, during fine weather, some of the most beautiful trees of New Holland, the Cape of Good Hope, Asia Minor, and the Coast of Barbary, which are then removed from the green- houses. The amphitheatre will hold 1,200 persons, and the various courses of lectures are annually attended by about 1,800 students. At the door of the amphitheatre stand in summer two Sicilian palips, 25 feet in hei^t, which, ww pre. JARDIN DES PtAmrES. 457 sented to Louis XIV. The Cionsenratories, recently built by M. Rohanlt de Fleury, on an improved plan, are of iron ; one of them is entirely devoted to aquatic plants. The Garden of Pknts produces from 9 to 10,000 small bags of seed, vid 7 to 8,000 young trees yearly, which are distributed to profes- sional persons for the purpose of propagation. The total num- ber of species of plants cultivated in the botanical department of this establishment is upwards of 12,000. To view the Con- vatories apply in writing to M. de Caisne, at the establish- ment, who will send tickets. The garden is open daily till nightfall. Near the amphitheatre is the entrance to the Menag&rie. — ^When Louis XIV. fixed his residence at Ver- sailles, the Academy of Sciences prevailed on him to form a menagerie in the park. This menagerie increased under Louis XV. and XVI., but in 1789 the animals being neglected, several of them perished for want of food. Those which re- mained were removed to the Museum in 1794, and placed in temporary buildings, and the plan of a menagerie was laid out; it was only, however, by degrees that the necessary ground was obtained. It is divided into numerous ccmpart- ments, enclosed with iron railings and wire-net, with paths between, and containing huts and sheds for the animals. The first we meet with near the above entrance contains a flock of lamas ; that flanking the orangery, goats and antelopes. The path between leads to a spacious poultry-yard, where bufifdoes consort peaceably with geese, swans, peacocks, cranes, 6cc. From this spot we may turn to the left, and complete our survey on that side, reserving the other for our return. Thus, the next enclosure we meet with comprises, in different subdivisions, other species of fowl, such as chick- . ens, ducks, storks, two cassowaries, and two ostriches. Fur- ther on, and beyond the railing of the garden, is the Menagerie des Reptiles, in a separate btulding warmed by steam. Here are several young alligators and a crocodile, about 18 inches in length ; curious lizards, including a chameleon, several boas, and other deadly serpents. These are all in glass cages, with blankets to keep them warm, and are visible from the wired windows without; a small fee will enable the visitor to view the place within. Returning to the garden, the next path to the left leads to a circular pheasant-house, containing numerous and beautiful specimens of that tribe ; the enclosure opposite is devoted to mules and asses. Continuing our walk in the same direction as before, we find an aviary, a long rectangular building, divided into wired compartments, with specimens of the eagle, vulture, and parrot tribes. At the furthey extremity of this is a colony of tortoises, opposite 45« TWELFTH ARROfrOISfUfBlTr. which W6 fitfd an endesure wilh deefi chieij from Ameriea. The neit path to the right takes us to a eiroolar enelceure^ remarkable for a dwarf species of goat from Africa, with small horns and very short hair. We now come to the Me* nagerie of beasts of prey, a long building divided into 2 1 densi separated from the public by a railing four feet from the walls. This collection includes several lions and lionesses, jaguars, hears, panthers, hyenas, an ocelot, and a royal tiger, of Benga]^ a splendid animal. At the southern end of the baiJding there is an enclosure, covered with wire net, inhab- ited by a small African speckled tiger ; and behind there is what is called the Petite Menagerie, composed of about a dozen cages^ containing dogs, wolves and jackals, and the crosses between these species, highly iiiteresting in a phy^o- logical point of view, both as proofs of their strong affinity, and of the fact that their ferocity declines at every successive cross with the dog. A small fee is given to visit this com- partment. Opposite the wild beasts, there is an enclosure con- taining some karamanlis, a kind of sheep from Asia Minor, sent over by Abd-eKKader, remarkable both for their rich fleece and enormous tails, which, when boiled, will yield about 15 lb. of fat each. — We now return along the sunken enclo- sures skirting the avenue, which are all devoted to various kinds of sheep, two of which are from Bomarsund, goats, in- cluding some of the Angora species^ and swine. The first pavilion we meet with to the right is tenanted by monkeys that afford unceasing amusement to the public by their gam- bols, caresses, and occasional fighting. A large circular space in fronts netted over, affords ample room for their comical evo- lutions. The enclosure opposite contains an ox and a cow of the Hungarian breed, remarkable for their enormous horns branching out Wide ; and in the nett enclosure are three spe- cimens of the yak, a kind of ox from Thibet, with long white silky hair and bushy tails. We now come to a polygonal pa- vilion, partly enclosed with strong spiked railings. This is tenanted by three giraffes, — one of which was foaled here in February, 1856, — two hippopotami, and an elephant, by far the greatest favourite of them all with the juvenile pub- lic. To view the internal arrangements of their building and the feeding of the animals, apply by writing to the Director of the Garden of Plants. After this we reach three sunken paved courts or pits, where three black bears and a white one afford much amusement to the crowd. Lastly, to the right, are en- closures with specimens of deer, the four-horned antelope of India, and the African fox called Fennec. Open daily from U to 6 in summer and U to 3 in winter. . Digitized by CjOOQIC JAAtttft im PLAirtfiS. 45«  ' TIM! feOoloslst ift h^re enabled with great adtantage U) study the ihstiiict and habito of animah^ the influence of eonfine- ment, fee.; andlh^ dead animals which the collection furnish^ enrich the mtisenm with Taluable acquisitions. Cabinet of Comparative Amtofny. -^for this collection, in- coiaaparably the richest in existence, the museum is indebted to the unwearied exertions of Baron Ctttier, by whom it waa arraiiged, and under whose direction most of the objects were prepared. It is contained in a building to the west of the gardeh, near the Amphitheatre. Before entering the cabinet, the TMtor may step into the court, where he will find the ske- letbu (rf an enormous cachalot (Physeter macrooephalus) &6 feet long, and, in the cenlre, a still larger one of the common wfraie. The 1st room on the ground floor to the right is de- vdied to skeletons ^ the whale tribe, and various marine ani- mals, witti a male morse, brought by Capt. Parry from the polar rt^ions. In the next room are skeletons of the human specie frcftn all quartets of the globe, including mummies, dwarfis, and espel^ially that of the dwarf Bebe (see p. 4 1 a), and that of Soliman El Hhaleby, a learned Syrian, who assas- sinated Gen. Kleber in Egypt; also a series of skulls, in which the varying conformation of the head from the lower animals up to man is clearly traced, some of them found in Egyptian and Etruscan tombs. There is also a skuU, fixed on the figure of an idol, adored by the Papaos tribes. A suite of twelve small rooms or cabinets upstairs contains dissections of birds, fishes, and reptiles, besides specimens of the human body. In the first room is a collection of skulls of different animals ; in the 2d is displayed the anatomy of the head of various species. The 3d contains eomplete skeletons of mammalia; those of the larger species Of monkeys, and opposite, human skeletons, meluding those of several Egyptian mummies. A glass case cdrttains the eompleie anatomy of the ostrich. The 4th con-* tains skeletons of bil*ds ; the 5th and 6th those of crocodiles, fishes, tortoises, and reptiles. Over the cases are skeletons of the boa constrictor, a shark, and a sword-fish ; and jaws of several species oi sharks, the ray, &c., and on the tables the dried larynx and hyoid bones of birds and quadrupeds. In the 7fh are the viscera of the chicken, executed in wax. In the 8th is a cast of the human body without the skin, the muscles painted to imitate nature. The cases on one side exhibit small figures in wax of human arms and legs. On the other side are limbs of quadrupeds; in the remaining cases dissected muscles of several animals kept in alcohol. In the 9th, in a laarge glass ease, is a model in wax presenting to view the vis- cera of a ehild ; and on the table opposite we see various 460 TWELFTH ARRONDISSEBfENT/ heads, also in wax, displaying the lymphatic and nervous systems. The l oth contains the organs of circulation, and those of the different secretions; a series of hearts of mammalia, rep- tiles, and fishes ; some injected preparations and very delicate fcBtal ones of viviparous and oviparous animals ; and a series of monstrosities and foetuses of different ages; in the iith, pre- parations of different orders of moUusca ; articulated animals and zoophytes ; and preparations of shell fish in wax. There are also preparations of viscera in this room. The i2th room contains Dr. Gall's valuable collection of skulls and casts of distinguished and notorious characters, highly interesting to the craniologist. Here commences a new and interesting collec- tion, called the Cabinet of Anthropology, — It occupies a suite of ten rooms, being the whole of the remaining first floor of the building, and is remarkable not only for the casts and specimensr it con- tains, but for a considerable collection of portraits, executed in water-colours for the scientific purpose of exhibiling the peculiarities of the features of each race. It Comprises Arabs, Mongolians, Chinese, Hottentots, 6cc., in most cases with the names of the individuals, their age, and the specification of the rank they hold as specimens of their race. These portraits are framed, and adorn the walls of all the rooms. In the cen- tre of the first room we see a perfect human skeleton in a glass case ; and in the presses around busts of remarkable specimens of the races of Algeria, besides heads and skulls. The centre of the second room is occupied by a glass case containing the whole vascular system of an Ethiopian subject, displayed with the most elaborate nicety ; and in the presses there are skele- tons of negroes, a mummy, complete casts of Ethiopians, Red Indians, &c. In the 3d room we find a collection of skel- etons of various races, and a fossil skeleton of a Gallic woman. This series is continued in the 4th room, which also contains two mummies and a series of heads, all casts from the living subject. The 5th contains the detailed anatomy of the' Ethio- pian and Caucasian races, and some photographs, completing the series of subjects in water-colours. These are continued in the 6th and following rooms. In the 7 th there is a group representing the last Mohicans, a man and a woman. In the 8th there are Peruvian mummies, in a sitting, or rather a crouching posture, besides Mongolian busts and heads. In the 9th the chief attraction consists in two bronze busts, of ex- quisite execution, being copies from nature, by M. Cordier, of two perfect specimens of the Mongolian race. We would recommend those endowed with the bump of amativeness not to dwell too long Qn |he charms of a Boshman lady, which ^. Digitized by CjOOQIC JARDIN DES PLANTes< . 461 grace the glass-case in the centre. The loth room contains fcBtaseSy skulls, monsters, and anatomical preparations. A long passage, hung with specimens of bones, leads us back to the second room of the Cabinet of Comparative Anatomy ; and, traversing the suite already seen, we reach the staircase in the 12th room, on descending which we see the fossil re- mains of the plesiosauri, found at Lyme Regis and at Glaston- bury, and other extinct species. There are also skeletons of camels, antelopes, mules, stags, horses, tapirs, giraffes, rhino- ceroses, hippopotami, elephants, &c. The number of specimens in this section exceeds 15,000. A catalogue may be had on the spot. Gallery of Zoology. — ^The building which once bore the name of Cabinet of Natural History is 390 feet in length, and skirts the rue St. Victor. It has two stories, besides the ground- floor, and is of plain architecture. Considerable additions are daily made to this matchless gallery. The zoological col- lections are classed according to the system of Baron Cuvier. Ascending to the first story, the visitor had best proceed at once to the left-hand extremity of the suite of rooms he will perceive, and then examine each of the seven one after another. In the first room is a marble statue of Buffon, by Pajou. This and the following room are filled with a complete collection of tortoises, fishes, aquatic birds, and snakes, some stuffed, others preserved in spirits ; the largest specimens are suspended from the ceiling. The third room contains a very complete collection of upwards of 2,ooo reptiles, comprising more than 500 species, divided into four orders ; namely, chelonians, or tortoises ; saurians, or lizards, comprehending crocodiles, &c.; ophidians, or serpents ; and batracians, such as toads, frogs, &c. Most of the smaller reptiles, and some of the larger species, are preserved in spirits. In the fourth room are exhibited crustaceous species, comprehending brachyures, anomnres, macroures, stomapodes, amphipodes, and xyphosures. The fifth room contains a large collection of apes ; the sixth zoo- phytes, sponges, nautili, and fossil shells ; in the seventh are quadrupeds of the goat, dog,, and lama species, besides a beau- tiful statue by Dupaty, of white marble, representing Vivi- fying Nature. From here, a staircase leads to the second story, a series of 4 vaulted rooms, in the first of which are various species of mammalia, such as foxes, bears, weazels, and kangaroos. The following room contains seals, apes, annadillas, bears, ferrets, porcupines, musk-rats, foxes, jackals, wolves, and hyaenas ; the glass cases in the centre, and those of the succeeding rooms, contain a complete collection of po- lypterous and apterous insects^ besides neste of terinites, hor- A#2 v/mmm Anenummf^* iMto, HQd wa«|M; ipecimeoA of Ifaa 4ei?«fitoti0iit eitoM in wood by diffmpt speoies of wcurms ; «iid a numeroui coUection of abelis, moUusca, zoophytes, eobiiii, &:c. The third nam is a long vaulted gallery intersected by four arches, and filled with the oompletest eoUeetioo of birds in enrope, oomprising upwards of 10,000 specimens belonging to 2,&oo different spe- cies. Over the glass cases are busts of Lacepede, Adanson, Paubenton, and other celebrated naturalists ; in tho centre is the marble bust of Guy de la Brosse, the founder of tlM Mu- seum, by Matte, and opposite a fine dock by Robin, marking both mean and solar time. In the last room are the larger manmialia, such as camels, buffaloes, dec. The tallesi of the three gaffes Uiat are here had lived 17 % years in the Ifenaigerie ; it died in 1849. On the ground-floor aretwore«ms apntaining zoophytes and specimens preserved in spirits ; and in a third are mammifa-ous aninuils of the largest class, sudi as elephants, hippopotami, rhinooeioses, Sec. The whole number of ti wnTP^l*^ is calculated at 2,000, compnsing nearly &ao spe- (sies ; the collection of fishes consists of about 6,000 specimens, oomprising nearly 2,500 species ; of the tubipores, madrepores, m^lepores, corallines, and sponges, the variety is very com- plete. The total number of specimens is eslunated at upwaids of 200,000, so systematically and progressively arranged that, bfguming with the lowest manifestations of animal organisatioQ (as in the sponge), we can follow the chain of nature link by link, till it arrives at its highest perfection in man. Mmerakgioal and Geological ifusetin*.-— The splendid ool* lection of minerals and geological specimeBS is arranged in a huildiag erected for this purpose on the soulbeastern comer d the garden. It ooosists of two stories, an4 is 640 U»i long, by 40 wide, and ao high. It is divided into three compart- ments by two Doric porticos, surmounted by pediments sealft tared with appropriate emblf^ns, by Lescoroe. In the eentre are two statues, representing Geology and Mathemaiuos.. The entrance nearest to the zoological gallery leads to an anteroiom, giving aoeess to an amphitheatre for lectures in front, to. tM brary on the rijght, and to the mineralogical oolleotion on the left. This is contained in a long room^ lighted tvam above^ with 36 coluoms, which, though Dorio, banre tfafir friezes adorned with Corinthian leaves. It has elevated gal' leries on either side, under whioh are laboratories and Dooms for the professors and attendants. In the centre of the Im|I1 is a marble statue of the illustrious Cuvier, in the Qostumo of Goundllor of the University, by David d'Angers, with Uie proudest of all inscriptions, the names of his immortal w^rks. More this statua will be seeo some vahMUe vmhl% taU^ lABlMtt DEI PUHm. ift3 of FloTOfitine Mosaic. Hie walls at both ands of this raom Bse adorned with paintiDgg by Ramond, MpiesentiiDg, at the entrance, the cascade of Staobbach (Unterlaken), and the allu- vial soil of the valley of the Aar, near Meyringen (Berne), and at the opposite extr^mty, the eruption of StNonboli, the ^a ciers of Resenlaui (Berne), the eruption of Vesuvius in 1822, and the basaltic lava of the cascade of Quereil (Puy-de-Dome). Hwe the visitor wiU also perceive, on a stand, a lai^ lump of meteoric iron, weighing 1904 lb., fallen in the department of the Var. Horizontal glass oases in the centre oontain minerals and eapths scientilieally classed, and in drawers are similar sup- plemental specimens. In front of the gall^es on the ground- floor are ranged vertical ^ass oases, containing minerals classed recording to their ehmnical composition ; the specimens used to illustrate the kctures of the professors aie placed in horizontal ones ; underneath are drawers with sup|ucmental specimens. In front of the bases of the piUars are verticid eases, with the minerals, &c., used in arts and mAnufaeturss, in their various states. The galleries contain, at the end nearest ^e nitranee, all the known rocks and earths anruiged geologic^ly ; at the other, the fossfls found in the various geological formations. The whole is admirably arranged, and the facilities for exataii- nation very great, (l) The mineralo^cai collection is divided into four dasses: 1, earths oontaimng an acid; 2, earthy substances or stones; 3, inflammable substances ( 4, metids. Of the first two classes ^e most interesting speoimais are the f^sphate, floate, nitrate, and arseniate of lime ; a fine or3rstal of leelandio ealcueous spar ; metastaltie crystals from Derby- shire ; satin spar ; the aluminous flnate of silex, whidi f9rnisbes several gems for jewellery ; the borate of soda ; and the alka- linofluate of aiumine. Several of these speeimens, pafrtioukriy of the yellow, red, and widte topaz, are remarkably beautiful. The second class of minerals, namely, that of stones or earthy substances, are hyaUne quartz, the rase-coloured or Bofaemiau ruby, the blue, the yellow or Indian topaz, the ydlow-brown topaz, the darii: green and dull red agates, among which we may distinguish chalcedony, cornelian, sardonyx, cpiartz ve- siniie ; the sanguine jasper ; the corundum, including the ruby, topaz, £uid Oriental sap[^ire ; the chrysoberyl, the durysolite, the emerald, the beryl, the eordiarite, the eudase, and the garnet; felspar; the tourmaline, amphibole, and pyroxene; lapis lazuli ; some large slabs of mica, 6cc. Among various (t) Too much praise cannot be given to Professors Brongniart and Cordier, under wlipse superintendence this division of the museum is placed, and whose anxiety to afford information, and polite attention to foreigners, are wdl known. 464 tWdiFlH AEAONDIH8IEHJBNT. objects bekHiging to this coUeetion are a gupeib Tase of tiw brecciated porphyry of the Vosges, two large groups of crystals of colourless quartz; several cups of agate, chaleedoAy, lapk lazuli, 6cc. Among the inflammable substances and metals are native sulphur, a series of diamonds, rough and cut, solid and liquid bitumen, and yellow amber. Of the latter, several pieces contain insects enveloped by the amber when in Its li- auid state, without injuring their form. In the class of metal- lic substances are specimens of gold and silver, among which should be noticed a piece of massive gold from Peru, which lyeighs 16 % ounces; a fine specinaen of native silver from Mexico, and the different combinations of silver with sulphur and antimony, and the carbonic and muriatic acids ; speduiens of platina ; quicksilver ; lead, in every combination of colour ; tfie different varieties of copper ; a numerous collectioii of .aero«  lites, including one of enormous dimensions ; iron ores ; va- rious specimens of oxide of tin, zinc, and bismuth ; arsenic, manganese, antimony, uranium, molybdena, titanium, tung- sten, tellurium,^ and chrome. The importance of this division of the institution was greatly increased in 1825 by a dona- tion from Charles X. of a fine mineralogical collection purchased by the civil list for 300,ooo fr. ; and continual additions by gift or purchase are being made to it. The specimens of geo- logical rocks are all very large and fine, admitting of the most dialled examination. The fossils are peculiarly valuaUe and complete ; the greater number being accompanied by a portion of the earth or rock in which they were imbedded. The series of invertebrated animals and of fossil fishes is very interesting. The specimens of the tertiary formations are remarkably .fine, and attest the zeal of the great Cuvier, to whom the whole of this part of the museum may be said to owe its existence. The directors of the museum have exchanged models accurately coloured, of the more important or rarer fossils, with foreign institutions for other specimens. The number of mineralogical and geological soecimens exceeds 60,ooo. Botanical Galkry. — ^From the mineralogical museum we enter an anteroom, containing a fine nutrble statue of Jussieu, by Herd. The walls around display a number of gigantic trunks of palm-trees and other monocotyledons. The gal- lery adjoining contains, in glass presses lining the walla, a very extensive coUection of woods of all kinds, with speci- mens of the epidermis, the bark, the roots, £(C., of many of the larger kinds of trees and plants. A numerous and very valuable series of fruits, &c., preserved in spirits of wine, con- stitutes one of the subdivisions, and also two cabinets of the fungus family in wax, presented to the museum by the Em- JAIU>IN P£S P14JNXES. 46d IMsrpr of Aastria and by Charles X. The latter, executed by De Pinson, is Talued at 20,000 fr. A collection of foreign fruits, in wax and plaster, is also entitled to attention. lib collection of drugs of the Garden of Plants, with considerably additions, is kept in this room, and a very interesting coUec- tioa of fossil plants from the various coal formations has been arraaged by M. Ad. Brongniart. The total number of dried plants preserved here exceeds 350,000 ; and of woods, fruits, and grains, more than 4,500. At the end is a large round table, 2 metres 20 centimetres, or nearly 7 feet in diameter, the disk of which, made of the wood of the Baobab, is all of one piece. The veins of the wood show that the trunk from wbidi it was cut must have jbeen at least double, or 14 feet in diameter ! In the rooms up stairs, not open to the public, is a general herbal, consisting of about 50,000 species. It was foonded by Yaillant, and gradually augmented by Com* merson, Dambey, Mace, Poiteau, Leschenault, &c. There are also separate herbal s of New Holland, Cayenne, the An- tilles, the Cape, India, Egypt, Sec, herbals which served as models for printed works, such as that of Michaux ; that of the Plants of France, by M. de CandoUe ; that of M. de Humboldt, ice. The ancient herbal of Tournefort, arranged and ticketed by Ms hand, and that of Gundelsheimer, have been carefully preserved. There is also a laboratory here ; but this and the herbals are only open to students. The Cabinet of Comparative Anatomy, and the Zoological^ Mineralogical, and Botanical galleries are open to the public OB Tuesdays and Fridays from 2 to 5 ; and to persons with ticket^ to be obtained at the Administration on producing pass* ports, on Mondays, Thursdays, and Saturdays, from 1 1 to 3* Library. — The library, which lies contiguous to a hou&e once inhabited by Buffon, is composed of works on natural hisi tory. Opposite the entrance is a bust of Fourcroy. Most of it& printed works are to be met with in every public library, but the manuscripts, accompanied with original designs, and tke magmficent collection of paintings of fruit and flowers, upon vellum, form an unrivalled collection. It was com- meneed in 1635, and now fills 90 portfolios, with upwards of e,000 drawing, estimated at two millions of francs. The library cont£uns ao,ooo volumes and 15,00<> pamphlets.-* Open to the puUic daily, Sundays excepted, from 10 to 3. Yd* cations from Sept. 1 to Oct. 1 , and for a fortnight after Easter^ It is almost needless to add that the Musee d*Ilistoire Natu> ttWe stands at the head of all institutions of the kuid not onl3 in France but in Europe. Its mp§t valuable part is perhaps the Sabiaet of Comparative Auatomy, arranged bj Cuvier ; b^t the 466 TWSLlhni ABft6Nl>lSS£lf£Nt. Cabinet of Natural History, if not so precious, is more exten- sive. Many weeks would be requisite to inspect this immense museum in detail, and much scientific knowledge to be able duly to appreciate its contents. As naturalists, tiie professors of this institution are highly distinguished, worthy to teach in the schools founded by the illustrious Bufifon and Cuvier. (l) The central gate of the Jardin des Plantes, towards the river, opens upon the Place Walhubert, (2) forming a semicircle at the entrance of the Jardin des Plantes. A few steps to the left, beyond the Boulevard de FHopital, is the rue de la Gare, where, at No. 92, is the Maison d'Arr£t be la Garde Nationals, a prison to which National Guards are liable to be sent for infraction of discipline or neglect of duty. The arrest generally lasts from 24 to 48 hours. This prison rejoices in the jocular sobriquet of Hdtel des Haricots. Opposite to this is the terminus of the Orleans and Corbeil Bail ways. — It is a low plain build- ing, with a court 435 feet long by 81 in breadth. The prin- cipal entrance is by a projecting body, crowned with an attic, having three circular arches in front, 9 feet wide by 18 in height, the only portion of the edifice which has any preten- sion to architectural ornament. The administration occupies a building fronting the Boulevard de FHopital. Beturning henoe the visitor will remark the fine extent of quays and the Pont d'Adsterlitz. — This was at first an iron-bridge, the second constructed in Paris, begun in 1801, and finished in 1 807 , by Beaupre & Lamande, at a cost of 3,000,000fr. It re* ceived its name in commemoration of the victory gained by the French, Dec. 2, 1805, over the Bussians and Austrians. On the second occupation by the allied armies, the name was (1) There was, before the revolution of t848, some intention of boring an artesian well in the Jardin des Plantes, to the depth of about 3,000 feet, that at Grenelle being i,700. According to the calculations of MM. Arago and Walferdin, founded on ex- periments made at the latter place, it was estimated that the temperature of water from such a depth would range from st to to4 Fahrenheit, with which the hot-houses of the Jardin des Plantes and Menagerie, and even the wards and baths of the neighbouring hospitals, might be warmed and supplied. (2) This name is owing to the following circumstance :— At the battle of Austerlitz, orders had been given not to retard the evolutions of the troops by carrying off the wounded. Buring the action. General Walhubert had both his legs shot away ; and on some soldiers hastening to bis assistance, he ve them off with his sabre, exclaiming: <'No attention to w unded ; March on:" luiiE AVX TtAxA^ 4tf7; fehaagedio Pont du iZoi, and afterwards to Pont du Jdrdin des PkaS&f but it resumed its original name in 1830. In 1854 it was discovered to be in a very dangerous state, and its recon- stmcticn of stone was accomplisbed in the short space of six moiiti», at a cost of 1,000,000 fr. It now consists of five arctffis, with massive cast-iron railings along the foot-paths. At its^poSEte end is the new place Mazas (See p. 298). On the wharf of the Quai de la Tournelle, is a fruit-market. oaUod Xhe Maille, where all the produce that ccmies by wa- ter is sold. It is curious to see the immense quantity of fruit thati a^ves and is sold here daily. The Quaide la Tour- nelle owes its name to a large square tower, which was situated ne&r the bridge of that name, and defended the passage of the river, by means of a chain drawn across during the night, and flsed on the opposite bank of the He St. Louis to a similar tower. The Tournelle was reconstructed by Henry II . in 1 5 5 4 . In 1632, St. Vincent de Paule obtained permission from the King to have the galley-slaves transported thither from the un- healthy vaults of the Conciergerie. It was used as a prison until 1790, when it was demolished. The Porte St. Bernard, connected wiUi the enclosure built by Philip Augustus, stood ia i^Qfie contact with the Tournelle. It was reconstructed ia I16O6, and at a later date adorned with bas-reliefs, represent- ing Louis XIY. distributing the wealth produced by navigation. This gate was demolished in 1787. At No. &b is an ancient mansion, the HStel de Nesmond, a: building of the time of Henry IV., and close to it, at 47, is tto 'Phimnaoie Centrale, formerly the Cowoent des Mira- tmonis^ ^idiere the drugs and chemical preparations for the hosf^als of Paris are kept and distributed.. Here are also large pond? lor experiments on the breeding of leeches. The visitor will perceive, in the rue de Poissy, the IfAliite Aex Veaux, a market for the sale of calves and cows an Tuesdays and Fridays, and on other days for rags, &c. The ^tal^es for calves are underground . It is a large plain building, on the site of part of the chapel of the great convent of the Ber- uardjlQ^. , The convent ol the B^nardins was built in 1 244, by Stephas Lexington, abbot of Clairvaux, tiiat the monks of his carder m^a^ht be able to study and take degrees at the Paris Univer- sity . The abbey of Clairvaux ceded the establishment in 1320 . to' tlie order of the Cistertians, a circumstance which induced Benedict Xn., who belonged to that order, to build a church f^rit. The convent was declared national property in 1790.. . On^ of the dormitories of the monastery, with its buttresses and pointed windows, of the 13th century, stiU remains, facing the (ue de Poissy; and is at pre^nt used for bamokSi Digitized by VjOOQ IC if^ PLACED OF PDBUC ^])CU«EMENT«  PART IIL PUCES OF PUBLIC AMUSEMENT. THEATRES. Tiis drama in Fxance and England took its rise from the mysteries, or sacred dramas, represented by the pil^rinis re- turned from tlie Holy Land. In Paris a company was formed in the reign of Charles VI., under the name of Confreres de h Passion, who for a long period performed with applause, al- though with sacred subjects they associated indecent gestures «nd allusions. The interest excited hy the novelty of their jrepresentations having subsided, they united with a new troop .called Enfants sans souci, who acted farces enlivened wiOi «ongs. Aoout the year 1570, several Italian companies came to Paris, but their r^resentations exciting the jealousy of the ^Confreres de la Passion, whose privileges were always re- spected by the ParUmmt, their continuanpe was not of long duration, ^hqrtly afterwards the French stage began to ac- ■quire a degree of (;x)osequence which it had never before attained, and several dramatic writers, among them Hardy, |ippeared •about the time of Henry IV. Cardinal Richelieu had two theatres in his palace, in which were perfonned tragedies, and melodraipas (xunposed by himself witn the assistance of Gor- iiieille, Rptrou, Colletet, and others. About the year 1650, a .^umber pf ypung men, at the head of whom was Moliere, formed a company and erected a theatre, which they called *' k Tnedtre Imstre." In 1658, they performed in the Salle des iiardesat the Louvre before Louis XIV., who, being satisfied lirith their performance, assigned them a gallery in the Hotel <du Petit Bourbon as a theatre. In 1660, they removed to the Theatre du Palais Royal, built by Cardinal Richelieu, and as- ^pumed the title of la Troupe Royale" (1) Under the reigns •of Louis XV. andXVI., the number of theatres in Paris greatly augmented. The privileges of the French comedians and of the Opera (2) bemg abolished during Uie first revolution, (i) For much interesting information upon the early dramatic ttiBtcry of France, see History of Paris, s vols. svo. (2) The invention of the Opera ig attributed to tvo Florentines, 4Mtanrto Rinuoei, a poet, and Giaeomo Corsi« a JBiufiieiap, about tlie eo fBunftnfiitnfl at of tiie i.6th century, when a grapd lyric «peej«clftjtttitti|iA S^Avmrs oJ4p9yQ.wH4 Cim v^^ first jjkla^ad a great nuidb^ df smaller dn^ spfaiig np, Ktfd tte ^oniMixiience was fhdit they ifefe fll feduc€id W the uffiiost disllress. To re- medy th!§ strft6 of things, Na"poieott in 1807 siippresiscd all the theatres i6 Paris, except nine, on a compensation being made to the others. After the Resloratiori, several new ones were opened, and the drama was encouraged by the government, which allotted annually a sum out of the citil list for the support of the various theatres. This assistance was continued after the revolution of 1830, and during the reigri of King IjOuis Philippe the number of theatres was slightly increased, but the dramatic taste of the nation by no means improved during that period. In the midst of the prevailing gloonl, howevttr, a brilliant star rose over the theatrical horizon, whose splendour shed a radiance upoii the classic drama of the country, that at once revived the admiration of the public for the great inasfers of the French tragic school, and the ge- nius of Rachel restored Comeille and Racine once agaiii to the scene of their ancient glories at the Theatre Francais, whence they had been banished at the death of the grandly-gifted trage- dian, the illustrious Talma. (1) with success at the court of the Grand Duke of Tuscany. It was introduced info France by Cardinal Mazarin, and in 1669 letters patent were granted to the ahb^ Perrin to establish academies of music in France. The opening of the Academie in Paris took place in May 1 67 1 , with an Opera called PomotM, the words by the ahh& Pen'in, the music by GamLert, an organist. The first mu- siciaus and singers of the grand Opera were taken from the cathedrals, principally from Languedoc. In i762 the privi- lege was transferred to Lully, under whose direction, and the poetical co-operation of Quinault, it. acquired the vogue which it has maintained up to the present day. (I) From a statistical report by M. Rondot, it appears that the number of theatres iii the 86 departments is 36 1 ; 36 belonging to the small department of (he Seine. Forty itinerant companies do duty for no less than aso theatres, 45 only being provided with stationary troupes. Three departments of the south have no theatre whatever, viz. Lozfere, Basses-Alpes, and Ard^che. The number of actors and actresses in France is variously estimated at from 3,ooo to 8,ooo. Under Louis XIII. there was only one theatre in the capital^ for M. Bondot does not reckon as such the booths of Gros Ren^ and Gautier-Garguille ; under Louis XIV. they increased to five; there were six under Louis XV., and un- der his ill-fated successor ten theatres were in full play. In 1791, all monopolies having been abolished, 51 theatres sprung up all at once; but, by the year 1S07, we find them decreased to 34. At this period privileges were re-established, and in the following year only nine were in existence. Paris enjoyed 10 theatres from I giO to J8f4, 11 fi^Om 1814 to 1819, 14 ttOm 1819 to 1830, i6 in JS31, ?i in 1832, 33iti 1846, 2^ in 1845, and ^3 since isSi. These Sl76 MACES OP POBLIC AMUSEMENT. All places of public amusement pay lo per eetit. or&eir receipts for the maintenance of hospitals and chantid>1e insiitii- tions. The produce of this tax is about a million of francs. (!) About 1,500,000 fr. is now annually roted by the le^fature towards the support of some of the principal theatres. It Is done to the Italian Opera, because the number of perseito ac- quainted with the Italian language is limited ; to the TMdtre rrangais, to counteract the decline of the public taste, and its indifference towards the more classic productions of the ^age ; to the OpSra Comique, in order to cultivate and encouttige a taste for the lighter styles of national music ; to liie Odeon, because that theatre has to struggle against the disadvatitage of its locality. As is the case in England, the interests of French dramatic authors are well secured. They receive' dur- ing life, for a piece of 3 or 5 acts, one-eighteenth, and for a piece of 1 act, one-thirty-sixth of the gross receipts ; atod the same benefit devolves to their heirs for a period of 3o years. (^) Two prizes of 3,000 fr and two of 5,000 fr. are also annually contain about 34,000 places, and the average number of apecia- tors every night is calculated at 20,000. Besides theatrjBs, there are 145 places of amusement open in the capital and its vicinity, principally during the siimmer season — such as Mabrile*s^ Cafe- concerts, Guinguettes, &c.; frequented by 24,000 persons per diem, thus carrying the number of pleasure-seekers in Paris to 44,000 daily. From t807 to isii the receipts of the metrdptolitan theatres averaged five millions of Arancs ; from 1822 to 1S26, seven millions; from 1837 to i64i^ nine millions; from 4843 lo 1846, ten ; and in 1847 they rose to eleven millions. Since ^en the average has been about twelve millions. The personnel em- ployed in the Paris theatres is composed of 4oo box-Keepers, male and female; 750 employ es^ clerks, &c., in the administra- tions, whose aggregate salaries amount to 74o,ooo francs; 600 dress -makers, carpenters, scene -shifters, t&e., their salaries amounting to 500,000 francs; 630 musicians in the various or- chestras whose aggregate income is 600,85o francs* ft^tiil per- formers, viz. 1152 men, and 89 1 females. Of these 79a are artistes, and the remainder choristers and figurantes. The emo- luments of this numerous personnel average per annum 3^53,4^990 francs. The highest salaries are 4500 fr. and the lowest 2Sfr. per month. ' ' ' (1) The sums paid by the theatres of Paris last ytor, were as follows: — Grand Opera, «9,025 fr.; Theatre Fran^ats, 5«,126 francs; Op^ra Comique, 109,064 fr.; Italiens, 45,950 fV.; Od^n, 32,115 fr.; Theatre Lyrique, 49,904 fr.; Gymnasc, 74,640 fr.; Vaudeville, 61,465 fp.; Vari^t^s, 51,710 fr.; Palais Royal, »U85i francs; Gait6, 53,585 fr.; Ambigu Comique, 52,610 fr.; Poi^te Saint Martin, 78,777 fr.; and Cirque, 68,969 fr. (2) The number of new pieces brouerbt out at the difitercn^ tlieatres of Paris averages abput 250 a-year, THEATRES. 471 awarded by Government to the four best pieces represented during the year. The works of the dramatic writers of France are too well known to need comment. The French stage possesses a great number of dramatic writers, amongst whom Scribe, St. Georges, Victor Hugo, Ponsard, and Dumas, hold a distinguished place. With these may be associated the eminent names of Meyerbeer, (his greatest works having been composed for and produced in Paris), Auber, Halevy, and many others, all of distinguished merit, and some, men of genius. Till the reign of Louis XIV. female characters were performed by men in women's attire ; and till a much later period all characters were played in the dress of the court of **le grand monar- que." (1) Talma first gave that decided correctness of taste to the French stage for which it is now so celebrated; and ever since his day there are to be found, and especially now, at the great theatres of Paris, accurate and animated tabkaux vivants of the times and costumes, &c., relating to the pieces. The theatres of Paris are well regulated, policemen and guards are stationed at all the doors, and preserve order in the interior. The visitors who await the opening of the doors are arranged in files of two or three abreast; and although the crowd probably consists of several hundreds, but little pressure or inconvenience is felt, and every person is admitted in his turn. Such, indeed, is the ardour for theatrical amuse- ments exhibited by the population of Paris, that a crowd, or queue as it is coimnonly called, may always be found at the door of any popular theatre for several hours before the time of admission. Persons who proceed to theatres in hired cabriolets, or fiacres, are required to pay the fare beforehand, to avoid delay at the door. On leaving the theatre, not the smallest confusion takes place. No person is permitted to call his carriage until he is actually waiting for it at the door; and should the owner not step into it at the moment, it is ordered off by the police, to make way for another. The pit of French theatres is generally appropriated to men alone, but some of the minor ones admit women. The best place for gentlemen is the orchestra, or row of stalls immediately be- hind the musicians, and next to this is, in general, the more (i) Mme. Favart, an eminent actress of the last century, was the first to infringe the absurd custom of playing Achilles in a court dress -with a helmet over his wig, and Clytemnestra in a boop. She appeared for the first time in Bastien et Bastienne, a play of her own composition, in the real costume of a peasant, without curls and with wooden shoes. She was generally cri- ticized for it, but the Abb6 Voisenon took her part, saying : Meuiewrs, ces sabots donneront des souliers aux comddiens, AH the rehearsals now take place en costume^ 472 PLACES OF H7BUC AMUSEMENT. fiBi^iohaI)l6 hdhm, on t!ie side of the firsi row of botes, wfaich last are for the most part small, holding from 4 to 6 perasns. The best places when with ladies, and when a box is not ia&ai, are the stalles de bakon. In many of the thealares a small gallery extends round the front of each tier ; these are called the galeries, and though good places, and cheaper than the boxes, are not so comfortable. The galleries above, ealled amphithidtre, oTparadis, are frequented by the lower ordinns, and are the cheapest places of the house. The French names of places for which the visitor should ask are the fidiowiBg : lo^es means boxes; baignoires, boxes on the pit tier; de face, front ; de c6t6, side ; parterre, pit. On taking plaoes Moie- hand, for the advantage of choosing and securing them, akMit one-fourth more is paid than at the doors ; an injudiciona laea- sure, since it hinders many people from following that course. There are men who, notwithstanding the prohibition of the police, purchase tickets wholesale from the directors of the tha- atres,*^or else, on a new piece anxiously expected coming wit, forestall the public by buying up at the door neaiiy idl the tickets for the best places, and then sell them outside to the public; in the former case, at lower prices than are paid at the doors; in the latter, at any price they dboose to ask. We would recommend the visitor to go to all the theatres, as he will nowhere in so short a time obtain a better know- ledge of the manners and character of the French people. The AcAD^MiE Tmp^riale de Musique, or French OMai- HovsE, is a temporary building, erected in the space of a year, by M. Debret. architect, to replace, as speedily as possible, the opera-house then in the rue de Richelieu, at the door of trhich the Duke de Berri was assassinated, in 1820 — ^the Government having ordered its demolition in consequence. (See p. 225) the present provisional building has, however, stood so long, that it is not now likely to be replaced by another. It communicates with three streets-=-the rue Lepelletier for carriages, rue Rossini for fiacres, and rue Drouot.for per- sons on foot. Two passages, skirted with shops, also fonn a communication with the Boulevard Italien. The front con- sists of a series of arcades on the ground floor, forming a double vestibule. At each end a wing projects, and between these wings, from the top of the arcades, is a light awning supported by cast-iron pillars, beneath which carriages set down. On the first floor is a range of nine arcades, combining the Ionic and Doric orders, which form the windows of the saloon. The elevation of the front is 64 feet. The second or interior vesti- bule is ornamented with Doric coluinns, and on each ade of it '« a staircase leading to the first row of boxes and the saloon, ^^ Digitize THEATRES. 47S fism ihe lobby two oGher staircases liead to the pit, the hai- qm^ns, aiid the oirdiestra. Between the latter arid the lobbies of fbe stage boxes are two staircases, leading to the top of the buiMiog, and so numerous are the outlets that the house may be cleared in fifteen minutes. The interior will accommodate 4,800 persons; its dimensions are 66 feet from side to side. With a stage 42 feet in breadth by 82 in depth. Beneath the latter is a space for machinery 32 feet deep; the wall between liiie-lnuseand the stage rises abo\e the roof, and in case of fire Hie Gommufiieation between the two can be entirely cut off by ga inm cortahi, while ventilators can be opened to carry the Annes in atiy direction. Reservoirs of water are placed under ^ roof. Th4$ sadoon or foyer is 1 86 feet in length, extending dm>i]qgboiit the entire breadth of the building, and is one of the finest in Paris. Here is a fine brOnze statue of Mercury inventing ffee 1^, cast fh)m a model by Durct. (l) The opera having, Bfllwithstanding an annual subsidy of 750,000 fr., besides 130,000 ff . for pensions, incurred lislbilities which it could not me^, the government has, since June 1854, taken the establish- ment into its own hands. The actors are, in the vocal depart- Bient, pupils of the Conservatoire de Musique, and. In the corps de ballet, consist Of the most distinguished dancers of the day. In tbe representations at this establishment the utmost attention is paid to costume and general etfect. The scenic department espeeisdly has long beeii renoxvned as almost unrivalled at any ottM* theAtiBin Europe, and the c0w|wf'Q?i7here presented by the stage in some of the more gorgeous operas and ballets is un- squdiad for tast^ hhd magnificence. (2) Perfoiinances take place Mef&da^s, Wednesdays-, aikdFHdays, andsom^timesbn Sundays. Prices of jltRntsstdn.— Leges dti Foyer, 1 2 fr. Baignolrps d'Avant- seSnes, l<6nr. 6tal]«sd'Amphith6dtre, lOfr. Stalled d^Orchestre, %tr. Avant'^ccftwes des Premieres, 8 fr. Premier e§ de Face, 8 ft, Balcon, 8 fr. Parterre, 4 fr. — Performances at 7 or half past. Italun Opera, rue Marsollier. — ^This company occupied tho Sa&e Favart^ now the Opera* Comique, boulevard des Italiens, untQ its destruction by fire in 1838. The performances were sQbfi^tpiently transferred to th6 Salle Ventadour, then to the (i) The original of this statue, executed in marble by that sculptor, had been bought by the civil list in i850, and placed in file Palais Royal, where it was destroyed by the mob on the 24th of February, i84S. (2) The performers at the Grand Opera are entitled, since i856, to pensions, out of a superannuation fund, formed by a stoppage of 6 per cent on all salaries not exceeding 40,000 fr. a-year ; the produce of all fines for breach of discipline, 8ic^; the amount of all judicial condemnations given in favour of the theatre; the produce of two representations to be given annually at the Digitized by VjOOQ IC 474 PLAGES OF FDBilC AMCSEMENT. Odeon, and have now again been removed to the former theatre. The present building was erected on the site of the hotel oc- cupied by the Minister of Finance, after the designs of Messrs. Huve and de Guerchy ; it is 1 54 feet in length by 1 1 in breadth. The principal front is divided into two stories, crowned by an attic ; the lower story presents a range of nine arches, with Doric engaged columns, and in the upper story the arched win- dows of the saloon correspond with the arcades beneath, and are separated by Ionic columns. Above the entablature, and in front of the atlic, are eight statues of the Muses, Urania being omitted. Blank arcades, continued along the sides and back of the building, support the upper story with its balustraded windows. The interior of the theatre, which is semicircular, contains four tiers, of which the two first are double, having open boxes in front, and partitioned ones behind. The balcons and orchestra are divided into ranges of stalls, each forming an arm-chair. The ceiling, painted by Ferri, in lozenge-shaped compartments, represents a cupola, through which a blue sky appears. The figures which support it are by Klagmann. This theatre holds 1300 persons. It now receives a subvention of 80,000 fr. The performances, which are of the highest merit, take place on Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Saturdays, and sometimes on Mondays or Sundays. The season lasts only six months, generally from 1st of November to 30th of April. AdwtMion.— Premieres de face, lO fr. Secondes de face, lo fr. Stalles d'orchestre etdeBalcon, lofr. Parterre, 4fr. — Perform- ances begin at 8. Theatre de l'Op^ra Cohique, Place des Italiens. — ^The front is adorned with a portico of six Ionic columns, and the edifice, almost entirely of stone and iron, is fire-proof. The interior is elliptical, with three tiers of boxes. Around the pit are baignoires, some arranged as boxes, the others as stalls. Opera; an annual grant of 20,000 fr. from the Civil List; and donations and legacies bequeathed^ to the fund. The singers, dancers, and personnel of the ballets have a right to their pension after 20 years' service ; the chief of the orchestra, ballet-master, chefs du chant, and chief machinist, after 20 years and at 50 years of age ; professors, accompaniers, musicians, choristers, and machinists, after 25 years and 50 years of age; and all others after 50 years and 60 years of age. The retiring pension cannot exceed the following rates: — For average salaries of 6,000 fr. and under, 2,500 fr. pension; from 6^000 to 8,000 fr., 2,70ofr. ; 8,000 to 10,000 fr. 2,900 fr.; 10,000 to l2,ooo fr., 3,ioo fr. ; 12,000 to 15,000 ft'., 3,300 ft".; 15,000 to 18,000 fr., 5,500 fr.; 18,000 to 80,000 fr.^ 5,800 fr.; 20,000 to 24,000 fr., 4,000 fr.; 24,ooo to 28,000 fr., 4,300 tr.; 28,000 to 32,000 f r , 4,500 tr.; 32,000 tO •6,000 fir., 4,800 fir.; and 36,oqo to 40,000 fr., 5,000 fr, THEATRES. 475 i^ove ifi a first and second gallery, the former with two rows o£«lBiQs. The house is boilt for i 500 spectators. The seats of ih& pit are so placed that the spectator's eye is on a level with tile stage. To every second box is attached a small saloon, afford-* ifig an agreeable retreat between the acts from the heat of the llroatre. A bell from each enables the visitors to summon at- tendanls with ices and refreshm^ts, without the trouble of 'leaving the box. The decorations are white and gold, with cmaments in relief, in copper, richly gilt. The ceiling is of ^6wd execution, oontaimng the portraits of Boieldieu, Gr^try, and other oomposers, in various medallions. The State box is ijoti the left. A large foyer, of Corinthian architecture, deco- rated in the same style as the house, and furnished with divans, is on the first floor behind the boxes. Here are the busts of 6rBkry, Berton^Sedaine, Marmontel, Nicolo, Boieldieu, Herold, Marsoilier, Delayrac, Monsigny, St. Just, Mehul, Favart, and Etieime; The light agreeable character of the music, which for- ^lerly distinguished the Opdra Comiqxie, has given place of late years to a more elaborate style, more scientific perhaps, but less popular. Auber and Haievy, however, preserve the ancient ximractcar of this school, and, from the favour with which their compositions are received, a reform may be expected. Govem- ment annually grants to this theatre the sum of 246,000 fr. In the cellars there is a ventilating apdaratus for a supply of fresh Air^ cooled by ice, the vitiated atmosphere finding egress thro«)gh the openings in the ceiling. Admission, — Premieres de face, avec Salon, 7 fr. Avant- se^nesj 7 fr. FauteuUs de Balcon, 6 fr. 50 c. Fauteuils d'Orches- tre, 6 fr. Parterre, 2 fr. 50 c— Performances begin at 7 to half past. . ThiUtre Fran^ais, or Comedie FranQaise^ Rue Bichelieu, at the, Palais Royal, was begun by the Duke of Orleans, in 1787, after the designs of Louis. It is 166 feet in length by 105 ' ih breadth, and its total height, to the summit of the terrace, is i 00 feet. The principal front, towards the rue Richelieu, presents a Doric peristyle ; facing the rue de Montpensier, and ..partly attached to the Palais Royal, a range of arcades, resting DA pilasters, and continued round the corner, «forms a covered gallery. On both fronts is a range of Corinthian pilasters, with an entablature pierced by small windows ; there are two Other stories, an attic, and a steep roof crowned by a terrace. , The vestibule is of an elliptical form, and the ceiling rests on two concentric rows of fluted Doric columns. In the centre is a fine marble statue of Voltaire, by Houdon. The vestibule communicates with the lobbies by four staircases. The inte^ jripr form of the house is elliptical j and the tqtal numbey of <76 PLAGES OF PUBLIC AMUSEMENT. places is 1186. Tha^oyer, and an ddjoihing gallery, contain numerous busts of distinguished French dramatists, among which are one of Diderot, by Lescorne, and another of Mile. Mars, by David d* Angers. An interesting c-ollection of various objects connected with Moliere and other celebrities of the French drama exists here. The performances at this theatre, which is the standard one of the whole country, used to be limited to the highest style of tragedy and regular comedy. Some relaxation of this rule has, however, taken place by the admission of the productions Of MM. Victor Hugo, Alexandre Dumas, Scribe, &c., which, with all their merits, certainly do not reach the elevation of style heretofore deemed essential to the highest order of the drama. Of the performers, Mile. Mars nearly alone sustained for a time the ancient renown of this national theatre, and comedy was consequently in the ascen- dant ; but since her death, the classic tragedy of France has been revived by Mile. Rachel, who in its highest walks has attained the same eminence as that inimitable actress in co- medy. For the support of this theatre, 240,000 fr. are an- nually allotted by Government. Admission, — Avant-sc^nes, 8 fr. Loges du Rez-de-Chauss6e, Balcon, Loges de la Galerie, 6 fr. 60 c. Premiferee de face, 5 fr. Fauleuils d'Orchestre, 8 fr. Parterre, 2 fr. so c.—Begins at 7* Theatre Imperial de l'OdeoiS. — ^This theatre was buflt in 1779. It was burnt down in 1799, and rebuilt in 1807. The interior was a second time destroyed by fire in 1818, but repaired in 1820. The exterior is 168 feet iri length, 112 in breadth, and 64 in height. The principal front is ornamented with a portico of eight Doric columns, ascended by steps. The vestibule is small ; two handsome stone staircases lead from it to the interior, Which holds 1,550 persons. The diecoratiohg are tastefully executed, giving the theati-e a light and elegant appearance, and the saloon is handsome, tfpoh the last re- storation of this theatre every possible precaution was adopt(*d ih case of fire to preveiit the flames extending from one part of the building to another. The performances here consist of* tragedies, comedies, and other dramatic pieces. The director of the company has the theatre rent-free from Government, and also an annual subsidy of 60^000 fr. Admission^ — Avant-sc^nes des Premieres, 6 fr. Premieres avec Salon, 5 fr. Premieres de face, 4 fr. Baignoires, 2 fr. so c. Bal- con, 3 fr. Sialics d'Orchesite, 2 fr. so t. Parterre, i ft*. 50 c. — Performances begin at 7. Ts^ATRE LvRiQUE, ou the Boulevard du Temple. — This theatre, built by M. Alexandre Dumas, the great novelist, on the site of the Hdtel Foulon, was opened in April 1847, Digitized by VjOOQ IC ^fkier the naxQe of TMdtre Historique, thpugh deroted to the drama under all its fonps. At present, operas of French composers are exclusively given here. The front is narrow, but tastefully designed. The entrance is flanked by two couples of fluted Ionic columns ; the flutes interrupted by a broad sculptured band ; two caryatides, representing Tragedy and Comedy, support the flat architrave of the entrance. Above the entablature a vast semicircular niche occupies the front; it is flanked by two coupled caryatides, represent- ing, to the right, Hamlet and Ophelia ; to the left, the Cid and Ghimena; they support an interrupted circular pedi- ment, adorned with a winged statue of the Genius of His- tory ; at his feet are the emblems of the drama. All these sculptures are by the hand of M Klagmann. The frieze and semicupola ei the niche are painted in fresco by Guichard. In the latter is Poetry, leading Comedy and Tragedy by the hand. Below this group are, to the right, Esehylus, Sophocles, Eu- ripides, Seneca, Shakspeare, Comeilte, Racine, Voltaire, Schiller, Talma, Nourrit, Gluck, and Mehul ; to tiie left, Aristophanes, Menander, Plantus, Terence, Moliere, Goethe, Lope de Vega, Cervantas, R«gttard, Marivaux, Mile. Mais, Mozart, and Gretry. lo the frieze, various compartments represent: the temple of Bacchus, scenes from Medea, Phceara, Othello, Cinna, the Mismihn^, the Bourgeois Gmtilhoni'm, Fami, Mcu- hoimt, William T^h And ^e Avitre. Th^ most striking leatiire of this th^tre '^ the interior, fsonsisting of ao elliptic^ .aippUthesJLce in front of ib» stagp, twenty metr^ in breadth, jfH^ only sixteen in dq^tb; by whieh means the stage i» view^ ?r(tm any point under equally favourable conditions. Tiie im&f^ decoratiojo eoosists pf garla^ of fruits and floweiis on a white grooftd. The oc^ing, painted by MM. 3echan, Ql^terle, and Desplecbin, is oval, and represents. Erst, a colonnade of double Corinthian oolumns, .^urmoupted by Arches, intersected with rich festoons and hangings. By an effort of perspective a second colonnade is seen behind ih» first, and considerably aids the illusion. Painting, Comedy, ^usic, aod Tragedy oooupy four thrones at four different points pf the periphery of the principal colonnade. The centre of the veiling represents the progress of ApcJilo on his chariot, followed ky Auiora, the Hours, the Muses, Arts and Sciences, $cc. The foyer is on the second floor, and rather plain ; it opens intd the niche already 4/^aa^ib^. T^ architects are MM. Dedreux i4(imtMton.--Avant-scine8, 6fr. Loges de Balcon, 5 fr. Avant^ jScfene«4»Tb6|tjp?, 4iJr, 5^.e. Xftnt»siiJ» ^'Or<*^^j|e, .4 |p. pr- 476 ThkCES Of PDBUC AMUSEHENt. Thi&atbe du Gthnase, Bonleyard Bonne NoureUe, w^ erected in 1820, and presents to the bookTard a front oC^il Ionic engaged columns, surmounted by as many Corinthian, witb pedestals united by a balustrade. The vestibale is small; the house, which will contain 1,280 spectators, is well anitod both for hearing and seeing. The performances are limited to vandevilles and comedies ; most of the drsonatic producti<»is of S<Hibe were written for this theatre. The company is good^ Admission. — Avant-sc^nes, Loges cl'Entresol, 6 fr. Fauteuils de Balcon, Fauteuils d'Orchestre, 5 fr. Premieres de face, Dr- chestre, 4 fr. Parterre, a fr.— Performances at half past «.* Theatre du Vaudeville, Place de la Bourse, formerly tjie Opera-Comique, was opened in 1827. It presents a narrow front, ornamented with columns of the Ionic and Corinthian orders, pilasters, and niches, in which statues are placed. The interior is of a circular form, and holds 1,200 persons. T:hB decorations of the house are not devoid of taste, and its size, which rendered it unfit for an opera, is suited to the present description of performances. The company is excellent. Admission. — Avant^sc^nes, 6 fr. Balcon, Stalles d'Orcbeatre, Logei de la Galerie, Leges ferm^es du Rez-de-Chauss^e, §f r«  Parterre, 2 fr.— Performances begin at half past 6 to 7. ThiUtre des Vari^t^s, Boulevard Montmartre.— rl^his theatre, built by M. Cellerier, was opened in 1807. Its fra^». though small, is pure in style and decorated with twojrange^. of columns, Doric and Ionic, surmounted. by a pediment.. <)^: the gpound-fioor is a vestibule, from which flights of stairs^ lead- to the first tier of boxes and to the saloon, over the vestibule. The bouse can acconmiodate 1,240 persons. Vaudevilles and farces are performed here. The company is good. uldmrnfon.— Avant-setoes des Premises, Baignoifies^ ^fraoMB. Leges du premier rang, FautenUs de Balcon et d'Orehesire^i^l^* i Orchestre, 4 fr. Parterre, 2 fr.— Perform^inces begin^t, ^ ta. balfpast. , .j^t' Theatre du Palais Royal, formerly known as the Thmiie Montansier, at the north-western corner of the .Palal^f Royal, was opened in 1831. It is neatly decorated wittoB^- but is of v^y small dimensions; the number x)f. plao^ ^^^W 930. Vaudevilles and f8«ces are performed here by an e:wel•^ lent company, and it is a most successful theatre. . .: ; . . ^tfmtMwn.— Premieres de face, Avant*«ofenes, Loges de Balton^ Fauteuils d'Orchestre, 5 fr. Seeondes de face, 4 fr. Faxterxe, .1 tr, 50 c.--Perfo<rmances begin at from 6 to i, . , TnifiATRE DE LA PoRTE St. Martin, Boolevard St. tortin.— '**he opera-boai»e having been burnt in ^78 1^ this edifice, usecl tot a time in its stead, was planned and built in 75 days, ft is constructed of wood and plaster, and, though large and chn* venient within, is externally devoid of merit. It has no vesti- bule, and the saloon is very small, but the salle holds 1,803 persons. Dramas and vaudevilles are performed here, and occasionally pieces of a higher standard. Admission. — A vant-sc^n es des Premieres, 6 fr. Premieres de face. Baignoires, Premieres de Balcon, 5 fr. Fautenils d'Orohe«-> Ire, 3 fr. Orchestre, 2 fr. so c. Parterre, i fr. 50 c— Begins at about 6. Thi^atre de l'Ambigu-Coiuque, Boulevard St. Martin. — ^Ihe Ambigu Comique on the Boulevard du Temple having been destroyed by fire, this house was erected by Stouflf and Le- cointre, and opened in 1828. The front is ornamented at each story with columns supporting a cornice and entablature, and the upper story, instead of windows, contains niches with allegorical statues. The peristyle is surmounted by a terrace, and the ground-floor next the boulevard is skirted with shops. The theatre contains 1,900 places. Melodramas and vaude- villes are performed here. i4/lfr»t«sion.— Avant-scfenes, Leges a Salon de face, 6 fr. Fau- teuils du premier rang, 4 fr. Fauteuils d'Orchestre, 3fr. Par- terre, 1 fr. 25 c— Begins at about 6. Tffl^ATRE DE LA Gklrt, Boulevard du Temple. — ^This theatre, originaliy built in 1808, was burnt down in 1835^ and re-Open- ed a few months aftferwards. The upper Slory of the front is Iodic with an attic. The windows are arched. It holds 1800 spe^ctators. The performances are vaudevilles and melodramas. ^IdtntMton.— Premieres de face, Avant-ac^nes, 5 fr. Baignoires, 4 fir. Fauteuils d'Orchestre, 8 fr. Parterre, 1 fr. — Begins at about 6. TsEATRE IifPi^UL DU €iRQUE, Boiilevard du Temple.*-- This theatre, which has been newly fitted up, is tasteful and convenient. Military pieces very well got up, and vaudevilles, are represented here. It contains 1,200 places. Admission.-^W&ni-ichnes des Premieres 5 fr. Leges de face, 4 fiPif ' Balcon, Baignoiresi Sialics d'Orchestre, 2 fr. 50 c. Par- terre,' 1 fr.— Begins at about 6. Salle Barthelemt, 20, Rue du Ch&teau d*Eau. This edifice, opened in 1851, and at first intended for a theatre, is now only used for balls and concerts. It is remarkable for having been constructed by its architect, M. Barthelemy, upon acoustic principles not hitherto applied to any building of the kind. It is 126 feet by 66, and the height to the elliptical ceiling is 52 feet. The place where the lustre usually is, is occimied by 9 circi^ar gallery, accessible by a winding staircase descend'- 480 PLACES OF JBf^tlC AMUSEMENT. log from the eeiling, and prpduci^g novel effete gl di^^ sound. Theatre des Folies DRAMATiauES, Boulevard du Tempi?, erected in 1830.— It holds 1,400 persons. Vaudevilles .^nd farces are performed here. ildmiMion.— Premieres de face, 2 fr. 25 e. Avant-sc^nes, 2 fr. 75 c. Orchestre, i fr. Parterre, 75 c— Begins at about 6. Th^tre DES DjSlassememts Gomiqces, Boulevard du Tem- ple, opened in 1841 and repaired in 1856.— It contains 1,100 places. Farces, vaudevilles, and little dramas, are perfocmed. idmiMton.-^ Premieres de face, 3 fr, so. Avant-aetoes, '^ tf* Balcon, i fr. 2* c, SUlle» d'Ocohestr?, ? fr. Parterrp, 75 ^^r~l§• gins at ^boui 6. Theatre Beauiurchais, Boulevard BoauixiantoiB, eref^Ui ISSe-TT-It oontains 1 ,250 places. Faroes, Ya^de\^sss, ficc. ildffwwton,— Premieres, 8 and 4fr. Orobeitre, i if. Parterre, 75 c. THiATRS DES FuNAMBVLES, Boulovard du T^oople.-^^aope* dancing and eomic representaUons with a clown, &e. ildwiMton.— From 5 to 30 sous.— Begins at about half past »• Th]£atre Lazart, boulevard du Temple. — ^A species of spec- tacle for the lower classes and children ; for the latter there' is a day performance. Admission 3 to 15 sous. Thi£atre du Luxembourg, rue de Fleurus. — Melodramas, and vaudevilles. Admission 8 to 40 sous. Theatre St. Marcel, rue Pascal, in the Faid). St. Marceau. — ^For vaudevilles and melodramas. Admission, 8 to 50 sous. BouFFES Parisiens, Passage Choiseul. — ^Vaudevilles, comie ^ngs, 8cc., are performed here with great ability. ildmmton.— Avant-scfenes de la Premiere Galerie, 6 fr.— du Rez-de-Chau8s6e, 5 fr. Leges du Centre, 6 fr. Premiferes de face, 5 fr. Fauteuils d'Orchestre, 3 fr. so c. Parterre, t fr. 25 c. --•Begins at 6, BouFFES n-fexE, opposite the Cirque de Flmperatrice, in the Champs Elysees. At this elegant little theatre, built of stone, the Bouffes Pansien$ give performances during the summer months. Spectacles-Concerts, Boulevard Bonne-Nouvelle, oj^ed in 1846, on the site of a maiket for vegetables. — A species of mixed performances, consisting of music, singing, ballets, pan- tomimes, and tableaux vivants, is given here, Miien open. Admission 2 fr., 1 fr. 50 c, and 1 fr. Begins at about 7. FoUES NoDVELLES, 41, Boulevard du Temple.— ^is is, as its name denotes, a small and pretty tiieatre for pantomimes, grotesijue ^lleU, and small farces. Admjbssion ftpm 1 to 3 fr^ lUEATRES. 4<M TUtATRB S^RAPkliN, 121, Palftk Royal.— ThiB is • kkid of pupj)et«hoW} with mechanical figures, oaUed OnUfres Chi- noi$es, phantasmagorie tableaux, &c., and is to deU^bl of children and nursery-maids. Admission, — 15 to 30 Bous.^*Performan6es at i, and at r. Soim^ES Mtst^rieuses, by Hamilton, 6, Boulerard des Italiens. Legerdemain, trieks with cards, &c.; open only part of the year. Admission, 1 fr. 50 c, 3 fr. and 4 fr. Cirque be l'Imp^ratrice, Champs £lysees, au Rood Poftnrt. Equestrian performances were first introduced at JParis hy AfessrSi Aatky, of London, in the time of the Directory^ and their company was succeeded by that of Franeoni, in the tiiAe edf Napoleon. The present building devot«d to these performances is a spacious polygonal edifice of sixteen sides, boilt of stoM, with an elegant pedimented porch to the east, surmonnted witii a broi^e figure of a horse. Panels with horses' heads omanient the sides. To the west is a rectangular building, in fctefiiAg with the rest, containing stables, &c. The interior rescnd^les an immense Moorish hall, the roof being supported by li|^ iron columns, and painted together with the panels in rich colours with gilding . The ceiling is tastefully arranged in com- partments representmg equestrian figureSj and from its centre, over the circus, hangs a chandelier with 130 gas jets. Round the circus are ranged sixteen circles of seats, holding e,oo6 persons. The ventilation is admirable. It is only open in sum* iner. The admission is 1 fr. and 2 fr., and the performancesi which are exclusively equestrian, commence at about 8 . Cirque Napoleo<<, Boulevard ^es Fillcs du Caltaire. ■— A new buUding, opened in 1852, (ot the same kind of per* fofniances in winter, and is built and decorated in the same style as the preceding one, but more substantially ^ and witii a. grater degree of elegance. Admission, i fr. and 2 fr. The Hippodrome, at the Bond Point de I'Avenue de St. Qaudf Barriere de I'Etoile, is a large wooden circular enclosure £ogr, aquestrian exhibitions. and grand lodilitary shows. The arjBna is uncovered. Performances on Sundays, Tuesdays^ /Thursdays, and Saturdays. Admission from 1 to 2 fr. , . ,4li^B8 iMPERiAiiES, rue de Lyon, Faubourg St. Antoine. — this Hippodrome, used for performances^ similar to the pre- c^ng one, was opened in May 1851 > but is now closed. It holds 15,000 persons. TnjiATREs DE LA Banlieue . — ^Those small theatres being with- out the. barriers, and consequently at a distance from most of the places. of amusement in Paris/ are generally well attended by the inhabitants of the suburbs. The ^terior appearance of some of them is neat. The pieces performed are melodrames, 31 482 PLACES OF PDBUG AMUSEMENT. vaudevilles, petty comedies, and even tragedies. The TtUdtre Montmartref at Montmartre ; the Thedtre des BatignoUes, near the Barriere de Clichy ; the Thidt'-e de BeUeville, by the Bar- riere de Belleville, and the ThSdtre du Mont Pamasse, beyond the banrier of the same name, give representations daily ; the Thddtre de Crenelle, at Grenelle, two or three times a-week. The admission varies from 6 to 30 sous. EXHIBITIONS. Diorama. — ^This well-known exhibition, first established in France, and brought to perfection by MM. Daguerre and Bou- ton, was completely destroyed by fire in 1839. A new one was opened in 1 84 3 by M. Bouton, at No. 2 1 , rue de la Douane, and afterwards at the Bazar Bonne Nouvelle, where it was again burnt down in 1849. At present there is only one in the Avenue des Champs Elysees, at No. 3, Bond Point. MvstE ChixNOIs, Avenue Montaigne, No. 66. — ^A building in the Chinese style, in which articles of Chinese manufacture are exhibited for sale. It is fitted up with open lateral chambers, in each of which some interesting peculiarity of Chinese society is represented by figures dressed in the appropriate costume, from the imperial court down to the lowest trade. Courts of law, government^ffices, the etiquette of visiting, shops, &c., all are represented here with great appearance of truth. There is also a large collection of domestic utensils, weapons, paint- ings, China ware, boxes, &c. Admission, 50 c; from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. Other sights spring up every month, but they are too mutable and too evanescent in their nature to be here indicated ; they may moreover be easily ascertained by a glance at the bills profusely distributed about town, or reference to the daily newspapers. (See Periodical Exhibitions, p. 110.) CONCERTS. The concert season in Paris may be said to last all the year round, for though the highest class of these entertainments is limited to winter and spring, concerts of a more miscellaneous description continue to be given during the whole of the sum- mer and autumn, though not regularly. Those which take place in the wviter season annually are justly celebrated throughout Europe for their excellence. In the first rank of these stand the series (six in number) given by the ** Societe des Concerts" at the Conservatoire de Musique, 2, rue Bergere, which take place once a-fortnight. These concerts are chiefly devoted to instrumental music, though choruses and other vocal pieces

• likewise given. The s^ections are principally confined to

CONCERTS. 483 the works of the most celebrated classic composers, Gluck, Handel, Mozart, Haydn, and latterly Beethoven, Weber, &c., and the orchestra of the society being as a body the flnest and best-disciplined instrumentalists in any European capital^ their chefs-d'ceuvre are executed with a perfection and smoothness which no connoisseur can listen to without delight. The per- formances generally occupy about two hoursand a half — quality, not quantity, being alone considered in the programm/? — an example worthy imitation at most other concerts both in Paris and elsewhere. Of late years the extension of taste for good music has led to the institution of other concerts of a similar character ; of these the Concerts Mitsard, Boulevard des Ca- pucines, commands a large share of public patronage In addition to the above, numerous miscellaneous concerts take place during the season, at which nearly all the leading mu- sicians from every country may be heard in succession, the suffrages of the Parisian musical public being generally con- sidered an indispensable passport to enter the temple of Fame. Concerts take place indiscriminately morning or evening ; the principal sdles for these entertainments are at Herz'Sj rue de la Victoire ; the SaJle Ste. Cecile, rue de la Chaussee-d*Antin ; Erard's, rue du Mail; PleyeVs, rue Rochechouart; Socc's, rue St. Georges. Concerts are also frequently given at the Jardin d'/Tuw. Champs filysees (seep. 488). We cannot take leave of this subject without mentioning the Caf^s Concerts or Chantants, establishments of but recent date, where the pleasures of the palate are enhanced by those of the ear. They are the favourite evening lounge of the Parisian bourgeois, who does not object to hearing scraps of favourite operas, and other songs, while regaling himself. The artists are, as may be guessed, of third-rate quality. There is no admission or ticket required, but the visitor is expected to par- take of some refreshment. A trifle is given to the performers, one of whom passes at mtervals along the tables to collect the bounty of the audience. The Cafes Chantants mostly resorted to in winter are the ChdJet Morel, 18, rue de TArcade, a long room, constructed somewhat like a Swiss dairy. Three cafes concerts attract the public at the Champs filysees in sum- mer. They are the Caf^ Morel and Cafi des Amhassadeurs, on the northern side of the Avenue de Neuilly, and the Pavilion du Jeti de Bovde on the opposite side. The visitors are accom- modated in the open air, and the singers under elegant kiosks, gaily painted and adorned with flowers. Other cafes concerts exist on the Boulevard du Temple, in the rue Madame, adjoin- ing the Garden of the Luxembourg, &c. Digitized by VjOOQ IC 414 PLAGES OF PUIIUC AMUSEMENT. BALLS, PUBLIC GARDENS^ Ctc. Danciug being the favourite amusement with the Parisians both in winter and summer, there is no quarter of the capital in which ball-rooms suited to all classes are not to be found ; and they are all numerously attended. Winter-Balls. — This class is so intimately connected with the diversions of the carnival, that we should find it difticult to do honour to our subject without giving a faint idea of that important season of Parisian pastime. The Carnival takes place during the Qve or six weeks which precede Ash Wednesday, and is the favourite season of masked and fancy balls both in private society and at the various places of public amusement; masks appear in the streets only on the Dimanche, the Lundi, and the Mardi GraSf and Mi-Carime. On these days, crowds of persons in fancy dresses, many of them masked, and exhibiting all sorts of antics, appear in the streets, principally on the northern Boulevards, and immense crowds in carriages, on horseback, or on foot, assemble to witness the gaieties of the scene. The Carnival was prohibited in 1790, and not resumed till Bona- parte was elected first consul, its restoration caused great joy to the Parisians, and for some years nothing could exceed the beauty end richness of the costumes displayed on these annual ^ festivals; at present, however, the zeal for them has considerably subsided. The procession of the BceufGras for ages past has been celebrated at Paris on the Dimancke and Marat Gras, when the prize ox, preceded by music, and accompanied by a numerous train of butchers fantastically dressed, is led through the streets: The ox is covered with embroidery, and his head adorned with laurel ; formerly he carried on his back a child, called Roi des Bouchers, decorated with a blue scarf, and holding in one hand a sceptre and in the other a sword. At present the child follows the Boeuf Gras in a triumphal car, but wijliout sceptre or sword. In 1849 this custom was discontinued, but revived in 1851.(1) After parading the streets, the masks repair to the various balls which abound, and which we shall now describe. The Public Masked Balls take place throughout the Carnival, at almost all the theatres, &c. The most amusing and compa- ratively select are at the Opera-house, where they begin at midnight, and continue till daybreak. No stranger who visits Paris at this season of the year should omit a visit to one of the Bals masquds at this theatre, for it is difficult to imagine a (0 The weight of the ox averages from aoo to 900 kilogrammes. BALLS, Finue GARMnf. ' 4B5 «eeii9more ourious and footastie than that pnsented in the Saile of the Grand Opera at a Cartiival Ball. On tbeas Bights th# pit 19 boarded over and joins the stage ; the vast area of the whole tlieatre forming a ball-room of magnificent proportions, which, brilliantly lighted, and crowded with thousands of gay masquers attired in every variety of colour and costume, forms a si^t not easily forgotten. The orchestra is first-rate, and is commanded by the son of the most celebrated bdton of his day, the famous Musard. The amphithedtres and boxes, unless hired to some party, are left open to the puhlic. Gentlemen may go to these balls in plain clothes, but ladies are only admitted in masks or in costumes. The ticket costs to fr. To witnetis this scene in perfection the visitor should wait until 12 or 1 o'clock, when the company is completely assembled and the vo- taries of the dance in full activity. On entering the vast salle at such a moment the eiffect is scarcely imaginable, the gor- geousness of the immense theatre, the glitter of the lights, the brilliancy and variety of the costumes, the enlivening strains of the music, the mirth of the crowd, and, above ail, the untiring velocity with which the dancers whirl themselves through the mazes of the waltz, polka, andmazourka, present an appearance of bewildering gaiety not to be described. On closer examina- tion it will be of course discovered that the strict etiquette which presides in the aristocratic salons of the Faubourg St. Germain is occasionally lost sight of in the exhilaration of the moment, and that '* chilling reserve" is by no means the pre- dominating characteristic of the fair who resort to this pleasantest of pandemoniums. It will be easily conceived that if a visitor should take the ladies of his family to witness this extraordinary display, he must take them to a box as mere spectators, for to mingle with any of these too vivacious groups would be something worse than indiscretion. After the hour of supper (refreshment and suppers being to be had), when the champagne begins to exhibit its exciting effects, the scene na- turally becomes still more warm and lively; but, though noisy and boisterous, the immense throng is generally i^emarkable for its good humour, a quality frequently put to the test by the nature of the jests which are freely exchanged under the repub- lican liberty of the mask. On some occasions of special en- thusiasm the elevated crowd load the leader of the orchestra, who is a great popular favourite, with the most frantic plau- dits, and in more than one instance have insisted on carrying him in triumph round the theatre, a ceremony performed in grand procession by all the votaries of Terpsichore accom- paoiid with uproarious acclanjations only to be conceived by those within hearing of the tempest. It is scarcely necessar^ 486 PLACES OF PDBUG AUUSEUENT. to add that at these balls the rou4 may find an endless va- riety of pleasant adventures . ( 1 ) Masked balls are also given at some of the minor theatres, but do not differ materiallv from the one just described, save in the vastness and magnificence of the scene. Besides the masked balls, the Carnival and winter season generally is enlivened by other public balls, got up by subscrip- tion, or under the patronage of various societies of artists. Among the latter we may mention the SaUe de VEcole Lyrique, 18, rue de la Tour d'Auvergne. — The balls now and then given here are patronized by the actresvses of Paris, and may be classed under the denomina- tion of dress-balls. They generally commence at midnight. The other ball-rooms of Paris are much inferior, but may be interesting to an observer on account of the insight they afford into the character of the Parisian population. The price of admission is the only available standard by which to judge of the refinement of the company that resorts to them, and even that test is hardly to be depended on . Generally, however, it may be stated that the blouse is Imnished, so that the majority may fairly be considered to consist of clerks, shopmen, and workmen of the better class. The softer sex is generally represented here by ladies whose pretensions to coyness are not conspicuous, and the gnsettes, so truly and amusingly painted in Paul de Kock's novels, usually muster in great force, under the pro- (1) The first ball to which the public were admitted, without distinction, on payment of money, was given at the Opera Jan. 2, 1716, on a license granted hy the Regent Duke of Orleans. The price of the ticket was five livres. In 1717, the exclusive privilege of giving them was granted to the Opera ; notwithstand- ing which balls were given at other theatres during the ten years for which the privilege was granted. It was at the Op^ra Comi- que of that day that the idea of boarding over the pit to a level with the stage, for the purpose of dancing, was first effected by Father Sebastian, a Carmelite friar and mechanical genuis, at the suggestion of the Chevalier de Bouillon. In i746, balls had so much increased in public favour, that the Director of the Opera petitioned for a restriction of their number, and about that time several persons were proceeded against for giving balls with saleable tickets in private houses, some not of the best re- putation. Towards the end of the last century the balls were organised at the Opera nearly on the same plan as at the present day, but with much less splendour ; and it is mentioned by a contemporary writer as a matter of astonishment, that ** 22 lustres, with 12 bougies each, 32 branches with 2 each, 10 giran- doles, with five each, with flambeaux, lampions, and pots-^-feu to light the approaches, were seen, with sixty musicians, half at each end of the theatre.*' BALLS, PUBUC GARDENS. 4S7 tection of those to whom they have pledged their ephemeral constancy. Among the ball-rooms of this description the following may be noted as taking the lead : Salle Ste. CiciUy 95 his, rue St. Lazare. — The ball-room is on the first story; it is lofty, measures 120 feet by 30, and its ceiling is pierced with skylights. The dancing here is rather extravagant, and the cancan will now and then peep through the quadrille, notwithstanding the vigilance of the police. Ad- mission, 2 to 3 fr. Salle Valentino, 359, rue St. Honore. — This is one of the most celebrated ball-rooms of Paris, and certainly the most diverting. It is divided into two compartments, the first of which is about 90 feet long by 36 broad, and the second 9o feet by 64. The architecture is a medley of the Moorish and Greek ; the columns are gaily painted, and the recess, which runs all round with seats for the dancers, is backed by mirrors, which by their reflection add greatly to the brilliancy of the scene. Over the above-mentioned recess runs a gallery, where the spectator may enjoy a glass and a quiet cigar. Another room for refreshments is below, opposite the entrance. The orchestra occupies the centre of the second compartment. Here are besides a billiard-table, a tir aupistolet, or small shooting- gallery, a dynamometer for amateurs of muscular strength, and tables where trifles may be raffled for. When full, the ball- room presents a scene of extraordinary animation, and here may be seen rare specimens of Parisian dancing. Whenever the policemen's backs are turned, the cancan reigns in all its glory, to degenerate into a sober quadrille figure as soon as danger is apprehended. As for the waltz and polka, the stranger may expect to see every variety of embrace, not ex- cepting the Cornish, nay, the ursine hug. The contorsions and kicks some of the dancers indulge in are astounding to a novice in Parisian balls. The ladies' toilettes are far from recherchSes; and as for the gentlemen, every kind of cut, except the blouse, is admitted. Admission 2 fr. to 3 fr. Salon du Wauxhall, 18, rue de la Douane. — ^It consists of a large room, with a gallery for refreshments over the entrance, opposite to which is the orchestra. The company partakes of the character of the manufacturing arrondissements near which it lies ; in other respects this place does not differ from thos€ already described. Smoking is allowed. Admission 2 fr. Salle du Prado, Place du Palais de Justice. — This place of amusement, erected on the site of the church of St. Barthelemy, is composed of two ball-rooms , communicating with one another by steps. The first is rectangular, the other an octa- gon. The orchestra is in the middle of the first room. Thert AM PLACM CMT PDBUC AMCHBHBNT. are beaidet two billiard^ooms, and a t»> au pisiokt. Tlw anly •mprovMiMnt the visitor will remark here is, that ladies sai^e with as much aplomb as gentleman. Admission 1 fr. ^o e. We deem it umieoessary to enter into further particidan con- cerning Parisian winter balls. The Salon de MarSy S5, r«e da Jtoc; the Sdle Moliere, 1 17 , rue St. Martin ; the Tivoli d'Hiver, 45, rue de Grenelle St. Honore ; and the Saile d'Antin, 6S, rue de Provence, scarcely differ from those we have already described. The last-mentioned place derives some interest from the cireum- stance that in 1848 several socialist banquets were held there by ladies of that political persuasion, at l fr. 35 c. per head. Summer Balls. — ^In summer dancing takes place within, er in the immediate vicinity of, the Capital, in gardens especially laid out for the purpose. We have selected a few of tiie prin- cipal for description, in order to give the stranger as correct an idea as possible of the character of these diversions, and of the society which frequents them. They are only open two or three nights in the week. The Jardind'Hiver, avenue des Champs filysees, opened in 1846, claims unquestionably the first place, both as form- ing a link between winter and summer balls, and as being the most splendid of all the places of amusement of the kind the capital affords ; it may fairly be said to do credit to the taste for fanciful invention and elegant decoration for whtdrthe French, and the Parisians in particular, are so generally re- nowned. A light iron-framed front leads the visitor to a spa- cious vestibule, whose elliptical vault is supported by 8 I>Nric colunms, and from thence to an extensive garden oompietely rocked with glass. Its form is that of a Latin cross, with semi- circular extremities. The whole edifice, with the exception of a few arches in masonry, is composed of iron frame-work. A range of coupled iron pillars runs all along the interior, sup- porting a light and airy gallery, filled with flowers; while the space below is laid out as a garden, with orange trees and rare exotics, basins in the form of enormous sea-shells, cascades, statues and groups, the bloom and beauty of the scene remind- ing the spectator of Tasso's enchanting description of Armida's garden. • Indeed, but for the welcome absence of the tiger and cobra capello, it would need no great stretch of imaginattmi to believe one's self here transported to the moat luxuriant regions of the East. Here the camellia, the yucca, and the caetus will meet the visitor's eye in juxtaposition with the palm-tree, the araucania, and the banatna. An aviary filled with exotic birds is to the right ; in the centre of the garden is a grass-plot, ex- tending to a romantic ^tto ; while the few walls that conBSct s^Be portions of the iron frame-work are e(»nplet«ly tmted wilh mirmni, and lined witli pamiftoras and <ylker ep^epiiig piMte. €dsniodiou8 Mate and tables afe placed at intervals along the walkB ; nor have places of refreshment and various §UHefl been forgotten. The transepts offer a large op«i space, vfaflpe balls and concerts are given both in winter and sonimer, Mid public banquets sometimes takes place. The company thai resorts hither is composed of the better classes, and the ruk» of deoonmi are strictly observed as far as is practicable in a i^ublic ball-room. Children's balls are also given b^re oecasionally ; and on these oceanons this diarming spot prenenls what may truly be called a scene of enchantment ; the hAry groups revelling m the joyous animation of the dance, recall and realize the beautiftil lines of one of the most elegant of modem ^^^iah poete, John Wilson : " Like sunbeams glancing o'er a meadow-fleld, From side to side the airy spirits swim. What keen and kindling rapture shines reveal'd Around their eyes, and moves in every limb I Towards each other their delighted eyes They smiling turn, and all at once may tell. From their subdued and sinless ecstacies, That these fair children love the dance full well." Over the entrance are galleries for the spectators who do not ivish to mingle with the crowds below. The admission to tiie balls is from 3 to 10 fr. according to the season ; but the public ace also admitted in the day4ime to enjoy the display of flowers aad rare plants. The admission in that case is 1 fr. The Chdt04M des Flours, Avenue des Champs filysees, near Mho barrier, is also a highly favourable specimen of taste and ornamental skill in this way. Decorative art has done its utmost here to realise the glowing descriptions of the Arabian Nights, with the exception, however, that, instead of a talisman, A t^et only is necessary to cross the threshold of this fairy- iike garden. A profusion of flowers of every kind, disposed liteig the walks, in the recesses, under the groves, every where greet the eye of the visitor, while innumerable lights tlnakle among the grass, or shoot their slender flames from iiader the vases and tazze filled with plants. Chinese lanterns depend in festoons from the trees, while elegant candelabra, li^phted with gas, illuminate the spadous dancing-ground. The Bimierous and well-conducted orchestra is accommodated in an elevated semicircular kiosk, not inferior in elegance to the rest of the garden. A cafe and restaurant afford every desirable refreslunent ; there are besides, for amateurs, a tir, or fihooting-rgall^, a/au de bagues, Chinese billiards, and other pastimes. The company met with here is generally good, and 490 PLACES OF PDBUC AlfUSEMENT. the pleasures of the dance are enjoyed with every regard to de- corum. Fire-works are often added to the attractions offered to the public. Admission 2 to 5 fr. Jardin Mabille, AvenueMontaigne, is another favourable spe- cimen. A large circular space, with a. pavilion for the or- chestra in the centre, is reserved for the dancers, and lighted by a profusion of gas-lights suspended from artificial palm trees, while small shady circular bowers placed around afford the dancers the means of repose, after the fatigues of the polka or the waltz, apart from the intrusive eye of idle curiosity ; for we must remark that the fair visitants of these places appear completely ignorant of, or at least to have forgotten, the well- meant caution of the poet of the *' Seasons :" — " Ah I now, ye fair, Be cautious of your hearts, nor in the bower Where woodbines flaunt and roses shed a couch. Whilst Evening draws her crimson curtains round. Trust your soft minutes with betraying man." Leaving poetry, however, for the positive, we find a snug corner laid out with tables and chairs for refreshments; here the sober Parisian may enjoy his bottle of beer and his cigar, or the votary of Terpsichore treat his partner to a refreshing lemonade, and recruit for subsequent exercise in the mazy waltz. An immense covered saloon and rooms adjoining afford the visitor a secure asylum from the malicious influence of bad weather upon the sports of the evening. The company at this el^ant garden we should mention generally comes under the description of "the gayest of the gay," and the licence of the dance is frequently carried beyond the limits of propriety. Chdteau Rouge, or Nouveau Twoli, 2, rue Neuve Clignan- court, outside the Barriere Rochechouart, (1) is likewise very much frequented, nothing having been neglected to win the good graces of the public, and render it the favourite among all rival establishments of the kind . The visitor on entering finds a large space handsomely adorned with statues bearing innumerable lights, where family groups are assembled enjoying the cool of the evening, and the enlivening strains emanating from an adjoin- ing pa\ilion. Small circular tents and bowers around invite the guest to taste of the good things of the buffet. Another large space adjoining is devoted to dancing, whence a flight of steps descends into a third plot, containing a jeu de bagues, various contrivances of billiard-tables, swings, &c., besides a (1) This place is not devoid of historical recollections. The pa- vilion was built by Henry IV. for Gabrielle d'Estr^es ; and in i s 1 5 the Due de Baguse established his head-quarters here. The preliminaries of the treaty of Paris were also signed on this spot. BALLS, PUBLIC GARDEN^. 4di tir au pistolet et a la cardbine, for the more bellicose of the visitors. Fire-works are also among the attractions of this gar^ den, all parts of which commanicate together by different walks, over one of which a bridge is thrown, called the Pontdes Soupirs, as unlike the "Bridge of Sighs" celebrated by the pen of Byron as possible, though the name unluckily recalls the Venetian strain of the greatest of modern poets, and by contrast throws an air of ridiculous cocknepsm (if such a word may be applied to Pari- sian taste) over this part of the grounds. The name has, how- ever, probably been adopted in allusion to the tender wailiugs of love-stricken swains, who may select this spot to give vent to their emotions. A spacious building contains rooms for refreshments, and is surmounted by a terrace, from which a general view may be taken of the lively scene below. The tasteful arrangement of the illumination, contrasting with the verdure of the trees and the gay animation of the crowds here assembled, produces a very striking effect. We may note that greenness is here, as indeed in all the public gardens, to be specially guarded against, for, though verdancy is a very desi- rable attribute of the trees, any display of that quality on the part of a visitor may lead to serious inconvenience, and hence we must warn the youthful English visitor against the too seductive graces of the Loretle, who frequently displays no mean tact in playing off her fascinations. We cannot avoid mentioning two of the most amusing, though far from select, places of public resort. Grande Chaumiere, No. 96, Boulevard du Mont Parnasse, is the habitual resort of students and ^tudiantes, a title familiarly given to those members of the softer sex who worship Minerva under the garb of her youthful followers of the Quartier Latin. The garden of the Chaumiere is laid out in shady walks,— " Time out of mind the favourite haunts of love." Contiguous is the ball-ground, which is lighted with gas ; adjoin- ing it are a verandah for refreshments, and a spacious rectan- gular ball-room as a resource for bad weather. The dancing here is rather more lively than at the places already described, and might possibly elicit an austere shake of the head from a sombre moralist, who might also think the walks above alluded to somewhat too shady. However this may be, joy and good humour are painted here on every visage, and the music is good. Fireworks, ventriloquism, and other exhibi- tions are often added to the attractions of the ball-ground. Closerie des Lilas, Carrefour de TObservatoire, near the southern gate of the Garden of the Luxembourg, is a pretty place. The ground is rectangular, bordered and intersected by row» of dm reoewes, fionaed by iiew bordered with toil, «ad admirably nttcd for a quiet t4te^t4te. A large parterre, filled with flowers, and enlivened by a jet d'eau, lies in front of a spacious dancing-hall of Moorish design, tast^ully painted, and open on all sides, thus giving the advantage of open air, while at the same time any ill-natured interference on the part of the weather is efiectually prevented . Adjoining it are five billiard- tables, the never-failing tir, and other pastimes. The company is much the same as at the Chaumiere. The Ranelagh, at the entrance of the Bois de Boulogne, close to Passy, is an establishment of a similar class. It not only comprises a ball-room, but a small theatre, with cafe, &o., and a spacious garden, like those already described. The Pri Catalan (see p. 499.) is also a ball-ground much resorted to in summer. The facilities now afforded by railways enable the Parisians to attend also the balls given in the vicinity of the metropolis. Of these, the most conspicuous are perhaps those of Asnieres, — This charming village, on the banks of the Seine, boasts a chateau built by Louis XV., but now, with its park, fallen into private hands, and one of the spots most fre- quented in summer by the pleasure-hunting Parisians of either sex. The chateau consists of two wings, with a graceful cen- tral pavilion ; the design is simple but elegant, the windows lofty, the sculpture in the taste prevalent under that reign. The park is of considerable extent, prettily laid out, with gravel walks alternately winding through clusters of fine trees and spacious grass plots, and ultimately penetrating into a shady grove, affording that wicked demon. Opportunity, am- ple space for laying his wily snares. Here, as in all other places of the kind described above, are the never failing diver- sions of the swing, the jeu de bagues, Chinese billiard-tables, etc., while the Mazurka and Redowa enliven the open spac^, and graceful kiosks and temples afford refreshment and repose. The illumination is, as usual, tastefully arranged, and contri- butes greatly to the enchantment of the scene. Other balls and f4tes, of a description similar to the above, ■ and easy of access by railway, are given at Enghien, Sceaux, St. Cloud, Bambouillet, and Montmorency. These rural f^tes are exceedingly pretty, and the stranger will find them very well worth the trouble of the excursion. The days vary, but are easily learned from the bills posted in different parts of the town. The prices of admission are between 1 fr. 50 c. and 3 fr. for gentlemen ; the beau sexe have generally free entrance. As a general observation, we may remark that the character of the French population ia nowhere seen to more advaataf e ^ , Digitize PDBUC PBSnTALS. 41IS thaa at places of Itiis description. Quanrelling or ill temper ik neafly unknown, and even the lower class display a polltene^ of address, almost amounting to elegance. They cannot, however^ properly be recommended as fitting places for an English lady to visit, unless well attended and incognito. Bastritigues. — This is a popular and rather contemptuous name given to the lower sort of balls which take place in the " gardens or eating-houses outside the barriers of Paris. The exterior boulevards teem with such places ; we need not there* fore give a list of them. The lover of living pictures in the Flemish style should not omit a stro\l of a Sunday evening out of the barrieres du Maine, du Mont Parnasse, or de Belleville, where he will witness more than one characteristic scene. Crowds of workmen with their wives or sweethearts fill the prin- cipal street of the suburbs, which is lined with ginger-bread stalls, and ambulant cooks, selling pancakes, fried potatoes, or similar delic/acies, while a fiddle or street-organ will at intervals break through the universal din of talk and laughter that fills the air. The gay lights at the entrance to the bastringues and guingiiettes, or eating-houses, enliven the scene. As one of the better kinds of these places we may mention the Jardin de Paris f at Montrouge, Barriere du Mont Parnasse. These es- tablishments were originally very inferior and cheap, but some of them have since been patronised by a better class, and afford pretty good accommodation. The houses which sell only wine and liquors are denominated guinches. PUBLIC FESTIVALS. Public annual festivals have existed in Paris under all go- vernments \ but the period varied according to the different dynastic or. republican events intended to be celebrated. The period now fixed upon is the 1 5th of August, the fete-day of the Emperor Napoleon. The Place de la Concorde, so ad- mirably fitted for such a purpose, and the Place du Trone, form the nucleus of such festivals. The obelisk is generally used to great advantage for the purposes of decoration, vrilh that peculiar taste for which the French nation is iustly cele- brated In the different areas of the Champs j^lysees are rope- dancers, jugglers, buffoons, orchestras for dancers, mdts de co- mgne, and stages for dmmalic representations. In the evening the avenues and walks are illuminated, as well as the garden of the Tuileries, and fireworks take place generally upon a very magnificent scale. This species of exhibition being a great fa- vourite with tlie French, the art of preparing them has been c«med to a high degree of perfection. These fetes draw numbers of strangers to the capital, not only from th« pro- ' Digitized by CjOOQIC 494 PLAGES OF PUBLIC ABIUSEHENT. Tinces, but from England, and other neighbouring countries, and certainly no foreigner, who would see Paris and its vast population in perfection, can ever witness either under a more agreeable aspect than on the occasion of a general f4te. On these days Paris may literally be said to '*don her best" and the immense multitudes which crowd every place devoted to the amusement of the public are not more renrnrkabk for their numbers, than for the gaiety and good humour they almost invariably display. Provisions and wine were formerly dis- tributed^ but the confusion and drunkenness that ensued in- duced the authorities to decide that the distribution should in future be made privately, to poor families, by the 12 mayors aided by the members oiihe Bureau de Bienfaisance. (i) REVIEWS. From the military character of the French nation, and tho great number of troops forming the garrison of Paris, reviews are frequently passed ; they generally take place in the Court of the Tuilenes, or in the Champ de Mars. SPORTS. Horse-Rages. — The sports of the turf have within a few years become much more general among the Parisian gentry than formerly, and great attention is now devoted to the im- provement of the breed of horses. (2) Races take place annu- ally in May or June and October, in the Champ de Mars, at Chantilly, and at Versailles. Some of the prizes at these three places are awarded by the French Jockey Club, also called the SocUU d' Encouragement pour I'AmMioration de la Race des Chevaux en France. This club, situated at 2, rue Drouot, con- sists of about 300 members, and was first founded by Mr. Bry- on , in 1 8 3 3 . In the Bois de Boulogne private matches sometimes take place, and steeple-chases are run from time to time, in the Hippodrome of Longchamps (see p. 499), and at a place called La Marche, about eight miles from Paris. The time and amount of the prizes are regularly announced beforehand in the jour- nals, and particularly in Galignani*s Messenger. The Jockey (0 Some of the moat costly ffites given in Paris were : the co- ronation of the Emperor^ 1,745,646 fr.; the marriage of Marie Louise, 3,670,932 fr.; the birth of the King of Rome, 600,ooo fr. ; the baptism of the Duke of Bordeaux, 668,000 fr.; the f^teof the Trocadero, 800,000 fr.; the coronation of Charles X., 1,1 64,097 francs; the marriage of the Duhe of Orleans, 2^800,000 fr. (2) The sums granted in France for encouragements for the Improvement of the breed of horses are 350 to 300,000 fr. a-year. TENNIS COURTS. 495 Club keeps a stud-book, and publishes a racing calendar, (i) Jecx de Paume (Tennis-Courts). — There used to be several buildings appropriated to this exercise ; at present, the only one is at No. 6, Passage Sandrie, rue Basse du Rempart. (1) The club grants prizes for newly established races in the departments, to encourage the sports of the French turf, and the amelioration of the breed of thorough-bred stock in France. By a new regulation of i853, the Prefects of departments are of right to enjoy the " Pr^sidence d'honneur" of races for which Stakes are given by Government, and the superior functionaries of the Haras act at them as the Government commissaries. Three commissaries are nominated in each locality by the Mi- nister, to receive the entries, prepare the ground, and superin- tend the races ; they decide all questions without appeal, ex- cept only in the case of an objection to the identity or qualifica- tion of a horse. Such objection maybe carried before a Central Commission of seven members, formed at Paris ; which can, in the case of fraud, propose to exclude the persons guilty of it from the races for a given time. Except in case of an express condition to the contrary, the only horses allowed to run for the Government Stakes are those foaled^ and up to the age of two years, bred in France, and whose descent is traced in the English or French stud books. With respect to weights, mares and fillies are to carry slbs. less than horses and colts. No horse is to run in any race unless its owner shall, before the commencement of the day's business, have paid all entries and forfeits due from him. No prizes are given for galloping matches. The Government Stakes are divided into two cate- gories, called Prix classis au r^glement^ and Prix non classes, and the Minister decides every year on the division and con- ditions of the non-classed Stakes. The first categories of Stakes is divided into four classes, namely: ist class, the Great Im- perial Stakes for horses that have never won those Stakes ; 2d class, the Imperial Stakes for horses that have never won the 1st class Stakes — the winner of a second class Stake carrying 2lhs, extra, and of two or more such Slakes, 4lbs. extra ; 3d class, the Principal Stakes for horses that have never won a first or second class Stake — with extra weight on such as have won third class Stakes ; 4th class, Special Stakes for horses of all sorts that have never won a first, second, or third class Slake— with extra weight on winners of fourth class Stakes. For the third and fourth class Stakes all France is divided into two divisions, the northern and the southern, and the horses run- ning for the former must have resided one year without inter- ruption in the division. The first division contains 42 depart- ments, and amongst them are the Oise, the Seine, and the Beine-et-Oise ; and the second 43. Paris, however, though in the northern division, is to be considered as neutral, and the Special and Principal Stakes given at it may consequently be disputed by horses from both divisions. The races at Bordeaux take place in April ; at Caen in July ; at Boulogne-sur-Mer, Le Pin, Pau, and Moulins in August ; and at Paris in May and 49« PLACES OF IWBLIG AMUSEMENT. j J0UTB8 SUE L'EAU^^The WalenAen of tb^ Seine formerly amuted the people with rowing and sailing matches. To these were added mythological representations, with naval corn- hats, &c. Aquatic sports are still given at most of the fetes of villages on the banks of the Seine. Societies oi regattas esist at Paris, Asnieres, and Argenteuil. Mats de Gocagne. — This exercise is a favourite amtis^nent at public fetes. It consists of a greased mast, 60 feet in height, from which prizes, such as watches, silver forks and sp6ons, sil- ver cups, &c., are suspended, which fall to the lot of those who succeed in reaching them. Skating. — The best places for this exercise are the basin de la Villette, the canal St. Martin, the Tnileries, the gares de la Bastille and de la Rap6e, and the Plaines de la QlacUre. PROMENADES. Most of the public promenades of Paris have been already described in the preceding part of this book, but they are here ' placed under one head for the convenience of the reader. The Champs £lys£es form the largest place of public exercise within Paris for persons in carriages^ on horseback, or on foot, and in many respects, during the summer season, the most agreeable. (See p. 187.) The Garden of the Tuileries, a delightful walk.(See p. 1 54.) The Garden of the Palais Rotal is generally frequented by the inhabitants of the centre of the town. (See p. 214.) The Garden of the Luxemrourg, which has recently under- gone very great embellishments, and received many new sta- tues by eminent sculptors, is the principal promenade on the southern bank of the Seine . ( See p . 3 9 9 . ) The Garden of Plants, with its collections, etc. (See p..4s4.) The Boulevards, interior and exterior, are resorted to by Parisians of all ranks, and form by day or night amusing and healthy walks. The Boulevard des Italiens is the most fashion- able. (See p. 12, 3^,) Bois or PARC de Boulogne. — ^This wood, about two miles from Paris, bears the name of a neighbouring village. Be- fore the revolution of 1789 its trees were stunted or dying from age. The revolutionary axe in part Cleared it ; whatever was October. The Stakes to be ran for at Paris are the Special, of 3,000 fr. and 3,500 fr. ; the Principal, of 4,500 fr. and 5,000 fr.j the Imperial, of 6,000 fr.; and the Great Imperial of 1 4 »ooDfr. The Government also grants, under certain specified conditions, and in localities where it may appear useful, prime* de dressagt for carriage and riding horses. In i855 the prizes awarded at all the races throughout France amounted to 949,805 fr. The num- ber of race-horses bow under training in France is four handred. CNDENCIES. BOIS DB BOULOGHE. 497 then spared was felled in 18 14, to make palisades for the bar* ri^rs at the approach of the allied armies. In July, 1816, after the capitulation, the British troops under Wellington encamped here. It has now grown again into a thick and beautiful wood. TheBois de Boulogne now the properly of the city of Paris, has been lon^ known as a place for duelling and suicides. It is' distinguished for the annual promenade de Longchamp, and is now, like Hyde Park in London, the most fashionable place of resort for a drive or a walk, where the most splend^ equipages and tinest horses of the capital are displayed. (See p. 192.) The annexed map will be found very useful in cQ' rect'ng the visitor to the most interesting spots. The best way of visiting this delightful wood, in order fully to enjoy its varied scenery, so admirably turned to account by the engineers MM. Vare, Alphand, and BarUlet Deschamps, entrusted with the improvements which have been going on here since 1852 — ^is to enter it by the new Avenue de VJmpe' ratrice, 3900 feet long and 3oo wide, which, commencmg from the Bond Point of the Triumphal Arch of the Barriere de I'Etoile (see p. 195), extends to the Porte Dauphine, the nearest gate of the park on that side. Continuing along the road ex- actly opposite to this Avenue, a few slight turns will bring the visitor at once to the borders of the new lakes, the great attraction of the day. The first of these lakes, which is 3600 feet in length and 750 broad, encompasses two islands, con- nected by a rustic wooden bridge, and occupying together an extent of 2400 feet. Everything that art and taste combined could imagiuc to charm the eye with picturesque scenery has been concentrated upon this spot. At the southern extremity, opposite the islands, two beautiful cascades (1) pour their waters, bounding from rock to rock, or gushing from crevices skilfully arranged, into the lake beneath. Winding paths, emerging from the cool fir-groves sprinkled around, intersect the rich turf which clothes the banks down to the water's edge. From the balcony of an elegant kiosk, situated on a promontory which terminates the smaller island, an en- chanting view is obtained on a fine summer's day of the gay scene around. The rich equipages enlivenmg the carriage-road that winds around the lake — ^the crowds of persons of all ranks enjoying the cool shade on the iron-benches provided for their convenience, or sauntering along the gravel- walks — children frolicking about in the height of merriment and glee, and the boats plying to and fro with theur white canvass-awnings (I) The lakes are fed by the reservoirs of Chaillot through an iron pipe, i6 Inches in diameter, which passes under the Porte de la Muettc, a villa (see p. 50o) lying within the fortiflcatlonp. 498 PLAGES OF PUBLIC AMUSfiUENT. ftBining in the sun (1), fonn a maze of bosHe and animation most pleasing to the eye. On the larger island a Swiss cottage, near the hrioge, affords refreshment to the weary ; and at its opposite extremity, we may, reposing at our ease in a pretty trellised summer-house, admire an elegant little screw-steamer, a present to the Prince Imperial, which lies ready to navigate these guileless waters at her little master's command. Leaving the islands for terra firma, snug little Swiss cot- tages may be seen peering here and there from behind the trees, well provided with beer and common wine for the thirsty. The carriage-road above-mentioned, which forms a circuit of not less than five miles, brings us to the second lake, separated from the former by a neck of land, where iron- chairs may be hired at a charge of 3 or 4 sous. This second lake is much smaller, and less attractive than the other, but likewise furnished with boats for the accommodation of the tourist. At its further end a hill, or mound, called the Butte Mortemart, and also Mont St. Bernard, graced with a cedar at its top, commands a good view of the lake on both sides. We must not omit to mention, that the dendrologist will find ample scope for observation in this park, where some of the rarest trees have been planted of late, including fourteen or fifteen kinds of oak (the cork-tree among the number), as many, perhaps, of the pine, the beech, the plantain, &c., while the islands are adorned with various plants of the warmer climates, requiring considerable nursing, such as the yucca, the musa, begonia^ aloct, rhopis, &c. From the Mont St. Bernard several walks or avenues branch out in as many direc- tions. On taking the th^rd to the right (if facing the lakes) the visitor will reach a pond, called the Mare d^Anteuil, a pleasant spot, where vegetation has attained a more venerable age, witness the huge weeping willow that dips its branches in the water beneath ; nor would the visitor think himself here so close to Paris, were it not for the fortifications that mar the i?lusion. From this spot a few steps to the right will take him to Auteuil (seep. 502) by the gate of that name, where. he may either return to Paris through the village, or take his ticket for the Porte Maillot or Rue St. Lazare at the railway station close at haiid to the left. This railway is now to be continued to Sevres. Should the visitor prefer entering the Pare de Boulogne by the Porte Maillot (see p. id?), well known for the good re- (1) The charge is so cent, for, que person; for large parties. It is less in proportion. There ar6 three landing places along the banks of the lake, but only one on the larger island, opposite the Swiss cottage, BOTS YilL BOULOGNE. 499 Aktirflirfs In if* rfcifnty, or by the t^orte de Naiifly further up, he trill ftfld the choicest wood-scenery that cdn well be met with in the neighbourhood of a great capital, and may give himself trp to quiet meditation ; or, if he be otherwise disposed, be tnay enjoy a delightful ride either in a carriage or on horseback. A more Arcadian style of locomotion is often preferred by the rising generation in the shape of a donkey, to be had on hire, at 50 c. per hour, at the Porte Maillot. To enjoy the Park de Boulogne on this side, a slight know- ledge of its general topography will be of advantage. From the Porte Maillot a long avenue, called Avenue de Longchamps, two miles in length, extends as far as Longchamps (see p. 191), meeting the All^e de la Reine Marguerite, of more than equal length, about half way. The latter, extending from the Porte de Neuilly to the Porte de Boulogne, skirts the pretty village of St. James, a cluster of villas near the former gate. Close to this was Madrid, a villa built by Francis I., after the model of that where he Was kept in captivity by Charles V. It was demo- lished under Louis XVI., and its place is now occupied by an elegant restaurant. Close to this is Bagatelle, a beautiful ^dlla, adjoining the Pare de Bou- lof:ne, and erected by fielanger, in consequence of a wager between the Count d'Artois and the Princo of Wales that the house could not be built in 60 days ; it was finished in 68 . It is now the property of the Marquis of Hertford, who purchased it for 31 3,000 fr.; it is fitted up in a style of great elegance. Having reached this place, the visitor soon arrives at the Porte de Longchamps, beyond which he will see, on his left, an extent of upwards of 500 acres recently added to the Bois de Boulogne. Excepting a vast space intended for horse- races, it is all laid out in beautiful walks, with here and there a piece of water to enliven the scene. Returning to the Porte de Longchamps, he will perceive, opposite to it, a large cas- cade, 49 feet in height and upwards of 60 in breadth ; behind it, a lake fed by the various rivulets which now intersect the park in every direction. One of the five avenues which branch out here, marked out by an appropriate sign-posl, leads to the Pr6 Catelan, a charming garden, just opened by private speculation for music and other diversions. It comprises a restaurant, a brasserie, or beer-house, a lecture-room, a small theatre for legerdemain, &c., and a telegraph-office. Eastward of this we find the Croix Catelan, a venerable relic, which has outlived, though not without mutilation, all the political disturbances and revolutions of France since the 14th century. It is a loo PLACES OF PUBLIC AMUSEMEMT. pyramid erected by Philippe le Bel, to commemorate the murder of a celebrated troubadour named Arnauld de Gatelan, whom he had invited to Paris from the court of Beatrix of Savoy. (1) The upper part of the monument is broken off; but the arms of Provence and of Catelan are still distinguishable on the pedestal. From this spot the visitor, taking an eastward direction, will reach the lakes already described. Near Passy, in the Bois de Boulogne, is the Chdteau de la Muette, formerly crown property, but now belonging to the , widow of M. Erard, the celebrated piano-forte manufacturer. Inmiediately fronting this is Ranelaghj a well-known and agreeable place of public amusement. (See p. 492 .) The Bois DE ViNCENNES, east of Paris, is an agreeable place, more retired than the Bois de Boulogne, but, on account of its remoteness from the fashionable quarters of Paris, not so well known as a promenade. It has also against it the quarter through which the visitor has to pass on his way to it, which is the Faubourg St. Antoine, inhabited chiefly by tiie lower classes, and a part of Paris which has become historical for its share in the scenes which followed the revolution of 1 789. The Pri^ St. Gervais and the Bois de Rohainville are, the one an open tract of land behind Belleville ; the other a pictu- resque wood adjoining it. Both these spots and the Bois de Vincennes are much resorted to by the middle and lower classes of Parisians for pic-nic parties and Sunday excursions. (i) The king had sent an escort of men-at-arms to conduct the troubadour safe through the Bois de Boulogne, then infested with robbers. The bard having, in an unguarded moment, boasted before these men of the rich treasures of which he was the bearer of to the king, they conspired to murder him, and executed their bloody purpose at this spot. To their mortiflcation, the rich trea- sures they expected to find turned out to be nothing more than a few bottles of valuable essences of Provence manufacture. They returned to the royal palace, and gave out that they had waited in vain for Catelan, who had not arrived. Search was made, and the body found; but the murderers would most probably have escaped discovery, had it not been for one of them who had the imprudence to perfume his hair with one of those essences, which was so rare that he could not have procured it at any shop in Paris. Suspicion being awakened, the guilty parties were apprehended, confessed their crime, and were condemned to the stake. ALPOAt. A0£ PART IV. ENVIRONS OF PARIS. [For a list of conveyances, see Preface,] ALPORT. — ^This village, two leagues from Paris, near the. confluence of the Seine and the Marne, is celebrated for a yete- rinary school founded by Bourgelat, In 1764. This establish- ment possesses a library of domestic zoology, a cabinet of comparative anatomy, and another of pathology. There are also a botanical garden, hospitals for sick animals, a laboratory, a pharmacy, ground for the cultivation of grasses, a school of practical agriculture, a flock of sheep for experiment, a herd of swine, a set of bee-hives, and an amphitheatre, where lectures are delivered upon veterinary medicine and rural economy. Pupils from the north of France are admitted at Alfort upon the presentation of the Minister of Commerce and Agriculture, either as boarders, at 360 fr. a-year, or as gra- tuitous pupils. The establishment is endowed with sixty demi-bourses for as many pupils nominated by the Prefect of the Seine, and approved by the Minister. The Minister of War also has 40 pupils in the school destined for veterinary service in the cavalry. They are received from the age of seventeen to twenty-five ; and the duration of their studies is four years. They must all be able to read and write, and understand arith- metic, grammar, and smithes work. The number of pupils that can be received is limited to 300. Their number is at present 260. Animals that require treatment are admitted at a charge of 50 sous a-day for a horse, and 12 sous for a dog. If their owners are poor, the only charge made is for their keep. In case of murrain among cattle, pupils or professors are sent to treat them. There are two similar institutions in France ; one at Lyons, for the central departments, and another at Tou- \ouse, for the south. (1) (i) The annual cost to Government of these three veterinary schools, comprising altogether 600 students, is 492,ooo fr., being on the average 820 fr. for each student. The average number of horses kept in them is 1332, viz., 838 stallions, 127 mares, 212 colts, 99 Allies, and 56 draught horses. The expenses amount to 1,921,900 fir. In the sheep farms at Rambouillet, Perpignan, and Lahayevaux, there are 1,500 animals, the keep of whicU amounts to iie^ooo fr. a-year. $02 ENVIRQMS Of PARIS. j ARGUEIL.— This village, on the Paris and Sceanx Railway, has a remarkable charch of the 15th century. Its nsifae is name is derived from the arches of the aquedact constructed by the Romans. (See p. 29.) The country round is pleasing and picturesque. ARGENTEUIL. — ^A large village, 2/2 leagues north of Paris, on the Seine. There was a priory here, founded in 656, to which Eloisa retired in 1120, till the Paraclete was prepared for her by Al^elard. A tunic, said to be that of our Saviour, woven by the Virgin Mary, is preserved here. Gregory of Tours slates that it was brought to France in the mga of Charlemagne, and deposited in the convent of Afsgenteuil, where his sister and daughter were nuns. If this be the genuine one, those at Moscow and Rome must be ooant^eits, for the legends .ay that the Virgin made her Son only one tonic which increased in size as he grew. At present there are considerable iron works here. A branch of the St. Germain Railway connects this place with Colombes and Asnieres. ARNOUVILLE.— Four leagues north of Paris. Louis XVIIT. passed three days in the chateau of this place previous to enter- ing Paris, in 1815; and here he drew up his ChaHer. ASNiERES — is a neat village with vwy pretty oeantry- houses, and a station on the St. Germain railway. Its summer balls are much frequented. (See p. 492.) AUTEUIL — a charming village, a league to the west of Pa- ris, is pleasantly situated at the entrance of the Bois de Bou- logne. It was founded in the 7th century by the inhabitants of a village called Nimio, whidi was given to the Bishc^ of liC Mans by Clotaire If. It was the favourite retreat of Ra- eine, Lafontaine, La Ghapelle, Franklin, Helvetius, Gabanis, Condorcet, Count Rumfort, and other eminent men. The Chan- cellor d'Aguesseau lived and died here ; an obelisk in the churchyard marks his grave, Boileau's house was at 18, rue de Boileau, and Molicre composed here a great psot of his works. It contains a number of handsome villas. BAGNEU3f — a village on the Paris and Sceaux rjulroad, with a church of the 12th century. BELLEVILLE— -at the extremity of the faubourg du Temple, commands a fine view of Paris. It contains a great number of guinguettes, where a multitude of Parisians, of the lower classes, assemble on Sundays and holidays. BELLEVUE — ^a village two leagues west of Paris, delight- luUy situated on the hill leadmg to Meudon from Sevres. From the terrace an enchantmg and extensive view is obtained of Paris and the wmdings of the Seine. Close to the Chartres railway, which passes through it, is a trian^qr GotMc cha- pel, with ^ires at the angles, ia commemoration of the dread- ful rsmway accident which took place on that spot on May 8, 1842. The central spire hears a statue of Notre Dame de$ FlammeSf to whom it is dedicated, in allusion to the unfortunate beings burnt in the carriages, from which escape was impossible, BERCY. — ^At this extensive suburb of Paris a considerable part pf the wine fiom Champagne and Burgundy, brandy, and vinegar, for the supply of Paris, is landed as it arrives. The ware- houses are extensive, and used for bonding wine. (Seep. 3 i 2.) BICETRE.— This is a celebrated hospital, situated in the commune of Gentilly, half a league from the Barriere d'ltalie, on the road to Fonlainebleau. John, bishop of Winchester, built here, in 1204, a c^teau, which was named Chdieau de Wincestre, from whence came Bicestre, BicUre. The Duke de Berry gave it, in 141 6;^ to the chapter of Notre Dame, oif whom Louis XIII. bought it in 1632, and erected on its site an hospital for military invalids, wluch took the title of Com- manderie de St, Louis, Louis XIV. having built the Invalides, this house was annexed to the general hospital de la Salpe- triere. Bicetre is situated on lofty ground, and the air is bet- ter than in most hospitals of Paris. It is supplied with water by machinery from two wells, sunk to 172 feet, in 1775. Bicetre is used as an asylum for indigent old men, and male lunatics, and may receive 2000 patients. It presents a square (^ 900 ft. on each side, and contains 3 courts. A new division, con- structed in 1822, at an expense of 400,000 fr., consists of two piles separated from each other by a small garden and orna- mented with a peristyle, where flie lunatics walk when the weather excludes them from the garden. Further considerable additions and repairs were made m 1 85 5 . The indigent and in- firm old men occupy the greater part of the building. They have no private rooms, but there are large rooms with work- shops and dormitories, as also several gardens and court-yard^ for exercise. They are obliged to work three hours a-day at their respective trades or other occupations, and receive in re- turn a share of the profits ; the rest goes towards defraying the expenses of the establishment. The daily allowance to the indigent is a portion of soup, a pound and a quarter of bread, four ounces of meat for dinner, vegetables or cheese at night, and a quarter of a pint of wine. The average daily cost of each individual is 90 c, and the total annual expense about 900,ooo Cranes. The class of persons called reposam are such servants of the hospital as are unable to work. When sick, the pau- pers are removed to the infirmary. There are 2,000 beds. The most afflicting spectacle in the interior of this vast esta- blishment is that of me lunatics^ idiots, and epileptics, 900 in Digitized by CjOOQ'IC S04 ENVIRONS OP PABIS. number, who have in general the same attowance as ilie fjaii^ pers, excepting of bread, of which they receiye a larger qoanlity . The insane, when dangerous, are confined in a slrai^jaeket and shut up. Otherwise the most lenient treatment is observed towards them; and, to those who are capaUe of it, daily <»- cupation is given on a model farm and bleadung-groimd, catted the Ferme Ste. Anne, at the Barriere de la Sante, whertltoe are also large sties for breeding hogs of superior kinds ;IIb8 farm not only supplies the establishment, but even produces sufficient to supply partly the oth«r hospitals of Paris. This method of treating lunatics has been found to succeed beyoad all expectation. There are various kinds of schools in tk^ es- tid)lishment for lunatics of all ages. Concerts are oceasioiwdly given, at which both the performers and the audience ar» ki- oatics; they are found to act very beaoeficially on the Bund, (l) Formerly a vast prison was situated within the widls of this hospital, but is now replaced by the prison in the xue de la Roquette. (See p. 284) Doctors of Bieetre : for the old and infirm, Pelletan ; for lunatics, Yoisin, Leuret, Ddasiaave, and Moreau. Surgeon, M. Desprez. BOURG-LA-REINE— 2 leagues south of Paris. There is a house here, with a park, built by Henry lY. for Gabrielle d'Es- tnSes. Here Louis XV. received the infanta of Spain, in 1722, and Condorcet, persecuted by the Convention, committed snieide by poison, in 1794. The cattle-market, called MarcM de Sceaux, for the butchers of Paris, is held every Monday. The Paris and Sceaux railroad has a station here. BUC— a village 4/a leagues south-west of Paris, is remari^- able for the aqueduct of 19 arches erected by Louis XIV. which conveys water to Versailles (half a league distant). Near this place is the source of the Bieme. CHANTILLY — a town 10 leagues north of Paris, was once celebrated as the residence of the illustrious house of Coode. The estate of Chantilly having lapsed to the crown in 1484, Charles VIII. gave it to Guillaume de Montmorency, his nephew, one of whose descendants having forfeited his head and his estates in 1632, Louis XIII. presented Chantilly to the Princess de Conde, sister of the duke alluded to. It was finally pre- sented, in 1661, by Louis XIV., to the Great Conde. (2) His (1) Owing to the progress made in the medical sciences, the number of patients annually discharged at present is seven times greater than it used to be 50 years ago. (2) The great Cond6 here spent his latter years, alter retiring from military life, in the society of Racine, Boileau, Bossuet, and other literary men of his age. Cond6 took great pride in this beautiful retreat, and pleasure in embellishing it; and when CHANTILLY. i05 deBceiklaiiis eootimied here till the revolution of 1789, when tfaM part of the prineely mansion called Le Grand Chdteau, was demolkhed, and the works of art, except such as had been rtfttk&^ed and secreted, were destroyed, together with the gar- den. On the Restoration, in 1814, the Petit Chdteau was vertored to the house of Cond^, and many improyements were ttade by the last of that name, who frequently resided here, and made it his principal hunting-seat. On his melancholy death ia 1«30, Chantilly descended to the Duke d'Aumale, fourth son of Louts Philippe, who frequently visited it, with other mem- bers of the royal family. In c(»sequence of the decree of Jan. 9^d, 1852, forcing the Orleans family to dispose of all their properly in France, it has now changed hands, and has been t>oaght by two of the partners of the house of Coutts and Co. The ch&teau, which is situated in the midst of a lake, is one of tfie finest monuments of the stjie of the Renaissance in ex- istenee. In the state-rooms and gallery are the battles of the Orand Gonde, painted by Van der Meulen. There are also, be- ndes the state-rooms, a chapel and a Chinese cabinet. It is surrounded by vast grounds, laid out in the English and French style, with gardens, lawns, parterres, islands, grottos, and pic- turesque walks. The stables of Chantilly, considered the finest in Europe, are at some little distance from the Chdteau, and form even a more magnificent pile of buildings than the pa > lace. They are capable of holding ISO horses, and connected with them are other buildings for the accommodation of hounds, carriages, &c. The interior and exterior are tastefully deco- rated with pieces of sculpture representing sporting subjects, and the lawn in front is magnificent. Admission to the Chdteau, staMes, and grounds is obtained without dijfficulty. The forest of Chantilly, adjoining the park, contains 7,600 acres. In the midst of it is a circular area called the Table Ronde, from which 12 roads branch in different directions, and this is the ordinary rendez-vous of sporting parties. Here also the festival of St. Hubert, the patron of sportsmen, used to be celebrated, -and the lakes of Commelle, at about an hour's walk across the Louis XrV., who had a claim on it, indicated a desire to obtain possession, he said, ** Vous 6tes le maitre ; mais j'ai une grsice k demander & Votre Majesty, c'est de me laisser h Chantilly comme votre concierge ;" and the King had the moderation not to interfere. Condi's affairs were never in a more desperate condition than at the moment when he was honoured by a visit from his cousin and sovereign (i67i); nevertheless, nothing could exceed the magnificence of the entertainment, rendered memorable by the suicide of Vatel, the celebrated cook, who ran himself through with his sword in despair, because the fish did not arrive in time for dinner. ft06 ENTIRON? OF PARIS. forest, are well worth a visit. They receive their wal^r from a little river called la Theve. They are bounded to the nortb by the village of GommeUc, and to the south by the Chateau del^ Lc^e, which is said to have bee^ built by Blanche de Gastille^ mother of St. Louis. Races take place at CbantiUy in May and October. At liie May meetings the Derby is run for, and in the October the St. Leger. The Government gives stakes amounting to several hundred pounds, and the Jockey Club and the authorities of the Department also give prizes to be contended for. The races are fashionably and numerously at- tended, especially in May. Several racing studs are kept up at Chantilly, on account of the facilities for training. The number of race-horses is stated at 190. For the benent of the English residents, the Rev. J. G. Cox, M.A., TriAity College, has been licensed by the Bishop of London to be Chapl^tin at thid^ place. The Northern railway takes visitors to St. Leu, whence omnibuses run to Chantilly. CHARENTON— was celebrated under Henry IV., Louis XIII., and XIV., for the controversies carried on here with regard to Uie Protestants. It is now known for the great hospital for insane persons of both sexes, founded in 1 644 by the minister Deblanc, but afterwards formed into a boarding-house by the Freres de la Chants, for the cure of lunacy. In ^ 7 97, it was converted by government into an asylum, under the name of Maison Nationale de Charentonpour le traitement des atidnes, for 400 lunatics whose cases were not hopeless ; others are now received whose insanity is considered incurable. The inode of treatment by giving employment and amusement to the patient, with the apparent absence of restraint, has been found very successful. The house is spacious, and many important additions, at an expense of 3,320,ooo fr., have been made within a few years, particularly a large wing, built in 1838. The chambers and dormitories are spacious, well-lighted, airy, &c. ; and the passages are warmed by iron pipes under the floor. The asylum is under the authonty of the Minister of the Interior, and the superintendence of a special committee. Persons are received here as boarders, and gratuitously on an order from the minister, who has a certain number of bourses at his disposal, to be applied for a limited time in favour of persons having claims on the government. There are three ' classes of boarders : the first, those who pay 1,425 fr., and upwards; the second, 1,123 fr. ; and the third, 828 fr., in- cluding washing. Certificates, signed by medical men not more tiian a fortnight before admission, are to be presented on the part of lunatics previous to their be^ng allowed to enter, 9axd certain formalities have to be complied with, ^j^^nission 19 granted at all times to pati^qts ; but the pul^Uc are oidy ad- mnted fron^ noon to four o'clock^ on Thursaays and Sundays. No one is {dlowed to enter the wards, but strangers are shown the courts and gardens. Lunatics, whether cured or not, are restored to their families on permission of the authority which ordered their admission.(l} Physicians for the male patients, Dr. Archambault ; for the other sex. Dr. Gahneil. Chief Surgeon : Deguise senior ; assistant Surgeon, Deguise jun. A stone bridge over the Mame connects Charenton with Alfort. GHARTRES—a city of 14,500 inhabitants ; once the capital of the fertile Beauce, and nov of the department d*Eure-et- Loir, is situated on a slope, at the bottpm of which runs th^ Eure, washing the only remaining portion of the old forti- fications and two of the city gates, the rest having been pulled down, the ramparts levelled into walks, and the town thrown open. Chartres is remarkable as one of the largest com markets in France, but chiefly for its Cathedr^d, one of the most magniflcent in Europe, conspicuou^y situated pn the hiU on which the city stands. Its most striking and interesting features, after its vast dimensions and elegant pro- portions, are its two rich and singular lateral portals, its painted glass, scarcely equalled in France, and its three rose windows. This edifice was commenced by Bishop Fulbert, in 1029, but was not dedicated till 1260, but the western front was com- pleted in 1145, with the exception of the elegant crocketed northern spire, raised in 1514, partly at the charge of Louis XII., by J, Texier ; it is 370 feet high, and the upper part of beautifully light and delicately executed work. The western firont and portal, elaborately ornamented with statuary in the Byzantine style, illustrative of the New Testament, is inferior altogether in design and execution to the two entrances on the northern and southern sides, consisting of triple projecting Gothic porticos resting on piers or clustered pillars. The statues which line the sides and vaults are of a superior style of art, and of the 14th century. The interior is of such con- sistent proportions in all its parts, that its vast dunensions do not strike the spectator at first sight, but its length is 422 feet, and the height to the apex of its roof 112 feet. The style throughout the nave and choir is the vigorous early Gothic. In the centre of the nave a maze or labyrinth, of intricate circles, is marked out on the pavement in coloured stone ; to follow it through its windmgs (1,320 feet long), saying prayers at cer- tain stations, was probably at one time a penitential exercise. The church pcissesses a perfect treasure of painted glass, more (1) The share supported by the department of the Seine in thf cpM of all the li^natlc asylum was last year t95,ooo fr. 66S ENTIilONS OF KRIS. than 130 windows being completely filled, and few bemg quite destitute of this splendid ornament. They date, for the most part, from the 1 3th century. Some of the glass is half an inch thick. The three rose windows at the end of the nave and transepts are remarkable for their size, 30 or 40 feet diameter, and their complicated tracery, but it is somewhat clumsy. The subjects are generally sacred, but the lower compartments contain representations of various trades — shoemakers, basket- makers, &c., showing that their guilds or corporations were the donors. The choir has double aisles, and ends in ahemicycle towards the east ; in the inside 8 marble bas reliefs, of scrip- tural subjects, mediocre in design and execution, are inserted, and behind the high altar is a huge piece of marble sculpture, in the taste of the time of Louis XIII., out of character with the building. The outside of the screen, which separates the choir from its aisles, is ornamented with a series of remarkable Gothic sculptures, representing the life of Christ or the Virgin Mary, in 45 compartments, surrounded with the most elaborate tracery and tabernacle work. They were begun in 1514, and continued down to the middle of the 17 th century, and are in- teresting as some of the final efforts of Gothic art. The execu- tion has been compared to point lace in stone, and some of the sculptured threads are not thicker than the blade of a pen- knife." In this choir Henry IV. was crowned in 1594. After exploring this noble edifice, the traveller may inspect thie churches of St. Pierre and St. Andre, which, though not com- parable, are still worth a passing visit; St. Andre, (" to what vile uses may we come at last ! ") divested of its sacred character, is now a magazine for forage. Ghartres will now be much more visited by the stranger, owing to the railroad. CHATENAY — a mile and a half south of Sceaux, is celebrated as being the birth-place of Voltaire, in 1694. CHOISY-LE-ROL— This large village, VA leagues from Pa- ris, is so called from a chMeau, a favourite residence of Louis XV. It is celebrated for its glass and morocco manufactories. Close to the railroad station the Seine is crossed by a bridge. COLOMBES — a neat little village on the St. Germain railroad. COMPIEGNE.— This town, with 9,000 inhabitants, 17 leagues north-east of Paris, near the confluence of the Oise and the Aisne, possesses a palace agreeably situated between the town and the forest. It is visible every day, from 1 1 to 4, in the absence of the Emperor. The Palace.— It is situated on the Vlact du Chdteav, a gpa- cious square, surrounded with alleys of lime trees, and was built by Louis XV. and Louis XVI. The entrance is through a Doric portico, 'connecUng two lateral wings which, with th«  r COMPlteNC. 509 main body, enclose the Cour d'Honnewr. The Grand Vettibule, a long Doric gallery, adorned with marble busts of Roman Em- perors, leads by the Escalier d'Honneur, a fine double-branched staircase^ to the Salle det Gardes and Salon dee Huissiersj where a* hunting scene under Louis XV. forms the subject of a large painting, by Audry. There are two other paintings of hounds by Desportes. The Salle d manger, an Ionic halJ, opening into the garden, leads to \he Salqn des Aidee-de-Campf containing three large maps of Compi^gne and the adjoining forest, painted on canvas. The Salon de Famille, where the Imperial family meet in the evening, gives access to the Salon du Conseil, a splendid room, with a Gobelins carpet and Beauvais furniture. The walls are adorned with three fine pieces of Gobelins tapestry, repre- senting sacrifices to Pallas, Flora, and Ceres, from orisinals painted in 1787, by Suv^e. Next follows the Emperor's bed- room, with a splendid gilt bedstead and canopy ; the furniture is red damask, and the ceiling painted in comparfmentsi by Girodet. The Libra/ry, a spacious room, with carved and gilt book-cases, has a ceiling painted in compartments, by Girodet ; the centre one represents Mercury, Pallas, and Apollo. In the Salon des Dames d'Honneur are two large paintings, by Langlois, representing the Battle of Navarino, and the landing of the French at Algiers in i83o. Next follows the Empress's bed- chamber, a most gorgeous apartment. The ceiling and panels, by Girodet, represent the Evening Star, and the Seasons. The bedstead is graced with two gilt cornucopiae ; two large angels, likewise gilt, hold the curtains which descend from a rich canopy ' adorned with ostrich' feathers ; the furniture is also gilt and covered with red damask, Adjoining is a bath and cabinet de toilette, also beautifully furnished. Next follows the Salon de rdception of the Empress, in keeping with the other rooms. All these rooms have costly Gobelins carpets. From this, the Salon d'Attente opens into the Petit Salon, having War, Departure, Vic- tory, and Return painted in the coves. Now follow three plain rooms, formerly inhabited by Madame Adelaide, sister to King Louis Philippe. With few exceptions, the furniture is still the same that was used by her. Descending a staircase, we find the Salle du Spectacle with three tiers of galleries, and capable of containing 800 persons. It is richly painted and gilt. The suite behind the Empress's rooms comprises a private dining- room, and the Galerie de Don Quichottej with 31 paintings, by Coypel, father and son, representing the most striking scenes of Cervantes's masterpiece. There are 8 paintings more of the same, by Natoire, in the adjoining antechamber. The visitor now enters the Grande Galerie des Batailles, built by Napoleon I. the vaulted ceiling, supported by 20 Corinthian columns, illus^ trates in 12 allegorical compartments, by Girodet, the victories of Wagram, Austerlitz, etc. It is 100 feet by 40, and 3o feet in height. The following room contains two paintings by Girodet. taken from Chateaubriand's Atala ; and the next, called the Antique Chapelle, is adorned with fine Gobelins tapestry, repre- senting High Mass, Leo X., and the Defeat of Maxentius, copied from the Vatican at Rome. The present chapel, adjoining, is of 6id EsmiiONIf or paxis. (htf Doric and tonic orders ; the Creator, Faith, and Hope, are in iHe window, executed iti stained glass. Other apartmentg, vyiiig, it is said, In splendour with those already described, are still in the hands of the artists. It was in this palace Napoleon received the Archduchess Maria Louisa. A gpacious terrace behind the palace, addrued with sphynxes, statues of Ulysses, Mutius Scaevola, and good copies from the antique, in white marble, slopes down into the Garden^ which is laid out in the English style, and contains several good statues, both bronze and marble. A portioti of the forest is seen from the terrace, and an arbour of iron frame- work, 4800 feet long and 14 feet in breadth, leads form the palace to the forest. There is also a Canal of about the same length. The forest of Gompiegne contains 2d, 074 acres, 338 ros^s, forming a length of 220 leagues ; 21 ponds, 318 bridges, and 11 fountains. Its value is 49,000,000 fr. All the finger-posts pointing to the town are painted red. The Town of Gompiegne is irmgolarly built, but it po^ sesses, besides the palace, three remarkable edifices. The Hdtel de Ville is a Gothic structure of the end of the 14 th cen- tury ; its central tower, with the lateral turrets and the pro- fuse sculpture of its front deserve particular attention. This building is not unworthy of a visit. In the Council Chamber is Papety's well-known picture, Un Reve de Bonheur, besides a Charity, by Landelle, and a fine forest scene by VeilqUez. The public library, composed of 12,000 volumes, in one of the contiguous rooms, contains full-length portraits of Louis Phi- lippe, after Masse, and the late Due d'Orleans, by Vignon. Ou the second story is a museum, founded by M. Vivenel. Here the visitor will be astonished to find, within a small compass, treasures which are often missed in larger collections. Be- sides a nmnerous series of Etruscan vases, Roman laftJpfS, medals, old paintings, etc. ; there is an altar-screen of ala- baster, of the 1 5th century with the Passion carved in haut- relief in 14 compartments j it once belonged to St. Germain TAuxerrois. There is also a small collection of minerals and plaster casts here. The Eglise St, Jaques, independently of Its remarkable tower and pure pointed style throughout, coin tains two remarkable paintings in the transepts ; one is Qu^efi Anne of Austria, consort of Louis XITI., renewing the vow she had made to the Virgin ; the other, Christ at Emmaus, but with the curious circumstance of the presence of Anne of Austria, her children and her courtiers on Uie picture, this diurch has a nave and tw<^ BMsuti The froat of the chitreb of St, AnUriM, with its Baftraited tow^s, (Umopied aildip^, i0agdmofth«ftoHd6ot&lc. The iiit^rlor is sll|^tlf cmdi5i1ti> J, Digitized by CjOOQIC EAlfENdNTlLtE. ' 51 f ktkd tionsistfl of a.fidV6 And two aisled, the i^tyle is pointed, the vstuitiilgs of the choir elaborately groined, there is 6ome fine old stained glass, representing sacred subjects, by Pinai- grier, in twO of the chapels ; the Lady Chapel has three stained windows of modem execution. The oiuy paintings worth mentioning are : the Archangel crushing the Spirit of Evil ; an Assumption, by Manchard ; a Holy Family, by Mottez ; and an old painting of two Benedictine nuns in prayer. Clovis had a seat at Compiegne, and it was at the siege of Compiegne the Maid of Orleans was made prisoner by the English in 1 4 3 . A military camp is sometimes formed here in autumn . A branch of the Northern Railroad leads to this town. CORBEIL — 8 leagues south of Paris, on the Seine ; a town of 4000 inhabitants, with extensive flour-mills and an immense corn-warehouse, having 365 windows. It carries on a con- siderable trade in corn and flour. The church of St. Spire, re- built in 1437, contains the tomb of Jacques deBourgoin, founder Of the college of Corbeil (1661). The small church of St. Jean enrne was buHtby the Templars in the 13th century. A branch of the Orleans railway terminates here. ENGHIEN-LES-BAINS.— This village, half an hour from Pa- ris, is situated on the lake of St. Gratien, between Montmorency and the wood of St. Gratien. The sulphurous spring was dis- covered in 1766. The waters contain hme, carbon, magnesia, soda, and sulphuretted hydrogen gas ; their usual temperature is 59 degrees of Fahrenheit, but they may be heated much higher without losing their properties ; they are efficacious in diseases of the skin, intestinal chronic affections, scrofulous, nervous, and rheumatic disorders. The furnished houses and apartments are very numerous on the border of the lake, for the accom- modation of visitors. Horses and asses are ready saddled for rides to the delightful villages in the neighbourhood. BaUs, similar to those described at pp. 489-492, take place here genei-ally in summer, and attract the Parisians in very great numbers, particularly since the existence of the northern rail- road, which has a station at Enghien. ERMENONVILLE— 10 leagues north-east of Paris, is remark- able for its chateau, in a dependency of which Jean-Jacques Rousseau died. M. de Girardin, having learnt that the smaU- ness of Rousseau's iiic(»ie had compelled him to quit Paris, in- vited him to ErmenohviHe^ where he arrived on the 20th May, 1778^ but died on the 2d July following^ and was buried in an island in the great park, called Ite des PeupUers^ where a mo- nunaent was erected to his memory. The park and grounds adjoining the di&teau are laid out with great taste, and are well worthy of bdng seen. 512 ENVIRONS OF PARIS. FONTAINEBLEAU.— This handsome town of 9700 inhabi- tants, at 59 kilometres S.E. of Paris, is the seat of a sub-pre- fecture, and has two hospitals, a Hotel de Ville, a new and handsome Palais de Justice, a Protestant college, a chapel, a theatre, public baths, and a porcelain manufactory. It may be reached in two hours by the Lyons railroad, which has a splendid viaduct of thirty arches at the Fontainebleau station. On the square fronted by the old Palais de Justice, which is shortl) to be pulled down, stands a bronze statue of General Damesme, who fell in the insurrection of June, 1848. But the chief attractions of Fontainebleau are its palace, which stands . UD rivalled for magnificence, and the picturesque forest in the midst of which it is situated. The palace and gardens are visible daily. To visit the scenery of the forest completely, vehicles are always in readiness at 2 ff. an hour ; for a whole day more moderate conditions may be agreed for. History. — ^The forest of Fontaiuebleau was originally called the For4t de Bierre, from the name of a Danish warrior, Bierra, sumamed C6te de Fer, who in 845 encamped his army here after having committed frightful ravages. Ite present name seems to have been derived from a spring of water, where the town now exists, which was found so delicious by thirsty huntsmen as to obtain for it the appellation of Fontaine Belle Eau, The epoch of the foundation of a royal residence here, is uncertain. Some attribute it to King Robert the Devout in the nth century, but it may be traced with certainty to the 12th, several acts having been promulgated hereby Louis YII. Philippe Auguste also resided at Fontainebleau. Philippe le Bel was born and died at Fontainebleau, and his tomb is in the small church of the adjoining hamlet of Avon. Louis IX., who called Fontainebleau his chers deserts, frequently hunted in the forest, founded an hospital, and erected the Chxipelle de la Sainte TrinitS, It was not however till the 16th century that the present chateau was commenced by Francis I., and became the favourite residence of that monarch and his im- mediate successors. In it have taken place many of the most remarkable events of French history. Here, in 1539, Francis received and feted Charles V. of Germany on his visit to France. In 1602 the Marechal de Biron was arrested here, by drder of Henry IV., on a charge of high treason, and afterwards be- headed in the Bastille. In 1650 the Marquis de Monaldeschi, the secretary and favourite of Queen Christine, was assassinated hereby her orders. In 1685, LouisXIV. signed the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, and in the following year the great Conde died here, as did also in 1765 the Dauphin, only son of Louis XV., father of Louis XVI., Louis XVHI., and Charles X. The Digitized by CjOOQ LC F0NTAINEBLEAC7. 543 court haviDg been transferred by Louis XIV. to Versailles, Fontainebleau became neglected, and at the revolution it was stripped of all its valuable furniture and decorations, and fell into thorough decay. Under Napoleon, however, it was par- tially restored, and became once more the theatre of events. In 1808, Charles IV., king of Spain, dethrf 'ved by Bonaparte, was detained a prisoner here during 24 days. In 1809 the divorce between the Emperor and Josephine was pronounced here, and three years later Pope Pius VII. became an unwil- ling inmate of the palace for 18 months. Here Napoleon him- self, in 1814, fflgned his abdication, and took leave of the imperial eagles. Nothing remarkable took place here during the Restoration, Louis XVIII. and his family having made few improvements in Fontainebleau. But in 1831, Louis Philippe commenced its complete restoration, and the works proceeded with great activity, and at considerable cost ; all the first artists of France were employed in decorating it; the most scrupulous attention was paid to the restoration of everything to its ori- ginal style, the furniture carefully selected, and the effect of the palace rendered the most splendid that can be conceived. The latest events that have taken place at Fontainebleau were the marriage of the Duke of Orleans, the reception of Queen Maria Christina of Spain, and Lecomte's attempt to assassinate Louis Philippe in the forest. The Palace. — ^The principal entrance is by the vast Coiir dBt Adieux, formerly Uour du Cheval Blanc, from an eques- trian statue in plaster once placed here. There are four courts ; viz. the Cour de la Fontaine, the fountain in which is surmounted by a fine statue of Ulysses, by Petitot ; the Cour Ovale, or du Ikmjon, formerly containing the keep of tbe chli- teau ; the Cour des Princes, so called from its apartments having been assigned to the Prince de Conde and the Due de Bourbon ; and that des Cuisines, or de Henri IV,, who added consi- derably to the works of his predecessors, and took much plea- sure in adorning the chateau. The Cour des Adieux was con- structed after the plans of the architect Serlio and was once di- vided into four separate porticms, for jousts and tournaments. The fine rafling separating it from the Place de Ferrare was erected by Napoleon, The gilt eagles which adorned the cen- trtd gatewf#' at that time have now been replaced there. The frontage of the chateau is composed of five pavilions, bearing the names of, 1, the Pavilion des Aumdniers, or de VHor- loge; 2, the Pavilhn des Ordres; 3, the middle pavilion, <^&ides Peintures, and ornamented with a bust of Francis i;/ placed thereby order of Louis Philippe; 4, the Gros Pavilion; 5, the Pmtion de9 Arme$ ox des Poele$, so named from 31 514 ENVmONS OP PAftl^. Gennan stoves erected there in the time of Francis t. tn the centre is a doable flight of steps known as the Escalier du fer d cheval (so called from being in the form of a horse-shoe,) constructed by Lemerder in the time of Louis XIII., and a few feet in advance of the bottom of these steps is the spot on which the Emperor Napoleon bade adieu to his soldiers on the 30th of April, 1814 ; and where, eleven months after, he passed in review the troops he was about to lead to Paris. Tht visitor will enter the palace from the Horse-shoe staircase, or from a door below, which both lead to a vestibule remarkable for the fine carvings of its six doors, respectiyely giving access — 1, to the upper gallery of the Chapelle de fa Trinitd; 2, the staircase descending into it ; 3, the Galeriedes Fresques; 4, the rooms formerly occupied by the Duchess of Orleans ; 5 and 6, to the Horse-shoe and another staircase. The Cha- pe iede la Trinitd was constructed by Francis I., on the site of one erected by St. Louis ; a frapient of the latter, a Doric arch at the bottom of the nave, still remains. The chapel is 130 feet by 26, exclusive of the side chapels. The arched ceiling, painted by Freminet, and but recently restored by M. Lejeune, represents Noah's Ark, the Fall of the Angels, the Adoration of God, the Announcement of the Messiah, and the Holy Fathers. The altar, of the time of Louis XIII., is by Bordoni ; the altar-piece, the Descent from the Cross, was painted by Jean Dubois ; the four bronze angels, and the statues of Charlemagne and Stv Louis, are by Germain Pilon, The marriages of Louis XV. and of the late Duke of Orleans, as also the baptism of the present Emperor, were celebrated here. — The Galerie des Fresques is remarkable for its panels, containing allegorical subjects, painted by Ambroise Dubois' The wainscoting below is decorated with 88 beautiful plates of Sevres porcelain, representing the principal French monu- ments, and objects relating to the history of Fontainebleau. Adjoining this is the Galerie de FranQois i., not visible at present, being under repair, M. Couderc being entrusted with the principal part of the work. It contains frescos of Rosso and Primaticcio. Now follow the Appartements des Reinep- Meres, so called from having been formerly assigned to the Queens Dowager. They were inhabited by Pius VII. in 1812, and afterwards by the Duchess of Orleans. They are all re- markable for splendid specimens of Gobelins tapestry. After the Salon d'Attente and Salle de Reception comes the Cham- bre a cotwhery used as such by Pope Pius. It was also the nuptial chamber of the Duchess, The bedstead and furniture are re- markably elegant. Next follows the Cabinet de Toilette and the Cabinet de Travail of Pius VII., containing his portrait. hj David. This room opens into the Chamhre d comhei^ a Anne d*Autriche, which was used as an oratory by Piug Vn. It was here Napoleon I. attempted to wring from him his consent to the Concordat, by which he renounced temporal power. Charles V. of Germany slept in it in 1539, while oil a visit to Francis I. The ceiling of this chamber is gorgeously carved and gilt. Over the doors are portraits of Anne and Marie Therese of Austria. In one of the next rooms is a press^ beautifully carved by Jean Goujon. The last, the Anti-chamhre^ \& filled with portraits of Charles VI., Louis IX., Henry IV.^ and Louis XIV., by Horonois ; and other paintuigs by PouS- an, Mignard, Breughel, &c. Returning to the first vestibule, the landing place of the private staircase, mentioned above^ feads to the private apartments of Napoleon I., which were also inhabited by I^ouis Philippe ; like the precedmg ones,, they are all rich in Gobelms tapestry. In the Antichambre is a fine portrait of Madame de Montespan ; the paintings over the doors are by Boucher. The Cabinet du Sicritaire and! the Salle dcs bains, a small room completely covered with mirrors adorned with arabesques, lead to the Cabinet Parti- cuUer, where the Emperor signed his abdication, April 5th» 1814. Here, under a glass case, is the little table on which it was written, small pieces having been chipped off by the carious. The Cabinet de travau contains the Emperor's, writing desk ; the ceilmg, by Regnault, represents Law and Force. The Chambre d coucher contains the same furniture- used by the Emperor ; the paintings are by Sauvage. Next comes the Salk du Conseil ; its splendid ceiling and the panels of the walls are painted by Boucher. The Salle du Trdne comes next, richly decorated, with a portrait of Louis XIIL by Philippe de Champagne. Here is the Table du Serment^ whei^ the Marshals of France took the oath of allegiance ; it is covered "with rich crimson velvet, upon which the eagle and crown are embroidered in gold. Opposite stands the throne. From the ricWy-gilt ceiling hangs a magnificent lustre of rock- crystal, valued at 100,000 francs. This room was begun by Charies IX., and decorated by Louis XIII. and Louis XIV. The throne and draperies were added by Napoleon. Adjoining this is the Boudoir de Vlm<p6ratrice, formerly occupied by Marie Antoinette, with a ceiling painted by Barthelemy, representing Aurora. The window-fastenings, beautifully adorned with, wreaths of wrought iron, were made by Louis XVI., who iff known to have been an adept in the mechanical arts. In the centre of the flooring is the cypher of the unfortunate Marie Antoinette. Next is the Empress's Bedchamber ; the curtains and f amiturO are of Lyons manufacture; and the celling beau- 616 ENVmONS OF PWS. tifolly carved and gilt. It has been successively occupied by Marie Antoinette, Marie Louise, and Marie Am^e, late Queen of the French. The following room is the Salon de RSc^tion de rimperatrice, with a fine table of Sevres porcelain, with the four Seasons, painted by Geoiget. The panels are by Sau- Tage, and the ceiling by Barthelemy and Vincent. From the Petit SaUm seven steps lead to the Gakrie de Diane, loo metres in length, of Doric architecture ; it was partially repaired byNjmoleon, and completed by Louis XVIII. The Duchess of Kent dined here with Louis Philippe in 1842. The ceiling is painted by Blondel and Abel de Pujol with scenes from the mythdogy of Diana and ApoUo. In the panels are 25 paint- ings of historical interest, by Granet, Boisselier, Cfaauvin, Remond, etc. A recess at the further end, called the Salon de Diane, contains a beautiful vase of Sevres porcdain, with bas-reUefs, illustrative of the Arts and Sciences. On leavii^ this gallery, the visitor passes to the landing place of the Escalier de VJmp4ratrice, with paintiugs relating to the chase ; the larger one is by Parrocel, the other by Oudry and Desportes. Here commence the Appartements de Rdcep- tion, the first of which is the Antichamore de la Reine, orna- mented with tapestries, the subjects taken from Don Quixote; next is the Salon de$ Tapisseries, remarkable for its ceiling and hangings of old Flanders tapestry. A piece of modern fabric, from the Gobelins, after a well-known jncture by Gros, at the Louvre, is seen over the mantel-piece. The ceiling of Uiis room has recently been executed, and is of inlaid work. The Salon de FranQois J, succeeds, with its fine old chimney-piece, and its new Gobelin tapestry, representing events in French history; after designs of Rouget. Over the chimney-piece is a medallion, painted by Prunaticcio. The Salor^ de Louis XUL looks upon the Cour Ovale, This apartment contains the portrait of Louis XIII., who was bom in it; it is also adorned with pauitings by Ambrose Dubois on the ceiling and panels. The oldest nart of the chateau is tho SaUm St. Louis, once inhabited by him, but much altered, indeed nearly reconstructed at different epochs, between the reigns of Francis I, and Louis Philippe, It contains a high relief of Henry IV. on horseback, by Jacquet, an artist contemporary with that great King, whose adventurous life is depicted around the chamber; the splendid ceiling was ordered by Louis Philippe. Passing through the ancient Salle des Offi- tiers de Service, where there is a portrait in Gobelin tapestry, w^ arrive at the SalU des Gardes^ constructed in tha reign of Louis XIII. It contains cyphers, in p^mels, ""^ tbi mi?! ^ ^}^^ qX ftm^, hm nmm 1. dQwu«^ FONTAINEBLEAU. 5J7 wards, and a fine white marble mantel-piece^ flanked by two statues of Strength and Peace, by Francarrille, and on it a bust of Henry lY., and one of the present Em- peror. Next is the Petit Salon Louis XV,, with a Diane Chasseresse, by Primaticcio. Returning by the Salle des Gardes, and passing through a small pavilion, we arrive at the Escah'er d'Honneur. Its frescos, by Rosso, hare been re- stored by Abel de Pujol. This leads to the most imposing room of the whole chateau; it is the Galerie de Henri IL, or Salle du Bal, constructed by that king to please his mistress, Diana of Poitiers. The soflits of the arches, as well as the spandrels were painted by Primaticcio and Niccolo, and re- stored by Alaux. The subjects relate to Ceres, Vulcan, Apollo, Philemon and Baucis, &c. It is lilted up with the most lux- urious splendour; the marriage contract of the Duke of Or- leans was signed here in 1837. The highly ornamented chimney-piece was the work of the sculptor Rondeiet. We now descend to the ground-floor. The first place of note is the Chapelle de St, Satumin, originally built by Louis YII., and consecrated by Thomas a Becket, in 11 69, daring his £d)sence from England on account of his contest with Henry II. It was restored and ornamented by Francis I., again by Louis XIII., and finally by Louis Philippe, whose talented daughter, the late Princess Mary, designed the subjects for the stained glass. It is further remarkable as contaming the altar at which Pope Pius VII. performed mass in the cha- teau during the eighteen months of his detention, 1812-14. The yast saloon next this ehapel is the Gakrie des Cokmnes, corresponding in dimenfiions with ihe Galerie de' Henri II. above. It served as the waiting-room on levee days ; at other times as the private royal dimng-room. Here the Duchess of Orleans was married in 1837, according to the rites of the Pro- testant church. The doors are richly decorated. The Porte Doree opens into the Cour Ovale; it was built by Francis I. in 1528, and adorned with eight large frescos by Niccolo, after the designs of Primaticcio, restored by Picot in 1835. They represent Hercules and Omphale, Aurora, the Argonauts, Paris wounded, Diana and Endymion, and the titans. By this pas- sage Charles V. made his entry to the chMeau in 1539 ; and through it fled the Duchess d'Etampes, on the death of Fran- cis I., to avoid the vengeful wrath of Diana of Poitiers. Passing through an antechamber adorned with old wood-carvings taken from the Galerie de Henri II., the visitor arrives at the Vesti-' buk de St, Louis, in the oldest part of the chateau, restored - and decorated by Louis Philippe. It contains statues of St, Louis, Philip Augustus, Francis L, and Henry IV., all of ^18 EimRONS OP PARIS. whom built or adorned portions of the chateau.- The groined vaidt is painted and gilt, with fleurs de lys on a blue ground. Here the visitor is shown the well-hole o! a staircase, built by Louis Philippe, leading to the Galerie Francis I. ; its \frooden balustrade is imitated from that of the Horse-shoe staircase. The C(yu,r Ovale is 77 metres by 38 , it has a colonnade all round, closing with a remnant of a pavilion and turret, said to have been inhabited by St. Louis. This court communi- cates with the Cour de Henri IV, by the Porte Dauphtne, a construction deserving of attention, surmounted by a cupola under which Louis XIII. was christened. Some parts of the palace are not visible without a special ticket. These are — l, the Bibliotheque, once the Chapelle Haute, a fine specimen of the talent of Serlio, its architect, who planned it by order of Francis I. In 1807 it became a library; its music gallery was built by Henry U., whose cypher, interlaced with that of Diane de Poitiers is still to be seen on the ceiling. 2, the Appartements de Madame de Maintenon, now appropriated to the Princess Mathilde. They consist of four rooms, in one of which Louis XIV. accepted the offer of the Spanish crown for his grandson from the Spanish Deputies in 1700, an event which led to the War of the Suc- ( ession. Here ako he signed the revocation of the Edict of Nantes. 3, the Petits Appartements, formed out of the old Galerie des Gerfs, which consist of 12 rooms, in one of which may be seen a picture representing the tragicil end of the un- ortunate Monaldeschi, and under the window this inscription: G'est pr^s de cette fen^tre que Monaldeschi fut tu^, par ordre de Christine, reine de Su^de, le lo Novembre i6S7. The Princess Clementine, now Duchess of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, had an apartment here, of great beauty, formerly occupied by the Empress Maria Louisa, whose bed still remains. The em- peror himself also occupied an apartment here, and had a private staircase leading to a library above ; this library has been preserved intact, as well as his study adjoining. These were the apartments of Louis Philippe's sister, Madame Adelaide. Among the reserved apartments were those de lAile Neuve, formerly occupied by Napoleon's sister, the Princess Borghese, and afterwards by the Duchess de Nemours. These have now been converted into a very handsome theatre wifli ^ all its accessories. Underneath is a suite of 7 rooms, once oo- , cupied by Madame Laetitia, mother of Napoleon. A fee is given to the person showing the palace. The Park and Gardens.— The Jardin Anglais, or, as it is jftpre rightty termed^ Pittoresque, e;i;tead5 along the front <>( FONTAINEBLEAU. 519 the chateau, from the Aile Neuve, or de Louis XV., which forms one of the sides of the Gourdu Ghevd Blanc. From the Tarieties of surface presented by the ground, the sinuosities of the river, and other advantages, the hand of art, even while hiding itself, has contrived to make a wild little paradise of this beautiful spot. The Parterre, laid out by Le Notre, is in the old-fashioned style of gardening. Another garden, the Jardin particulier, faces the imperied apartments. UEtang, or great pond, is a fine piece of water, of a triangular shape, about 1000 feet long on two of its sides, and 700 feet on the other ; it is entirely lined with sandstone, and contains a vast number of enormous carp, many of them of great age. A diversion peculiar to the place consists in throwing very hard rolls (sold by poor women on the spot) into the pond, and inratching the eager and unsuccessful attacks of the carp upon them. In the middle is a handsome octagonal pavilion, vul- garly called the Cabinet du Roi, originally constructed there by Francis I. The park is large and beautiful ; it is traversed in its whole extent by a magnificent canal, 4 coo feet long and 130 broad, which is fed by springs and the waste water from the basins in the garden. Here let the visitor enquire for the Treille du Roi, a magnificent row of vines covering a wall nearly a mile long, and bearing grapes of a superior quality, called chasselas de Fontainebleau, though most of them are grown at Thomery, on the banks of the Seine, about four miles east of Fontainebleau ; the superior sorts were intro- duced here by Francis I. This village is well worthy of a visit, both for the vineyards in the season, and its curious old church built in 854. The only buildings in the park are the house of the chief gardener, and the stables, formerly the H4- ronnieres, from the falcons kept there for flying at the heron, &c. the Forest of Fontainebleau is sixty -three miles in cir- cuit, and contains 42,000 acres. Perhaps no forest presents such a variety of picturesque views ; rocks, ravines, valleys, plains, — all are found here ; the woods abound in every variety of tree ; the meadows, lawns, and cliffs, present every species of plant and flower. The finest point of view in the whole forest is from the Fort de VEmpereur, a belvedere, about 2 miles from the town, from which an extent of nearly forty miles is discovered in almost every direction: By the aid of good telescopes, always to be found on the spot in fair weather, the Pantheon of Paris is distinctly visible from it. After this, the best views are to be had from the sites -ealled platieres, to be met with at intervals; but the localities best worth a visit are perhaps the following, in the order \isuaJly tjjien by the guides ;— 1^ Mont U$sy, and tl^e f(id ^ 520 ENTULONS OF PARK. VAiqle; 2, the valley of la Solle, and Rocher de$ Deux Saeum, hard by which is the curious Roch of St. Germain, wfaoretiie stones are nearly, all crystallized ; 3, 2a Gorge et VaUon diA^rt- mont^ containing some of the most picturesque scenery in the forest, some very fine old trees, and the Caveme des Brigand dug out about a century ago by a robber named 'Hussier and his band, who were the terror of the environs ; 4, the Henoh tage of Franchard, about 4 miles west of Fontainebleaa, buried midst rocks and sands, in a spot having the aspect of a des^, although once the site of a famous and flourisning monastery founded by Philippe Auguste. Here is the cdebrated dripping rock, la Roche qui plmre, which the vulgar once thought yielded water of sovereign virtue hi the cure of diseases. PHr grinuiges were made to it, and no doubt the " holy friars " gave no discouragement to the faith in the remedial powers of the " tears " of the " Weeping Rock." Its superstitious associations have long smce vanimed ; the monastery was suppressed by Louis XIV., on account ot the monks having from time to time been murdered by bands of robbers, and the place is now resorted to annually by the inhabitants of Fontainebleau and surrounding country, for the very secular purpose of holding a fair on Whit-Tuesday. 5. La Croix du Grand Vmeur, marked by an obelisk at the point where four roads meet, receives its name from the legend of the spectral black hunts- man^ who was supposed to haunt the forest ; it is said he appeared to Henri tv. shortly before his assassination. There are also the splendid Promenade de la Reine, the Rocher d'Avon, near the route de Fontainebleau^ the Gorge aux Loups, the Long Rocher f overlooking the village of Montigny, and the Mare aux Ev4es, a picturesque spot on the Melun road, which the visitor who has sufficient leisure will find in- teresting. Those whose time is extremely limited, may still enjoy a charming two hours* walk or drive, by following what is called the Promenade au Chemin de Fer, extending from the Barriere de Melun to the railway station, and comprising the Mont Calvaire (which offers a beautiful view of Fontaine- bleau and the forest), the Rocher des Marsouins, the Rocher au Putts des Ecureuils, the Roche de Liviathan and du Dtabk, the Grotte de Georgine, and part of ' the Promenade de la Reine; all which points offer the most striking views ima- ginable. It formerly abounded in stags, deer, &c., but these were almost exterminated at the revolution of 1830; never- theless it still is a favourite rendezvous for hunting. In the spring and autunm it is much frequented by artists, as it ahounds in beautiful landscape studies. No forest in France possesses finer trees, or a greater variety of indigenous plants, MEDDON. 521 It is SO intersected with roads radiating in all directions, that a gnide or a map is indispensable. M. Denecourt, a public- spirited gentleman, to whose enthusiastic adndration of the beauties of the forest we owe the publication of an excellent Guide-book, and of a map, as also guides to the best prome- nades (price 25 cent, each), has caused blue arrows to be painted upon conspicuous trees in the. most frequented places, in order to guide the tourist on his way. On Thundays M. Denecourt makes a pedestrian tour, in which he is only too happy to have the company of a stranger. On Tuesdays and Saturdays he goes with carriages, the expense for each person being then 2 fr. 50 centimes. CRENELLE — ^is a rapidly-increasing suburb of Paris, on the left bank of the Seine, close to Vaugirard. There is a gare for boats below the vil lage, and a bridge over the Seine. MAISONS-LAFFITTE— 4 leagues from Paris, on the Rouen railroad, situated on the Seine, with picturesque viewsi Before the revolution of 1789, the chateau, a chef d'oeuvre of Mansard, belonged to the Comte d'Artois. Napoleon gave it to the Duke de Montebello. It afterwards belonged to M. Laffitte, and now toM. Thomas. Voltaire wrote his Zaire" here, and was nearly carried off by the small-pox. From the recent ereo- tion of a great nuniber of villas, it is a charming summer retreat. MALMAISON — 3y» leagues west of Paris, near the Paris and St. Germain railroad, was the favourite residence of Napoleon and the Empress Josephine. The latter died here on the 29th May 1814, and was buried in the small and ancient dburch of Bueil. (See p. 62 8 .) The park and extensive gardens in which Josephine took so much deugjit are nearly destroyed. The cha- teau still exists, but the Queen Dowager of Spain, to whom Malmaison now belongs, has strictly forbidden all visits. By her orders a chapel in the style of the Sainte Chapelle is to lie erected here. A small pavihon to the left, almost surrounded by lime trees, was the private cabinet of the Emperor, where he meditated and planned some of his greatest campaigns. MARLY— 4 leagues west of Paris, was celebrated for its chA- teau and gardens, erected by Louis XIV., and destroyed at the revolution of 1789. The aqueduct, 70 feet high, which stands on the hill, 300 feet above the Seine, is now suppUed by a steam-engine on the river ; and the pipes are carried up the hill between a double row of trees. The view from the aque- duct is v^ Qne. The pavilion on the brow of the hill, called Maisons, was built for the celebrated Madame Dubarry. MEUDON— 2 leagues south-west of Paris, is remarkable for the chateau and park purchased of the widow of the Marquis de Louvois, by Louis XIV. The chateau stands on an emi- 522 ENYIRONS OP PARIS. nence, commanding an extensive prospect. There were for- merly two ch&teaox here ; one in advance of the present cha- teau on the great terrace. The approach is through a grand avenue, at the end of which is a magnificent terrace 450 yards in length, and 180 in hreadth, erected in 1660, by Henri de Guise. The palace consists of a central pedimented pile with two wings of the same height, flanked with pavilions. The keystones of the windows and portals bear sculptured masks, bouquets, &c. During the revolution of 1789, this place was used for artillery experiments. In 1795, one of the chateaux being nearly destroyed by a fire, Bonaparte ordered it to be taken down, the gardens to be replanted, and the smaller one to be repaired. In 1814, Louis XVIII. annexed Meudon to the dpmains of the crown ; it was afterwards used by the Due de Bordeaux, and in 1831 was furnished throughout for the Duke of Orleans, and is now the summer residence of Prince Jerome and his family. The palace is entered by a Doric vestibule, adorned with statues, the most conspicuous of which is Ulysses, by Debarre, sen. There are several pictures on the walls of the staircase, among which are Hercules taking Cer- berus from Hell, by Lenoir ; and Mercury lulling Argus to Sleep, by Regnier. The apartments of the Empress Josephine, afterwards inhabited by the late King and Queen, contain several beautiful paintings. The furniture of one of the rooms is covered with Beauvais tapestry, representing various fables of Lafontaine. In the gallery which terminates this suite is a collection of gouaches by Joubert, illustrating the Creation and Fall of Man ; there is besides a copy in bronze of the Boy with the Butterfly, by Chodet ; the bust of the present Emperor, by Barre ; and that of the Empress, by M. de Nieuwekerke. The apartments formerly occupied by Napoleon I., and after- wards by the Duke of Orleans, are entered by the same gal- lery, and contaui many superb paintings, among which the Death of Lesueur, by Vifnard. In the Salon de Famillc the doors are painted by Boucher ; there are also two paintings by Coypel, representing subjects taken from the tragedies cf Corneille. In the Scdle a manger, now a billiard-room, is a splendid marble statue by Ruxtheil, representing Pan- dora. The furniture is very handsome ; Lyons silk and Gobe^ lins tapestry form the principal decoration. From the windows of the chateau, or the terraces, splendid views of Paris are to be enjoyed; the finest is that of the valley of the Seine, with Paris in the distance. The chateau is visible daily, Fridays ex- cepted, from 11 to 4, whenever H. I. H. Prince Jerome does pot inhabit it. The gardens were laid out by Le Notre ; they have been completely^ re-^ranged, and the visitor should MONTMARTRE. 523 not quit Meudon without seeing them. The famous Rabekus was rector of this village. The wood of Meudon is extensive, and much frequented in the summer by the Parisians. Meudon was renowned for the stud formed here by the Duke of Gram- mont, under the reign of Charles X. It was afterwards the property of Louis Philippe, but was sold in 1848. At present anew one has been formed. The studhouses, paddocks, &c., lie at the upper end of the village, below the chateau. Horses bred here used to be sent to ChantiUy to be trained. On the terrace above-mentioned, to the left, are four immense stones (besides smaller ones) discovered on the spot in 1847, bearing undoubted marks of Druidical origin. On one of them the out- line of a horse's head is roughly sculptured, and still (JUscemible. —The Versailles railroad (left bank) passes just at the extremity of the avenue. (Belle vue station.) MONT VALfiRIEN (also caUed Mont Ca^mfre).— This hiU, a conical isolated mount, two and a half leagues from Paris, is 558 French feet above the Seine. It derives its latter name from a chapel consecrated there in 1 633. But many centuries before it was a favourite place of worship, successively fre- quented by the Druids and other pagan priests, and the first Christians of France. From that time it was respected as a place of religious devotion ; several hermits inhabited its ca- verns, and pilgrimages used to be made to it. At the revolution of 1789 the custom ceased; but at the Restoration pilgrimages again came into vogue, and a fraternity of Trappists settled there. At the revolution of 1 830, the lull and its dependencies were finally withdrawn from the influence of the church, and the smnmit is now crowned by one of the strongest forts connected with the defences of Paris, which cost 4,500,000 fr. In a cemetery on the eastern side, Mme. de Genlis was buried. MONTMARTRE— derives its name from Mons Martis, be- cause a temple of Mars existed on the hill in the time of liie Romans. This vfllage is remarkable for its numerous wind- mills and guinguetteSy the latter of which are much frequented. The views from the hill are fine, and Paris is seen to great ad- vantage. On the church tower is a telegraph which corre- ponds with Brest, Bordeaux, and Spain. This church, formerly belonging to the abbey of Montmartre, was founded by Louis VI., and consecrated in 1147, by Pope Eugene III., assisted by St. Bernard, abbot of Glairvaux. It is still a place of pilgrimage, especially in September* The quarries of Mont- inartre are famous for their gypsum, or, as it is more commonly called, plaster of Paris. In consequence of their insecure state, it has been necessary to provide for their consolidation. The geological structure pf tbis bill is highly interesting^ Near 524 ENTIRONS OF PABIS. the sammit of the hill, 300 feet above the river, is a reservoir sapplied from the Seine by a sleam-engme at St. Oaen. MONTMORENCY — a small town, 4/, leagues north of Paris, on the Northern Raflroad, delightfully situated on a hill, op- posite Enghien (see p. 511), and commanding a fine view of the picturesque valley of Montmorency. The house called the Hermitage was inhabited by J.-J. Rousseau from 1756 fo 1758. Here he composed his ffouvelle Hiloise, His fumitare is still shown here. This house afterwards became the pro- perty of the composer Gretry, who died there in 1813; but nas since been much altered and ^iled. The church is a beautiful bufldingof the i5th century. The forest of Montmo- rency is extensive and highly picturesque. Horses and asses are to be hired in the market-place, at moderate prices, and balls, much frequented by the Parisians, are given herein sum- mer on Sundays. The country round is celebrated for its ch^ries. MORTEFDNTAINE— 9 leagued north-east of Paris, derives its name from M. Le Pelletier de Mortefontaine, who built a ch&teau there in 1770. It subsequently became the property and favourite residence of Joseph Bonaparte, and afterwards belonged to the Prince de Conde. Mortefontaine abomids vn\h rocks, trees, and water, grouped in most picturesque style, and, with its well-ornamented gardens, is worthy of a visit. NANTERRE. — A village, on the St. Germain railway, VA leagues west of Paris, was the birth-place of Ste. -Genevieve, patron saint of Paris, in the 6th century. A pilgrimage in ho- nour of that saint is held here every year, and the fite de la Rosiere, at which the most virtuous young woman of the vil- lage is crowned by the mayor with a wreath of roses, is an- kiually celebrated here on i5th of May. Nantcrre contains au abattotr for hogs, and is celebrated for its sausages and cales. NEUILLY.— This village, delightfully situated at half a league from the Barriere de l*fitoiIe, has acquired celebrity on account of its bridge, its elegant villas, and the interesting Views which it commands. In 1606 there was merely a ferry at this place, but Henry IV., with his queen, having been pre- cipitatea into the water by their horses taking fright, a wooden bridge was constructed, which, however, 6xd not last many years. The present one, built by Perronnet, is 7 50 feet long, and is composed of 5 arches, each 120 feet in span, and 30 in height. The chief ornament of Neuilly, up to the revolu- tion of February, 1848, was the favourite summer residence of Louis Philippe. It contained a valuable library and a choice collection of pictures, as also many interesting memo- rials of the early life and strange vicissitudes of that monarches entful career. The Queen's dressing-cabinet was highly in- Digitized by VjOOQ I'C "^n N^UILLV. $25 ierestiDg, its only ornaments being the various prizes gaiued by the princes her children, from their first entrance into their colleges ; these were all neatly framed, and, encircled with branches of laurel, formed the sole decorations of the walls. On the 25th February, 1848, the mob broke into the palace, and gave itself up to acts of wanton devastation. In the cellars of the chateau were stored immense quantities of wine, kept there m order to be sent to the Tuileries for the royal tables and household, as required. These of course were sp^sdily dis- covered by the marauders, and this part of the edifice became the scene of frightful and fatal orgies ; for, the madness of intox- ication being added to popular fury, a great number of them were drowned in a well in the cellars. The building was afterwards set fire to, and a great part of it destroyed, but by the exertions of some pupils of the Poljrtechnic school, aided by the well-disposed people of the vicinity, the right wing was saved. In the general intoxication that prevailed, several of the mob, unable in their drunkenness to escape, perished Doiserably, suffocated by the heat and smoke, thus completing the horrible catastrophe in the cellars ; the number of these wretched victims has never been ascertained. Very few of the pictures or other articles of value were rescued, and the beau- tiful grounds, once so carefully kept up, now present a sad spectacle of ruin and desolation, much of the fine timber hav- ing been felled and since sold. On the grounds stood a beau- tiful little pavilion, used by the young princes and their guests as a smoking-room, the walls of which were decorated with pipes of every description, some of them most curious and vduable. Tliese were all carried off, and the paviUon burnt to the ground. This once charming spot \s still highly worth a visit, affording a p^ful and not uninstructive picture of the wantonness of revolutionary fury. At the left on entering the gates the visitor will find the Jardm du Comte de Paris, con- taining a botanic garden, two models of a fort and canal, a small stone staircase built by the young prince, a pavilion, and an aviary. In the park is a monument, marking the spot where a cannon-ball, fired from the Bois de Boulogne, fell at the feet of King Louis Philippe, then Duke of Orleans; and on the same spot the crown of France was offered to him a few days subsequently, by a deputation after theevents of July 1 830. Opposite the ruins of the palace is a small circular bmlding, in wlmh is placed ihe tomb of Diana of Poitiers, surmounted by her statue kneeling. Around the sides are arranged a few marble figures, one of vrMch was broken by the mob in Fe- bruary 1848. In virtue of the decrees of Jan. 2 2d, 1852, the grouiids of NeuiDf mow belong to (h^ 3tate( 6H SNtmO^S 01^ l^ARIS. PASST — ^(rom its proximity to the capital and Bois de Bou* logne, and its elevated situation, which renders the air salubri- ous and the views extensive, is much frequented ; it possesses several pleasant houses with large gardens. There is a strong ferruginous spring here, which rises in a garden, and is worth a visit. An immense quantity of this water is bottled for sale. The celebrated Franklin resided at Passy, in the rue Basse, at No. 40, in 1788, and a street is called by his name. Here also died the famous Abbe Raynal, in 1796 ; in 1803, Piccini, the rival of Gluck ; and in 1 834, Bellini, the composer. An Artesian well is now being bored here on a new principle. POISSY — at one of the extremities of the forest of St. Ger- main, on the Seine, six leagues west of the capital, is a very ancient town, where the kings of France had a palace at a re- mote period. St. Louis, who was bom at Poissy, inhabited the chAteau, built the brieve, and established the cattle-market, still held there for the supply of Pans, every Thursday. Once a-year, on the Thursday but one before Shrove Tuesday, a grand meeting or fair takes place for the show of cattle and sheep, at which medals of encouragement and other prizes are ^ven. (1) Philip le Hardi, son of Louis, erected at Poissy, in 1304, a handsome church in honour of his father, and in one of its chapels the font in which St. Louis is said to have been baptized is preserved. Poissy is famous for the confer- ences held between the Catholic and Protestant doctors in 1 561 . In this town is a Maison Centrale dc IldtentioH, for persons condemned to confinement for any term of years. PONT DE ST. MAUR— so called^ from a bridge over the Marne which existed here in the 12th century. There is a cu- rious tunnel here, 30 feet in width and hei^t, cut through the rock for shortening the navigation of the Marne. This village is at the south-east extremity of the Bois de Vincennes. PR£ ST. GERVAIS— owes it name to a meadow (pr^, and a chapel dedicated to St. Gervais. This spot is covered witti small country-houses and guinguettes, and its situation and tlie proximity of the wood of RomainviUe is an inducement to the admirers of rural scenery. It is a mile nortii-east of Paris. RAINCY — 4 leagues from Paris, near Livry, is a chateau which formerly belonged to the Sanguins of livry, but was ceded in 1 7 50 to the Duke of Orleans. In 1 7 89 it was purchased (1) Last year, the number of prize oxen brought to Poissy was 751. Five first class prizes were awarded, besides 17 of the se- cond, and 1 5 of the third class, for oxen, horses, and sheep. The total sum of the prizes, varying from soo to 2,500 fr., amounted to 48,650 fr. They were accompanied with gold medals for those who had hred, and sUyer ones for thoB« who bad only reared. iLAltBOCILLfit. 657 by M. Ouvrard, the banker, and afterwards fell into the hands , of Napoleon ; it returned to the Orleans family on the Restora- tion, but was included in 1852 in the decrees relating to the property of the Orleans family, and has now been sold in lots. The grounds were laid out in the English style, and the ch&teau ^ was much improved by Louis Philippe. The chateau de Mont- fermeil, of the time of Louis XIIL, was annexed to Raincy. \ RAMBOUILLET is a small town in the department of the Seine et Oise, 1 1 leagues south-west of Paris, on the Ghartres •; railway. The town itself has nothing particular to recommend it, except the Mairie, a building of good though modest de- sign, built by Napoleon L in 1809, and situated on the Place 1^ d'Annes. The Gothic church, which forms another side of this square, is only remarkable for its evident antiquity, being of the style prevalent in the eleventh century. In an adjoin- ^ ing by-street is a large building 240 yards in length, now ^ used for barracks. But its chief attraction lies in the chlkteau and park, formerly belonging to the Counts of Toulouse, and situated opposite to the Mairie. It is a large structure of - «^rick, flanked with three towers with peaked roofs, and a - larger one of stone, crowned with battlements, evidently of an earlier date than the rest. Francis I. died here, and the ' chamber is still shown where he was wont to hold lus levees. - Adjoining are rooms once inhabited by Diane de Poitiers. ' The Duke de Guise visited the chateau several times ; Cathe- rine de Medids and Charles IX. took refuge in it during the "^ battle of Dreux. It was also inhabited by Rabelais, Talle- mand des Reaux, and Voiture. Madame de Maintenon lived ^ here with Louis XIV., who held his court in this chateau for several years. It was neglected by Louis XV., but Louis XVI. ? and Marie Antoinette often chose it for their residence. ^ Charles X. also visited it frequently for hunting ; it was here he signed his abdication, Aug. 2d, 1830. It was then invaded ' by the Parisians, and the people returned to the capital in the [ carriages of the court. Since 1848, the ch&teau is shorn of its splendour,* and nothing is seen in it at present but the bare walls. Workmen are indeed engaged at present in fitting it for a residence of the present Emperor, but the task will take [ a long time to perform. Adjoining the chateau are a garden laid out by Lentoe, and a park, which, are now receiving

• improvements.

, In the garden is a sheet of water which branches out into , various artificial canals, forming six islets, and numerous r little streams intersect the adjoining park. On leaving the I chateau, a road leads to the Laiterie de la Reine, a Doric pa- vilion built by Marie Antoinette, and situated about half a 528 ENVIRONS OP PARIS. mile from the palace, it contains two rooms, the first of whidi is circular, surmounted by a cupola ; around the waUs are slabs of white marble resting upon elegant consoles, where basins of fresh milk were placed for the Queen and her suite. In the middle of this room is a magnificent round table of white marble, with a mosaic of coloured marble hi the centre. The adjoining room is rectangular, the back ground being occupied by an artificial grotto, with rocks forming a rustic basin, in the centre of which is a beautiful marble statue o! Venus entering the bath, by Bcaurallet. There is a reservoir for water on the roof of the building, which it takes two men to filly when occasion requires, by the aid of pumps. The water is then let into the grotto, and falls over the shocdders of the VenuS; while at the same time four jets d*eau issue from the pavement. The floors of both these rooms are of polished marble, white and red, and the general effect is beautiful. The domestic that shows this will also conduct the visitor to a pavilion close by called the Pavilion des Quatre Saisons, from four excellent grisailles representing the sea- sons, and which adorn the walls of the principal chamber, which is circular. Louis XVI. and Marie Antomette used to breakfast here in the summer season. The stranger should next visit Let Coquillages, a small rustic lodge a short way off in the park. The roof is thatched and the outer waUs, of rough stone, contrast strangely with the tasteful little circular parlour contained within, adorned with eight Ionic pilasters, niches, garlands, an ornamented cupola and a fire-place — all formed of different shells, large and small, and bits of broken bottles, very ingeniously arranged so as to produce a most pleasing effect. Adjoining is a small room, or rather doset, where Napoleon I. used to partake of a frugal breakfast, cook^ in a little kitchen a few steps off. Close to this spot, under some trees, is a large stone on which Napoleon I. wa> often seen to spread out his plans and maps when projecting a cam- paign. The park, which contains 3000 acres, is now being restored to its former beauty. The forest adjoining contains upwards of 30,000 acres, and measures 50 leagues in peri- meter. After the Revolution of 1848, Rambouillet was let to a private person, who transformed it into a summer residence for lovers of the picturesque, and gave public balls in the park. There is a ferruguious spring in the vicinity. ROMAINVILLE--a village, one league from Paris, affords one of the finest views in the environs. The wood is not exten- sive, but its proximity to the capital makes it much frequented. RUEIL.— This town is situated at the distance of three and a half leagues torn, ?ms, and about half a n^e from the St. ST. CLOCDt '539 Germain r^oad. The only remarkable building is the chorcb, consisting of a nave and two aisles, ending in an apsis. The style bears evident marks of the i3th century, though its general aspect denotes the 16th. The principal objects of ini terest are the monuments to the Empress Josephine and the Queen Hortense. The first, executed by Gartellier, occupying the extremity of the right-hand aisle, consists of an arch sur- mounted by a pediment, and supported by four Ionic columns resting on a basement; the Empress is represented kneeling in the act of prayer on a smaller basement placed on the first. The whole is executed in white marble, and bears the initials J. B., and the inscription : A Josephine, Eugene et Hortetise, 1825. Opposite to this, in the left aisle, stands the monument to Queen Hortense, erected by the present EmperOr while in exile. It is composed of marbles of various colours, and con- sists of a basement ornamented with bas-reliefis, the arms of the Queen, and the inscription : A la Reine Hortense, le Prince Louis Bonaparte. The Queen herself is represented kneeling upon the basement, as if in sorrowful meditation. Bartolini of Florence was the sculptor. By a decree of 185>3, a more sumptuous monument to the Empress Josephine is m course of erection here, and the church itself has undergone a thorough repair. SAINT CLOUD.— This small town, situated on the Seine, 2 leagues west of Paris, was so called from St. Glodoald, grand- son of Clovis, who, having escaped when his brothers were murdered by their uncle Clotaire, concealed himself here in a wood, and Uved as a hermit. Being canonized after his death, the former name of the place, Novigentum, was altered to its present appellation. It was burnt by the English in 1358, and again by the party of the Armagnacs in 141 1 . It was at St. Goud that Henry III. was assassmated by Jacques Clement, in 1589 ; Henrietta, the consort of Charles I., of England, died here in 1670; and here the coup d'^at of the 18th Brumaire (loth November, 1799), which placed Bonaparte at the bead of the government of France, was effected. In 1815 the ca- pitiilation of Paris was signed at this palace f and here also, in 1830, Charles X. signed the famous decrees which caused the revolution of July, and received the first tidings of it. The town lies on the slope of a hill, and is, in sunmier, owing to the railroad and steamers (see page 4), a place of daily increasing resort. There are several fine villas erected on its outskirts, and it is one of the healthiest places in the neighbourhood of Paris. The Palace, which is now the ususd summer residence of the present Emperor, was originally built in 1572, by Jerome de Gondy, a rich ftnajicier* After his death, it was S4 53^ ENVIRONS OF FAHIS. possessed con^eeutiTely by four bishops of Pans, of the smiid family, and was renowned for the extent and beauty of its gardens. Louis XIY. purchased the chateau in 1658, and pre- sented it to his brother, the Duke of Orleans, who ^ared no expense in improving and adorning it. The repairs and additions were executed under the direction of Lepaute, Girard, and Mansard. Le Notre was charged to lay out the park, which is considered to be his chef-d'oeuvre. This magnificent seat of the Dukes of Orleans continued in their family till 17 82, when it was purchased by Louis XVI. for Marie Antoinette, who took great delight in St. Cloud, added several buildings, and often visited it, accompanied by the king. Napdeon alwa3r8 had a marked predilection for the chateau of St. Cloud, which had been the theatre of his first elevation. It was in the Salle de VOrangerie, that the events of the 18th Brumaire took p^ce, and subsequently in this palace he transacted the affairs of the empire more frequently than at Paris. It consists of a court with three piles of buildings, and other wings irregularly eonneoted with them. At the entrance of the court are two statues representing Commerce and Agriculture. The terrace of the court commands a beautiful view. The principal front is 140 feet in length by 70 in height, and is nicely sculptured. The columns that support the cornice of the central compartment are Corinthian, and produce a good effect. Annexed to the palace are large barradu, stables, &c. Interior. — On entering the Grand Vestibule, from the Cour d'Honneur, the visitor will perceive, right and left, two re- cumbent marble statues, Venus and Psyche, sleeping, by Huguenin ; and, in front, Sappho, by Pradier. He will then ascend the EsccUier d'Honneur, a magnificent marlde staircase with Ionic pilasters, adorned with a large painting of Napoleon L receiving from Cambaceres the resolution of the Senate in- vesting him with the Imperial dignity. The ceiling of the upper vestibule, pamted by Claude Audran, represents His- Ituy writing the Life of Philip of Orleans. (1) It opens upon a court, ovar which is a bridge, called the Pont du Troca- dero. A door to the kft leads to a suite of rooms, formerly inhaMted by Marie Antoinette, and successively by Josephine, Marie Louise, and Louis Philippe. (2) They are now the foiperor's private apartments, and communicate with the Orungerie, celebrated for the events of the 18th Brumaire. (3) (i) It was in this vestibule Henry III. was assassinated, August 2, 1589, by the fanatical Dominican monk, Clement. (2) He passed a few moments here in his flight from Paris on Bfebruary 24th, 1848. ^ , * "" (») The»5 ywms obtain menl ^^ p^frtings, such as tb^ wt. cloud: 93 f To the nght the yestibnie opens mto \be Sakm de Mars} communicating with the Grands Appartemmts, and adornecl with eight louic pflasters, and four monolith columns; the walls are sculptured with trophies, and the ceiling, by Mi- gnard, represents, in yarious compartments, Olympus, Mars^ and Venus, the forges of Vulcan, Jealousy and Discord. Over the chimney-piece is the equestrian portrait of Louis XIV. ^ by Van der Meulen. In the centre of the room is a splendid divan, encircling a rich chandelier adorned with flowers, and supported by three genii of gilt bronze, with eagles . Next come# the Galerie d*Apollon, a vast saloon ( 1 ). The o»)ing, in Mignard'ii best style, represents subjects of the m3rthology of ApoUo ; hi^ birth, tiiat of Diana; Apollo, as God of light, as chief of th^ Muses, the seasons, &c. The walls, profusely gilt, are covered with a great number of excellent pictures, comprising numerous Ganalettis, and pamtm^s by Mignard, Van Oels, Van Sp«en- donk, &o., with several by modern French artists. Here i9 also an extensive collection of cabinets in tortoiseshell and id^ buhl, with fine specimens of Sevres porcelain, and several small pieces of statuary. At the further end of this gallery is » beautiful vase of Sevres porcelain, with bas-reliefs ; it was given by the City of Paris to Marie Antoinette. Adjoining this is the Sakn de Diane, ridily painted by Mignard, with sabjects relating to Diana. It contains several line pictures, inclinling portraits of Henry IV. , by Frsmque ; Louis XIII. , and I/)uis XIV^ by Badin; the Eegent Duke of Orlemis, by Balthazar; and' Louis IMippe Egalite, by Boulanger. Next is the ChapeUe, of Ionic and Doric design. The coves of the ceiling ar^ painted in grisaille by Sauvage, in 12 compaertments. Ther altar piece, a bas-relief in white marble, by Lesueur, repre- sents the Presentation in the Temple. Four balconies open into it from the Gakde d'ApoUon. Returning to the S€ilon d€ Mars, a door to the right opens into the Saldn de V^nus, now the billiard-room. The billiard-table is sumptuottsly inlaid with arabesques in gold and moth^-of-pearl ; the ediing, by LemohM, represents Juno borrowing Venus's girdle ; thd walls are hung with beautiful specimens of Gobelins tapestry (2)^ Arrest of Sir Thomas More, by IfiaB Ck)Ilins ; the Interior of a Cha- pel in the Eglise des Feuillants of Paris, now destroyed, by Da-* guerre, and a view of the Park of the Chateau d'Eu, with Queen Victoria and Prince Albert enjoying a walk. (i) Here Pius VIL baptized Prinee Napoleon, eldest son of Prince Jerome, in isos, and the dvil marriage of Napoleon with Marie Louise was celebrated in isio. (2) Four of these are copies of the paintings executed by Rubens for Marie de li^diels. and represent : her Birth; Henry IV. re- celYing her portmltf ner XaTriafe wHh him at Florence) atid her' %Zi ENTIRONS OF PARISi On the ttanlel'piece is a bust of the Empress Josephine. Next is the Salon de Famille; the ceiliiig, by Autoine Coypel, represents the Triumph of Truth; on the walls is continued the series of tapestry above alluded to (1). In an adjoining r»om is the Library, a lofty hall with & skylight, and two tiers of galleries; it contains 12,000 volumes. The table in the centre was used by Louis XV. Returning to the Salon 4e Famille, the visitor is led to the Salon de Mercure, or de Reception, formerly the council-chamber under Napoleon; the ceihng is by AUaux, and represents Mercury and Pandora; the walls are hung with tapestry like the former ones (2). Valuable furniture adorns all these apartments. The Salon de i'Aurore, with a ceiling representing Aurora, by Loir, closes this «uite. This room communicates with the Escalier de VImp4- ratrice, a staircase with a beautifully-wrought iron balustrade. A door on the landing-place of this staircase opens into the dining-room belonging to the Emperor's private apartments, already mentioned. This is adorned with three subjects, wrought in Gobelins tapestry, representing Marie Antoinette and her children, and family scenes relating to Napoleon I. This was Queen Victoria's dining-room during her visit in August, 1855. Returning to the staircase, another door leads to a smte of ten apartments, once occupied by the Duchesse de Berri, and afterwards by the Duchesse d'Orleans. Here the visitor will see various paintings by good masters, and two splendid tables of Florence mosaic. The 4 th was the study of the Count de Paris, and the next, his bedroom. Over the doors of this room are two portraits, one of Henriette of Eng- land, the consort of Philip, Duke of Orleans, brother to Louis XIV. ; the other of Elizabeth of Bavaria, his second wife. The 6th room is the Empresses Cabinet de Toilette, with a small bath-room annexed. Next comes the bedroom, the hangings, furniture, and curtains of which are of green damask. This suite was inhabited by Queen Victoria in August, 1855. The adjoining rooms were Prince Albert's apartments, ji^cluding the Salon Vernet, with eight paintings by Joseph Vemet in the portrait as Bellona. The fifth represents the Duke of Anjou de- 4^MjeA King of Spain (Philippe V.). /4} The subjects are : the Marriage of Henry IV. with Marie de Medicis at Lyons, two months after the preceding one ; the Birth of Louis XIIL at Fontainebleau ; Marie de M6dicis invested by Henry IV. with the government of the kingdom, and her recon- ciliation with her son. (2) The subjects are: the Triumph of Truth; the Flight of Ma- rie de M^dicis from Blois; her Journey to Pont-de-C6 ; the Con- .<ausion of Peace ; the Destiny of Marie de M^dicis. ST. CLOUB. 533 In the vestibiile below is a fiue white marble statne of Mii^ erva, by Yasse. The ground floor was occupied by Madame Adelaide^ (l) and the second story by the Duke and Duchess of Nemours. A fee is expected by the person that shows the palace. The PARC MsERY^ begins at the chateau, and extends to the summit of the hill. It contains flower-gardens and idantations of trees, and is ornamented with pieces of water, and •tatue», by the most celebrated artists of the age of Louis XIV. The Emperor has stocked it with stags imported from England . The Grand Parc extends from the Seine and the road from Sevres to St. Cloud, to the back of the hill, and is about four leagues in circumference. The entrance is near- the bridge ; a wide avenue of chestnut-trees runs parallel to the river. To the right are plantations of chestnuts and limes, in the midst off which is the grand cascade. Beyond, separated from the park by a fosse lined with masonry, and extending as far as Sevres, are some fine avenues of elms. The entrance from Sevres its between two Doric pavilions at the foot of the bridge. The park is beautifully diversified, presenting varieties of wood*, water, level sward, and picturesque acclivities. Several points on the higher parts of the grounds command admirableglimpseft of the surrounding scenery. (2) The cascade of St. Cloud, the joint work of Lepautre and Mansard, is divided into la Haute Cascade and la Basse Cascade ; at the summit of the first is a group, by Adam, representing the Seine and Marne, each reposing on the urn from which water issues. Upon an ele- vated flight of steps are placed urns and tablets, from which water falls into basins situated one under the other, the last sup- plying by means of an aqueduct the lower cascade, which is separated from the upper by the AlUe du Tillet, The Basse Cascade nearly resembles a horse-shoe in form, and is remark- able for the abundance and rapid descent of its waters, which fall in sheets from one basin to another into a canal 261 feet in length, by 93 in its greatest breadth, along which are 12 jet9 d'eaii. The architecture of the cascade is ornamented with rock and shell-work, dolphins, and other appropriate emblems^ and nothing can be more beautiful than its effect when in fuH play. The grand jet d'eau, known by the name of the Jet G^ant, is to the left of the cascades, in front of a fine alley ; it (i) It is now prepared for the reception of the Imperial Prin(5)e of France, born March 1 6th, 1 8 56. (2) We advise the visitor who comes from Paris to St. Cloud hy railway (rive droite), to take his seat on the left side of the carriage, by which he will occasionally obtain lonely prosjp^cts of tUe ^aU67 of the Seine and the adjacent country* ^ ' ^ ^ Digitized by VjOOQ IC 134 ENViaOMS OF PARIS. rises wilh immfimie foree to the heii^ of lio feet from the ^ttitre <^ • bMiB, and throws np &000 gaUons per minute. By Us side is a small stone fountain of remarkable elegance. The waters generally play every second Sunday in summer, (l) One of the finest spots in me park is that on which is built ihe Lantern of Diogme$, erected by Napoleon I. , a copy of the monument ol Lysicrates at Athens. It is a tall square tower, crowned with a cupola, supported by six G<»inthian fluted co- Jumna. From the summit a splendid view is obtained of Paris and the surrounding country. The didteau is visible daily, (when the Emperor does not inhabit it, which he only do^ in aummer), for a small gratuity to the conductor. The iHirch ol St. Cloud, dedicated to that saint, stands on an eminence opposite to the Mairie. The front, like the rest of the church, is in an unfinished state ; but it contains two very ^ne paintings, one by Hesse, representing the Jews (drowning Jesus witii thorns ; the subject of the other is St. Cloud cutting off his hair before devoting himself to the cloister, by I>urupt. A stone bridge of fourteen arches connects St. Cloud with the opposite bank, and the town of Boulogne, a place of above 7 ,000 inhabitants, which gives its name to the well-known wood. (See p. 496.) One of the arches is entirely of cast-iron ribs; the footpatiis are sustained on cmeside by supplementary arches of cast iron, on the other by iron consoles. The F^TE of St. Cloud begins every year on the 7 th of Sep- tember, and lasts three weeks. It is the most celebrated in the vicinity of Paris, and attracts immense crowds, particularly on Sundays. It is held in the park, and is well worth visiting. ST. CYR---a village six leagues south-west of Paris, is cele- brated for the Maison de St. Cyr, founded by Louis XiY. iu 1686, at the solicitation of Mme. de Maintenon, for the edu- cation of 250 young noble ladies. On the death of the king, Mme. de Maintenon retired to it, and died there in 1719. The plans were furnished by J. H. Mansard. In 1793, this insti- tution was converted into a niilitary hospital, and in I8O6, Napoleon ordered the military schoc^ of Fontainebkau to be transferred to St. Cyr, where it has since remained, under the title of Ecole 8p4ciale milttaire de Si, Cyr, The number of pupils is upwards of 300, who are admitted from the ages of 17 to 20, after a severe examination. Each pupil pays 1,000 fr. annually, besides an allowance for wardrobe and equip- ments. This school forms officers for the infantry, cavalr}', staff, and marines. The pupils on leaving are named sub-lieu- tenants. The uniform is that of privates of infantry, i ST. DENIS— a town six miles north of Paris, containing (I) The day is announced beforehand in Qalignantt Mmmnfer, ST. DQUS. ft3S about 9000 inhabitants, and on the Norttiern railway-hne. (l) History » — ^This town owes its celebrity to its andoit Bene- dictine Abbey, and to the circumstance of the kings of France having chosen the abbey-church for their place of burial. A chapel was founded here in honour of St. Denis about 250, in which Dagobert, son of Ghilperic, was buried in 580, being the first prince known to have been interred within its walls. Da- gobertl. founded the abbey of St. Denis in 613; and Pepin, father of Charlemagne, commenced a new church, which was finished by his son, and consecrated in 775. Of tttis edifice nothing now remains except the foundations of the orypt. Suger, abbot of the monastery during the reign of Louis YII., demolished the church, and built a more majestic one in 1 144, of which the porch and two towers remain ; the rest of the building as it now stands was reconstructed by St. Louis and his successor, between 1250 and 1281. The kings and princes of France were interred here up to the breaking out of the Re- volution ; but in pursuance of a decree of the Convention, in 1793, their remains were disinterred, and thrown into two large trenches, opposite the northern porch. In 1795, th«  lead was stripped from the roof, and a decree passed to rase the building to the ground, but, happily for the arts, a resolu-^ tion so Gothic was not carried into effect. The church, neg- lected for several years, was falling into ruins, when Napoleon ordered it to be repaired, as well as the vault of the Bourbons, as a place of sepulture for the princes of his own dynasty. The oriflamme, in ancient times the sacred banner of France, was kq>t at this abbey ; and no church in the kingdom was bo rich in relics and sacred ornaments. All these were dispersed at the revolution of 1789, and the monuments of the kings were removed to the Musde des Monvmentt FranQais, at the Conr vent des Petits Augustins, now the Ecole Impiriale des Beaux Arts, where they were preserved to be restored at a future period to their original places. — Exterior. — Since 1806, and especially since 1 830, the church has undergone most extensive repairs, now suspended, in consequence of great doubts exist- ing as to the soundness of the foundations of some parts of the ediiSce. It is one of the most beautiful specimens of the ap> chitecture of its epoch existing in France. The front con- sisted but lately of an elegantly buttressed and turreted wall, flanked by two towers ; the northern graced with gables and pinnacles, surmounted by a tall stone spire ; the other flanked (I) Trains start from and to Paris every hour. Omnibuses, for which no extra charge is made, convey visitors to and from the Abbey. In the days of February, 1848, a mob attacked the rail- road station, pet fire to it, and tore up the rails for several miles^ 536 ENVIRONS OF PARIS. by tunreU crowned with an open-worked parapet, but the former threatening to fall, it was taken down, and has not yet been reconstructed. The wall and the turrets in whidi the buttresses terminate are crowned with battlements. Three portals with retiring arches, adorned with the figures of saints, and supported by clustered pillars, give access to the interior; the tympans of tilie arches contain singular ancient hautrreliefs relating to scriptural history ; above the entrances are double and treble windows, partly walled up; and over the centrd one a circular rose window has been transformed into the dial-plate of a dock. Immediately under the battlements are four bas-reliefs of Saints on each side. On either side of the central windows are I^tiu inscriptions ; that to the right, in Gothic characters, runs thus : — Ad decus Ecdesiae qusB fovit ct extulit ilium, Suggerus studuit ad decus Ecdesiae. Deque tuo tibi participans Martyr Dionysi Ora ut exores fore participem paradisi. Annus millenus centenus quadragenus Annus erat Yerbi quando sacrata fuit. (i) The opposite one, in modern characters, is as follows : — iEdem ubl dena cinis Regum per saecula quieral, Tempestate fiirens diruit una dies. Sed dum Napoleo reparat res ordine cuuctas, Reddit templa Deo, Regibus et tumulo. Rursus pendet opus, nam concidit ipse ruina, At qui perflceret coepta, Philippus erat. (2) A cast-iron railing with Gothic piers encloses the front. Curious medallions in stone adoru the right and left entrances; those on the right represent the labours peculiar to each month of the year; those on the left, the signs of the Zodiac. Before entering the church, the visitor will examine the gates of the central entrance, adorned with tracery and medaJ^ons in cast iron, containing the following bas-reliefs. Left side : 1st, the Kiss of Judas; 2, Christ before Pilate; 3, Christ bear- ing his cross ; 4, the Crucifixion. Right side : 5, the Entomb- ment ; 6, the Resurrection ; 7 , Christ and the two disciples at Emmaus; 8, the Ascension. Interior, — ^This magnificent and costly edifice is cruci- form, and consists of a nave and two aisles, with lateral (1) " In honour of the Church which fostered and raised him, Suger laboured to decorate (this) church. And thou. O Martyr St. Denis, who enjoyest Para- dise, pray that he may enjoy It with thee. The thousand one hundred and fortieth year was the year of the Word in which it was consecrated.^' (2) " A single tempestuous day destroyed this church, where the ashes of Kings had reposed for ten centuries. But Napoleon, while re-establishin order in every branch of the State, restored this church to God, to the Kiog. and the grave. The work was again suspended, for he himself fcU ; but it WW Ptoiiip ^bQ p©inpl^tf5(l what ^ad bepn commence*," ST. DENIS. 537. diapels. The transepts completely separate the choir from th«  nave. Its total length is 390 feet, breadth 100 feet, and hei^t of vaulting 80 feet. Both the nave and choir, with the tran- septs, have a light triforium gallery and clerestory windows ; the groinings spring from clustered capitals. The visitor will commence examining the nave, as the choirs can only be vi- sited with a Suisse. Beginning from the left aisle, the first object of curiosity is the tomb of Dagobert, of the time of St. Louis, a pinnacled and canopied mausoleum, with ponderous hautrreliefs, quaintly exhibiting the dream of a pious monk, who thought he saw king Dagobert carried off by demons. The poor king, informed of the fact, hastened to avert so dismal a fate by founding the abbey. Next follow five chapels newly painted by Lecomte in the Byzantine style, the fashion of the day. The ogives of the first chapel contain : the Trinity, and Moses receiving the law. In the walls are several old bas- reliefs ; opposite the entrance are two statues, Christ, and the Virgin kneeling ; opposite the altar, statues of Christ, Moses, and Aaron, on pillars. The altar-piece is an illustration of the history of Christ, carved in oak in various compartments, and appears to be of the fifteenth century. In the second chapel paintings of Christ and Ste. Anne with the 4 evangelists occupy the ogives, and 9 old bas-reliefs are encased in the walls. In the 3d, is the statue of St. Jerome over the altar, in white marble, and sculptured with 3 compartments in the upper panel, and one in the lower, in the style of the 14th century. In the window is the history of St. Barbara in stained glass, in 10 compartments. In the 4th, hautr-reliefs in stone represent sub- jects of the Passion, and the window is enriched with stained glass, representing the 4 Evangelists. The altar, which is of marble, has a Crucifixion in alto-relievo. The altar of the 5th chapel is remarkable for its gorgeous decorations and gilt and painted hautr-reliefs. On the upper panel are U medallions with delicate miniature paintings of sacred subjects. In the ogive op- posite is the Crucifixion of Christ painted in fresco, and below on an old stone slab encased in the wall is engraved the plan of the abbey. Adjoining the left and northern transept are the magni- ficent monuments of Louis XII., and Anne of Brittany, and Henry II. and Catherine de Medicis. The former was executed in white marble by Paolo Poncio. The effigies of Louis XII. and his queen are represented on a rectangular cenotaph sur- rounded by 12 arches supported by beautiful composite pilas* ters adorned with arabesques, beneath which are placed statues of the 12 apostles. The whole rests upon a pedestal enriched with bas-reliefs representing wars of the French in Italy, the triumphant entry of Louis XIL into Genoa, the batU^ ofRa^ 536 ENVIRONS OF PARIS. ▼enna, and the battle of AgBadel. Abov« the oorniee are kneeling statues in white marble of Louis and Anne. In the wall opposite to this is an ancient alto-rilievo, representing the death of the Virgin, with the Apostles. The monument of Henry II. was executed by Germain Pilon, after designs by Primaticeio. It is 14 feet in height by 10 in breadth, and 12 and a half in length. It is adorned with twelve ec^nposite co- lumns of deep blue marble, and 12 pilasters of white marble. At the angles are four bronze figures representing the eardinal vhrtues. Henry 11. and Catherine, in white marble, repose on a couch. The portrait of the latter is given with remarkable truth, and a light garment with which she is robed is exqui- sitely worked. Opposite, in the southern aisle, is the sump- tuous tomb of Francis I. and Claude of France. This monu- ment, after the designs of Philibeit Ddorme, was erected in 1 550. Effigies of Frands and Claude repose upon a pMnth of black marble placed on a cruciform basement, ornamented with bas-reliefs representing the battles of Marignan and Ceri- soUes; the figures were executed by Pierre Bontemps. Above rises a grand arch enriched with arabesques and bas-reliefs by Germain Pilon. Sixteen fluted Ionic columns support the en- tablature, above which are placed five statues of white marble in a kneeling posture, namely^ Francis I.; Claude, his queen; the Dauphin and the Duke of Orleans, sods of Francis and Claude; and the Princess Charlotte, their daughter. The vault- ing and subordinate ornaments of this splendid monument were executed by An^roise Perret and Jacques Chantrel. The re- mainder of this aisle is occupied by the Chceur (THiver, formed of five arches of the aisle enclosed by wainscoting of Gothic design. Before entering it the visitor will remark the monu- ment to the consort of Dagobart, to the right of the door ; form- ing nearly a counterpart to that of her king in the northern aisle. The Chceur d'Hiver is lit by five painted windows ; the architecture is of the same style as the rest of the aisle. The columns and walls are painted in the liveliest colours. Stetues of the 12 apostles rest upon brackets against the columns. A railing separates the oaken seats from the rest of the chapel. Over the high altar is the martyrdom of St. Denis, painted by Krayer, a pupil of Rubens. The panel of the altar is adorneil with painted and gilt haut>-reliefs m compartments, represent- ing scenes from the life of Jesus Christ. In the embrasure of the second window is an altar in white marble with a statue of the Virgin and Child. The robes of the statue and the panels of the altar are interspersed with agates, cornelians, and other precious stones. The bas-relief on the lower panel represents, without compartments, the Purification, the Adoration of ih$ ST. ]>fi«UU' &3t Ha^ the Massiiae ellbe InoooentB, and the FliglUiiito Egypt; it is as usual paintod in the Byumtiiie manner. Some old ev^ graviiigs of saints on stone are eneased in the waUs and h^ tween the windows, (l) Transepts. — ^They are separated by an iron railing from the nave and aides, and by wide steps from the elevated choir. On one side ol the northern door is a spiral co- lumn to the m^odory of Henry III., assassinated by Jacques Clement, Augusta, 1589. On the other side is a composite ecdumn of white marble erected by Mary Stuart to the memory ei Francis II., who died in 1561. At its foot are statues of three genii. At the south dom* is a beautiful marble column ia honour of the Cardinal de Bourbon, with a capital in ala- baster ; on the pedestal are a ba8*relief representing Jesus Christ in the sapulchro, a masterpiece of Jean Goujon, and two other basHreliefB, also in alabaster. On the opposite side of the docur is a porphyry oolumn with a Ccmnthian (^tal, to the manory id Henry IV. Over the architraves of the northern and south- ern entrances are statues of the four evangdiists. Nearly in Uie centre of the transepts is a square railing enclosing the en- trance to the vault through trapdoors, and close to it is a cata- falco, surmounted by a canopy of black velvet, being the same used at the funeral solemnity of Louis XVIII. Flanking the steps that lead on either side to the choir, are marble statues of Tem- perance, Virtue, Prud^ce, and Justice. Against the extreme piers of the choir are two Gothic altars, of white marble, and inlaid with precious stones. The altar-piece ol the northern one is the Archangel Michael overccnning the Demon, by Blon- del. On the other is a br<mze crucifix of the 13th century, loaded with minute groups of figures and tracery. Choir, — On ascending the southern steps of the choir, we find in the first chapel, called Chapelle des Cormdtabks, sumptuously decorated like all the following ones, the tombs of Duguesclin, Sancerre, Duchastel, andLariviere. Around the walls are paint- ings of John II . , Charles V. , Charles VI ., Charles VII . , and Isabel, wife of Charles VI. On the altar are altinrilievi of the Death of the Virgin Mary and the Baptism of Clirist. We next enter the Vestry-room, a long circular vaulted chamber of Doric archi- tecture, containing ten paintings illustrating events connected with the abbey. They are: 1, the Coronation of Marie de Medicis, by Monsiau; 2, Charles V. and Francis I. visiting the abbey, by Gros; 3, Death of Louis le Gros, by Monjaud; 4, Philippe le Hardi offering to the abbey the reUcs of St. Louis, (I) In 1854, the King of Bavaria presented the Chapter of St. DenLs with the east of then* patron saint, taken from a statue of the toth century in the Church of Si, Bmmeran at Balisbon, 540 ENVIRONS OF PARIS. by Guerin; 5, St. Louis receiving the oriflamme, by Barbier ; 6, St. Louis restoring the tombs, by Landou; 7, Charlemagne at the consecration of the church, by Meynier ; 8, Funeral of Dagobert, by Gamier; 9, the Preaching of St. Denis in Gaul, byMonsiau; 10, the remains of the kings recoyered in 1817, by Heim. After the vestry follows a series of Chapels around the choir, all richly decorated and filled with works of art which it would be too long to enumerate here. The most re- markable are ; the Lady-Chapel behind the apsis of the choir, its altar enriched with mosaics and bas-reliefs, and around these on the panel scriptural subjects finely painted in com- partments; and the last chapel of the choir, containing, under the windows, the original tombs and statues of Tristan of Da- miette, and Margaret of Provence ; on the lateral piers are haut relief portraits of Jeanne d'£yreux and Marshal Turenne, and flanking the altar are statues of St. Louis and Isabel of France ; the altar-piece is the apotheosis of St. Louis, by Barbier ; and on the panel of the altar are alti-rilievi, in comparbnents, of Christ and the apostles . .( 1 ) The vaulting of the choir is painted like that of the Chceur d'Hiver, and so are the columns and walls of the chapels. On the panel of the high altar is a fine gilt bronze bas-relief, representing the Nativity and the Adora- tion of the Magi ; it was the gift of Louis XIY. to the convent. It was before this altar Napoleon was imited to Marie Louise. Undercroft. — ^The undercroft is entered by doors in each transept near the choir. The walls are ornamented with stone pilasters, the pavement is of white and black marble; the coffins, some of which are covered with black or violet- coloured velvet, with ornaments of gold or silver, are placed upon iron bars. Many of the statues and tombs are original; others are modern ; imitating the manner of the different times. Brazen doors open here into the royal vault, which is not vi- sible ; it contains eight coffins, in which are the remains of Louis XVI. and Marie Antoinette, with those of Louis XYIII., and other members of the elder branch of the royal family. On entering the undercroft by the door on the left, a bas-relief of the third century, and a piece of Roman mosaic, are seen. Then come monuments of the kings of the first and second races ; the most remarkable of which are the marble sarco- phagus in which Charlemagne was interred at Aix la Chapelle; a marble statue of that monarch; five statues in stone of Louis I., Charles II., Louis II., Charles III., and Charles IV.; and cenotaphs (some of them with statues) of Clovis and Ste. aoUlde, Dagobert and his Queen, Childebert, Charles Martel, (1) Latterly, on removing the flooring, a quantity of the old '^" vement was found here, and placed in the chapel of th« Virgin. ST. DENlS: 541 Pepin le Bref and queen Bertha; Garloman, son of Pepin; Lonis and Carloman, sons of Louis le Begue ; and Eudes, Count of Paris. Next come the monuments of the third dynasty, con- sisting of cenotaphs, with one or two statues in stone or marble. The following is their order. Hugues Capet ; Robert le Pieux, and Constance d' Aries, his queen ; Constance de Gas* tille, queen of Louis VIL ; Henry L ; Louis VI.; Philip Augustus ; Louis VIII. The chapel of St. Louis is very remarkad)le ; it contains figures and busts which are painted and gilt ; the busts represent St. Louis and Marguerite, his queen ; the statues, the Count de Nevers and Robert de Clermont, his two sons. . The other more remarkable cenotaphs are those of queen Blanche ; niilippele Hardi; Charles, kins of Sicily, brother to St. Louis; Philippe le Bel; Louis X.; Blanche, daughter of St. Louis; Philippe le Long ; Charles le Bel ; Jeanne de Navarre, daughter of Louis le Hutin; Charles d*Alencon, brother of Philippe VI.; Philippe VI.; Jean le Bon; Jeanne de Bourgogne, queen of Charles VI.; Charles V.; Marguerite, daughter of Philippe le Long; Charles VI., and Isabeau de Baviere, his queen; and Charles VIL, their son. Here is also a monument, by Paolo Poncio, to Louis Duke of Orleans, and Valentine de Milan. In one of the chapels is a list, by dynasties, of the names of the princes whose tombs were destroyed at the revolution of 1789, engraved on black marble. It is called the Chapelle expiatoire. A small passage leads to a vault where the Prince of Coude, father of the one who was found dead in 1830, is deposited. In another chapel are the tombs of Henry II., and Catherine de Medicis; laterally the tomb of Henry IV., with his bust, and Margaret of France kneeling, and that of Charles deValois* A marble urn in front, exquisitely sculptured by Jean Goujon, once contained the heart of Francis I. Besides these there are numerous curious monuments of other princes. In the last recess is a statue of Marie Antoinette, in a kneeling posture, considered a perfect likeness of that unfortunate princess ; also two colossal monolith allegorical statues, formerly intended for the expiatory monument to the Duke de 'Berry. (See p. 225.) They represent France and the City of Paris ; opposite are two more intended for the same monument. Charity and Fortitude. Between them is the monument of Louis XVIII. with his bust. The stained glass of the clerestory windows forms an illus- trated, historical, and chronological series of the principal events connected with the rulers of France in reference to the church, from St. Denis to Napoleon. A profusion of enamel paintings win be seen besides in every part of the church. (1) It also (i) The chapter of St. Denis consists of six canons of the flrsi clasS; whg ar? all bishops ; 9 1 f th« second, an<l 3« honorary ones. S4a ENVmONS Ot PARtBd poMCaocg a tnagmficeiit organ by M^sra. Cavaffle, Cotl, and Go.» the largest in France. (1) The Ur^ret cononands a splendid view of the gurroonding country. The person that conducts the visitors expects a fee. Adjoining the choich is the Maison ImpiriaU d*i<kuxitim de la L&gion d'Honnewr, occupying the magnificent buildings of the monastery. (See p. log.) Town. — ^It contains a sn^ theatre, several mannfactories, and an abattmr. The church of the Paroisse St. Denis is a takraUe specimen of architectore, and deserves a visit. Three considerable fairs are held here annually. ST. GERMAIN EN LAYE— is a town of 13,000 inhabitants, 5 leagues west of the capital. The kings of France had a small eh&teau at St. Germain, where Louis le Jeune resided in 1 143; Francis I. chiefly contributed to make it a splendid royal resi- dence, by building a palace. Henry II., Charles IX., and Louis XIV. were bom at St. Germain. Henry IV. took great delight in it, as did his son Louis XIII., who died there in 1643. After the death of his mother, Anne of Austria, Louis XIV. fixed his residence at St. Germain. He made great alter- ations and additions to the padace and gardens, and completed tiie magnificent terrace begun by Henry IV., which is half a league in length, and ne«u>ly 1 00 feet in breadth, shaded by stately trees, and commanding a magnificent view. Lods XIV. quitted St. Germain for Versailles ; and when Madame de M<mtespan won his affectioDs from Madame de la Valliere, he presented the chiiteau of St. Germain to the latter for a resi- dence. It was afterwards occupied by James II., of England, who kept his court there for twelve years, imtil his death in 1701. Under Louis XV. mmL XVI. the palace of St. Germain was abandoned. During the revolu^n of 17 89 it was converted into barracks, mid Napoleon established a unitary school in it for cavalry officers. It was afterwards used as a military pri- son, but has now again been transformed into a residence for the sovereign. It is a pentagonal pile, having a mas^ve polygonal tower at each angle, and surrounded by a foss^ and wail. For permission to see ^e interior, rarely granted, ap- plication must be made by letter to Af . le Ministre d^Etat. On the Place du Chateau, fronting the Palace, is the church of St. Germain, which is approached by a fine Doric portico eonasting of four columns in front, surmounted by a sculp- tured pediment. The interior is slightly cruciform, of the Ionic order, and has a nave and two aisles. In one of the lateral diapels is a handsome Doric tomb, erected to the memory of James 11. by George IV. of England, with the inscription, Re- (1) For maeh interesting information eoneeming the abber ehufch of iWf Deafef see Hktort op Paris, s w!»* «w* k Digitize gio ciiieri piMas regva. There are also several tolerable paint- ings. On Uie Place du Theatre is the theatre, fitted up by M. Alexandre Dumas, the novelist. Adjoining the chateau is the Parterre, or public walk, ending in the stately forest of ^,000 acres, entirely surrounded hy walls; the immense terrace lines it on the Paris side, from which one of the finest views la Europe may be enjoyed. Several flints of steps descend from it on one side to the road below, while on the other is a carriage-way. Underneath is the village of Pecq. A splendid racing-«tud has been established in the forest by M. A. Lupin and M. A. Fould. Some of the most celebrated mares from the royal stud at Hampton Court are kept here. The elevated position of St Germain renders it salubrious, though in winter the air is keen. There are two annual fairs ; one called Fits de St. Louis, the other Pdle des Loge$, The first takes place at the^entrance of the forest, near the gate of Poissy, <m tht Sunday after the 25th of August, and lasts three days. The second, whidi also lasts three days, begins on the first Sunday after the 30th of August, and is held near the Chateau des Loges, a house dependent upon the Maison Imp^ale de St. Denis. This fair, bang held in the midst of the forest, has a pleasing and very picturesque appearance, particidariy at night, and is the most agreeable of any of the fetes in the neighbourhood of Paris. The town, once proverbial for its dullness, has since the opening of the railway from Paris as* sumed new life and activity. Numbers of Parisians make il their summer residence, and several English families are settled here. The atmo^eric railway now takes the trains up to the Place du Chateau of St. Germain. It begins at the Dois du Vestnet, (1) adjoining Chatou, and leads to the Place da Chateau, with a bore of 2 feet 1 inch ; the ascent of the slope of BYt per cent, is performed with extraordinary rapidity. The train is left to its own impulse tor the descent. The railroad crosses two bridges with wooden arches thrown over the Seine, which here forms an island; a fine viaduct upon 20 ardies follows, and leads immediately to a tunnel pierced under the terrace, and paralx^cally curved. The railway continues along an open trench, and by a second and much shorter tunnel arrives at the t^nainus, which is an elegant building of Ionic architecture. Three coufdes of fixed engines of 200 horsfr-power each, placed at Si. Germain and Chatou, effect the atmo^^^c vacuum in the tube. Independentiy of these, the train, in case of acddent, may be towed up by a (i) Near this spot an establiflhment Is in course of constmclion for the reception of sick workmen, or such as have been meti- lated in the exercise of their calUDt* ' Digitized by VjOOQ IC '544 Environs o^ Pkm. i large engine, the Hercules, the first that ever performed a si^^ milar feat. The engineer who directed the works is M. Flachat. ST. LEU TAVERNEY— onthe Northern Rafliroad, celebrated for its chateau and park, which before the revolution of 1789 belonged to the Due d*Orleans, and was the favourite residence of Mme. de GenUs. Napoleon I. gave it to Queen Hortense, and after the Restoration it became the property of the Due de Bourbon, who ended his days here in a mysterious manner. (See p. 34 2n.) The present Emperor has caused the church lo be embellished, and erected a monument in it to Queen Hor- tense, to whose memory, as well as that of Louis Napoleon, late King of Holland, an annual service jb performed. ST. OUEN— a league and a haM north of Paris, on the left of the road to St. Denis, is known for its chateau, where Louis XVIII. stopped on his return to Paris in 1814, and where he promised a charter to the nation. The chateau, built in»1660, was bought by Louis XVIII., who, after embellishing and famishing it, presented it to Madame du Cayla. This spot possesses a number of subterranean storehouses for corn, where it is kept undamaged for several years ; also an ice-house, supplying Paris with about 6,000,000 kilos, a-year. (1) SGEAUX — is a large village, 2y4 leagues south of Paris, with 1800 inhabitants. Colbert erected here a magnificent chateau, with a park laid out by Le Notre. In 1700 this estate was purchased by the Duke du Maine, son of Louis XIV. and Madame de Montespan, after whose death it passed to the Duke de Penthievre. At the revolution of 1789 the chateau and park were sold, and the former demolished, but the mayor of Sceaux and some other persons bought the menagerie, which they converted into a place of amusement. Every Sunday, from the 1st of May to the 1st of November, there is a bd champ4tre given in it, which is much frequented by the Pa- risians. The church of St. John the Baptist is an old buttressed and pinnacled building, without pretensions to architectural beauty ; it contains however some tolerable paintings, a fine bas-relief in white marble on the panel of the altar in the left aisle, and a white marble group of the Baptism of Christ on the high altar, by Tuby . On a grass plot adjoining the church, the place where Florian, the elegant writer, lies buried, is marked by a granite pillar bearing his bust. The Mairie is an elegant little bmlding opposite to the churchy and between the Menagerie and the railway-station, which, with the rafl- way, is now the most interesting object of the place. This railway was expressly constructed to try M. Arnoux's system (1) Ice-houses at Gentilly and La ViUette also supply Paris; ' each furnisbing about 3,000;000 Kilos, SEVRES. • 545 of locomotives and carriages; the former, having small obliqae wheels pressing against the rails, besides the usual vertical ones, effectually provide against the train starting off the rails. The carriages are so constructed, that both the fore and hind wheels may turn freely under them ; an iron pole connects every carriage with its neighbour, much like a hinge, allowing the tram to take every possible curvature with the greatest ease, and at the same time preventing concussion, so that buf- fers are dispensed with. The railway is constructed with a gauge of 6 feet (Mr. Bniners gauge being 7, and the narrowest admitted hitherto 3»/4), and the sharpest curves have been pur- posely introduced to give the system a fair trial. The train describes at each terminus a curve of 82 feet radius ; the small- est radius on the line is 98 feet, and the largest 279 feet, re- sults hitherto deemed impossible. The total length of the rail- way is 6 miles and a half, which are performed in 25 minutes, and might be in lo. The weekly cattle-market, called ^ar- che de Sceaux, is held on the road at Bourgla Beine. SfiVRES — ^two leagues west of Paris, is situated on the high road leading to Versailles, and is one of the most ancient vil- lages in the environs of the metropolis, being known to have existed in 560. It is celebrated for its magnificent Imperial manufactory of porcelain. This establishment was formed in the Chateau de Vincennes, iu 1738, but in 1756, the farmers- general, having purchased the manufactory, transferred it to Sevres. Louis XV., at the solicitation of Madame de Pompa- dour, bought it of the farmers-general in 1759, and since that period it has formed part of the domains of the State. This establishment consists of three distinct parts, viz., the show rooms or magasins, the museum, and the laboratories or ate-- Hers, The first consists of 6 rooms, containing admirable specimens of the perfection to which the art of working por- celain has been carried here. The visitor will perceive, be- sides table and tea-services, of from 5,000 to 1 5,000 fr. value, splendid trophies, vases, tables, cabinets, of all sizes, executed with the most scrupulous nicety, and of the most tasteful de- signs. But what will most particularly call his attention is the profusion of paintings upon porcelain, copied from the best masters with a nicety of execution and truth of colour rarely attained on canvas. Here he will see, in sizes ranging between 2^^ and 3 feet in breadth, copies of the celebrated frescos by Baphael and Michelangelo in the Vatican, such as the School of Athens, the Deliverance of St, Peter, &c. ; portraits by Titian and Guido ; landscapes by Poussin, Ac* The prices of these range between 25,000 fr. and 40,ooo fr.- Mn^es, D^lusjeaux a^d Jaco^ot are aj»ong the jmost esteemed ■' ' "^ ^ ^ ^ 546 ENVIRONS OP PARIS. of the artists in this branch.— The specimens of stained glass are also very beantifuL The Museum is on the second floor, and consists of 12 rooms and a long gallery, con- taining a complete collection of foreign china, and the materials used in its fabrication ; a collection of the china, earthenware, and pottery of France, and the earths of which they are composed ; with a collection of models of all the orna- mental vases, services, figures, statues, &c., that have been made in the manufactory since its first establishment. Louis XVh enriched this museum with a fine collection of Greek vases. The models and specimens, which comprehend every kind of earthenware, from the coarsest pottery to the finest porcelain, forming a complete illustration of the history of the art, are arranged in cases in the following order ; — 1 . Etruscan vases, antique pottery, Grecian, Roman, and Gallic. 2 . Foreign earthenware, delf-ware, and stone-ware, with some delf-ware of the 1 5th century, the first that was glazed, being the original specimens of Bernard Palissy, the inventor of common gjazing. 3. French earthenware, delf-ware, and stone-ware, dating from 1740. 4. An interesting representation of the fabrication of porcelain from the clay in its rude state to the finishing. 5. Porcelain of China, Japan, and India. 6. Porcelain of the dif- ferent manufactories of France, with a progressive table of the qualities and prices to the present day. Porcelain of Prussia, Brunswick, Venice, Lombardy, and other parts of Italy. 8. Porcelain of England, the Netherlands, Spain, Portugal, Saxony, Austria, and Bavaria. 9. Specimens relating to the c<douring of porcelain, glass, and earthenware, and of the defects to which it is liable. Among the objects which will claim more particular attention, in the 4th room to the left on entering, is an old mosaic of coloured earthenware, encrusted in the floor, re- presenting the British arms under different dynasties ; also, in the 6th room, a stove in fayence, in the shape of a model of the fortress of the Bastille ; and in the 8th, specimens of imi- tations of precious stones, according to methods invented by the late talented M. Ebelmen. The ateliers are on the ground floor. Visitors are first shown a room with whirling tables, at which the throwers and turners sit, gradually creatmg those beautiful forms for which Sevres porcelain is so esteemed. The finishing is given by cutting out the profile of the vessel in a piece of tin plate, which is aflerwarcfe applied to it vertically While the wheel turns. The clay is prepared and ground at a water miU about five minutes walk from the manufactory, and brought here ready for use. The process of casting is re- torted to when very thin porcelain is desired. For this pur- pose the clay, blended with water, is poured into a moiud; _W. Digitized by CjOOQIC sfeVRES. 547 dear water is then made to rush into it from below by means of a pipe connected with a small reservoir of water ; the clay is by this means deposited on the mould, the superfluous matter is poured out, and when dry, the article easily separates from the mould. The next process is putting on the handles, if any be required. The article is then taken to a room where women are ejpiployed in picking out any slight flaw they may dis- cover, after which it goes into the hands of the painter. The painters' room will contain about 20 persons ; the colours em- ployed are all mineral, and are generally different from what they are after baking. Gold is applied in a semi-fluid state, being first dissolved in aqua regia. The article, thus pre- pared, is taken to the bakehouse, which is in one of the courts. It is necessarily baked twice, once to harden it, and a second time for gllazing ; but paintings and delicate articles must be baked a third time to obtain the full effect. Plates, cups, &c. are placed by two's, threes, fours, etc., into round earthen pans with lids, called casettes, but so that they may not be in contact with one another. These casettes are then placed in the first furnace, which is heated either with wood or coal ; the fire is underneath, separated from the casettes by a vaulted ceiling, through the apertures of which the hot air penetrates into the compartment above. The second furnaces are smaller, with doors of earthenware, which are regularly built in at each baking, a projecting tube being alone left so as to be easily opened to watch the operation. To see whether the glazing proceeds in a satisfactory manner, bits of porcelain are placed within, so as to be reached at times by an iron hook, and drawn out through the tube, when the state in which they are shows the progress that has been made. The glazing substance is obtained from feldspath, nicely ground. Paintings are placed vertically in furnaces made for the purpose. The furnaces oc- cupy several rooms in different wings of the building. The por- celain originally manufactured at Sevres, called porcelaine iendre,VfB& a composition of glass and earths, susceptible of com- bining by fusion. It was abandoned on account of its effects on the heahh of the workmen, but successful attempts have been made to revive the art. That generally manufactured, called porce^ame dure, is formed of kaolin, from Limoges, alkali, sand, and saltpetre, to which, when in a state of fusion, clay is added. It requires great heat to be hardened, and wood alone is used. The biscuit de Sevres is this substance not enamelled. The workmanship of the manufactory of Sevres is much more highly finished than that of any other manufactory in France, notwithstanding the same substance is used; and the white porcelain is higher in price than that of any other manufactory, Digitized by VjOOQ IC 548 ENYIEONS OF PABIS. on account of the exquisite and difficult shapes of the articles. The painters aj'e of die first merit, and the number of work- men exceeds 180. There is a library attached to the esta- blishment, containing numerous valuable works with plates, relating to travels, descriptions, etc., for the use of the artists | atfached to the establishment, but it is not public. The Sevres manufactory, far from covering its expenses, is maintained by the government. It is devoted in part to experiments in the art, for the benefit of private manufacturers, to whom every in- formation is liberally granted. The show-rooms may be visited daily from 11 to 4, without a ticket. Visitors must accept the services of a guide, who expects a fee. The museum and ateliers are not visible without a special permission from M, le Ministre d'Etat. A splendid stone bridge of 9 arches connects Sevres with Billancourt, on the opposite bank of the Seine, which is here di- vided into two branches by the almost uninhabited lie Seguin. SURESNE — a village at the foot of Mont Valerien, two leagues west of Paris. It is remarkable for the interesting custom of the crowning of the Rosiere, a very pretty sight, which taJ^es place on the Sunday after St. Louis's day (August 26). There are several elegant villas at this place, one of the most remark- able being that of Baron S. de Rothschild. (1) A light suspen- sion bridge has been thrown across the river to meet the road leading by the Porte de Longchamps to the Bois de Boulogne. VAUGIRARD — a suburban village, outside the Barricre de Sevres. It has a new church, erected in 1852, at a cost of 80,000 fr. It is in the form of a Latin cross, with a pyra- midical steeple, and consists of a nave with lateral chapels. VERSAILLES. — This large handsome town, of which we subjoin a partial plan, which the visitor will find of the utmost utility, is situated four leagues from the capital, towards the SW.; it is the chief place of the department of the Seine and ' Oisc, the see of a bishop, the seat of a prefecture, and possesses three tribunals, of Criminal Justice, Premiere Instance^ and Commerce, besides an imperial college. Before the first revolu^ tion its population was computed at 100,000, but at present it does not contain 30,000 inhabitants. History. — In 1561 Versailles was a small village m the midst of woods, to which the king of Navarre, afterwards Henry IV.. used to come to hunt. Subsequently it was much frequented for the like purpose by Louis XIII., who, in 1624, built a par vilion as a hunting-lodge. A few years later he purchased (1) This beautiful seat and its extensive hot-houses were seii fire to and greatly deYastated bjr the mob^ in Febrvarjr, i^48. Digitized by VjOOQ IC VERSAILLES. 549 Some land where the palace now stands, with the old castel of F. de Gondy, archbishop of Paris, and erected a small cha- teau, which has grown into the present magnificent palace. That chateau, built of red brick, consisted of a central pile, with two wings and four pavilions ; the whole enclosed by a fosse, and occupying scarcely more space than the inner apart- ments which now surround the Cour de Marbre. Louis XIV. in 1660, becoming tired of St. Germain, conceived the idea of converting his predecessor's chateau into a residence worthy of the court he meditated establishing. The architect Levau was entrusted with the execution of the design, and the alterations were commenced in 1664. Le Notre was ordered to lay out the immense gardens and parks ; the vast terraces and excavations were executed at an incalculable expense; the troops not engaged m war were ordered to assist, and 30,000 soldiers were more than once simultaneously employed on the works. Water was required to be brought from a great distance to supply the re- servoirs and fountains ; and the project was formed and ac- tually commenced, of turning the river Eure through Versailles. Beyond the gardens a second inclosure was formed, called the Little Park, about four leagues in circuit ; and beyond thisstill was the third inclosure, that of the Great Park, measuring 20 leagues, and including numerous villages. The expense of all these stupendous undertakings was immense ; the general belief is, that the building and decoration of the palace cost less than the other works, and that nearly 40 millions sterling were altogether expended! Every encouragement was given to persons desirous of erecting houses in the town, and a large population and an elegant city gradually rose round the royal residence. Levau died in 1670, and Jules Hardouin Mansard, nephew of the celebrated Mansard, was charged with the continuation of the works. The architect wished to destroy all that remained of the chateau of Louis XIII., and to construct one uniform building ; but Louis XIV. insisted on preserving it as a memento of his father, and therefore only allowed him to make alterationsjn the court, and to surroimd it on the western side with the magnificent piles of building forming the garden front. At first only the central part was erected, containing the grand apartments ; then the southern wing for the younger branches of the royal family; and at length, in 1685, the northern one for other personages of the court. The king continued to reside at St. Germain till 1681, although frequently visiting Versailles ; but at that period the whole court removed to the new palace. Most of the dependencies were erected about this time; the chapel, however, was not begun till 1699, nor finished till 1710. Under Louis XV., the theatre, at the 550 ENVIRONS OF PARIS. extremity ol the northern wing, was b^un hy Gabriel, finished by Leroy, and inaugurated on the marriage of the Dauphin, Louis XVI., in 1770. Towards the end of the same reign, Gabriel added a whig and pavilion to the northern si^ of the prindpal court ; there was an idea also of building across the courts a new front in the same uniform style ; but Louis XVI. was alarmed at the expense, and the troubles of his reign sooa intervened. The corresponding pavilion, on the southern side, was added by Louis XVIII. Independently of the extensive internal changes effected by Louis Philippe, a new pile of building, joining the chapel and theatre, has been added. From the time of Louis XIV. to that of the revolution of 1789, with the exception of the Regency of the Duke of Orleans dur- ing the minority of Louis XV., 17 15-1722, the court, the royal family, the ministers, and the various public officers, were lo- cated in the palace of Versailles and its dependencies. The fur- niture was of the most gorgeous description ; the ablest paint- ers and sculptors of France had adorned the edifice, which contained besides a large collection of the finest objects of art of foreign countries. But after 1 7 9 2 the palace was devastated, and every thing moveable disposed of as national property. An attempt was made to constitute it a succursal house to the Hotel des Invalides ; and it would even have been sold in lots, had not Napoleon preserved it from destruction . The estimated expense of 50 nullions of francs, for its restoration, alone hindered him from residing here ; but he repaired the walls, fountains, &c., and restored some of the apartments. Louis XVIII., who wished to re-establish the court in it, was stopped by similar considerations, and limited his expenditure to 6 nullions of francs, which were employed in repairs and alter- ations. " Things," says M. Vatout, " remained in the same state during the reign of Charles X,, and it was reserved for Louis Philippe to give a destination to this palace. Time had produced its revolution in opinion, and Versailles could not again exist under the conditions of the monarchy of Louis XTV., it could no longer be the abode of a population of courtiers, or the Olympus of a monarch. For it to become the concentra- tion of all the illustrious of France, to collect the inheritance of all her glories, and, without being despoiled of the type of grandeur now passed away, to be clothed witii other gran- deur, new and national, was a destiny not less splendid or august than that at first assigned it." With this view, the edifice was repaired, enlarged, and harmonized, at a cost of 1 5 millions of francs. An immense series of paintings, sculpture, and works of art, illustrative of every event that has reflected honour on the annals of France, now fiUs the splfindid halls of this noble palace, thus fonniog an historical museum which has not its parallel in Europe. The Palace and its D£Pemdenci£6. — Exterior. The palace is approached from the town by the Place d'Armes, 800 feet broad, on the eastern side of whidb, flanking the Avenue de Paris, are the Stables, erected under Louis XIV. by J. H. Man- sard. They are fronted by elegant railings connecting th^ lateral wings, and extending along a segment havmg its centra in the court of the palace. They have lofty gateways decorated with trophies, and enclose spacious courts. The buildings to the north, called les Grandes Ecuries^ contained the carriages and horses of the royal fSamily ; while those to the south, called les Petites Ecuries, included stables for the royal stud, «  riding-school, &c. The latter are now barracks for cavalry, but the riding-schod was re-established in 1855 as it wag under Louis XIY. The two buildings together afford ac- commodation to loco horses. The Grand Court, 380 feet in breadth, is separated from the Place d'Armes by stone parapets, flanldng an iron railing, richly charged witb gilded ornaments, with a central gateway, surmounted hy the ancient crown and shield of France with the three fleurs de lis. At the extre- mities of tiiis railing are groups of figures in stone ; those on the right representing France victorious over Austria, by Marsy, with the statue of Peace ; those on the left, France victorious over Spain, by Girardon, with the figure of Abun- dance. The court itself slopes from the palace, and on each side is a plain range of buildings, erected hy Louis XIY. for the use of the ministers. In front of those stand sixteen marble statues, twelve of which^ until 1837, ornamented the Pont de la Concorde at Pans. Thpse on the right are Richelieu, 6ayard<, Colbert, Jourdan, Massena, Tourville, Duguay-Trouin, and Tu- renne ; those on the left are Suger, Du Guesclm, Sully, Lannes, Mortier, Suffren, Duquesne, and Conde. In the midst, at the upper part of the court, is a colossal equestrian statue of Louis XIV.; the figure of the monarch by Petitot, — ^that of the horse, which was originally intended for a statue of Louis XV. in the Champs filysees, by Cartelier. This is one of the best statues at Versailles. From this point a fine view is obtained of the three avenues which stretch beyond the place d'Armes. Beyond the Grand Court, at first called the Cour des Ministres, is the court formerly called Cour Royale, wliich, before the revo- lution of 1789 was separated from it by an iron railing, and within which none but the cairiages of royal personages, or those who had the right of bearing certain arms on their equipa|;es, were admitted. On the northern side of this are a wing and pavilion, in the Corinthian style, erected by Ga- 551 ftNVmONS Ot PARIS, briel, under Louis XV.; on the southern are those terminated under Louis XVIII. The friezes of the pediments surmounting these payiiions bear the inscription that announces the new destination of the palace: — *' A toutes les gloires de la France,'* After this comes the Cour de Marbre, surrounded by the old palace of Louis XIII., all of red brick coped with stone; it consists of a ground floor and first story, surmounted by a hip-roof. The whole is crowned with balustrades and sculp- ture, once richly gilt, and is ornamented with vases, trophies, busts, and statues. The busts, nearly all of white marble, and either antique or imitations of the antique, are 80 in number, and are placed on brackets between the windows ; the statues, vases, &c., were all executed by the most celebrated sculptors of the age of Louis XIV. In the centre is a balcony of white marble, supported by 8 Doric colunms, of beautifully-coloured marble; above this is an attic crowned with two recumbent figures, — ^Mars, sculptured by Marsy , and Hercules, by Girardon, form- ing a kind of pediment, and supporting a clock. The dial- plate of this clock was used only to mark the hour of the last King's death, which, in the case of Louis XIV., was announced by the principal gentleman of the bed-chamber, who came out on the badcony below, and, exclaiming '^ Le rot est mortr* broke his wand of office ; he then took up another, and cried

• ' Vive le Roi!" A round overhanging turret graces one of the

comers of the southern wing. The pavement of the Cour de Marbre, from which it derives its name, was formerly much more elevated. In the centre stood a beautiful basin and foun- tain ; and the court itself was often used by Louis XTV. for festivals and "masques." South of the Cour Roy ale, a small court, which bears the name of Cour des Princes, divides the wing finished by Louis XVIII. from the southern one. This wing encloses the Cour de la Surintendance, so called from the offices that once occupied its eastern side, and now ceded to the municipality of Versailles for the public library, &c. A street approaches the palace on this side^ and separates the southern wing from the Grand Commun, a vast square building, now a military hospital, substantially built of brick, enclosing a square court, and containing 1,000 rooms, in which no fewer than 3,000 persons were lodged when the Court resided at Versailles. Having been converted into a manufactory of arms in 1795, the entrance was decorated with trophies in relief. This manufactory attained the highest celebrity, and supplied the French army annually with 60,000 muskets. In 1816 it was stripped and devastated by the Prussians. North of the Cour Royale, the Cour de la Chapelle intervenes between the wing buflt by Louis XV. and the chapel, the architecture VeASAILLES. 553 6f which is reinarkably florid and elegant, in the best style of the preceding age. It is ornamented with Corinthian pi- lasters between the windows, with sculpture, formerly gilt, and a balustrade, crowned by 28 statues.^ The external di- mensions are 148 feet by 75, in length and breadth, with an altitude of 90 feet. The height of its roof, richly edged with iron work, causes this building to be seen over the palace from almost every side, and is said to have resulted from a design of the architect, to force Louis XIV. to raise the whole palace another story. The northern wing comprises the Cour de la BouchCj where the kitchens were, and the Cour du Thedtre; the latter boimded on the north by the Salle de VOpSra, the exterior of which is plain and massive. Beyond the theatre is one of the great reservoirs which supply the fountains. The eastern side of these courts is formed by a pile of buildiog <rf elegant design, and harmonizing with the older parts of the palace, restored by Louis Philippe ; its forms one side of a wide street, to the east of which are some minor dependencies of the palace, and another reservoir. The Cour de la ChapelU and the Cour des Priiices lead each into the gardens, and afford access to the magnificent western front of the palace — ^the grandest specimen of that style in France. It presents a large projecting mass of building, with two immense wings, and consists of a ground-floor and first-floor of the Ionic style, and an attic. The wings, the southern being rather the longer of the two, exceed 500 feet in length ; the central front is 320 feet long, and each of its retiring sides 260 feet; the number of windows and doors is 37 5. Although of great perfection in its details, and remarkable for the delicate colour of the stone, this structure has been justly criticised for its too great length and uniformity. Along the immense extent of the facade there is no salient object to break the sameness, except peristyles of coupled Ionic columns, from distance to distance. These peri- styles are 15 in number, and above each are placed, over the cornice, allegorical figures in stone. The balustrade which crowns the edSfice was formerly sunnounted by vases and groups. The best view of this front is from either end of the great terrace, and the whole palace may be advantageously seen from the heights of Satory. Interior, and Historical Museum. —Before noticing the internal arrangements of the palace, the reader should be in- formed that the gallery is open to the public every day except Mondays, from 11 to 6, At the entrance of the pa- lace, near the chapel, is an office where authorized guides, very useful to strangers, may be hired at the rate of a franc an hour. (See Preface, p. viii.) The historical collections A54 ENYiaONS OF PARIS. comprised in the palace may be divided into six; principal sections* — 1. Historical Pictures; 2. Portraits; 3. Busts and Statues ; 4. Views of Royal Residences, &c.; 5. Marine Gallery; 6. T(»nb8. The historical pictures represent the great battles, military and naval, which have illustrated the arms of France from the earliest periods: — ^the most remariud)le historical events in the national annals; the age of Louis XIV.; the reigns of Louis XY. and Louis XVI.; the brilliant epoch of 1792; the victories of the first Republic ; the campaigns of Na poleo n ; the chief events of the Empire; the reign of Louis XVin.; the reSgn of Gharies X.; the revolution of 1830« and the reign of Louis Miilippe. The portraits comprise the Kings from Pharamond to the late monarch — Grand Admirals, Con- stables, Marshals, and celebrated warriors of France, with a large cdlection of persons of note of all ages and countries. The busts and statues comprise also a great number of illustrious personages, from the earliest times of the monarchy, and a supplementary series is to be found, elucidating the history of France, in the medals and coins. The views of royal residences have aparticular value, as representing edifices, many of wiiichno longer exist, and as illustrating the costumes, &c., of past times. To arrange these collections chronologically was found to be impossible, from the nature of the locality, the sizes of the pictures, &c.; the classes, therefore, enumerated ^bove have been kept together, as far as compatible, and each may be examined separately, or in coiyunction with the rest. Northern Wing. — ^The mterior of this wing has not been so much changed as that of other parts of the palace. It will be sufficient to enumerate the personages who have resided in it» to show that it possesses local interest. It stands in part on the site of the Fontaine de TSthys, immortalized by La Fontaine, and was first inhabited by the Duke de Berri, grandson of Louis XIV-, the Prince de Conti, elected King of Poland in 1697, the Duke du Maine, son of Louis XIV., the beautiful Marquise de Thianges, sister of Madame de Montespan, Marshal ViUars, and the Duke de St. Simon, author of the Memoirs. In after times the ground-floor was partly occupied by the Prince de Conde, who commanded the army of emigrants during the re- volution of 1789 ; and the first floor by the Dukes of Angou- leme and Berri, sons of Gharies X. It was in the room of this story, adjoining the vestibule of the chapel, that the Cardi- nal de Rohan was arrested for the affair of the famous necklace that had so fatal an influence on the destinies of Marie Antoi- nette and her court. — ^The visitor, on entering the Vestibule de la Chapelkf obtains a commodious view of The Chapel-^lhe interior of this edifice was restored TEBSAILLES. 555 under Louis Philippe to its original splendour. Louis XIV., always punctual in his religious duties, required daily attendance at mass from his courtiers, and founded a chapter of priests for the service of this Chapel, (1) which consists of a nave and aisles supporting side galleries fronted with Corinthian columns, dl beautifully sculptured. The square compartments of the ceihng of these galleries are painted with sacred subjects. The internal dimensions are 114 feet to the altar, 60 feet m breadth, and 86 feet in height. The pavement is of costly marbles, divided into compartments, and wrought in mosaic ; the balustrades of the galleries are of marble and gilded bronze. The vaulted ceiling springing from a rich architrave and cornice, above the lofty columns, glows from the pencil of A. Coypel, Lafosse, and Jouvenet ; the figures over the organ and galleries are by the Boullongnes and Coypel. The Chapel of the Virgin should not escape notice ; the pamtings being the most exquisite productions of BouUongne, jun. In the aisles are seven chapels, or altars, ornamented with costly marbles, gilding, pictures, and bronze bas-reliefs, the latter peculiarly worthy of inspeotion. They stand in the following order : 1, Martyrdom of Ste. Adelaide, by Adam; 2, Ste. Anne teaching the Virgin; 3, St. Charles Borromeo imploring Heaven to arrest the plague at Milan, by Bouchardon ; 4, the Chapelle du Dauphin, opposite to which is a Last Supper, by Paul Veronese ; 5, Martyrdom of St. Peter ; 6, St. Louis succouring the plague-stricken, by Poiriet ; 7, Mar- tyrdom of Ste. Victoire. The high altar is exceedingly grand, and the oi^an is one of the finest in France. The windows are bordered with stained glass. In 1789 this Chapel remained almost uninjured. Service is chaunted here every Sunday morning. The Historical Museum is entered from the ground-floor vestibule of the Chapel, on the side fronting the gardens. The walls are adorned with an allegorical alto-rilievo, representing Louis XIV. crossing the Rhine at Tolhuis in 1672. A suite of apartments, eleven in number, contains a series of pictures illustrating some of the principal events of the history of France up to the revolution of 1789. At the end of this suit6 the visitor on application is introduced to The Salle de V0p4ra. — At the opposite extremity of the northern wing, and approached by a staircase lately constructed, is the theatre. Its length is 144 feet, divided into equal parts by the curtain ; its breadth 60 feet, and its height 50 ; 14 Ionic columns, fluted and gilt, separate the upper boxes, fronted (i) Many remarkable religious ceremonies took place before its altar; one of the most Interesting was the marriage of Louis XYI. and Marie Antoinette, inl 769. Digitized by VjOOQ IC 559 ENVIRONS OF IRAKIS. With balustrades, &c., richly gilt. The other decorations are in crimson and gold, with a profusion of mirrors and chan- deliers. The ceilmg is by Durameau. The central box is taste- fully decorated, and was that occupied by Louis XY. The lateral boxes were reserved for the Ambassadors, and the pit for the Staff. Behind the entrance to the royal box is the Foyer du Roi, where the Court retired for refreshment between the acts. It is of Ionic architecture, lit by four windows ; above the doors and chimney piece are fine alti-rilievi, and the de- corations are in keeping with those of the Salle, The Foyer des Ambassadeurs is below. Of the grand fetes given here, the first was in honour of the marriage of Louis XVI. ; the next, for the birth of his son ; the third, the ill-judged banquet of the Gardes du Corps, in 1789 ; the fourth, on the grand inau- guration of the Historical Museum, 17th May, 1837 ; the 6th on the occasion of the National Exhibition in 1844, and the last, on the 2dth of August, 1855, when her Majesty Queen Victoria partook of a splendid supper here, on the occasion of the grand ball given in this palace in honour of her visit to the Emperor. (1) Whenever a grand opera Was performed here, the expense is said to have been upwards of 100,000 fr. A small fee is expected by the conductor. On leaving this place the visitor will enter a gallery, 300 feet in length, situated behind the historical museum, and con- taining the busts, statues, and monumental effigies of the kings, queens, and iUustrious personages of France up to the reign of Louis XV. In the middle of this gallery is the entrance to the Salle des Croisades, a series of five splendid rooms in the GfOthic style, forming a gallery of pictures relating to those interesting periods. The ceilings and walls are covered with armorial bearings of French knights who fought in the Holy Land; the 3d room, bisected by a series of three arches, contains colossal pictures of battles fought during the crusades. Under the arches are three monumental tombs; the lateral ones, in plaster, bear the recumbent figures of Parisot de la Vallette and Pierre d'Aubusson, Grand Masters of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem ; the central one supports the original marble statue of Villiers de Tlsle Adam in the attitude of prayer; the piers of the arches and the intervals of the wall between the pictures are filled with escutcheons bearing the respective names (1) On this occasion the pit was boarded over, and 400 guests sat down to table. The royal party, consisting of the Queen and Prince Albert, the Emperor and Empress, the Princess Royal and Prince of Wales, Prince Napoleon, Princess Matilda, and the Prince of Bavaria, supped in the Imperial box. The SalU was lit by 43 lustres and chandeliers. , Digitized by CjOOQIC VERSAILLES. 557. and dates. In the wall opposite the window are the cedar gates of the Hospital of the order of St. John of Jerusalem, in the island of Rhodes, given to the Prince de Joinville by Sultan Mahmoud in 1836. The shields above these gates are finely- carved. Between the two entrances to the Salle des Groisades stands a splendid monument in plaster of Ferdinand of Arra- gon and Elizabeth of Gastille, transported here from the Louvre. On issuing from the statue-gallery, a winding staircase by the side of the Chapel leads to the vestibule of the first floor. Here is another gallery of statues, &c., of personages illustrious in the earlier ages of the monarchy ; one of the most interesting of which is the admirable statue of Joan of Arc, executed by the late talented Princess Marie of France, Duchess of Wurtemburg. (1) In the central recess overlooking the Etca- Her de Constantine is a beautiful statue of the late Duke of Orleans, executed by Pradier, in white marble. The pedestal is octagonal ; four of its sides are graced with statues of genii in niches, of extraordinary beauty ; on two more are bas-reliefs illustrating scenes of the African campaign conducted by the Prince; the statue itself represents him in an easy sitting posture ; the drapery is graceful. (2) Against the wail we see a statue of Marshal Bugeaud, near which doors open into a series of rooms, the largest of which is the Salk de Constantine, containing large pictures of the taking of that place, by Horace Vemet, besides other scenes of the war in Algeria, and the taking of Antwerp, Ancona, and St. John of Ulloa. In an adjoining saloon is the large picture, by Horace Vemet, of the surprise of the Smala of Abd-el-Kader, a painting which greatly occupied public attention in 1845, and the prin- cipal defect of which is considered to be its enormous extent, though the talent of the artist is unquestionable . Some Brussci s tapestry will attract attention. Adjoining is a still unfinished room, the painted coves of which however show that it was to contain scenes illustrative of the last war with Morocco in 1 844. Next follow two rooms containing subjects taken from the first revolution, including the 1 8th Brumaire by Bouchot, and from the history of France in the 16th century. The visitor now returns to the statue-gallery, and ascends the staircase at the other end, leading to the attic story, where a room to the right contains portraits of celebrated literati, men of science, and artists. On the landing-place stands a bust of (i) After the overthrow of Louis Philippe, the Provisional Go • vemment, fearing an attack on the palace, caused this statue to l)e concealed by a false calorif&re. (2) It remained for some time concealed in a store-room after the late revolution^ but now occupies its former position. 558 ENVIRONS OF PARIS. Froissart; the chronicler. Opposite are seyeo rooms on the gar- den side, and three more, including a long gallery looking into the northern court, contaioing a collection of historical portraits, many of which are original ; between the embrasures of the windows are glass cases with coins, medals, Sec. Returning to the first story, the visitor will examine a suite of lo rooms, on the garden side, constituting the Gallery of the Reign of Louis Philippe, in which the series of historical paintings is continued up to the revolution of 1 8 3 O. It ends in the elegant Corinthian vestibule, already mentioned, with statues of France and Peace in niches, and affording a more distinct view of the upper part of the chapel and the royal pew, containing two admirable bas-reliefe, viz., the Circumcision by Poiriet, and Christ with the Doctors, by Coustou. This vestibule opens into The Grands Appartements, which occupy the whole of the first floor of the central projecting building facing the garden ; the suite on the north belonged to the King, that on the south was the Queen's. The former present a striking contrast to the other suites of the palace ; they are large and lofty, en- crusted with marbles, and loaded with a profusion of massive gilded ornaments ; the ceilings are richly painted, and the ge- neral effect is gorgeous. The Queen's apartments are in white and gold, with ceilings less richly painted, and from their southern aspect have a light and cheerful appearance. All these rooms, which have been restored with great care and judg- ment, contain a most interesting series of pictures and portraits illustrative of the life and domestic relations of Louis XIV. The Salon d'Hercuky which precedes the suite, once descended to the ground-floor, and was the chapel where Bossuet and Massillon preached. The splendid ceiling, 64 feet by 54, repre- senting the apotheosis of Hercules, was executed by Lemoine in 1729. Here are also the equestrian portrait of Louis XIV., and the Passage of the Rhine. Next follows the Salle de VAbon- dance, with a ceiling painted by Houasse, and representing Abundance. This opens to the left into two rooms which con- tain some excellent aquarelles of military subjects, and give access to the Salle des Etats-Geh^raux* Its walls are covered with paintings representing the sittings of the Slates General on various occasions, the lits de justice, &c., thus forming a com- plete history of the origin and gradual progress of Constitu- tional government in France. Returning to theSalle de rAbon- dance, the next are the Salons de V^m, sokdde Diane, which derive their names from the subjects on the oeilii^s, the first by Houasse, and the latter by BHancbard. In the former is a beautiful group Of the three Graces in white marble, by Pra-

• ^r; and in the latter, is the portrait of Marie Therese

TERSAILLES: 559 d'Autriche. The Salon de Mars was used as a haU-room by Louis XIV.; Us ceiling is by several artiste df that age. Here a picture representing the marriage of Louis XIY. with Maria Theresa of Spain is worthy of attention. Be«  yond is the Salon de Mercure, once the state bed-room, and remarkable for its ceiling by PMippe de Champagne. Next is the Salon d'Apollon, or Throne Room, where Louis XIV. re- ceived ambassadors, accepted the apology of the Doge of Genoa, and in 17 1 5 held his last public audience. It was usc^ for similar purposes by Louis XV. and Louis XVI. ; the ceiling is by Lafosse. The Salon de la Guerre, consecrated to the mi- litary glory of Louis XIV., contains a ceiling by Lebrun, re- presenting France chastising Germany, Spain, and Holland. It leads into the Grande Galerie des Glaces (or de Louis XIV.,) one of the finest rooms in the world, extending with the Salon de la Guerre and the Salon de la Paix, at the opposite extre- mity, along the whole of the central facade, and measuring 242 feet in length, 35 feet in width, and 43 feet in height. It is lighted by 17 large arched windows, which correspond with arches on the opposite wall, filled with mirrors ; sixty Corin- thian pilasters of red marble, with bases and capitals of gilt bronze, fill up the intervals between the windows and between the arches ; each of the entrances is adorned with columns of the same order. The vaulted ceiling was painted along its whole length by Lebrun, and is divided into nine large and eighteen smaller compartments, in which are allegorically re- presented the principal events in the history of Louis XIV., from the peace of the Pyrenees in 1 659 to that of Nimeguen in 1678. In niches on either side are marble statues of Venus, Minerva, Adonis, and Mercury. ' ' It was in this gallery," says M. Vatout, "that Louis XIV. displayed aH the grandeur of royalty ; and such was the luxury of the times, such the splen- dour of the court, that its immense size could hardly contain the crowd of courtiers that pressed round the monarch." Several splendid fetes were held in it, of which those on the marriage of the Duke de Bourgogne in 1697, on the arrival of Marie Antoinette, and on the oceasion of her Majesty Queen Victoria's visit {Aug. 25, 1855), were the most brilhant. (1) At a short distance^ through one of the doors to the left, is the entrance to the (4) On this occasion the Oaterie des Glaces was lit with st^eo wax eandles and 42 chandeliers. The prirate apartments were thrown open to the guests, and the stairs, vestibules, and sitting-rooms, decked with the rarest flowers. Queen Victoria opened the ball with the EmjJeror in a quadrille, and waltzed with him in the course of the evening. 560 ENTIRONS OF PARIS. Priixite Apartments, ^-The first of these is the Cabinet du Rot, or Salon du Conseil, containing part of the original fur- niture of the time of Louis XIY., among which will be noted the council table and arm-chair of the King. At one end is a celebrated clock, which displays a figure of that Monarch, and plays a chime when the hour strikes. In this room Louis XIV. used to transact business with his ndnisters Colbert, Louvois, and Torcy ; here he took leave of Marshal Villars, when the fate of the monarchy depended on the campaign which ended with the victory of Denain ; here he received Lord Bolingbroke ; here he introduced to the grandees of Spain his grandson, the Duke d'Anjou, as their king, and declared that *' tjienceforth there were no Pyrenees." Louis XV. here signed the decree for expelling the Jesuits, in 17 62, and the treaty that terminated the seven years' war, in 1763 ; here, also, that easy monarch suffered Mme. du Barri to sit on the arm of his chair in the presence of the Council, and to fling into the fire a packet of unopened dispatches. On the 23d June, 1789, in the recess of the window nearest the Royal Bedchamber, Louis XVI. received from the Marquis de Dreux-Breze the bold reply of Mirabeau, that "the deputies were assembled by the will of the people, and would not leave their place of meeting except by the force of his master's bayonets !" From this room admittance is obtained, on application, to a suite of rooms, called Les PetitsAppartements rSservis, "which occupy the northern side of the Cour de Marbreyto which none were admitted but those who had the grande entrde. The first was the billiard- room of Louis XIV., and was afterwards the bed-chamber of his successors ; it was in this room the death of Louis XV., so graphically described in Madame Campan's Memoirs, took place. At present it contains a small equestrian statue of Louis XV. Beyond is the Salle des Pendules, so called from a magnificent clock, which shows the day of the month, the phases of the moon, the revolution of the earth, and the motion of the planets. Near this is a fine marble table, on which is engraved a plan of the forest of St. Germain. On the floor is a meridian line traced by the hands of Louis XVI. (1) Next comes the Cabinet des Chasses, from whence a window on a balcony looks into the Cour des Cerfs, where the Royal Family placed themselves after grand huntmg parties to see the game counted in the court. A grating on the left of this window ad- mitted Madame du Barri secretly to the chamber of Louis XV.; (1) The conductor wUl someUmes take the visitor to the Cabinet de Travail de Louis XVI, y instead of following the order of the pre- Bent description. VERSAILLES. 561 her apartment was over this room^ and was approached by a small staircase, the access to which is by a richly gilded door. At the bottom of this staircase, leading into the Gour de Mar- hre, an attempt was made to assassinate Louis XV: by Damiens in 1757. (1) The Cabinet des C/iosses contains the portraits of the principal architects, painters, &c., who have contributed to the building and ornamenting of the palace. Adjoining is the Salon du DSjeuner de Louis XIV,, also looking on the Cour des Cerfs, Here an elegant cupboard will be remarked, with a miniature representing a hunting party; and adorned around with medallions, in Sevres porcelain, of family portraits of the time. It was the private apartment of Madame de Maintenon, in which Louis XIV. passed most of his evenings in the latter part of his life ; it was the saloon of King Louis Philippe during his visits to Versailles. Hence the landing place of a staircasis leading to one of the vestibules and the Galerie des MdrSchaux (see below) opens into what formerly was a billiard-room, and w^hich was also used by Mignard for a study or atelier. This leads to the Salle d manger de Louis XIV., afterwards the Cabinet de Louis XVL, where the king traced out the route of' the unfortunate Lapeyrouse. Here Louis XIV. gene- rally dined with Madame de Maintenon and his family. The great monarch never touched tea, chocolate, coffee, or any liqueur ; he disliked game, but was fond of pastry ; he had only two meals a-day, and drank no other wine than Cham- pagne, always iced. In this room Louis XIV. himself waited on Moliere, to teach his courtiers to respect genius. Immediately adjoining is his Confessional, and the identical chair once oc- cupied by Pere la Chaise, or Pere Letellier, whilst gaining that influence over the royal mind which ended in the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes. The suite terminates here at the ex- tremity of the Cour de Marbre, It contains numerous portraits and pictures relating to the personages and times by which they have been rendered remarkable. Returning to the Salle des Pen- dules, we pass to the Cabinet de Travail de Louis XVL, with an equestrian portrait of Louis XIV.; next is the Cabinet de la Vais-" selle d'or, or des Porcelaines, with a portrait of Madame de Main- tenon, and tbe infant Marie Adelaide of Savoy at her knees ; th^ (1) On the same floor with the apartment of Madame du Barri are several small chambers, where Louis XY. and his suecessoir used to seclude themselves ; adjoining was a workshop, where J^ouis XVL had his turning-lathe established, and another in which his forge stiU e^^ists. Above was a belvedtre, overlooking the pnlace and neighbourhood, where the latter monarch was accustomed to sit with a telescope, and amuse himself in watch- i ng what passed in the town and palace gardens. 5«2 ENVmONS OF PARIS. Cabinet des Midailles, with a miniature painting of fine execu- tion representing the Coronation of Louis XY . , the Biblioihegtie, where the historians of France are now collected, and in which, in a cupboard near the northern door, the famous Ldvre Bouge was found ; and the SaUe a manger de Louis XK., with paintings of the taking of Gambrai, Naerdon, and Reinbeig. Returning to the Salon du Conseil, the visitor enters the Cham- bre a Coumer de Louis XIV., which occupies the centre of the front towards the Course Marbre, and is the gem of the palace. The decorations of this splendid room, of the Composite order, are exceedingly magnificent, and the furniture has been care- fully restored to the state in which it was at the decease of the Grand Monarch." The present ceiling is adorned with the ** Titans" of Paul Veronese, brought from the hall of the Council of Ten, at Venice, by Napoleon; portraits of the im- mediate ancestors of Louis XVI. decorate the walls, also two ' fine pictures of the Italian school. The bed, enclosed by a splendidly gilt balustrade, is that on which the great King died, and the coverlet and hangings are partly the work of the young ladies of St. Cyr. Since the death of Louis XFV. no monarch has slept in this room ; but from the balcony Louis XVI., at- tended by his Queen and children, addressed the infuriated mob who came to drag him from his palace on the 6th October, 1789. A gilt model of the imperial crown of Charlemagne has recenfly been placed in this room. We next come to the CEil de Bceuf, a beautifidly decorated room, the grand antechamber of the King, so called from an oval window at the extremity, and celebrated in the annals of Versailles for the intrigues ol courtiers, who waited here the lever" of the monarch. Louis XVI. and Marie Antoinette dined here in public on Sun- days. A door on the left leads to the Salle des Gardes du Corps du Roi, and the Salk des Valets de pied du Rot, con- taimng some good paintings of the Flemish school. A small door in the south-west corner of the OEil de Bcsuf communicates with the Queen's private apartments and bed- room. These are shown with the former, and go by the name of Petits Appartements de Marie Antoinette. They contain, besides other rooms of ordinary use, her library, with her bust, and her boudoir with a bust of Joseph 11. ( 1 ) A fee is given to the attendants who show these rooms and the Petits Ap^ partements. Returning to the CEil de Boeuf and the Galerie des Glaces, we find at the opposite end of the latter, the Salon de la Paix, formerly the Queen's card-room, a splen- did room, which was the scene of many curious and pi- (i) These rooms were placed at Queen Victoria's disposal durine her visits to the palace, ^ Digitized by VjOOQ IC VEBSAILLES. 56^ quant auecdotes. The ceiling, by Lebran, represents France dispensing universal peace and abundance. From this opens the Chambre a Coucher de Marie Antoinette, oc- cupied successively by Maria Theresa, Queen of Louis XIV., Maria Leczinska, Queen of Louis XV., and Marie Antoinette. Here the Duchess de Bourgogne gave birth to Louis XV., and . Marie Antoinette to the Duchess d'Angouleme ; here, too, the latter unfortunate Queen was roused from her bed on the fatal night of the 5th and 6th October, 17 89, and forced to escape by a small corridor leading to the CEil de Boeuf, from the mob which had burst into the palace. A portrait being now fixed over the door through which she escaped, only the lower half of it is visible. The decorations of this room are exceedingly chaste ; the ceiling is by Boucher. The Salon de la Reine was used for the Queen's evening parties, which were at their highest splendour under Maria Theresa, Queen of Louis XIV. The ceiling, representing Mercury, is by Michael Corneille. In the Saloti du Grand Convert de la Reine, Louis XrV., during the life-time of his consort, frequently dined. Maria Leczinska always dined here in public, and also Marie Antoinette while Dauphiness. The present ceiling is remark- able for a fine painting by Paul Veronese, St, Mark and the Theological Virtues, brought by Napoleon from Venice. The next room, the Salle des Valets de pied de la Reine, contains an admirable ceiling, by Coypel, representing Jupiter in his car, and has obtained a melancholy celebrity from the slaughter of the Queen's guards. Here is a marble statue by Cortot, representing Louis XV., in his youth, a full-length portrait of Marie Adelaide of Savoy, and marble busts of Louis XVI., Louis XV., Marie Antoinette, Marie Leczinska, Louis the Dauphin, Marie Adelaide, and Madame Elisabeth, The Queen's state apartments terminate here at the Esca- Her de Marbre, which is one of the finest in France for the richness and variety of its marbles. Immediately leading from them is the Grande Salle des Gardes, now called the Salle du Sacre, from its containing David's famous picture of the Coronation of Napoleon. (1) Opposite is his Distribution of the Eagles to the Legions, and facing the windows, the Battle of Aboukir, by Gros. Here also are paintings of Napo- leon, as General and as Emperor. Two small rooms com- 'pleting the remainder of this wing formed the Chapel of the Chateau of Louis XIII.; they were inhabited by Louis de Bour- (i) The artist received 100,000 fr. for this fine painting, and 75,000 fr. for the ** Distribution of the Eagles to the Legions." A second picture of the Coronation, also by David, was lately sold in Paris for less than ?ooo fr, <5ft4 ENVmONS OF PARIS. bon, Count de Clermont, under Louis XV., and now contain , pictures illustrative of the compaigns of 1793 and the two suc- ceeding years. Next follows a saloon, formerly called the Salk des Cent Sm$ses, and now Salk de 1792, It is now one of the most interesting apartments of the palace, contain- ing portraits of all the great military characters of the revo- ' lution of 1789, and many in duplicate, representing them as in 1792, and as they became under the empire. Napoleon is seenas lieutenantrcolonel, inl792, and as Emperor, in 1806;— ^ Marshal Lannes as sub-lieutenant, in 1792, and Duke de Men- ' tebello, in 1804; — ^Marshal Soidt as sergeant, in 1792, and Duke de Dalmatie, in 1804; — ^Murat as sub-lieutenant, in 1802, and King of Naples, in 1806; — ^Marshal Bemadotte, the late King of Sweden, as Ueutenant, in 1792, and Prince of Pon- tecorvo, in 1804; — Louis Philippe, as lieutenant-general, in 1792, and King in 1830. There are also valuable portraits of Lafayette, Dumouriez, Kellermann, and most of the marshals of Napoleon. A few stairs in a corner of this room, to the left on entering, lead to a series of eight rooms, called from their contents the Galerie des Gouaches et Aquarelles des Campagnes de 1796 (I 1814. In this division of the palace are also the old apartments of Cardinal de Fleury, minister to Louis XIV. The upper story of the centre, like the corresponding one in each of the wings, was occupied in the palmy days of Versailles by the nobles officially attached to the court. The apartments contained in it are now appropriated to the general service of the palace, and to part of the museum of pmtraits. From the Salle de 1792 the visitor reaches the Escalier des . Princes, adorned with coupled Composite pilasters, a highly sculptured ceiling, numerous bas-reliefs, and marble statues of Louis XIV , , Louis Philippe, and Napoleon I. It opens into the Southern Wing, — ^This part of the Palace, being appropriated to the children and immediate family of the monarch, was called Aile des Princes; its internal arrangement having been entirely changed, it is no longer possible to point out the places of local interest, as in the central building ; it will therefore be sufficient briefly to enumerate the Princes who inhabited it. • The southern end of the first floor was appropriated to the grandchildren of Louis XIV., with Fenelon as their preceptor; the Duke of Orleans, brother of Louis XIV., and the Duke dt» Chartres, afterwards Regent, occupied the remahider. At a later period it was inhabited by the Count d'Artois, afterwards Charles X., the Duke de Penthievre, and other Princes of the blood royal. At the northern extrenaity of the wing were the apartments of the Duke of Orleans, Philippe Egalite, and under YBRSAILLES. 566 t, where the arcade now leads into the garden, was a ftmall heatre, in which Lulli and Quinault often charmed the ears >f the court. On the ground-floor, the Princess de Lam- jalle, the Dauphin, son of Louis XVI., his sister, the Duchess I'Angouleme, and the Count de Provence, afterwards Louis »CV1IL, were successively lodged. The upper story, as has >een already observed, was occupied by nobles of the court* On descending the Escalier des Princes, and turning to the eft, we enter a vestibule, adorned with busts of Mansard, Le«  lotre, MalesLerbes, etc., which gives access to the Galetie (le V Empire, a suite of 14 rooms, including a vesti* )ule about half-way, called Salle Napoleon, which contains a »eries of busts and statues of the Bonaparte family. The other 'ooms all contain upwards of 300 pictures of the martid ex- >loits of the eventful tunes of Napoleon I., from 1796 to 1810. rhe last room is adorned in the centre with a triumphal co- umn surmounted by a figure of Victory, and five beautiful teases of Sevres porcelain with bas-reliefs, illustrative of several

cene9 of the Empire. Around are paintings representing the

Sat tie of Marengo> the Passage of the Great St. Bernard, etc* behind this suite runs a gallery, 327 feet long, filled with )usts and statues of celebrated generals between 1790 and 1815. At the extremity of this gallery, adjoining the ^sca^ ter des Princes, is a beautiful colossal marble statue of Gen. ioche, by Milhomme. Close to this, a staircase descends to the Galeriedes Marines ^ md another collection of portraits in four rooms. The same staircase leads down to the Galerie des Tofnbeaux, a collection >f plaster models taken from the monuments of celebrated )ersonages. Here a few steps conduct the visitor down to >ix vaulted rooms, below the level of the Cour de Marbre, in ^hich the above series is continued, and fine models are seen )f Louis XVI., Louis XVilL, Charles X., etc. The visitor nay now return by the same way to the Escalier des Princes, md, re-ascending it, enter the Grande Galerie des Batailles, which includes the greater part of the attic, and constitutes an unmense gallery, 393 'ect in length, 42 in breadth, and the same in height. Iloupled columns at each extremity and in the centre, sup- 3orting intermediate arches, relieve the monotony of so great \ length ; the roof, vaulted like the Galerie des Glaxies, is ighted by double sky-lights, and richly ornamented with gilded compartments. At each end are frescos by Abel de Pujol > and on the walls are pictures of large dimensions, re- presenting great military triumphs, commencing with the^ battle of Tolbiac, gained by Glovis ui 496, and ending with 566 ENVIRONS OF PARIS. that of Wagram, dth July, 1809. Among the paintings here, ^ the Battle of Fontenoy particularly attracted Queen Victoria's attention during her visit. The effect of this gallery is ex- ceedingly imposing. The works of Gerard and Horace Yer- nety among other fine productions, cannot fail to attract atten- ^ tion. Around are busts of eminent generals on pedestals ; and in the embrasures of the windows are the names of the Princes, admirals, marshals of France, &c., who have died in battle, inscribed on black marble. Next to this is the Salle de 1830, devoted to pictures recording the principal events of that me- morable revolution. Namely : Louis Philippe on the Place de Greve; Declaration of the Deputies, the King's oath to the Charter, and the Distribution of Standards to the National ' Guards. (1) The ceiling is painted by Picot, with a group of Justice, Truth, and Fortitude. Behind these rooms runs a gal- lery 327 feet long, filled with statues and busts of celebrated personages from 1 600 to 1 7 9 2 , called the Galerie de Louis XI V, ' By a staircase at the beginning of this gallery, the visitor ascends to the Attique du Midi, previous to which, he will remark paintings opposite the landing-place, representing the Death of Louis XIII., of Pius VIII., and of Leonardo da Vinci. The at- tic itself consists of five rooms, filled with historical portraits, the greater part of which relate to personages anterior to the first revolution. In the 4th room are portraits of Presidents Jackson and Polk, of Daniel Webster and Henry Clay ; and, in the last room, portraits of Queen Victoria, Prince Albert, George IV., the Duke of Kent, and the Duke of York ; and also of Pitt and Fox, Locke and Newton. Next follows a room partly bisected by a central partition, containing views of the Royal ' Residences y and another similar to it, with portraits of our time, and others contemporary with Napoleon. In a smaller room are those of Louis XVIII., Charles X., and the Duke d'Angouleme. In a small cabinet annexed is a series of full-length miniature portraits, and a painting by Heim, re- presenting Charles X. distributing the Cross of St. Louis to meritorious artists. Next comes the interior of the turret, already mentioned, overlooking the Cour de Marbre, contain- ing a bust of Louis XIII., and leading to the Escalier de Mar- bre, which we descend along its whole length. In a niche on a landing-place of this most splendid staircase is a statue of, Henry IV. in his youth, by Bosio, a copy of those seen in the Louvre and Hotel de Ville. (See p. 173, 327.) The vestibule below contains busts of Boileau, Santeuil, Claude Perrault, and other eminent men. Crossing a vestibule opposite, the stranger finds the suite of the (0 These were removed in 1848, but have been since replaced. tiesiSAILL^S. 567 Amirducd et Markhaux de France, consisting of 14 rooms^ besides two more, devoted to portraits of Guerriers CMebres, all on the centre ground-floor. — These apartments, on the south side of the palace towards the garden, were occupied by the Grand Dauphin, son of Louis XIY., until his death, in 1711; afterwards, by the Duke de Berri, grandson of that monarch ; by Louis the Dauphin, son of Louis XV., and father of Louis XYI.; by Louis XYI. and Marie Antoinette; and Louis XVIII. They now contain the portraits of the Grand Admirals, Con- stables, and Marshals of France. The centre of the western front was a vestibule in the time of Louis XTV., by which egress was afforded to the gardens ; it was afterwards converted into apartments by Louis XV., and now forms the beautiful gallery of Louis XIII. The apartments on the northern side were those of the amiable Count and Countess de Toulouse un- der Louis XIY., and, afterwards, of the Princesses, dau^ters of Louis XV. The last rooms of this suite, near the vestibule of the chapel, were successively tenanted by Madame de Monte- span, under Louis XIV., and Madame de Pompadour, under his successor. The rooms on this floor had been spoiled by alterations made under Louis XV.; Louis Philippe restored them to their original state. Behind the Galerie de Louis XIFI. were the bathing-rooms of Marie Antoinette, now changed into the Galerie des Rois de France, containing the portraits of the 7 1 Kings of France, from Pharamond down to Louis Phi- lippe. In the vestibule which closes this suite, may be seen, among other busts and statues of generals of later days, the bust of General Brea, killed in 1848. (See p. 447n.) The other rooms on this floor, surrounchng the Cour de Marbre, contain on the south some views of royal residences of France. Four small courts, two on either side, are com- prised within the buildings of this central pile ; adjoining that to the north was a magnificent vestibule and staircase of marble leading to the state apartments, in the time of Louis XIV. This was taken down by his successor, but the corresponding stair- case, on the southern side, known since then as the Escalier de Marbre, with its vestibule, was suffered to remain ; another staircase, of elegant construction, called Escxilier des AmbaS' sadeurs, has been formed near the vestibule of the chapel by Louis Philippe. The Gardens and Park. — ^The former no longer contain the trees planted by Louis XTV.; they were destroyed in 1776, by order of Louis XVI., and the garden was replanted. The stranger is astonished not less by the variety and effect of the plantations and water than by the immense number and beauty of the statues, groups, and vases.— The Terrasse du CMteau 56S ENVIRONS OF PARIS. has four fine bronze sUtoes, after the antique, by tbe Kdlers, namely Silenus, Antinous, Apollo, and Bacchus. At the angles are two beautiful yases in white marble, ornamented with bas- reliefs. — The Parterre d'Eau contains two oblong basins, upon the borders of which repose twenty-four magnificent groups, in bronze, viz., eight nymphs, eight groups of children, and the four pnncipal rivers of France with their tributaries, namely, the Garonne and Dordogne, the Seine and Marne, the Rhone and Saone, and the Loire and Loiret. The groups of children were cast by Aubry and Roger, and the other figures by the Kellers. From the centre of each basin rise jets d'eau, in the shape of a basket. At the ends of the terrace, opposite the palace, are two fountains, adorned with groups of animals in Dronze, cast by Keller. — ^The Parterre du if tde extends in front of the southern wing of the palace, and contains two circular basins of white marble, surrounded by grass-plots. This ter- race is separated from the Parterre d'Eau by a parapet level with the latter, upon which are placed twelve vases in bronze, cast by Duval. In the centre is a flight of white marble steps, ornamented on each side by a sphinx in white marble, sur- mounted by a child in bronze. — ^The side nearest the pal^ displays a bronze statue of Napoleon. — Here a court below the level of the terrace, called La Petite Orangerie, is adorned with the equestrian statue of bronze of the late !af2}ented Duke of Orleans, which stood in the centre of the court of the Louvre, and was taken down by order of the Provisional Government. To the right of this is the Orangerie, situated below the Par- terre du Midi, bounded on each side by a flight of 1 o3 steps, leading to an iron gate on the road to Brest. The piers of these gates are crowned by groups in stone, and the green- houses, of Tuscan architecture, constructed by Mansard, extend on three sides. Here the orange and pomegranate-trees, &g., are preserved during winter, and in summer are removed to the walks of the Orangery, and other parts of the garden. In the midst of the principal green-house, opposite the entrance, is a colossal statue of Louis XIV., by Desjardins. One of the orange-trees possesses an historical character. It was con- temporary with Francois I., and formed part of the confiscated property of the Gonnetable de Bourbon, whence it is called £e Grand Bourbon. It was produced from five seeds sown in 1421 by Leonora of Castille, wife of Charles III., King of Na- varre, and after flourishing for 435 years, does not seem to have approached the end of its long career. Its branches are HOW encircled by iron rings to support their weight. The ground in front of the Orangery is divided into flower-beds, with a basin and fountain in the centre.— The Parterre du Digitized by CjOOQIC VBlLBiULUigi 569 Nord, approached by a flisht of steps in white marble^ is in front of the northern wing ot the palace, and is separated from the Parterre d'Ean by a wall crowned with 14 bronze vases, cast by Duval. At the angles near the steps are two fine vases of Egyptian marble, by Rousseau, and on the sides of the steps two statues copied from the antique, the one the Arrotino, by Fognini, and the other, Venus, by Coysevox. This terrace is laid out in flower-beds, and ornamented with the two basins des Couronnes and that de la Pyramide, The former derive their name from two groups of Tritons and Syrens supporting crowns of laurel, from the midst of which issue columns of water. The bassin de la Pvramide consists of four round basins rising one above another in a pyramidal form. The figures are in lead ; those of the first two basins are by Lehongre, and those of the third by Girardon. Along the shrubbery which bounds this parterre on the north are eight statues in white marble. Below the bassin de la Pyra- mide are the Balhs of Diana, a small square basin, of which one side is ornamented with bas-reliefs in lead, by Girardon, representing, in the centre, the nymphs of Diana at the bath, and at each extremity a river. — The Allee d'Eau, in front of the baths of Diana, leads to the two basins du Dragon, and de Neptune, between two long and narrow grass-plots, in each of which are seven groups of children in bronze> in the midst of white marble basins separated by yew-trees. Each group forms a sort of tripod supporting a second basin of Languedoc marble, from the centre of which the water rises and overflows into the basin below. On the sides of the avenue lie the groves called Bosquet de I'Arc de Triomphe and des Trots Couronnes^ which possessed many works of art, but retaui little of their ancient magnificence. At the extremity of the avenue is a semicircle formed by a thick hedge, in front of which are eight groups similar to those in the avenue, forming a total number of 22. — The Bassin du Dragon derives its name from the dra- gon or serpent Python, surrounded by four dolphins and a simflar number of swans. The only part that now remains is the grand, j'ei d'eau, that issues from the dragon's mouth. — The Bassin de Neptune is the most splendid of all the foun- tains at Versailles. Upon the upper border stand 22 large vases in lead, ornamented with bas-reliefs. Against the side are three immense groups in lead. That in the centre, by Adam senior, represents Neptune and Amphitrite seated in a vast shell, and accompanied by nymphs, tritons, and sear monsters. The group on the east is Proteus, by Bouchardon; and that on the west. Ocean resting upon a sea-unicorn, by Lemome. At the angles repose upon pedestals two colossal 670 ENVIRONS OF PABS3. dragons bearing Cupids, by Bouchardon. Froiii these five groups, especially that in the centre, issues a deluge of water, which is further augmented by grand jets d'eau rising from different parts of the basin, and also from the vases. From the Bassin de Neptune we return to the Parterre d'Eau by the avenue des Trois Fontaines and des Ifs, which are in the same line. The former is without ornament; the latter contains 14 white marble vases and 5 statues. — ^The Parterre de Latone lies between the Parterre d'Eau and the AlUe du Tapis Vert, On the right and left are declivities which form a curving road, skirted by yew-trees and bounded by a thick hedge, along which are ranged statues and groups in marble. Between the two declivities just described, is a magnificent flight of steps leading from the Parterre d'Eau to that de Latone, at the top of which are two vases of white marble exhibiting the sun, the emblem of Louis XIY. These steps lead to a semicircular terrace in advance of the Bassin de Latone, and descend, by two smaller flights, to a lower terrace on which this elegant basin is si- tuated. These steps are ornamented with 12 beautiful vases, enriched with bas-reliefs. The Bassin de Latone presents five circular basins which rise one above another in the form of a pyramid, surmounted by a group of Latona with Apollo and Diana, by Marsy. The goddess implores the vengeance of Ju- piter against the peasants of Libya, who refused her water, and the peasants, already metamorphosed, some half, and others entirely, into frogs or tortoises, are placed on the edge of the different tablets, and throw forth water upon Latona in every direction, thus forming liquid arches of the most beauti- ful effect. The tablets are of red marble, the group of white marble, and the frogs and tortoises of lead. On each side of the pyramid, a column of water rises 30 feet and falls into the basin. Beyond are two flower-gardens, each with a fountain adorned with figures to correspond with that of Latona. — The Allee du Tapis Vert derives its name from a lawn which extends the whole length from the Parterre de Latone to the Bassin d'Apollon. It is ornamented with 12 statues and 12 beautiful vases in white marble. — The Bassin d'Apollon, which, except that of Neptune, is the largest in the park, is situated at the extremity of the Allee du Tapis Vert. The God of Day is seen issuing from the waters in a chariot drawn by four horses, and surrounded by tritons, dolphins, and sea-monsters. Beyond is the grand canal, extending as far as St. Cyr (See p. 534), 186 feet wide by 4,674 in length, with two cross branches measuring together 3,000 feet in length. (1) We now (1) Promenades in boats may be enjoyed on this canal In sum- mer, at iq sous an hour per person, or 3 fr. for a party. VERSAILLES. 571 return towards the palace, taking the avenues on the right, and come to the Bassins de VHiver et de VAutomne, That of Winter represents Saturn surrounded by children, who play among fish, crabs, and shells. This group is by Girardon. That of Autumn, by Marsy, presents Bacchus reclining upon grapes, and surrounded by infant satyrs. — The Jardin du Roi, near the Bassin d'Hiver, on the right, is laid out with much taste and judgment. — In front of the entrance lies the Bassin du Miroir; two columns of water rise from the midst. The Bosquet de la Rcine is a delightful enclosed grove, which can only be entered with a cicerone of the park, and contains a great number of foreign trees and plants. In the centre is a superb granite vase and four antique vessels in bronze. — The Bosquet de la Salle de Bal, situated near the foregoing, is thus called from balls formerly given there by the court in summer. — ^The Quinconce du Midi, near the Salle de Bal, to the north- west, is ornamented with eight termini, of which four stand round a grass-plot in the centre, and the other four beneath the chesnut trees. — ^The Bosquet de la Colonnade, at a short distance from the Quinconce, is an enclosed grove, containing a magnificent rotunda, composed of 32 marble columns and pilasters of the Ionic order, united by arches supporting a cornice with white marble vases. Under each arcade are marble basins with fountains, and in the middle is a fine group of the Rape of, Proserpine, by Girardon. — Bassin du Prin- temps et de I'^td. We now cross the Allee du Tapis Vert, and direct our course through the avenues on the side opposite. The fountains of Spring and Summer are situated in the first long avenue parallel to the Tapis Vert. Spring is represented by Flora ; before her is a basket of flowers, and around are children who hold garlands and wreaths. Summer appears under the figure of Geres, having a sickle in her hand, reclining among wheat sheaves, and encircled by children. — The Bosquet des D&mes derives its name from two small rotundas crowned with domes, which were demolished in 1820. In the centre is an octagonal basin surrounded by a balustrade in marble. In the top of the balustrade is a small channel, in which water flows and escapes from distance to distance from shells. In the centre an immense column of water rises to the height of 70 feet. Above and around is a terrace, bounded by a second balustrade of marble, of which the plinth and pilasters are covered with 44 bas-reliefs of ancient and modem arms used by the different nations of Europe, executed by Girardon, Ma- valine, and Guerin. In this enclosure are eight statues of white marble.— j&assin d'Encelade. A triangular space opposite the Bosquet des D6mes contains this fountain, which is circular and 572 ENVIRONS OF PARIS. sorroanded by trees. The centre is occupied by a itaassof rocks, beneath which Euceladus the Giant is straying for liberty, and still endeavouring to hurl rocks at heaven; The figure^ from whose mouth a column of water rises to the height of 60 feet, was executed by Marsy. Water also issues from his hand and from parts of the rocks. — ^The Quinconce du Nord cor- responds with that of the south, and is adorned with a large vase and eight termini in white marble. — Bosquet des Bains d*Apollon» Upon leaving the Quinconce by the principal ave- nue to the east, we see on the left an iron gate which leads to an agreeable enclosed grove, in the midst of which is an enor- mous rock, of the most picturesque form. Here a grotto lei^s to the palace of Tethys, whose nymphs are serving Apollo at the moment when he comes to rej^se in the arms of the goddess. Two are preparing to bathe his feet, a third is pouring water inb a basin ; and £ree others stand behind, one of whom braids his hair, and two others hold vessels with perfumes. Apollo and the Brst three nymphs are chefs-d'ceuvre of Girardon ; the three others are by Re^audin. On the right and left of this magnificent group are two others, the former by Guerin, the latter by Marsy, representing the horses of the Sun watered by tritons. These three groups in white marble form the most perfect ensemble of sculpture at Versailles. Sheets and torrents of water, which escape from different parts of the rock and form a lake at its foot, add to the effect of the scene. This fountain is said to have cost 1,500,000 fr. — ^In descending this part of the garden, towards the west, we find the Bond Vert, a circular bowling-green, surrounded by a hedge, in which are four verdant niches, with statues after the antique. — The Bassin des Enfanis, placed at the fourth angle of the Rond Vert, is decorated with a group of six children, in lead, play- ing in a small island, in the centre. Two others are swimming in the water, while from the midst of the island a column of water rises 48 feet. — Continuing from east to west, we enter the SalU de VEtoile, so called from its three avenues, crossing each other. — Bassin de I'Obdisque, The avenue that traverses the dtoiie leads to this fountain. The water issues from reeds round a column of water in the centre, and falls into an upper basin, from which it descends into another by a number of steps forming as many cascades. The fountains are distin- guished by the names of the Grandes and the Petites Eatix, The latter play in summer every fifteen days, on the Sua* day, but the former only on great occasions, which are al- ways announced in Galignani s Messenger and in the French journals. The Grandes Eaucc present one of the finest sights imagitt* Digitized by VjOOQ IC VERSAILLES. 573 able, and cost from 8 to 1 0,000 6*. every time they play, (i) As they do not all play at once, the visitor can follow them from basin to basin up to that of Neptune, which is always the last. On these occasions, the crowd attracted to Versailles is very great ; but ample means of communication are afforded by the two railroads, and first-class places (diligences) may be secured beforehand both for going and returning. Visitors should not remain late, on account of the crowds at the railroads. Le Grand Trianon is a villa, at the extremity of the Park ' of Versailles, built by Louis XIV. for Mme. de Maintenon, after the designs of J. H. Mansard. It is in the Italian style, consisting of one story, and two wings, united by a long gal- lery pierced by seven arcades, and fronted with magnificent coupled Ionic columns and pilasters in Languedoc marble. The wings are ornamented in a similar manner. It is sepa- rated from the avenue leading to it by a fosse in masonry. The visitor is first introduced to the peristyle, adorned with coupled Ionic columns, which connects the two wings, and looks both into the garden and court. This leads to a circular Corin- thian hall, called the Antichambre d^s Grands Appartements, adjoining which is the billiard-room, with portraits of Louis XV. and Marie Lcczinska of Poland in their youth. Next is the Salon de R4ception, containing several paintings and por- traits by Vanloo and Coypel ; then we enter the Salon Particu- lier and iheSallede Malachite, with a circular basin of malachite of extraordinary size, resting on a tripod of or-moulu, pre- sented to Napoleon by the Emperor Alexander, on the occasion of the treaty of Tilsit. The Galerie da Palais, formerly the dining room of Louis Philippe, is entered next, consisting of a gallery 1 60 feet in length, and full of remarkable paintings by Roger, Thomas, Bidault, Johannot, Boucher, &c. The centre is occupied by curious and costly tables in mosaic, with bronze statues, etc. In the Salon de Musique is some rich and cu- rious porcelain. Next follows the chapel, constructed by Louis Philippe. The wainscoting is of oak ; there are a few good paintings, and an admirable Assumption copied from Prudon in enamel adorns the window. The late Marie d*Oiv leans, Duchess of Wurtemberg, was married in this chapel. The library, which contains paintings by Boucher and Robert, and the apartments fofmeply reserved for the use of the Dukes of Orleans and Nemours, and before them by Napoleon I., among which are two rooms, one of which, a splendid bed.- chamber, intended for her Majesty Queen Victoria, on the occasion of her expected visit in Louis Philippe's time, (1) 300,000 fr. were voted in 1850 for repairing the reservoirs and basins^ which arc now restored to all their former beauiyv 574 ENVIROKIS OF PABIS. lead the viflitor back to the billiard-room and peristyle already mentioned. Here begin the apartments which were occupied by the King and Queen. The SaUm de la Reine contains two portraits more of Louis XV. and Marie Leczinska. The Co- Oinet de la Reine leads to the Royal bed-room, most richly fur- nished and gilt. The bed is the same that was used by the Empress Josephine. The hangings and curtains of the alcove are of crimson velvet, and a gorgeous balustrade separates it from the chamber. Next comes the Salon des Glaces, an elegant apartment lit by four windows, and adorned with a profusion of mirrors ; it contains two excellent busts of the Emperor and Empress. This suite is closed by the Cabinet de Travail du Roi, and his private library, with some minor apartments in which four cradles, made for different heirs to the French throne, have been recently placed. The decora- tions of these apartments are richer than those of the first suite, which are white and gold. The rooms formerly inhabited by Madame Adelaide are no longer shown, being completely unfurnished. The garden of the Grand Trianon is laid out in a style similar to that of Versailles, and contains several line fountains, the chief of which is the cascade, in Carrara marble. There are many excellent pieces of sculpture in va- rious parts, and among them two portraits of Louis XV. and Maria Leczinska, in allegorical groups, by Goustou. The grounds in the rear are laid out in groves cut into labyrinths. The Grand Trianon was always a favourite residence of Louis XIV., Louis XV., and Louis XVI.; Napoleon also frequently resided in it, and made a direct road from thence to St. Cloud. The servants who show these apartments conmiunicate many interesting historical details, partly from their own experience, and partly derived from locd tradition. On leaving this, the visitor will find, in an avenue to the right, a building where the State Carriages are kept. These are visible for a small fee, expected, but not exacted. On entering we see seven carriages, arranged in two rows of three each, with one, the most splendid of all, between. It was built in 1825 for the coronation of Charles X., and has been re-gilt and newly decorated since 1853 for the use of the pre- sent Emperor. It is lined inside with crimson velvet embroi- dered in gold ; the exterior displays a profusion of tasteful carving and richness of decoration not to be surpassed. The furthermost of the right-hand row was used for the baptism of the King of Rome, that of the Due de Bordeaux, the marriage of the present Empress, and the baptism of the Prince Imperial on the 14th of June, 1856. The carriage next to it was used by Napoleon I. when elected First Consul; the remaining four VERSAILLES. 575 all belonged to Napoleon I. To the right on entering is the sedan-chair of Marie Antoinette ; to the left, that of Maria Lec- zinska. The presses against the lateral walls contain sets of harness of the time of Napoleon I. There are also four sledges which belonged to Louis XIV. The visitor, continuing his walk along the same avenue, will soon reach the Petit Trianon, situated at one extremity of the garden of the Grand Trianon, forms a pavilion 72 feet square. It consists of a ground floor and two stories decorated with fluted Corinthian columns and pilasters crowned by a balustrade. The interior is ornamented in a simple but tasteful style. The first floor consists of an antechamber, a dining-room (in which are the Four Seasons painted by Dejuinne), a billiard-room, drawing-room (with a bust of Louis XVI. ; the subjects over the doors by Watteau) , aboudoir, the wallsof which are covered with arabesques, the bed-room hung with blue silk, where may be remarked two ostrich's eggs adorned with miniatures by Bou- cher, and, lastly, the cabinet de toilette, containing a time- piece of Louis XV. The second floor is inhabited by domestics. The Duchess of Orleans had the use of this villa. The garden is laid out d VAnglaise ; it is extensive, and has a fine piece of water, on the banks of which is a Swiss village, erected by Marie Antoinette. In another part of the garden is a small theatre, formerly used by the court, and which should be particularly asked for by the visitor, since it is well worth seeing, and often omitted to be shown. This mansion was built for Mme. du Barri, by Louis XV., who inhabited it when attacked by the contagious disease of which he died. Louis XVI. presented it to the queen, under whose directions the gardens were laid out. (1) Both Tnanons may be seen every day, except Fridays, from 1 1 to 5, from May 1st to Sept. 30th, and from H to 4 in winter. The Town of Versailles is bisected by the Avenue de Paris, which divides it into the Quartier of Notre Dame, to the north, and of St. Louis to the south. Two other avenues, called Jtoute de St, Cloud and Route de Sceaux, brancli off from the Place d'Armes on either side of the Avenue de Paris. On proceeding down the rue Hoche, in the Quartier Notre IJame;-^ the visitor wiU remark the sunple Doric facade of the Pro- testant church, where service is performed by a clergyman of the Established Church of England on Sundays at half-past one. Farther on is the Place Hoche, in which stands a (0 Queen Victoria visited both the Trianons on the 2ist of Aug. 1855, and partook of a splendid lunch at the Swiss village or 576 ENYlROBfS OF PiBlS. fine bronze statue of General Hoehe, a native of liie town, who distingoished himself in the troubles of La Yaad^. The Church of Notre Dame, built by Mansard in 1694, fironts the rue Hoehe. Its facade is of the Doric and ionic orders, and flanked by two small towers. The interior is Doric, and cruci- form, with aisles, and lateral chapels, in one o{ which is a line monument, representing St. Remy baptizing kmg Sieambre. There is also a curious Flemish picture, the Virgin teaching the Saviour to read, whilst Joseph is busy planing a board. In a chapel in the opposite aisle is a fine marble monument to theComtedeVergennes, a distinguished diplomatist under Louk XVI . The rue Duplessis runs parallel to the rue Hoche, and bisects the market-place, where the Halles, four buildings enclosing a square, will be remarked. In this street, at the comer of the fine ayenue csdled Boulevard de la Reine, is the railway station of the Right Bank (Rive Droite). The opposite comer is oc- cupied by the hospital, in which the Chapel of St. Paul deserves attention. The Lycie Imperial stands in the Route de St. Cloud, enclosing a court laid out in walks ; opposite the en- trance is the front of the Chapel, consisting of four Ionic co- lumns, supporting a sculptured pediment. This college was erected in 1766 by Queen Maria Leczinska ; it has a good Ca- binet of Natural History, and about 500 pupils. On this side is also a villa formerly belonging to Madame Elisabeth, sisler of Louis XVI., and a small theatre adjoining the palace. In the Quartier St. Louis, the Route de Sceaux is crossed by the Avenue de la Mairie, where the station of the Chartres rail- road {Rive Gauche) is situated. At the intersection of the rue Royale and rue d'Anjou is a fine monument to the Abbe de rfip6e, well known for his zeal in behalf of the deaf and dumb. Around are four low uniform square buildings enclosing as many courts, called the Quatre Pav^s, one of which is used as a market-place. An old fountain occupies the centre of an- other. The rue d'Anjou leads to the Cathedral of St. Louis, built by the last of the Mansards in 1 743 ; (1) a fine edifice with Doric and Corinthian coupled columns supporting a pediment. On the sides are two low square towers, with buttresses at the angles, adorned with Corinthian pilasters. The interior is "Croeifprm, with a nave, and aisles surrounding both nave and choir. ' - The aisles are formed by arched piers, between whidi are Ionic pilasters. The ensemble has an imposiiig eifect. The transepts and lateral chapels contain some good paintings. In the western transept is an Adoration of the Shephferds, of pow- erful effect, byRestout. Further on, in the chapels of the choir, will be seen St. John the Baptist, by Latreille; St. Louis, by (1) lis consecration only took place on the I2lh of Nor., n\t I TILLENfeCTE L^^TANG. 577 Le&oiiie* the Virgin presented in the Temple, by Vermont; Christ walking on the waves, by Fauchet ; St. Vincent de Paule preaching, by Heim ; and the conversion of Glovis, by Delaval. Some of the confessionids are remarkable for exceUent and elaborate carving. — From hence the rue des Grangers leads to the Grand Commun, already mentioned (see p. 552), near which is the Public Library, established in the building formerly called the Hdtd des Affaires Etrangdres. It contains nearly 60,000 volumes, proceeding from the libraries of Louis XVI. and the Count de Provence, afterwards Louis XVIII. It is open to the public daily from 1 1 to 4 o'clock, except Sundays and festivals. It is also closed from Aug. 30 to Oct. 1. To the lilH*ary is attached a small museum. The Hdtel de la Guerre, contiguous to ttie above, is remarkable as the place where the vast military undertakings which rendered France so powerful under Louis XIV. were discussed and resolved on. In the rue St. Francis is the famous tennis-court, celebrated for the oath taken by the National Assembly, which was the signal of the first revolution. South of the town and the palace is a vast sheet of water, called Ptece des Suisses, from its having been formed by the Swiss guards of Louis XIV. It is 2,100 feet in length by 7 20 in breadth. To the east of the Piece des Suisses, which the route de St. Cyr separates from the park, is the potager, or fruit and kitchen garden, of the palace, 28 acres in extent, and formed into divisions by terraces and walls. Contiguous to the potager is the beautiful and picturesque Eng- lish garden of the Hotel de Tellier, formed by the Count de Provence, afterwards Louis XVIII., but now belonging to a private individual. A considerable number of foreigners, in- cluding many English families, have chosen Ver^dlles for their residence. The air is salubrious, but colder than that of Paris. The streets are wide and clean, and in the sum- mer nothing can be more delightful than its numerous walks ; in the winter, the town has a deserted and melancholy as- pect. It possesses a synagogue, a few manufactories, and has three annual fairs. Races take place here in June, and occasionally in October, on the Plaine de Satory, south of the town. The Emperor, in 1855, granted a space of about 125 acres to the town of Versailles, near the hill of Satory, for the purpose of converting it into a public promenade, commanding a view of the whole town; and the municipality of Versailles has voted 10,000 fr. for the purpose. VILLENEUVE L'fiTANG, a small village, near St. Cloud; wth a chateau, now belonging to the present Emperor, and formerly to the Duchesse d'iaigouleme. It derives some in- terest from a weeping-wUlow, reared from a cuttmg of that 678 ENmONS 09 WMMU, nki/^ OT«iliaig» NipokoD's teiDb at $t. ikfena^ bairiiig been planted b«re in 1853. It is 30 leei higli^ and m feet in cb-' i ciunlereiioe round the brandies. TIm cutting was breogbt to Franoe by the Prince de JoinviUe in 1840, whan the ranaiDs o{ the deceased Emperor arrived in France. VILL£TTE (la), a lai^e town, or rather suburb of Paris, ' outside the Barriere de Pantin, contains l a,ooo inhjAitants, aod is bisected by the Canal derOuroq, which here funis the Jtostn tk la ViUetH (see p. 28.) The eastern part is iha P^HU ViU Utte, rcnarka^ for an inoMnse comrmagazine csAed EtUfe- |)d< dss HMu The buildii^ oonsists of seven stories, and an amxof the oanal passes under it for the purpose olloading and iii^Vyi^fg boito. Each story oonsists of a vast hall, filkd with every spaces of grain, Aour, dec, in saeia or in hei^. Trap-doors oonununieate with the caaid bekw ; the goods «e raised by the aid of a steaoMngine of i% hone power, which vomnuimcatea BM»tionto five double windtassesin the iq^peimost story • At thonoiihem extremity of La Petite YiUettB is the appa- ratna which now supersedes the PoiidrettedeMontfsacon. (See p. a&7 .) A large stone bridge of four atches crosses the canal not m from here, and connects the Giando with the Petite ViUette. Oncrosaing this bridge, the visitor will find, direcQy of^^te to the above-mentioned Entrepot, the Chureh of St. James tmd St Chmkiph$r, with an el^^ Corinthian Isolde. The in- t«ri<»r consista of a nave, sepanted from the aiates by six fiuted Doric columns on either side; the choir is semieircular; its cup^ is painted in frescQ, by Brteond, withtibe seven Gar- dinid Yirtues ; on the lateral walk are the martyrdoms of the two patron saints, and several biblical subjects by the same artist The five windows of the choir are adorned vnth figures of sacred personages in stained glass. The baptismal font and tlie pulpit are in white marble and of tastefiil design. Oneither side of this church are two neat buildings for £coks Pri- . moires. An abattoir was opened at La ViHette in 1850. VINCENNES— A commune of some extent situated to the east of Paris, a mile and a half from the banwe du Tr^ie, celebrated for its ch&teau and forest, wluch have existed from a very early date. In 113J Louis le Jeune built a residence here, and more than a century later St. Louis frequently visited it, and administered j ustice umler an oak in the forest To com- memorate the spot where this tree stood, a stone pyramid has ^ been erected in the centre of a (arcular rendes-vous de chasse. In 1 183 Philip Augustus endosed the forest with a wall, and enlarged the royal residence, where Louis le Hutin and Charles le Bel are said to have sobsaquently ended their days. Phi- lippe de Valois having, in 1333, deniott^ the ancie^^^ I Digitized by CjOOQIC VIBICEMSIS^ -»79 laid the Idulldiilioilfl of the present cb&lettt, whi^ Wm coiit- pkted by bis sueecssors, asd ooostniet^d on the bfst (vioeipks of defence kaowa is the middle ages. Its form is that of a paralMogram of am feet in lenitb^ and 672 in bjreadtb, and, independent of the DoBJoo, whteh is an interioi* fort or prison, was flanked with nine square towers, which sll existed, thoc^h in a dilapidated eondHion, until 1818, when, baying become the clnef arsenal of Paris, it was considered necessary to demolish them all, except one, in order to plaee the building in eonformity with the principles of modem fortificatioB. The archsologist must regret the neeesnty of tlKse alterations, which hare entirely chained the appearance of one of the fioest spedmena which remamed of a place forte of ^ Moym A§e\ but fortnnately the large rectangular and buttressed tower <^ the entrance, now repaired, and the Doojon stBl remain intact. The whcde fortress was endosed by high leiqh holed wi^ of protons strei^th (which have now given plaee to bomb-proof casemated barracks), and surrounded by a ditch 40 feet deep and 80 in breadth. The place is entered by a massive square buttressed tower with pointed windows • it is lis feet high, and is called the T&wr Principale. The Donfon vnis until lately isolated from the rest of the cbi- tean, being surronnded with a deep ditdi and loop-holed waS; two drawbridges and three gates closing the entrance to the court-yard. This celebrated building stands in the middle of the court, and fonns a sqnare with fboir towers at i^ ugles. There are fmur stories above the groun^floor, eadi ei a great hei^t, and composed of one spadous apait- ment kk the centre 30 feet square, and four smaUei rooms in the corner lowers. AH have vaulted roofii ; that of the larger apartment produces a striking effect by the Gothie areh- work being supported by a column in the centre. The walls of this building are 17 feet in thickness and from the total absence of wood in its construction it is quite incombustible. The visitor will observe the immense thickness and solidity of the double doors covered with iron and fastened with strong bolts and locks ; he will also be struck with the extreme nar- rowness of the vnnding stairs, which scarcely admit one person to pass anotha*, the object of which was to render the interior more easy of defence against an enemy who might have gained an entrance. Two hundred and sixty-five steps lead to the top, which commands a magnificent view of the forest and the ad- jacent villages. The Donjon of ^Ihcennes has a peculiar in- terest for the English viator, for in U20 the gallant Henry V. of Esg^aad being proclaimed king of France, to tins ^bdnsjbn of the Dauphin, tool;^i.kl» nridenca and died heie, after a 5B0 EimROfliS OP PARIS. brief reigd of hro yeairs. The possearaon of this fortress passed , trom the French to the Eo^h and vice versd several times. ' In 1431 the unfortunate Henry VI. of England, being crowned king of France, came to rerade in the Donjon, but in the follow- ing year Jacques de Ghabannes drove out the English, who re- took it in 1434, and retained it for some time, until the Dulc«  4>f Bourbon obtained possession of it by the treachery of some «f the Scottish Guards. Up to the time of Louis XL the Donjon was a royal residence, but under the reign of tiiis crafty and superstitious monarch it became a state prison, smd has con- tinued so ever since. State prisoners whose ofTenoes did not involve peculiar severity were confined in the towers at each angle, but the heart sickens at the tortures here inflicted on the unfortunate beings in the vaults below. The room where tortures

• were applied, called the Salle de la Question, is on the ground^

floor, but in total darkness. Here is still seen a hole cc^ in the «tone wall, just large enough to receive the form of a man, which was the bed of the victim ; strong bolts in the wail that «tiU remain, with heavy iron chams, secured him to the spot, and kept his limbs motionless during the application of tiie Question." Many pages might be filled with the names of the •prisoners sent here by lettres de cachet. (1) C^osite the Donjon is the church, called to Sainte Chapelle, a ftnespeoimea of the 16th century, and one of the latest of pointed archi«- tecture remaining in France. It has a square buttressed tower to the north, with an octangular turret at one of its corners, reaching to the bottom, and crowned with a spire surmount»l by a crescent, the emblem of Diane de Poitiers, the mistress of Henr^ 11. This emblem was formerly repeated on aUthe spires and pinnacles, instead of the cross. The front, which has now been completely repaired, consists of a gable decorated with (1) The following is a list of the principal prisoners confined here, in chronological order: — 131 5, Engaerrand de Marign^f Superintendent of Finances under Louis X.*— 1574, Henry IV., then King of Navarre, and the Due d'Alen^on.— i6i7, the Prince of Cond^.— 1626, Marshal d'Ornano, the natural son of Henry IV,^ Marie Louise de Gonzaga, daughter of the Duke de Nevers.— 1643, the Due de Beaufort. — 4650, the Princes of Cond6 and Conti, and the Due de Longueville.— 4 652, Cardinal de Retx.-^ 4664, Nicolas Fouquet.—4 74 7, the Marquises de GhiLtillon^ de Po- lignac, de Clermont.— 1748, Prince Edward, the eldest son of the' Pretender, previous to his being expelled the kingdom for plotting against the English Government.— 4 777, the Gomte de Mirabeau. —1 804, the Due d'Enghlen.— 4 84 4 , the Bishops of Gaud, Tournay, and Troyes.— 4830, the ex-ministers de Polignac, de Peyronnet, • de Ghantelauze, and Guernon-Ranyille.--4848, the consointors f May, and many Of the insurgents of ^une. HXGENNBS. 5»f' ^kadid ira€ery, and flanked with two crocketed spires. Tb«  interior strongly reminds one of the style of the Sainte Cha- peUe, and consists of a single nave. It is remarkable for its stained glass windows, executed by Jean Cousin, in which, as well as on the ceiling, the device of Henry II., the letter H, and fche careseent are interlaced. The infatuated monarch also had her portrait painted in one of the windows, perfectly naked, in the midst of celestial bemgs, and it is said to be a faithful like* ness. ■ It is on the window to the left, and the figure may bo aisaly distinguished at the bottom of the tableau, by the blue ribbons which bind up her hair. The altar-t«^le, of white maible, is gothic, and was a gift of Louis XVIII. This church contains a monument to the unfortunate Duke d'Enghien, who was shot here March 20th, 1804. The Prince was led down to the ditch at the south-east angle of the fortress, where^ kis grave being abeady dug, he perished by military execu- tion. (1) The remains of the unfortunate prince are contained in a bronze sarcophagus placed on a pedestal ; above is seen a statue of the duke supported by Religion ; below is France in tears for his loss, and an emblematic figure of Vengeance invokU^ divine justice. This monument has been provi- siondly removed to a side-chapel, in order to make room for important improvements now in progress. The Emperor has this year granted a sum of 10,000 francs for the purdiase of the necessary furniture. On the right and left sides of the court, looking towards the south, are two large buildings, commenced by order of Marie de Medicis» and finished in the early part of the reign of Louis XIV. » whu^ were splendidly fitted up for the residence of the royal family* A ^awbridge across the ditch, at the back of the Pavilion du Roi, gave access to beautiful and extensive gar- dens ornamented with statues and fountains. Here Louis XIV. took up his residence previous to the construction of Ver- sailles, and here in these gardens, whilst listening in private to the conversation of some ladies in an alcove, he discovered the secret of the tender passion of Mile, de la Valliere for him. The. PavUlon du Roi is now converted into barracks. The ctpposite building on the left side was fitted up a few years agO: in the most splendid manner as a residence for the Duke ol Montpensier, who then commanded the artillery of Vincennes. " AH thefornitureandmove2d>le decorations are now taken away. Bdiind the chapel are the workshops of the arsenal, and to the left is the Armoury, containing a vast store of arms, all ar- ranged with great symmetry, and exhibiting many fanciful

(1) His body vas disinterred in 18I6, and placed under the

nagni^cent monument^ alluded to, e^^efsuted by Pesene. 512 ENVIROMB OP PARIS. devices. 1%e staircase is flanked by oollniiiis, with their pe- , destals and capitals complete, aU formed with mudcet-barreis, pkA<Ai, bayonets, etc., very iDgeniottsly combined for the par- pose. Fronting the staircase is a scMrt of 6«m, composed in a sinutar manner ; above this are seen the initials L.N., and the Eagle. The armoury consists of a long gallery, filled with modem weapcms of every kind arranged in radcs ; from the ceiling hang imitations of lustres, all obtained as before from combinations of swords, pistols, etc. This gallery oontams upwards of 60,000 muskets, and an inunense store of swords/ pistols, pikes, etc. ; and at the furthest end is a trophy formed of the colours of the Garde MobQe of 1 848, with an inscription recording their bravery in the insurrection of June. In the centre of the trophy is the bust of Napoleon I. A great extension has been given to the chateau by the junction of the new fort, which contains barracks for 2 regiments of artillery and stabling for 1250 horses. In each comer of the fort at the eastern extremity is a powder- magazine, sheltered by a high rampart of earth. Here also is seen an immense park of artillery, kept in constant readiness for service. The garrison of Vinoennes is composed of 1 regi- ment (sometimes two) of artillery, 1 regiment of infantry, 1 battalion of riflemen (Chasseurs de Vincennes), and some com- panies of sappers and miners. There is also the newly-created Ecole de tir, where officers from all the regiments are sent to be instracted in the use of the improved fire-arms. The con- sumption here of powder and shot is immense ; every raiment of the garrison of Paris and its environs daily sends its con- tmgent to practise at the Polygone. From the month of July to the month of September the artillery practise firing at the butt 3 times a-week, generally the Tuesday, Thursday, and Sa- feirday. These exercises commence at 6 o'clock, and continue till 9, and attract many visitors from Paris. Visitors are per- mitted to see the Chateau on Saturdays only, by writing for a ticket, some days beforehand, to M. Is Commandant de • VArtillerie du !•' arrondisnement {Est) at Vmcennes. An establishment is now in course of erection here for the reception of sick workmen, or such as have been mutilated in the exercise of their calling. It will accommodate 1200 pa- tients. The building of a vast military hospital has also been commenced in the wood of Vincennes ; it is situated between the donjon and the turret of St. Mande. The new avenue from St. Mandd to Vincennes is to pass before the hospital. PART \. AMBASSAMAS, CONSULS. Roman States, dmrg') d'af- [Hours of basinefls from about ^^^^t «», rue de runivcrsittf . 11 to 1.] Russia, charge d'affaires, 33, A^STEiA, ambassador, sr, rue l^^^^ ®*- Honort.--Con8ul, ileareneUeSt,Gemain. same address. Badew, resident minister, 17, rn^ <?• 'SL^i^*™^*!?**^*^* *"' rue ioubert. ^"® ^*- J>ominique St Germain. BAVARIA, charge d'affaires, is, ^:„1f*^!I^» ^^"^^^ extraordinary. med'AgBesseau! ' minister plenipotentiary, 170, Belgium, envoy extraordinary, ^^^^^urg St. Honord. ministeri^enipotentiary, 97, rue r«^, ?i' ^"^^assador, 29, rue de de la F^plni^re. Courcelles. — Consul, 27, rue BRjyiiL, charge d'aflkires, 106, Q?filf** ^ .. rue de la P^lnifere Sweden, envoy extraordinary, Denmark, envoy extraordina^ I^tPH'fL P^e^'PS*®"*^;'*^' '*' ry, minister plenipotentiary, 88, ^"2 "^°" ^** Honors, rue de la P^pinifere. , Switzerland, charge d'af- Free Towns, resident minis- ^*Tnc^?;r^i«l?f ' • ; ter, «, rwe Tru^n. ,. Tuscany, minister plenipoten- Great Britain, ambassador ^'V'^\Z^,!iT'^^'^^' ^ extraordinary and minister pie- ,J^^ v^'^*^iS^*„ ambassador, nipotenUary, 3», rue du Fau- '^}T^f,"il^"J,^ii;^^^^ , bourg St. Honor6.-Con8ul, ^^^"^^^ ^^!'l^f* envoy extra- same address. ordinary, minister plenipoten- GREBCE, charge d'affaires, 20, i^*^^' i3,rueBeaujon.— Consul, rue du Cirque. ®*;,r"® ^^^^artin. EUnovbr, resident minister. Wcitemberg, minister pleni- 46, Avenue Gabrielle. ' potentiary i3,rued;Aguesseatt. HESSE DARMSTADT, 112, rue de ,.^^^^,y5.'*'l'*' ^^*r^^ *H' Grenelle St. Germain. "'^^ faires,i 70, Faubourg St. Honor^. HESSE ElECTORALE, 16, rue ^Jr^ll^t'/c^n^^^^/^^^'"® JeanGoujon de Grenelle St. Germain.— Cob- Holland, envoy extraordina- ^^^* ^^> Chaussde d'Anlin. ry, minister plenipotentiary, a, ENGLISH NEWSPAPER. rue du Cirque. GALIGNANI'S MESSENGER, Mexico, charge d»affalres, 54, published every day (Sundays rueTaibout. excepted). Two editions appear, NASSAU, eharg^ d'affaires, 2, one at six in the morning, which ' rue du arque. is delivered soon after in PariB Parma, 29, rue de Courcelles. and its Environs; and the other Portugal, chargd d'affaires, at four in the afternoon (con tain- 12, rue d*Astorg.— Consul, 44, ing all the news received up to rue Blanche. the moment of going to press), Prussia, ambassador, 78, rue which is forwarded the same de Lille. day to Paris, Provincial, and

• ■ Digitize

584 NBScnmt. Foreign SulMcriben. Terms : A ■ingle paper, lo sous; a week, S fr. ; a Fortniglit, 6 tr, ; One Jlontb, 10 fr.; 3 Months, 38 f^. ^Office, 324, rue de Rivoii. %* Th« aim of this long establisbed Journal is to furnish to tike reader, at « single view, the daily contents of the London and Continental press, omit- ting no fact of interest or importance, and recording side by side the opinions of eyery party. While a suitable pro- minence IS given to the Parliamentary debates and all political subjects, the miscellaneous topics required by the genwal reader likewise find ample space. The fullest information upon current events, and every passing Tact of the day. is faithfully recorded, with accounts of Judicial Proceedings, the Naval and Military Services. Com- merce, the Arts, Drama, Sporting In- telligence, etc. PRINC. FRENCH JOURNALS. Le MONiTEUR Universel (ttie official Government Morning Journal), lo fr. a-quarler ; office, 13, Quai Voltaire. Journal des Di^dats (Mode- rate), 18 fr. a-quarter. Office, 17, rue des Pri^lres St. Germain I'Auiterrois. LaPresse (Opposition), isfr. 50 c. a-quarter. 123, rue Mont- martre. Le Constitutionhel (Ministe- rial), 13 fr. a-quarter. Office, 10, rue de Yalois. Le SitCLE (Opposition), 13 fr. a-quarter. Office, 16, rue du Croissant. L'UKioif (Legitimist), 18 fr. a- quarter. Office, 3, rue Neuve des Bons Enfants. AssEHBLi^E Natiomale (Legiti- mist), 14 fr. a-quarter. Office, 20, rue Berg^re. L'Univers (Clerical), 18 fr. a- quarter; i3, rue de Crenelle St. Germain. Le Pays (Ministerial), 12 fr. a- quarter; 11, Faub. Montmartre. Le Charivari (Satirist), is fr. a-quarter; I6, ruedu Croissant. La Patrie (Evening Ministe- rial Journal), 16 fr. a-quarter; 1^, rue du Croissant, La Gazette dk FftiMCE (firen- ing Legitimist Journal), 1 6 fir. a- qnarter ; 5 rue Goq H^ron. Gazette des Tribvnaux (re- ports only Law Inlelligenee), 18 tr» a-quarter ; 2 r. da Harlay. , Le Droit (reports only Law Intelligence), u tr. a-quarfer; 40, quai desOrf^yres. PARIS BANKERS. American and European Ex- press and Exchange Company, 8, Place de la Bourse. ARDOin and Co., 44, niie de la Chauss^e d'Antin. Bechet, De Thomas and Co., 17, Boulevard Poissoni^re. Berthocd, 15, rue Richer. BlSGHOFFSHElH, GOLDSGHMIDT, and Co., 26^ Ghauss^e d*Antin. Bloont, 3, rue de la Paix. Gaixaghah (Luc and Co.), 40, rue Neuve des Mathurins. Davillier (Samson) and- Co., t 15, rue Chauchat. D'Eichthal (Ad.), 30, rue Basse du Rempart. Delisle (widow Th.) and Co., 26, rue de la Ghauss^e d'Antin. Des Arts, Mossard, and Co., 34, rue do Provence. DcRAKi) (F.), and Co., 43, rue Neuve des Mathurins. ; FERRiiRE Laffitte, 1, ruo Laf- fitte. FOULD (B. L.) and Fould Op- PEMHEiM, 22, ruo Borgdre, ^ Gil and Co., 23, r. St. Georges, Greem E and Co., 26, Place St. Georges. HoTTiMGUER, 17, TUo Berg^re. Laffitte (Charles), 48 b»,rue Basse du Rempart. Lehidecx atn^, 83, r. Chariot. Mallet (Fr^res) and Co., 13* rue de la Ghauss^e d'Antin. Marcoard (Adolphe) and Co., 18, rueBergdre. Mathiec, Hentscu, and Co., 23, rue St. Georges. Monroe (John,) and Go., 5, rue de 1» Paix, IffllBCfOBT. 585 Omer Uanwft*) 42) r. L«mtte. Oppermaum, 2,.r. St. Georges. PiLLET-WiLL and Co., 70, rue de la Ghau886e d'JLntin. ROTHSGHiiiD, 21 V rue Laffttto. ROCOEXOIIT DE Lo^ehberg, 20, rue Taitbout. Tbcrketssen and Co., 48 bis, rue Basse du Renipart. Yerkes & Co., 20, r. Drouot. ATTORNEYS, SOLICITORS. Blanchet, Pleader (speaks English), 52, rue Taitbout. Gastakket, Attorney, 21, rue de Hanovre. DiGWSsn, J., Barrister at Law, 5, rue Colys^e, Champs Elys^es. Maugham, 16, Place de la Madeleine. Margart, 9, rueTronchet. Smith, 40, r. Basse duRempart Waring, 4, rue du Faubourg St. Honors. ENGLISH GLERGTMEN. Rev. M. Chamier, 42, rue de la Ville r^vfeque. Rev. Br. Hale, 109, Champs i Elys^es. BlshopSPENSER, ChapelleMar- boeuf. AGENTS. Arthvr, house and commer- ^ cial agent, 10, rue Castiglione. Hartwigk, 18, rue Vivienne. Webb, 220, rue Rivoli. I FURNISHED HOTELS. To mott of which are attached Bestawrants, — WineSy etc. Carriages, Horses, etc., may be bad. Bedford, La wson's, 84, rue de la Madeleine, and, 17, rue de r Arcade. (An excellent Family Hotel.) Brighton, 21 8, rue de Ri- voli. Large and small apart- ments with or without kitchens —Coffee-room. Bristol, 5, Place Venddme. (First rate Family Hotel.) Canterbury, 24, r. de la Paix.

Choisevl, 353 bist rue St.

Honors, neAr the Place Vendftme and the Tuileries. Hotel des Etramgers, kept . by Girard, s, rue Vivienne. Hotel de Lille et d' Albion, 323, rue St. Honors. HoLLANDE, 16, ruo de la Paix. Hotel de Londres, S, rue Cas- tiglione. Hotel du Louvre, 166 and i 68, rue de Rivoli. Heurice, 228, rue de Rivoli. M. B. Caillez begs to assure tbe no bilitTand gentry that no exertion sball be wanting to merit a continuance of tbeir patronage. The great object be has in yiew is to giye general satisfac- tion, by rendering his Hotel as com- fortable as home. Apartments by the night, week, or month. HdTEL DES Princes, 97, rue Richelieu. Rhin, 4, Place Venddme. Rivoli, 202, rue de Rivoli. Terrasse,236, rue de Rivoli. Victoria, 3, rue Chauveau Lagarde. (A comfortable Hotel.) Wagrah, 206, rue de Rivoli. Windsor, 226, rue de Rivoli. To Persons Visiting Paris. Neatly furnished Apartments, for families, or single persons, with breakfast and attendance ; and, if re- quired, dinner, tea, etc., by the day, the week, or the month.— If desired. Instruction in the French Language may be given by Mme. Leclere, weu- known for her successful method of imparting to foreigners the Parisian A few boarders can be received. Terms, moderate. No. 330, rue St. Ho- nore, near the Place Vendome. RESTAURANTS AND CAFES At those marked by a * breakfasts and dinners are to be had : at all the . others hot or cold breakfasts, or even- ing refreshments only. Richard, Salon Frangais, 157, Palais Royal, Galerie Valois. Dinners, 2 fr.; Breakfasts, 1 . fr 25c. " Kflrv, Palais Royal.

• Frire8 Provengauccy Pal. Royal.

Caf6 de la Rotonde, Palais Royal . Cafd Foy, Palais Royal. Cafe d'Orleans, Palais Royal. Caf4 de la R^gence, i 61, rue St, lliiBOC^-

• Cafi Delorme, rue 8U HoWM^,

Passage Detonie. Caf6 de VAte d» IVwmp**, Bar- ri&re de FEtoile. Caf4 Twloty 14, rue Royale. Cafids la Concorde, i,r.MondOTi Caf^ Koai»,3«s,nieSt.Honop<5. Caf^ de Londres, rue Dupfcot.

• PoiMonfMrt0 Anglatn, rue de

Rlvoli, Place des Pyramidcs.

• Caf^ de U MadOeine, Place dc

la Madeleine.

• Cafi dB Foi, cornet of boule-

vards and r. Chauss^ d'Antin. Caf«iticfc«,i©,boul.dC8ltallens. Cafi du Heldeu 2d bis, boule- vard des Italiens.

• Cafe Yirginie, 4T, r, de la Palx.
• CafS Anglait, boulevArd des

Italiens.

• Cafe de Potm, boulevard des

Italieni.

• Ca{eLeclercq, 9, r. Casliglione,
• Mais(m Voreej i, rue Lattllte,
• Cafe Cardinal, rue Richelieu,

comer of the boulevards* Caf6 Tortoni, 12, boulevard des Italiens. Caf4 DtircMMl, I, boulevard des Gapucines.

• CafS Vachette, a2, boulevard

Polssonnidre. Cafi Montmartre, t, boulevard Montmartre. Cafi Fron^aw, a, rue du Fau* bourg Poissonni^re. Cafi Casimir, 14, boulevard Bonne Nouvelle. Caf4 V^rofiy bouL Montmartre. Cafedu VaudevilU, 29, Place de la Bourse. Cafi de la Bourse, Place de la Bourse.

• Cafi Favier, 3, Qual d'Orsay.

Caf4 Voltaire, Place de I'Od^on. Cafe Procope, r. de TAn. Com.

• Caf4 Dagneaux, 8, rue de

I'Anclenne Com6die. Caf^ de France, 11 , r. de Bussy . Caf4 Soufflot, 2, rue Racine. Caf4 Corne'ille, rue Comeille. GOLOvmii, «, r. de Luxemb. GOITRE, 2)4, rue de Rlvoli. ENGLISH MESTAUAAKTS. AosTiif, 24, rue d' Amsterdam. Byroh, 2, rue Favart. Brown, so, Faub.SU Booor^. Grossoheav, S2, rue St. Marc. LVGAS, 14, r« de la Madeleine. PHYSIdAJIS & BURGEOTIS. GiiOQOET <Jiiles)» surgeon, 3, rue Drottot* Campbell, physician and ac- coucheur, 16, rue d'Angooldme. Campbell, Charles, Chef d«  Clinique d' Accouchement^ i4, rue Neuve de runivcrsit6. COHSTAHTIH, JAMES, 51, rUe de Luxembourg, (consultation on the choice of mineral vraters.) Davisoh, 5, rue Luxembourg. Dubois (Paul), accoucheur, t2, rue Monsieur le Prince. GonMiNG, surgeon, 14, rue St. Florentin. HiGGiHS, physician ,212, rue de Rivoli. Holder, physician and ac- coucheur, 8S, rue du Faubourg St. Honor6. (a to 3.) Mag Carthy, 33, rue de la Madeleine. Sir Joseph OtHFFE, «, rae t Florentin. Rayner, 109, Champs Elysecs. Roberts, 21, rue Montaigne. SitRiMPTOH, IT, rue d'Ai^ou«  Skiers, 2, rue Montaigne. Smith, surg., 8,r.CastigUone. SURGEON DENTISTS. ROGERS, 270, rue St. Honors, Surgeon Dentist, of London. (See back of Cover). Seymour, 10, rue Castlglionc. Patented for his improyed whit suocedanewm and for his well know artificial teeth. Established in 183 (First floor. George, 224, rue de Rlvoli. Receives from I to 4. PATERSOK, JtoOTHERS, 396, rUC D^UKS1!CMIV. ' 587 Si-Honoriy and w, Fleet Sireet» CIULS. London. *,. « . DuT0is(Mme8),25,r.Marb«af. Mr. James Paterson, the Paris repre- » - Mai«ii. /niAAAnlnv fn M ««  sentativ€ of the flrm, previous to com- -, ■'^if~" imcceewr U) Mrae. mencing practice on nis owa acconnt. DaUDree), 6, rue d'Aligre St. was hononrahlT known for upwards Antoine. of seven years as chief modeller and a„ 4- »», -/!*«« \ ^, a«*i»«-. assistant operator to the most re- ohahaha!! (Mre.;, ^t, ATenvie Downed dentist of Continental Europe Chateaubriand. —Mr. Stevens. ^^ ^^«««^« «  Visible from 10 till 5 for Operations, PROFESSORS. and, for Consultations, (gratis) from 5 ENGLISH and CLASSICS.—

• • Scott, surgeon dentist, 20, Mr. and Mrs. Himshelwood,

rue Royale St. Honors. 320, rue Saint Honors. May be consulted with conftdenca Bishop, 59, r«Neu\e St-Aug. on every branch of his profession. His FRENCH.— DOCVILLK, 26 , Ave- charges are strictly moderate. ^^^ g^ ^j^^^^ ^^^^ ^^ ^,^^^^^^ CHEMISTS, APOTHECARIES. Hiss Belin, Literature,Hi8tory, M. Hogg, English Chemist to &c., 42, rue des Jeuneurs. the British and United States Em- De la MORiKitRE, 8, r. Caslig. bassies, 2, Rue CasUglione (two M. Emile, author of " The doors from the Tuileries Gar- Grammar-Guide for the Road, dens^ Paris. Establishment in the Rail, the Restaurant, etc. London, Hyde-Park Square.— 320, rue St. Honors. Chemists to the Queen. .«K!«fSJ.5*«S?i^Si^. ?r^. *!?/ ^, _ ... , ., „ ^,. •. M contemporary, Bradshaw: We re* N.B.— Addresses of all English and commend to such of our readers as French physicians. may be desirous of attaining that desi- R0fiERT8 & Co., GbemifttS to deratnm, a pure French pronuccia- the British Embassy, 23, Place *ion ^^ ^"J^** ^ energetic liUie ^r J »/»oDj, *a, ** « gentleman of some five and thirty Vendome. years of age, with a highly cultivated H. H. SwANH, from London, voice, and. so far as we can judge, of .,, rue Castiglione,FamUy and jSl^g™'«^Sfl!enS!lSf^lS.V Dispensing Chemist. Every valvable to medical men who par- English medicine of the purest pose walking the Paris hospitals, and Agent for Dinneford's fluid magnesia. English welL'^ John Dalpiaz, English Dispen^ LAiHifiRCE, S43, r. St. Honore san/y 381, rue St. Honor^, near A. Seguy, of Paris, «ie, rue rue Royale. de RlvoH, teaches by Convcrsa- CorrcsDondent and sole agent of Sa- tion, and perfects his pupils vory and Moore, London: Agent for ^.»K^„f „«,,«♦„.!„ *.« »./».f»* Langtou's Cod liver Oil. ' Without any study by heart. Wai <h riic(» to the late P Professor S^gny is warmly recom- WALSH, suet. 10 ine laie i^. mended by pupils who have reason to PARISS, Medical Hall, 28, Place be highly satisfied with him, as by his Vendome. assiduity he saves much trouble, and CEIL.ER E»<,I«fc mpen.ary, fitlilfAJSnl^'SiS? ."TlSSi 2, P). Vend6me, 356, r. St. Hon. enabled to speak French lluently and Patronized by several ministers. correctly. It is therefore a pleasure to _ do justice to Professor S^uy, vlo BOARDING-SCHOOLS. speaks English. BOTS. Galais, i 6, r. du Faub. Mont. De Calowhe, professor at the M. Fouch^, 86, Rue Richelieu, Lyc6e Napoleon, 2, rue Neuve throughthe medium of English. Ste. Genevieve. M. Gerard speaks English and Takes only 8 pnpils, who receive is flrst-rate for beginners.- 51, every possible care and attention, and i...- a a Luxemboure. who t4ke their meals with the ftimily ^^fg^t f «« ..i^ -IPmnim«U ol the Professor. Terms, i.400 fr. M«K. Lbclerg.— ProttUneia- 5S8 DIRECIORT. tlon. ConTemUon, and Reading lerie Valoifi, Talais RoyaJ, a la aloud ^^'* ^^' Mm/ 1 te w«ii.kno«n for her sue- A constant displaT of the ricfcest eJStal' meUiS ofCJaSngto JO- JeweUerv in the newest and best taste , S!i!S!iJ?h!r^p»risian accent and she -A greaUhoice ot diamonds and all SSKS^feXfiSSdei^^S moderate other stones for mounting according tJJSI iJoMOrae St Honor*, near to order, for which the? have first-rate wi?? veSddSe' workmen in their employ- Stones cnt ^'fi^ilmH., 114, rue Grenelle OPnciAJ. SI Germain. Chevallier, mathematical ViTALi, 13, Vieux-Augustins. instrument-maker and optician GERMAN.-^Madame Ferhah- to the late King, 15, Place du DfczHoHBACH,ofDre8den,27,rue Pont Neuf, facing the statue of Ponthieu. Henry IV, hm uneht in some Of the first fa- M. Chevalller. member of several li- mSf4*iTa.IS,r/ES» !f„TCrgS^srt?iS?^^^^ SPANISH.— ValoemOROS y Al- Jje Conservateob de lL Voe. and other VAREK, 16. r. du Ch&teau d'EaU. works, makes with the utmost preci- MiTiiWMATirQ ^thrniiffhEna- sion every species pt optical, iwathe- HATHEMATlLb (inrougii JJ.n« niatlcal, mineralogical, and other in- lish). Young gentlemen pre- gtruments. with him originated the pared /ort^e Military Schools ffiJt'piSSSiSfySreJJS.^SSr^?! ofEngland.— Dr.MOSTCCCl,Pro- Jailed JoJielies, to which has been fessor at the Lyc^e Imperial St. added the application ciotrek, m con- T A.iU V« rniTdii Spntier sequence or&e adaptaUon of a simole LOUIS, 38, rue au aeniier. .^ of mechanism, which admirably PAINTERS AND DRAWING- Bts them to the precise distance of the M A fiTF n « two eyes from each other. M. Cqeval- MAMii-ns. lier has lately executed, from thej^ans Dagnan, 35, rue St. Georges. ofProfe88orA.Fisher,ofMo8cow.aB«w -^landfirane in oil and nencil. microscope, which its inventor calla --Lanascape m on auu pcuwi. ^^e PahcbaticMicboscope, on account A class for laaies. of the different degrees to which it GariOT, 6, rue Oudinot.— may be made to magnify. M. Cbeval- f .n^^XnA And PnptrAit lier has been distinguished by several Landscape, ana Foriraii. medals and prizes for various inven- JOZAM, 12, Boulv.Montmartre. tions and improvements with which LAVACDAM. 65, rue St. Andre he has enriched sdence. His estabhsh- i-AVAuwACT, o», » ujc v,^. xk« founded by his family in <740. desArU. (Figure and Portrait), gig ^Vn Conducted by him personally Charges very moderate. since I796.— M. Chevallier has no other NiMMO, 9, rue de Verneuil.— d^pdt either in Paris or the Depart- Miniature. ""l^cterk who sneaks English is at- Gharge moderate. tached to the establishment. PROFESSORS OF MUSIC ^_^^« ^ watcH MAKERS Rr/.TrS' 12 rue des Jeu- rie Vivienne. Belih (Miss), 42, rue aes jeu ^^^^ and silver Watches and Mu- neurs. — Piano. gical Boxes from his own manufactory II ANniNA-M ASTER. at Geneva : Fancy, and Bron re Clocks. ^farvt^Aivu OTApiE-«%. Picture ClockswUh chimes and miisic. Lenfant, io, rue de Hanovre. xime-pieccs with large dials for balls JEWELLER, GOLDSMITH, and offices, travcUing clocks and ttia- Fossm, 62, rue Richelieu. '"""'^^^^^ESgiish spoken. This old established and highly re- nnnvFvniKl spectable house has beto long known r UK. v tu i uu.a. IraShiS'SwcnlfX"?fs?l<?har^^^^^^ CORCELLET, at* Go«r««nui, 103 ment of diamond and jewels.-Dia- and io4,Palais-RoyaI. monds and precious stones purchased. Provisions of all klnda —Wines from PiDiOT and BABU»i 166, (^a- the most ordiiiary.to the mrestand DIREGTOAT. 5|9 Jl^i^K y««5«f8«n<l«l}tl»eprodqc- of letter-paper iniue. either in tiM te 2tif**i^'^P*®?i. ^^^ supplies mercantile OTfwWoSbffwS'ld a?"f5n^ra*n"4 "iSr a^riTxe^ ented.— An irameDse sale of Coffee, 80 CAMBRIC HANDRERCHIEFS mixed as to ensure strengtb with da- r r« * «»^- . , ^ , ^ 7 TOUT.— ThisHouse exists for more than ^' Chapron f 1 , rue de la Paix, half a centurrin the highest repute, d la Sublime Porte, Co VILLIER, 1 6, rue de la Paix . The only House for the exelusive sale General Provision Warehouse, S[..o^*™^!£j*i'°**®'^*>*«fe> from » «>"?. to J. 000. francs, plain and em- GrocrrTSj,"picklM:sau.S^k,'*aTd sSi- Tie prices are fliedV dries from all parts of the World. Or- MANTUA-MARER— ders taken in town ; exportation. mnw » nav^^ LEFEVRE, 87, rue Neuve-des- Pn»irV rA„!L^ ' * Petit8-Champ8, corner of the rue M...nM ^fri'^'T**** . du Marche Saint Honors. Mf^^r. J^^^J' ^' "*" ^^ Comestibles from all countries and Z^SZ\.^!^L^\^v^ *"* Grocery Boulevard des Italiens. DAGUERREOTYPE, PHOTO- ^i'r^^j'iL^St^!^ If {£l GRAPHIC, AND STEREO- {J^if^^^yit?'?®^^'?*^,®' «11<»"P- 4mpf r mn T>n a f t>g !l^'^,:?1 maintains its place there br siAirit. PORTRAITS. the high style and the freshness of its W. Thompson, 22, rue de Sit!?^,v'^S /•Pi'i"? ««<* «Mctitude Cho\^ul,^Steriosco^cal Views tti'exTe^nnSSfcrtaSS^^^^^^ nection, facilitated by the extent of its on Glass, WINE-MERCHANTS. Charles Fontaine, Wine Mer- chant, 17, Place de la Made- leine. Agent of the principal wine-growers n France.— A large stock of Claret, place of business. MILLINER. Madame NSel, by appoint- ment, to Her Imperial Highness the Princess Mathilde. Milli- nery, Bonnets, Gaps, Head- Burgundy, Macon, Champagne, in 1 ^' ^""J^*^'; ^*»"'» " . **" casks and botti^, always ready for dresses for Balls, etc. Maison delivery in Paris; in bonded ceUars Tortoni, Boulevard des Italiens. for exportation at Bordeaux, Beaune, Entranre 1 niP Taiihm,* Macon, Epernav. etc.— Ports, Sherries* "•"'-ranee, 2, rue lailDout. PorteV?' ^^ ^^^' *'""**• * ARTIFICIAL FLOWERS. Wholesale and Retail Trade Prices. DuBOULOT, ills ain6, successor N. JOHNSTON and Sons, of of his father, 6, rue M^nars. Bordeaux. House at Paris, rue Patented for flowers in Italian straw. Louis le Grand. 19. „ Feathers and superfine artificial riarrfa <«hAiw Tir«rf^..« an^ d»«» Aowers for Ladies' bonnets, caps, etc.. Clarets, Sherry. Madeira, and Port, and all kinds of head-dresses. ENGLISH ALE and PORTER HonorableMention at the Exhibition d6pot. — ^Harris, 17, Boulevard de la Madeleine, Cit6 Vind^. Old Port, Pale Sherry. STATIONERir. on 855. LACE. Fabrique FranqaiseetBelge, corner of the rue Vivienne and MARION, i4,Cit^Bergfere,rue .boulevard Montmartre. dii FauboursMontmartrp Paris o/™?^*i, **"? Belgian Manufacture. QU r auDourg uonimarire, rans . shawls. Scarte, Gowns, Mantelets, Rea- 152, Regent-street, London. dj-made Articles for Ladies, etc. The moderate prices of the fancy ar- f^^i ^^ l^ Silver and Gold. Mann- tieles of this establishment give an in- 'Actory of Applications de Bbdxblles. contestable proof of the progress which ViOLARD, 4, rue de Ghoiseul. Marion is indefatlKably making in the pAme 00 MoniaanA da la Improrement of his stationery: In his *i^'*- ^*» Monwgne ae la Mai««iies WUI l»HmA erwj 8ped«s GouTf BRUSSELS. GII«T-ni<l!IZE MARUFAC- The manofacloiT is tlie largest In TOMT. E^»«- DmiftHI, tl, rue ViTieime, EAU DE COLOGNE. Officer of the Legiou of Honour, JEAif-MiRi£ FARmA^ 333, rae Member of the GouDcU'^eneKil St. Honors. ofManulactttres. PimipiTiirai* Tbte fifst-nte hoofe. which l«r- FKH* UMEH. " "^ ***•, 1?*^**^ *!Po*?>*» "'•• GtERLAiw, 15, rue dc la Paix. at the eiUbitions of the progress of W>n«-«'^«- tbe useftal arts la France* and is i«S5 HATTERS. obtained the Grand Medal of Honour. » ^ ..r This hoMt may withoatpreeamption SeryAS, sueceasor to Yan- H"ii*2^?*T**^'*"'^P°'^"??- HOUTTE Gakoh, 86, me Can mar- In Its extensive show-rooms, in the 4>^ ' ' roe TiTteMe, than is at this time an "^* •niivalled displaT nf woriu in hronze This hoose has bean «el«braled dnr- gilt, in the various styles of ancient ing the last thirty years for the sape- rareeee. af the RenaisBaace, or revival rior (piality and high finish, style, and of tlia ftM arti, af iaais XIT., XT., fashion of its Hats, repnted equal to and XSL ' the best in Paris. IBVOGS'^GENERATil DISEASES. JQ8T PUlMLlSHBDy with 4S engrayings, and a receipt for the celebrated PiiETENTnnE Lotion, MAimeeB: the causes of its Premature Decline^ with Plain Directions for perfect restoration. A Medical Work oa tbe eure of nervoas de- biUty, impelenee, loss of mental and pfaysleal capacity, arising from sel^abuse, the follies of maturity, effects of climate or in- fection^ with the author's remarks on marriage, its duties and disqualifications : the prevention and care of Gonorrhoea, Syphilis, Spermatorrhoea, etc. By J. L. CURTIS, Surgeon, 15, Albemarle- street, Piccadilly, London. Price, * fr. Sold in London, in sealed envelopes, at Piper's, ss, Pateraoster-row ; also at the author's residence; Redfern, 8, ruedelaPaix, Pasb^ Muir, Malta; Yon Lewfzy, LoU Bazaar, Calcutta; Esperance, Bombay; ^^Athessnm omce," Madras.— Patients abroad eaa be cnred by letter 0Biy; and his woriL can be sent poat-firee to the East of West Indies, Australia, or Canada, <br three shillings in p«0t»ir«H»(MB|w^ WATCH AH CLOCK-MAKER. Ls. RABY, Watch and Clockmakers to the ex-Royal Family, and by special appointment to his Ms^esty the Emperor Napo- leon III. and Imperial Family, 17» Boulevard des Italiens, (first floor) opposite the Gaf6 de Paris and Tortoni's. Manufactory at Versailles. The gold medals obtained at the Exhibitions of 1839, 1844, and 1849 have placed the watches and clocks of this house in the highest vtaA in public eelimation. It is the only one in Europe that manufactures those admirable watches in alloyed platina which are guaranteed by a patent. There will be'here found a large assortment of articleft^ such as Chronometers, Repeaters, independent seconds, Astronomical Counters, watches with du- plex, anchor or cylinder movements, in gold or silver cases, and every article connected with precision either simple or compli- cated, at reasonable and fixed prices, with a guaprantee for three years. M. Ls. Raby having formerly worked for six years in Lon^ don for the first watch-makers such as Arnold, Storr& Mortimer, J. Bent, &e., has always justified the confidence placed in him. Agents in London, St. Petersbnrg,New York, Philadelphia, New Orleans, Porto Rico, Bio. Janeiro, San Fvancisco, Sandwich Islands^ and the MavrHios. AD RfiGBHT, ]¥o. 9 J Boulevard de ia Madefeine. SPECIALITY FOR FURS AND READY-MADE ARTICLES FOR LADIES. For the summer season^ the Proprietors of this warehouse have neglected nothing cakuiasted to maintain its high reputa- tioiv 2UMi its distingiii^ed comexion will be ctormed by the exquisite taste displayed in its magnificent assortments of Mantelets in embroidered silk, trimmed with lace, etc., and its variety of foulard and other dresses. At the opening of the winter season it offers to its fair and fashionable customers a delightful assortment of Cloaks and Scarfs in velvet ; fancy Articles for Morning and Travelling, and Sorties de Bal, and Furs of every description. We cannot, therefore, too strongly recommend our female readers who are not acquainted with the fashionable esta- blishment of the Regent, to go there and judge for themselves of all the advantages which they will therein find united. Digitized by VjOOQ IC CHOGOLATl HASSOH. 28. RUE DE RICHELIEU, 28, PARISi ^ Facing the Fontaine Moli^re. TEA WAREHOUSE. OBTAINED MEDALS OF HONOUR AT THE FRENCH EXHIBITIONS OF 1844 AND 1849; and A PRIZE MEDAL AT THE UNIVERSAL LONDON EXHIBITION OF 1851. Purveyor, by Special Appoinimentj to the Courts of Belgium, Saxony, Wurteniberg, etc, etc. Digitized by VjOOQ IC Abattoirs, 42, 201, 222, 283, Antiques, Cabinet of . 229 362, 447 Apartments . . 10, 94 — do Popincafiirt .. .283 Aqaeduets 29,502,504^ 621 Abbey df Port Boyal. . 139 Arc de Triomphe ds la Abel^ and Heloise^ mo- Place da Carrousel • 168 nument of « . .286 — de I'^toile . . 36, 195 — ^House of. . . . 323 — de St. Denis . . .254 Absorbing Well. . .353 — de St. Martin. . . 259 Academie des Beaux-Arts. 97 Archbishop of Paris, wbere — ^Agricole, Commerciale, 112 killed. . . 293 — ^Fran^aise ... 96 Archbishop's Palace. 320, 301 — des Inscriptions ot Belles Archives de TEmpire . 274 Lettres .... 96 — ^e la Gour des Gomptes< 341 — deMedecine. . 146, 373 Arcueil. ... « 5oa — de Paris. ... 99 Area, cultivation, &c.| of — des Sciences ... 97 Department of Seine. 27 n. — des Sciences Moctdes et Arenes Imp^riales . . 481 Politiques. ... 97 Argenteuil . • . .602 Administration of Paris, —Relic at « . .602 Civil, Communal, etc. . 72 Argot ..... 261 — derAssistancepublicpie, 122 Armenian Persuasion, . 120 -4u Mont de Piet^. . 131 —College . . • .362 — of the Police. .75 Arnouville .... 60S —of the Post Office. . 7 Arrest for debt. « . 90 Adult Schools . . 107 Arrival at Paris, diree- Advocates . • • . 70 tionsupon « « < I Agents do Change. . .112 Arrondissements of Paris. 48 Alfort. , . .601 — ^Description of Paris by. 147 Algerian Produce, Ezh. of 366 — of Sceaux • * 72, 74 Allee des Veuves. . . 191 —of St. Denis. . .72, 74 Ambassadors, andConsuls. 91 Arsenal .... 336 — Resideneesof , 1, 204, 683 Artesian Well of Gre- Amusements, public. . 468 nelle. . . 30 n., 30| Anatomy, Amphitheatre —of Jardin des Plantes. 466 fi, of. . . . 139, 449 — ofPassy. . . .626 —Cabinets of. 414,415)459 Artists, Committee of .111 AncientColleges,405,4l2, 417 Asile de la Providence. . 127 418,423,426,435,436,463 — Lambrechts . • « 120 467. — Ste-Anne. , . .120 —Measures and Weights. 16 n. Asnieres 492, 602 Anne of Austria, vow of. 432 Assembly, National. . 343 Annuaire des Longitudes. 98 Assize, court of. . • 69 Antiquarians, Streets inte- Association de Travail rcstingto. 414,417,436 pourlesPauvres . .420 594 II9I>EZ. AssodalionpoarlesjemieB BelleTille . ; . . 502 Orf^elins . .128 Bellevue ^f AsylumrBlind. 126, 127, 363 Berojr . 297,503 — Deaf and Dumb. 127, 43o Bern, Dae de, where as- — ^Lunatic. 145,448, 503, 306 sassinated. . .1 — Orphan. . 125,439 Bibliotheque des Archives 277 AtelkrsdeScolpture. . 350 — de FArsenal . . .336 Atheneedes Arts, Sciences 111 — de FArtillerie. . 372 Athenes, la Nouvelle. .222 —-des Arts et Metiers. . 265 Auctioneers, Appraisers . 7 1 — du Gonuneroe. . 225 Auction-rooms . . .222 — Ck)nservatoiredeMusiqae 106 Auteuil 502 — du Corps Legislatif . 347 Avoues. . c . .70 —derficolede Droit. . 423 Bagatelle . .499 -de I'flcole de Mededne. 415 Baggage, Passengers'. . 21 — deFficoledes Mines. . 405 Bagnes, or hulks 78 n., 83 — de Fficole Polytedini* Bagneux . . « . 502 que. . 104, 110 Bams. 40, 205, 218, 261, 321 — de Ste. Genevieve. . 423 --d'En^en (Sulphureous) 511 — ^Imperiale . 36, 226 Bakdiouse for Hospitals. 145 — del'Institut . .384 —for garrison of Paris. . 193 — des Invalides. . 359 Ball,flrstgiven in Paris. 486 n. — du Jardin des Plantes. 465 Bails and Public Gardens, — de Louis Philippe. vii, 484 to 493 Bank of France. Banks, Savings. Bankers, list of. Banlieue of Paris Banquet of 1848 Barometrical Scales, Eng- lish and French . Bftrraoks. ^7, 241, 261, 296 331, 337, 339, 356, 361 367, 406, 412, 453, 467 213 161 397 384 194 20 Barriers Barriere du Trone — 4e Reuilly . Bassin de la Villette Bastringues Baths. (See Bains.) Batignolles, Bazars . — du Louvre 113,249 — du Luxembouj^ . 133 — Mazarine. . 584 —Military . . .359, 372 . 44 — duMinisteredelaGuerre 369 — duMinisteredelaMarine 62 — of Ministries . . .110 — de robservafcoire . . 1 10 — delaReine . . .214 — de la Sorbonne . 406 — deSt. Sulpice. 110, 118, 394 — de Versailles. . . 577 296 — de la vaie. . ... 330 297 Bicetre, Hospice de. . 503 28 — Nouveau. ... 83 493 Bievre, the . . 28, 444 40 Bills of Exchange . 91 town-house. 219 Birds, Collection of. . 109 39, 239 Bird-market . . . 391 37 Beaujon, Chapelle . .199 Births, deaths, and marri- ---Hdpital . 143,200 ages, laws on. . 87,88 B^umarchais' residence 29o». —in Paris. . .4a ^^ . 5. A #. i .45n, —in France. . , , |4n^ INDEX. 505 Ktaminons pavement. . 32 Batchers 42n. Mndy Hospital . 125-7,295 Butte de Ghaamont. . 257 — SdbooL . . . . 363 Cabinets, see Museums, Boarding-houses. . . yi Louvre Boarding-schools. . .107 Cabriolets .... 4 BoBufOras . . .484 Cafes. 12,214, 223, 239, 417 Boileau , burial - place — Concerts . .482 of . 308, 377 Caisse d'Amortissement, BoisdeBoulogne. 197, 496 Depots et Consignations. 114 — -de Romainville. 500, 528 — ^Diocesaine . , .118 — de Vincwines . . 500 — <n6pai^ne. . . .133 Bomes-fontaines. .30 — de Poissy. . .73 Botanical Gallery. . . 464 — des Retraites pour la — Garden. . 400,404, 434 Vieillesse . .115 BouldngerieG^nerale,145, 449 Calvin, residence of. . 453 Boulevajrds. 38, 223, 256 Calvinist worship . .118 271, 272, 496 Camp, military . . ,511 Boulogne, Bois de . . 496 Canals. i ... 28 Bourbon, death of Duke Carnival .484 of. . . . 342, 544 Carpet Manufactory . . 445 Bourg-la-Reine . . . 504 Carriages, dec. ... 4 Bou^uignons and Arma- —of State . .574 gnacs . • . . 414 — ^number of public. . 5n. Bourse, la. . 112, 223 Carriers, laws on. . 93 Br^a, Gen., murder of. 447n. Carrousel, Place du. . 158 — bust of . . . .567 Casernes, (see fiarracfes). 37 Bread, how sold. . . 48 Catacombs . . . .440 Brewery, extraordinary . 447 — Cellar in the . .447 Bridges^ see Pon^ .30 Catelan, troubadour, death — ^Venetian. . 283, 290 of ... . 500n. Brinvilliers, Marquise de. 296 Cattle Markets, &c. 42 n., 467. British Embassy. . 1, 204 504, 526, 545 -Charitable Fund . .129 Cavaignac, Gen., house of 366 — Currency in francs . 15 Cave Generale of Hospitals. 145 — ^Residents, lawsafifecting 86 Cemeteries 40 Bug. . . . . 504 Cemetery de St. Catherine. 449 Budget .... 65 — de Montmartre. 41, 219 Buildings, Public. . . 35 — ^uMontParnasse, 41, 403 --'Private, remarkable . 33 —du Pere La Chaise. 41, 284 Bureau d'admission dans — <le Picpus. . . .397 les hopitaux. .140, 309 Cent Gardes . .66 -Hie. Bienfaisance . .130 Centigrade scale turned

• -des Longitudes. • 97, 438 into Fahrenheit .20

— desOuvriers . . .75 Cercles or Clubs. . .13 --^-^e^ Poids et Me^ires. 76 Chamber of Commerce, . 112 r^ iSte^te , . , 75 ^IDepHtiea • a j, ^345 696 tsnx. Chamber of Notaries . 27) Clergy of Franee , lion. — ofPeerg . * ' . ^95 Glisson, Gonnetable, street ChambredesReqaMes. . 303 where he was waylaid. 9Se — grande, du Parlement. 303 Glos St. Lazare. . .241 Champ deMars . . . 351 Clubs 13 Cham]>s£ly8de3l87, 190. 496 Club, French Jockey. 13, 494 Chantilly .... 504 Coaches, Public. . . 2, 4 — ^Raoes. .... 506 Coffee-houses . .12 Chapelle de Beaujon. . 199 Coin, French . 14 — ^Expiatoire . . 204 — ^Amount of in Franee, 14n. —^e Marie deMediois . 398 --Comparative table of. 15 — Sainte . . .306 Coligny, Admiral, wli»6 — St. Martin . .259 murdered. . . 248n. — delaTrinita . . .219 Collection of Engraving?. 232 Chapel of St. Ferdinand. 197 —of Manuscripts. . . 230 ->*H)f the Luxembourg. . 398 — Standish. . .174 — ^MarbcBuf. . 119, 194 Collies Municipaux. 106, 218 — ^Notre Dame desFlanunes 503 --K)ldremainsof.405, 412, 417 Charcoal. ... 31 4l8, 423, 425, 435, Charenton, Hospital of. . 506 436,453, 467. Charges d'Affaires, red- —des Anglais . « .435 deuces of. . .583 -— de Ste. Barbe. 103, 423 Charitable Fund, British. 129 --Chaptal. . 106, 218 —Institutions . . .121 — Duplessis. . . .418 —Societies. . .127 •— des fieossais . ,449. Charlemagne's prayer-book 173 —de France 101, 417 Chartres 507 — des Irlandais. 104, 435 Ch&teau de la Muette. . 500 — <leMontaigu . . .423 Ch&telet, grand. • .272 —4es Quatre Nations 36, 383 — ^Petit. . . 309n. — ^Rollin . 106, 434 Chatenay . ^ .508 — de la Sorbonne. 99, 406 Children, number sent to —Stanislas. • , .103 Foundling Hospital. 123n. — ^Turgot . . .107 Choisy4e»Boi ... . 508 Colombes .... 508 Churches. (See Eglm.). 34 Column of Halle au Bl^. 249 — of England . . .119 —of July .294 — Greek 120 —of the Place duChatelel. 272 —Protestant. 118, 194, 203 —of Place Venddme. 36, 180 223, 249, 282, 335, 367 Comite Central des Artistes ill — ^Il(Mnisb. (See Eglise,) 117 Commerce on the Seine. SI- Circle, division of the. . 20 Commerce, Tribunal de. 70 . Circulating libraries. 13, 180 —Chamber Of . . .119 Cites Ouvrieres . 223, 296 Commercial Establish- Civil Rights ... 89 ments . . . .112 Gamart, Amphitheatre of Cbnunissairesde Police . 76 Anatomy. ^ 139, 449 — Priseuw . , , ^ 71 IWDBXi 697 GommiBsioiuMures. . .11 Gonvukioiiists^ soene of - Gommunal Administration 72 their extravagant acts. 444 Gompi^e . . .508 Copyright .... 91 Gomptoir d'Escompte .115 Ck)rbeil 511. -'-de Garantie . . .116 Gorday, Charlotte, where Concerts . . .482 she stabbed Marat. . 416 Conchology, Museum of. 404 CorneiUe, where he died. 2 Id Conciergerie, la. » 81, 303 Corps de Garde. 295^ 296 Concorde, Place de la. .182 Council of Department . 72 — historical events con- — ofMmisters . . .61 nectedwith. . . . 186 —of Prefecture . , .72 Confreres de la Passion . 468 —-of State .... 61 Coiunaissance des Temps. 98 Coucous .... 6 Conseil Prud'hommes 71, 259 Country Balls . .492 . — deSalubrite . : .75 Coupes 4 — Imperial de I'lnstmo- Cour Imperiale . . . €9 tion Publique. . . 98 — des Comptes. 69, 308, 339. Conservatoire deMusique —des Miracles . , .261 etDeclam.Lyriquel06, 242 — de la Yacherie . . 436. — de Musique R^gieuse 402 Cours la Heine. . .187 —-desArtsetMetiers, 102, 264 Court, high, of Justice . 68- Consols. . • .91, 583 —of Assize. . . . ea Gonvente 117 —of Cassation . . 35, 69 — ^remains 337, 367, 406, 467 —Martial. . . .66, 402. Convent of Celestins. . 337 Courts, Tribunals. .35, 68 — of Bernardins. . . 467 Courtiers d' Assurance. .112^ — of Canaelites. 40l, 432 — de Commerce. . .112 — of Dames de St. Joseph. 442 Creches. . . 130, 436 —of Dames de St. Michel. 431 Credit Foncier . .116 — of Dames du Sacre — ^Mobilier . . .116 CoBur . .117, 361, 443 Croix-Rouge . . .373 — of Dames de St. Thomas 117 Crystal Palace . . .187 — of English Nuns . 117, 431 Custom-house . . 20, 258 — of Feuillantines . .431 Customs, administration of 74 — des Feuillants . 154, 179 f)amesme, monument to 512 — of Franciscan nuns . 292 Dancmg, public. . .484 — of the Jacobins . . 406 Deaf and Dumb, 125, 126, 430 — ^esMiramiones . .467 Deaths 88 — ofPentemont . .367 Debt, Arrest for, . . 90 — of Soeurs de la Congre- — Public .... 65 gation de Notre Dame. 365 Debtors, Prison for. 82, 21 a -—of Soeurs de St. Vincent Decimal System. . .16 de Paule. . 118, 366 Degrees, Academical. . 99 —of the Temple. , . 264 Denis, St., legend of 260»r — ofUrsulines . . .431 Department, Prefecture of. 7a Conveyances from London 1 ^^-of the Seine, floanoe . 74 . Digitized by CjOOQIC 5^6 u(Dn. Departmtiiital AdminiFtra- fiooledes Beaux Arts ios, 365 tion 72 — Centrale . . . . 292 Depdt de la Guerre . . 369 — -desChartes . .105, 274 — de Condamnes . . 83 —de Droit. loo, 423 — des Fourrages. . 298 — d'£qiiitatioD . > . 106 — desPoudresetSalpetres. 335 ~d*£tat Major . . 104 «-4e la Pii&fectare de Po — Gratuite de Dessin 105, 414 lice 305 — de Langues Orientales. lo5 Desaix, Monument to. . 300 ~de Medecine. . 135, 414 Diary of Places that ought — Militaire. . 37, 104, 351 to be seen . . . iii — des Mines . . 104, 404 Diligences .... 2 -~de Musique et de Decla- Dining, choice of Dishes, v mation. . 106, 242 Diorama 482 —de Natation , . 40, 321 Direction des Ck>ntribu- — ^Normale. .102, 428 tions Directes. 74 — ^Number of Pupils in —of the Customs . .74 £coles for all France 103n. — des Droits d'Octroi 74 — de Pharmacie . 140, 434 — de TEnregistrement et — Polytechnique.36, 104, 435 desDomaines. 74, 238 — ^Ponts, Ghaussees. 104, 389 — of indirect taxes . 74 — ^Pjatique d'Anatomie. 135 —des Nourrices. . .130 -^Primaires Superieures — delaPosteauxGheyaux. 74 de Paris . . . . 107 Directions to the Travel- — Salles d'AsUe, or Infant ler leaving England . 1 Schools . . - .108 — on his arrival and be- — Speciales de Dessin. . 106 fore leaving Paris. 1 — Superieuredu Commerce 106 Directory, Paris. . . 583 — Turgot . .107, 262 Dishes, French, list of. . v — Veterinaires, Bei^ries. 140 Docks Napoleon .219,258 Edifices, Public. . . 35 Dog-market 448 — Private .... 33 Doinicile .... 89 £:glisederAbbayeauxBois373 Drama, origin and pro- — ^t. Ambroise. . . 283 gress of, in France. . 468 — St. Antoine . . , 295 Dramatic Authors' remu- — de TAssomption . .182 neration, by theatres. 470 — St. Benoit ♦ . 407 Drawings, Cabinetsof 174, 232 — des Cannes Billettes . 282 DubajTy,Mme., anecdote 206n. — Ste. Clolilde . .367 Dupuytren Museum 138,414 — St.DenisduSt.Sacrem. 292 Duties, British ... 20 —Ste. Elisabeth. . . 262 —French .... 24 — St.fitienneduMont 35, 425 Eating-houses . . . . 11 —St. Eustache . 35, 243 Ecoled'Accouchementl39, 443 — St. Eugene . . .241 —d' Administration . .418 — St. Ferdinand. .197 — d'Adultes . . . io7 — St. Francis d' Assise . 277 —des Arts et Manufactures 106 —St. Francis ICavier. .3^6 i^ise Ste. Genevieve . — SI. GermaiB TAuxer- • Tois. . . .34, -HSt.GennaindesPres 34, — St. Gervais . . 34, -*-des Invalides 363, — St. Jacq[ue3 duHaut Pas. — St. JuMen le Pauvre — ^St. Laurent . — Saint Leu and Saint GiUes .... — St. Louis d'Antin. — St. Louis en File . — ^ela Madeleine. 35, — Ste. Marguerite. 35, -^t. Medard . —jSt. Merri. . . 34, — des Missions £trangeres . — St. Nicoks Champs 36, — St. Nicolas Ghardonnet. — Notre Dame. 34, — ^Notre Dame des Blancs Manteaux — ^Notre Dame de Bonne Nouvelle. — ^Notre Dame Lorette, 3 5 , — de rOratoire. --St. Paul et St. Louis 35, — ^Pent^mont . . ^Petits Peres . . . —St. Philippe . —St. Pierre de Ghaillot. — St. Pierre, GrosGaillou. —St. Roch. . 36, — de la Redemption. — St. Severin. . . 34, — de la Sorbonne -^-St. Sulpice . .35, —St. Thomas d'A(iuin . — de la Trinite — du Val de Gr&ce. 36, — «te. Valere. . 361, -^St. Vincent de Paule. — de la Visitation . Electors .... Elephant of Bastille, 293, INDEX* 599 419 flyseeNApoieoh, Palace; 20i Embassy, British . 204 246 Emperor, the present • 69 374 —Household of . . . 63 331 —Palace of . . 147 360 — Stables of . . . 201 429 Empress, the present , 59 310 — Household of . . 63 266 Empire^ Constitution of . 59 Enfans Sans-Souci . . 468 270 Enghien-les-Bains .611 206 English Ambassador. . 204 322 English Consul . . . 204 206 — ^Divine Service . • . 119 289 — FreeSchools . .119 443 — Measures and Weights 27 3 compared with Frendi . 1 6 366 — ^Medical Society. . .147, 268 — Money converted into 451 French . , . • 15 310 — ^Newspapers . . 683 — ^Nuns, Convent of. 431,451 281 Engravings, Collection of. 232 Entrance Duties of ^aris. 45 253 Entrepot des Bles . 678 220 — des Chargements . . 258 249 — desDouanes . , . 258 334 — <lesGlaces . . . 260 367 — desSels . . .268 237 Environs of Paris .501 200 —Conveyances to . ^ x 194 Equestrian Performances. 481 350 Ermenonville . .611 234 Establishments, Charitable 121 223 — Commercial . . .112 412 —Religious. ^ . . 117 406 Estaminets (Smoking- 391 houses) .... 13 369 £tablissement en faveor 218 des Blesses Indigens . 145 432 —des Filatures , . .130 367 Exchange . .36,112,223 239 —Bills of . . . . 91 335 Excursions. * . » ix 74 Executions. .284, 440 387 Exhibitions, &c. . . 482 «00 BihibitioQi, periodical . uo Eihibition, annuAl^ of fine Alls. . UO, 148, i88n. -•^reat Univenal . . 187 -*-Horticiiltiiral .111 -^H>f National loduslry. 188n. Bsqpenses of City of Paria. 44 •«^f Catholic, Protestant, and Jewiih Worship, uon. Ixpenses of Funerala . 4ln. Eipiatory Chapel. . . 204 Exports from Paris. 46n. Faoulties . .09, 100, 134 Fahrenheit, scale turned to Centigrade & Reaumur. 30 Festivals, Public . 493 «-^f Environs . . . ix Fieschi, Infernal Machine. 261 — headof, where preserved 416 Fir&-arms .... 93 Firemen 67 Fishing 93 FioweNmarketsaio, 2i9, 323, 394 Flowers, sold in Paris, 40fi. ^i^Exhibition of . .111 Fontainebleau . .512 «**hest mode of visiting . viii •t-'Palace of . » . 5i3 -r^Parkof . . . .618 ^-Forest of. . . . 510 Force, Prison de la. 78, 289 Foreign Office . 210, 348 •^Ministers, residences of . 583 Fortifications of Paris. . 67 Foundling Hospital . .123 Fountains .... 29 «>^es Capucins. .182 — desCarmes . . 436 •'^te. Catherine . . 295 »«€h&teau d'Eau 216 ft., 259 •^e la CtoIx du Trahoir. 249 »^avier .... 454 iwDecaix . soo vv^el'fiQQledeM^deeiBe . 417 •^ftgyptienne . . . 365 --des Fosik St. Blared. 4«9 — deSte. Geneviflve. . 435 — 43t. Germain . .390 --de (kenelle . . .372 Innocens. . .251 Uda ... .402 Louis le Grand. . 216 St. Louis. . 292 ^-du Marche St. Martin. 264 — de Mars .... 3hi —St. Martin . . .264 -^Maubuee. . . .274 — de Moliere. . . . 234 •<*-de laNaiade . . . 274 —-Notre Dame . . . 320 — de la Place du ChitelM. 37 2 •^la Placode la Concorde. 185 «^e la Place Maubert . 436 ^-de la Place St. Michel. 405 — de la Place St. Sulpice. 394 •<<"de Popincourt. . 283 — deRidwUeu, orLouvois 225 — de la Rue Charentoa. 295 ^e la Rue Charonne . 289 •*^e la Rue Garandere . 394 •*-dela Rue Montmartre. 239 «-<lelaRuedelaRoqnette 290 «-du Rond Point, Gh. fil. 191 — deVendome . .264 Foumeaux, or kitdiens. . 128 Fourrages, D^pdt des . 298 Fourriere, or pound. , 452 «<-desChiens . .448 France, Budget of . .65 ^-Collegesin . . 103n. —Debt of .... 65 •—Fortresses of, plans . deo -'••Government of . . 59 -^--Imports and Exports. 4 en. -*--Institut de. 95, 383 — ^Kings, names of . ,58 — ^Laws affecting British 86 —Mode of traveUing in. 2 —Posting regulations in 2 Franking letters, &c. . 7 Freemasons. • . tl2 tsaaoL 601 Freiidi and Enf^ittooey 1 5 Frigate £oole . . .187 VTere& des £coles Ghr6- tiennes . . 118, 382 Fulbert, house of . . 323 Funerals, expenses of. 41n. Furnished Apartments. 10, 94 Gabridled'£streeB,hou8eof 246 604. Galignani's Messenger t, 160, 583. —library and Reading- Rooms . .13, 180 Galleries. See Museums and Louvre, — ^Private . . .109 GambIing«houses,caation8. yi Garde de Paris ... 67 -«>Royale, desperate resist- ance of, in 1830 > . 179 — ^Imp^riale ... 66 —Gent , ... 66 Garde-Menble de la Goa- ronne . 186, 241, 360 Garden*, PuUic, 101,164, 214 399, 464, 496. Gare de 1' Arsenal . 28 ---du Ganal St. Martin . 298 Gas 33 Gaul, conquest by GflBsar. 49 Gendarmerie. ... 67 General Post-Office. 7, 242 Geology, Gallery <rf .462 George lY.'s monument to James II . . .642 Gingerbread-fair . .296 Glass, Plate, Manufactory. 260 GobeHns,Mannfaeliirede8. 446 Gospel first preached at Paris .... 60 Goujon, Jean, house of . 406 Government, Givil, Milita- ry, and Judicial . 69 Greek Ghurch .120 Gregory, St., Legend of 393n. Qrenelle .... 621 GrenierdeRi&perve . . 336 --aSel 268 Guards, National. 66, 93 Guillotine, how to be seen 284 Guinches, Guinguettes. . 493 Gymnastics, School . .106 Hackney Goaches . . 4 Halle auBle. . .249 — aux Guirs. . .261 ^-«ux Draps . .261 — «uxVeaux . . . 467 -^ux Vins. . . . 463 Halles Gentrales. . . 262 Ham-fair .... 336 H^loiseandAbelard, house 323 Henry IV., i^ere stabbed 260 —Statues of. 173, 299, 327 Hippodrome. » .481 Historical Notice of Paris. 49 Horticultural Exhibition .111 Horses, Duty on . . 26 •—Market for . . .447 —Races. 361, 494, 606 -^tudsof. 494, 606^ 623 Hospices . . . .122 — 'Devillas. . 123, 402 —des Enfants Trouv^ et Orphelins 123, 126, 439 -^-<l'Enghien. . 126, 297 —des Incurables, H. 126, 267 — ^es Incurables, F. 126, 366 — ^Leprince. . 123, 360 — ^Marie-Therese . • . 126 — ^es Menages. 122, 373 —St. Michel . . .126 — desQuinze-Vmgts, 125, 295 -^e la Reconnaissance . 126 -^e la Rochefoucauld. 123 — 4e la Salpetriere. 36, 127 146, 448 — de la Vieillesse. 127, 448 Hospitals . .140 — ^Bureau for admission. 140 —Financial and Statisti- cal condition. . . 141n. —Military 200,361,4.*' 601 mDKX. HospMSt.Antome. 143, 29«  ^-Beaujon . 143, 200 iBicetre . . 37, 503 I Charenton. . 506 )laGharite. 143, 374 — Glioique de I'^cole de Medecine. . 144, 416 —Cochin . . 143» 442 — des EnfansMalades, 145, 363 — Ste-Eugenie . 145, 295 •— Hotd-Dieu. . 141, 309 —Jewish . .• 146, 297 — ^Lariboissiere . 142, 241 — Lourcine. . 144, 443 —St. Louis. 36, 143, 257 — deMadameNecker,143, 362 — delaMaternite. . .139 — St. Mery . . .146 — duMidi. , 144, 443 — Militalre. 200, 351, 432 — delaPitie. . 142, 454 — daValdeGraice35, 145, 432 H6tel des Affaires £traii- geres. 37, 62, 210, 348 —des Archives . . 36, 274 — de Mad. Adelaide. . 366 — Aguado . . .222 — d'Aumont , . .333 — de Beauveau .201 — de Biron. . 361 — ^Borghese .204 — of British Embassy 1, 35, 204 — de Carnavalet. .291 — duGhatelet . .361 — de Ch&tillon. 282, 366 — deCluny. . .407 — de Colbert , ,437 — ^Demidoff. . 369 — Dieu. .36, 309 — de Mme. Dubarry. . 206 — des Finances , . 35, 182 — Forbin Janson .366 — de Gaucher . .282 — de Grammont. . .369 — d*Herbouyille. .282 — deHoIlande . .282 Hotel de la Hou£e T . 28^ — des Invalides. . 37, 353 — de Jassaud .333 — de Jeanne d'Albret . 282 — ^Lambert. .321 — de Lamoignon . 282 — de la Legion d'Honneor. 341 — de Longueville 160 n. — du Louvre . .215 — de Luynes . . . 372 —de la Marine . .186 — ^Meurice . .10, 180 — ^Mignon .... 417 — du Ministere de Tln- slruction Publique . 366 — Ministere de Tlnteriear. 366 ^[uMinisteredelaGuerre 369 — duMinisteredesTravaux 369 —des Monnaies. . 36, 379 — ^Monaco . .366 — ^Montbazon . ^48 n. — deMontholon. .239 — de Nesle. .250 — de Nesmond . . 467 —of Duch . dow. of Orleans 369 — d'Orsay . • . . 366 — d'Osmond. ... 2o6 — Perigord. ^ . 369 — Pontalba .204 — ^Ponthieu 248n. — desPostes. . . 242 — ^la Prefect, de Police. 35, 305 — dePraslin. . . 338 — du President du Corps Legislatif .348 —of Queen Christina. . 201 — de la Heine Blanche. .412 — de la Reyniepe. . . 204 —^Rothschild. 182, 223 — de St. Aignan. . ^74 — de St. Paul . . . 337 — de Savoisi . 282 — of Duchess of Savoy . • 394 — deSens .... 338 — deSoissons . . 250 — de Soubiae . . 274 OfDEX. Hdtel Sully. . . . 335 —Talleyrand . . .182 -de M. Thiers. , . 222 — du Tindire. .238 — de Toulouse . 249, 402 -de la Tr6mouill3 . 386 — du Tresorier . .308 — of Turkish Ambassador 367 — d'Uzes . . . .239 •^-de Vendome . . * 404 — ^Victoria .... 21o — deVille . .36, 324 Hotels, furnished, . 10, 585 — ^Laws on . . .93, 94 Household, Imperial. 63 Houses, curious, 220, 369, 453 --of Mme. Alboni . 193 —of Mile. Rachel . . 206 Houses and streets . .31 Huissiers .... 71 Hydraulic Machines 2 9n , 193 leerhouses .... 544 QedelaCite . . 28, 298 -*-des Cygnes . . 350n. —St., Louis 27, 321 — ^Louviers. . . . 336 — aux Vaches . - • 321 Imperial Guard . . .66 — ^Prince . .^ 59n. Imprimerie Jmperiale . 278 Independents, French. . 119 Indirect taxes for all France 46n Industrie, Palais de r . 187 Infant sdiools . . .108 Infanticides . . . 123n. Infernal Machine of Fieschi 261 — ofCadoudal . . .179 Infirmerie de Marie The- rese . . . 126, 439 Innkeepers, Laws on, . 93 Inns, French. . .10 Institut de France • . . . 95 — d'Afrique. . .110 — ^Uistorique. . .110 Institutions and PensioDs. 107 —Charitable. 86, 121, 127, 194 603 . . .117 — Scientin^ and literary. 95 Interpreters. . .11 Invalides, Hotel des. 37, 353 Jacobins, chapel of the. 406 James II., burial place of . 431 n. 435, 450, 542 Jardin Botanique de r£- cole de Medecine . . 404 — d'hiver . .488 — desPlantes. 36, 101, 454 Jerome, Prince, household 63 Jeux de Paume. . 495 Jewish Persuasion . . 1 20 Joan of Arc, anecdote of 234n. — ^where made prisoner .511 Jockey-club, Frendi. 13, 494 Journals, English. « .583 Journals, French ^ . 584 — Postage for . . . 9 Journeymen of Paris. . 46 Joutes sur Teau. ■ . .496 JugesdePaix . . .70 Jurors .... 74 Justice, Courts of. . . 68 — Palais de. . 34, 35, 300 Keeper of the Seals . . . 62 Kings of France, chrono- logical table of. . . 58 Knights Hospitallers. . 436 Lafayette, burial-place of. 297 Lamartine, courage of M. de 326«. Law, Faculty of .100 —School of . 423, 436 Laws affecting British Re- sidents. . 86 to 95 Lazai'ists, Convents of . . 82 255, 365 Lease, form of a. . . 95 Lectures, Public. 101, 102 105, HI, 139, 140, 143 to 145, 233, 268, 400, 405 456. Ledni-Rollin, escape of. 266n. Legends 260 n., 393 n. 604 nniix. LfigioQ-d'Hoiuiear, order of 64 — H6tdd6la . . .341 Logislative Body . . 60 ^Palace of .342 Letters, and Letter-boxes. 7 Libraries, Public . .110 — Circulating. . . .13 Library, Galignani's. 13, 180 Lighting of Paris • . 33n. Literary Institutions. • 96 •-^Societies ... 110 Lodgings in Paris. 10, 94 Lodgings for Workmen, 47 222, 296, 643, 682. London, conveyancesfrom 1 Longchamps. . . .192 Longevity in Paris . .44 Longitudes, Bureau des. 97 Louis, St., Heart of 308n. Louis XIII., Statue of .291 Louis XIY., Statue of . 237 Louis XYI., Marie Antoi- nette, place of execution 186 Louis XVII, supposed bu- rial places of . 290, 318 Louis Philippe, flight of 149n. 186. Louvre, Palace of the old 1 63 —attack of, in July. 164«. —Galleries of the . .166 —New .... 169 Luggage, Passengers' 2, 21 Lunatic Hospitals 146, 603,506 Lutheran Ghurdies. 119, 282 Luxembourg, Palace of the 394 —Gallery of the. . . 399 —Garden of the. . 399 — ^Library of the . .397 — ^le Petit . . . .401 — Pepiniere du . . .400 Luxor, Obelisk of. . . 184 Lycee Bonaparte .103, 205 ^--Charlemagne . .163, 334 — St. Louis. . . 103,405 — LouisleGrand .103,419 —Napoleon. . . 103^ 428 Lyceums . *: . . 16) Lying-in Ho^ital. . .139 Madrid .... 499 Magazine of Military Ac- coutrements . . .360 — du Mobilier de la Con- ronne . 186, 241, 360 Maille, Fruit Market. . 467 Mairies 74, 222, 248, 373, 394, 423. Maison d'Accoucheme&t. 139, 443. ^-d' Arret militaire. .402 —d'Arretde la Garde Nat. 466 — Centrale d'Edncation correctionnelle . 84, 264 — de la Couronne d'Or . 386 — des Dlacontsses . .129 — ^Doree , . . . 223 — d'Enghien. . .126,297 — de Fran^ I. .193 <— du Noviciat des BeU- euses Hospitalieres . 373 ~ ' " 123, 297 146, 265 . 108 . . 449 129, 446 . 206 . 239 — pour Eufants Delaisses. 129 Maisons-Laffitte. .621 Malesherbes,monumentto 303 Malles Postes ... 2 Malmaison . . .621 Manufacture des Glaces. 260 — des Gobelins. . 47, 445 — de Porcelaine. . 47, 645 — Imp. des Tabacs. 47, 349 Manufactures of l?ms. . 46 Marat, where stabbed. .416 — where buried. . 422n. Marche, La, races .494 Marche aux Arbustes . 323 — des Attgnstins. . .417 — ^Beaaveaii . • . .296 le Retraite — Imp. de Sante. — de St. Denis . — Scipion . — St. Casimir . —St. Foix . . — du Pont de Fer IKOBX. 606 Marche au Beurre . -—des Blanc»-MaiiteainL < — des GannM . — 4u Gh&teau d'Eau •

Ghevaux .

auxGhiens. . [Fleins. . 210, 323, 394 — auFromage .

Fruits (the Maille).

Gcmaiii . I Herboristes. •—St. Honore . — auxHulIm . --4es InnoeeBts. ^-St. Jean . — St. Joseph — de la Madeleine — St. Martin "-^ux. OEufs -"«uxOignons .

• — auxOiseaux .

— auPain . — ftu Poisaon — Ponunes de Terre — des Prouvaires — du Roule. — du Tfflmple — du Vieux Linge 263, -^laVolaille . Marie Antoinette, place of confinement of. Markets. 362 M^decine,£eoleFratiiiQed0l36 281 Medical Institutions . . 134 436 — ^oncours. . .137 259 — School of Paris . 135 447 — Societies. .146 446 Medicine, Faculty of. . 134 269, --Statistic Returns 138n Menagerie . .457 Menus Plaisirs, Salle des. 241 Meridian Line of French Astronomers . . 437 252 Messageries Jmperiales. 2, 238 216 --Generales. Gailiard 2, 249 252 467 390 261 Metrical System 251 Mettray, colony of . 282 Meudon . \ 239 Meurice*8 H6tel. . 10, 210 Midwifery, School for • 264 Military Establishment . 252 — Gamp .... 252 —Hospitals. 200,351, 432 391 —Prisons . . .81, 402 252 —Schools . 104, 252 Mineralogy, Gabinets of . 252 404, 462. 250 Ministers, Foreign • 200 — Gouncilof. . 263 —of Gharles X, prison in 296 which confined . 417 Minister of Finances. — ^for Foreign AfiTairs. 62, 348 304 — of the Interior .62, 366 39 — of Justice. ... 62 16 86 521 180 139 66 511 634 104 583 61 401 62 — Gatae.42,467,504,526,545 —Marine and Golonies. 62, 186 Marly Mama^, Laws on Mary Queen <^ Seots. Masked BaUs. . . ,484 Mass, high, to attend . iii. Massacre of St. Rnrthe- lemy 53, 164, 245, 248n. Mdts de Gocagne. . 496 Measures and Weii^ts 16 ^—French and English compared . 16 to 19 521 "—Public Instruction and 87 Worship. . 63,366 428 — ^Agricttltttre,Gommerce, and Public Works 63, 369 — of State. ... 61 —of War . . .62, 369 Mint 379 Mints in France. 14n. Miracles 260n., 368, 393n. Models, GabineU of 264, 384 389. Medals 64, 67n,76n, 229; 380n Moliere, house, bom m. 251 Digitized by VjOOQ IC 006 INBBZ* Moliere, house be died in . 234 Monceaux, Pare de . . 200 — Plainede. .201 Money, English, value of i 5 MontdePiete . 131, 280 MontValerien . . 523 MontfaucoD, Poudrette de. 257 Monibazon, Duchess, death of ... . 248n Monthyon Prizes. . 96 Montmartre. . . 523 — ^Abattoir of . 222 — Cemetery of . .219 — Reservoir of . .524 Montmorency . .524 Monument to Guvier. . 454 —to Cardinal DeBelloy 3i8ii. — to Comeille . .216 — ^toDamesme . . .512 — toDesaix. . . 300 —to Abbe deTEpee. 235, 576 —to Duke d*Enghien . 581 —to Count d'Harcourt .318 -^'to General Hoche . . 576 — ^to Queen Hortense . 529 —to. James II. 450, 542 — to Empress Josephine. 529 — toLarrev. . . .432 — to Malesherbes . 303 —to Marshal Ney . . 439 — toMoliere. . .234 -^4o Duke of Orleans . 557 — to Cardinal Bichelieu. 407 Morgue, la. ... 76, 309 Mortefontaine . . .524 Muette, La . . .500 Musee des Antiques .166, 510 — Alg^rien. • . .177 -«^Am4ricain. . . . 178 — d'Artillerie . . 370 —des Arts et Metiers . 264 — Chinois .... 482 —de la Colonnade. . ^ 174 "-^esDessins . 174 — ^Dupu3^tren . 138, 414 Hfeyptien. . . . , 171 Mns^ Ethndogique . .176 — Grec et Romain . . 172 — d'Histoirenaturelle. loi, 461 — dei'H6<el ie Quny. . 407 -hIu Luxem^oui^. . . 399 — de la Marine . . .175 -rder£cole de Medecine. 414 -^e I'fcole des Mines . 404 — de Mineralogie. 404, 462 — ^Monetaire . 379 — desMonumentsFraneais 386 — desPlMres . .176 — de la Renaissance. . 177 — de Sculpture Modeme. 178 — de Sculpture Ancienne 233 — Sonunerard . ... -408 — des Souvendns • .172 — Standish . ... .174 —des Tableaux. . .170 Museums 109 —of Anatomy. 414, 416 —of Antiquity, 109, 166, 172 229, 423, 510 —of Art. 109, 170, 31>9, 423 —Natural History, loi, 109 461. —of Phrenology. . . 460 Musical Societies. • .ill Nanterrre . .524 Napoleon's early mansion .217 —Statues . . 218, 359 — Various residences . 218n. —Tomb 365 National Assembly, attack upon . . 343n. National Guard 66, 93, 466 Naturalization, law on . 89 Navy . . .65 —office . . .62, 186 Newspapers, list of 583, 584 News Rooms. ; . .13, 180 Neuilly 524 Ney, Marshal . . .288 Notaries . ... 70, 27» Notre Dame, Cathedral of. 310 —Sacking of, . , 317ii, INDEX. «07 28 107 2 50 Notre Dame de Lorette . 220 Nouvelle Athenes .222 Nursery Grounds, 400, 456 Nurses, Office for . .130 Obelisk from Luxor. .184 Observatory. . . 36, 437 Octroi Duties .45 Officers de Sante .138 Onmibuses . 6, 193n. Opera, invention of . 468n. Oratory, remarkable . 333 Orleans, Duke, brother of Charles VI., murder of. 280 — ^Duko of, son of Louis Philippe, statue of . 1 6 5 , 568 --death of . . . 197n. — ^Duchess of, at the Cham- ber of Deputies . 3 4 5n . Orphan asylum. 125,439 Oiurcq, Canal de F . Ouvroirs .... Packets, time of sailing. Pagan Worship at Paris. Paintings, Pnvate Galle- ries of . . . . i09 Palaces. . . . ; 34 Palais Archiepiscopal. . 361 — des Beaux Arts . 385 — -Bourbon. ; . 34, 342 — Cardinal. 210, 278 •— du Corps Legislatif . 342 — £lysee Napoleon . 34, 201 — deVIndustrie . .187 — del'Institut . . .383 —de Justice. 34, 35, 300 •«--de la Legion d'Honneur. 341 —du Vieux Louvre . 34, 163 du Nouveau Louvre . 159 •du Luxembourg . 34, 394 •du Min. de la Marine. 186 •du President du Corps legislatif . • .348 -du qua! d'Orsay . . 339 Royal . .210 TduSenat . . .395

• -du Temple. , ♦ . 263

34, 410 290 . 34, 147 . 35, 419 1 99 Palais des Thermes. —des Toumelles —des Tuileries . Pantheon Paris, arrival at — ^Academy of . — Arrondissementsof. 43, 147 — ^Areaof 26, 56n. — Civil Administration . 72 — ^Basin, its geology 26 — Charitable institutions. 36 121 to 131 — Churches of . . 34, 117 — Circumference of . 26 — Climate of. ... 26 — Commerce of. . .46 — Commercial Establish- ments of. . . .112 — Consumption of. . . 48 — ^Description of, by ar- rondissements. . .147 — ^Directory. . . .583 —Distance of. from towns of Europe and France. 26 — Division of , . .74 —Electors ... 74 — ^Environs of . .501 — Expense of population 48ft. — Expenditure of. . . 44n. — ^Exports of . . . 46n. — ^Fortifications of . .67 — ^History of .49, 3 2 On. — ^Houses of . .31 —Islands of. 27, 298, 321,336, 350 n. — Jurors . : . . 74 — ^Manufactures of . .47 — ^Military Government of 66 — ^Modern embellishments 57 — Octroi Duties .45 — ^Physical Statistics of . 26 — ^Police of. . . .75 — ^Population of. . 43 — ^Prisons of . .77 to 86 —^Public Institutions of. 95 --p-Quarries of. . • 440n'«  iirfiKX. Paris, Receipts of . . 44 — Wvera ef . . .27 "-Situation of . . .26 --SocUl Statistics • • 43 —Societies, divers, in . lio to 112, 120, 127 to 131, 146 —Streets of. ... 31 —Taxes of. . . . 45 —Treasury of the City of. 74 .—Views, finest, of. 161, 197 272, 267, 295, 314n. 422 522. Park ofMonceaux —of Boulogne . Parlements, ancient. Parvis Notre Dame Passage-boats Passages Passage GhoiiMil. —Colbert. — de Lorme — du Havre -Jouflfroy. f'-<[e la Madeleine* — de rOp6ra . — 4es Panoramas — du Pont-Neuf — du Saumon — ^Verdeau . . 200 . 496 . 303 . 309 . 4 . 39 . 216 39, 237 39, 180 . 205 39, 222 . 210 . 223 39, 223 . 378 39, 242 39, 222 39, 249 39, 237 1, 76 526 91 32 280 895 — Vero-Dodat — ^Vivienne. Passports . Passy . Patents. . Paving materials, price of Pawnbrokers 131, Peers, Chamber of . Pent^mont, le. 118, 367 Pensions or schools. . 107 Pepin, house of . < 295 —Grave of . , . 403 Pere La Chaise, Cemetery. 284 — ^Amount ex^nded in 289n. Periodical Exhibitions . iio Perth, Duke of. Monument 450 Pharmacie Centrale. 145, 467 Pharmaeie Mifitaira . . 350 — ficolede. 140, 434 Physioal Statistics . , 26 Physicians, number of. 138ft. — tistof . . • 586 Plchegru, monument of . 449 Picpus, Cemetery of. . 297 Places, public squares 38 — ^that must be seen by a stranger, list of . . iii —of Historical Note. . 58 — ^Memorable for Scenes of Popular Disturbance. 58 —of Public Amusement. 468 Place de la Bastille . . 293 — ^Beauveau. . • .201 — de la Bourse . .223 —4u Carrousel . . 38, 168 — ^e la Concorde, or Louis XV . . 38, 182 —history of . . .186 — duChatelet . . ; 272 — Dauphme. .300 — de Greve. , . .331 — de rimp^ratdce . 234n. —Lafayette. . . .241 — ^Louvois , • • .225 — Maubert . . . .451 — 'Mazas 298, 467 —St. Michel . . .405 —Napoleon III. « .150 — de Notre Dame . 3o9 — 4u Palais Bourbon . 348 —du Palais Royal . . 2lo — Royale . .38, 290 — du Trone. « 296, 493 — Valhuberl . . .466 — Vauban . . • .353 — Vendome , • 38, 180 — des VietMroi. « 38, 239 — desVosget « . .290 Poissy. . . • * 526 — Caissede. ; . . 73 Police, Administration (tf the 75 — Commiasaires de —Prefecture de. . 76 75, 301 II9DEX. 5 Post Office, Statistics of 609 Police-office for carriages 5 Fostomce, statistics of . 9n Polytechnic School. 104, 435 Post-Horses, Office for 74, 220 PompeduPontNotreDame 324 Posting in France 2 — 4 feu de Chaillot. 29, 193 Poudrette de Montf^ucon. 267 — du Gros Caillou. . 29, 360 PreauxGlercs . 367, 375 t la Samaritaine. 299n. — Catelan PontdeTAlma 193, 360 —St. Gervais 600, 321 Prefecture of Department. 323 — Ck)n8eilde 385 —of Police. 1, 36, 75, 466 Premonstratenaian Monks. 298 President of theLegislative - Body. .. . . . -Pal?ice of. 499 626 72 72 306 414 — de rArchevech^ •^-d'Arcole .... — des Arts .... — d'AusterliU. . — de Bercy, or de la Gare.

• — da Can4st. Martin. 283, 290 nody . .. » .60

— Carrousel, or Sts. Peres. 390 — Pal?ice of. .348 —au Change . . .324 Priests, number of . .120n

• — delaCite . . .321 Prince Jerome's household 63

—Concorde, or Louis XVI 341 Prince of Wales, wager —-de (lonstantine — au Double. . — de I'Estpccade. — des Invalides — de Jena . — ^Louis Philippe — ^Mane —St, Michel — ^Napoleon -Neuf. . h— Notre Dame —Petit . —Royal — dela Tournelle Pont-de-St.-Maur. . Pope Pius. VII. , where de- tained by Napoleon . Population of Paris . —of the arrondissements. — of France. Porcelain Manufactory . Portd'Armes. . Ports or Wharfs. Porte St. Denis. — St. Bernard . . — ^Maillot . , . . —St. Martin. . , , . Post Office 321 with Count d'Artois . 499 .310 Prince Imperial 69n. . 336 Princess Matilda's house- 192, 348 hold .... 63 . 193 Printing Office, Imp. 36, 278 . 321 Prisons. . ..... 77 . 323 Prison derAbbaye.. 8i; 378 . 308 -T-de la Conciergerie. 81, 303 . 298 — des Condamnes. . . 298 —for Debtors . . 324 —dela Force . .. . 308 — delaNouvelleForce 78, 298 . 338 — pour Jeunes Detenus 84, 284 . 321 — de St. Lazare. . 82, 265 526 — des Madelonnettes. . 80 -—of Marie Antoinette — deSte. Pelagic. -— Mazas . — ^Military . — de la Prefecture. 514 43 43 43n. 545 93 31 254 467 197 83, 284 82, 218 78, 282 304 82, 449 78, 298 81, 402 81, 305 Prisoners confined at Vin- cennes . . 580n. Private MuseuQQfi- . .109 —Edifices . . , .33 — ^Libraries. . .110 Professors, list of * . 587 259 — agreges « • . .101 7 Promenades. , . .496 192 |r-Ad(rvuaii§tratioii p! p», ^42 ^f lx)ngchaxnp8 ^ . 63, Mwdes), 65 493 484 96 08 HO 109 496 134 63 610 Fi«taBtaBft€bniciMS. iU, UB 194,203, 22d,249,«64, 335 367. — Schoote .... 119 Prud'bonmies, Gonacfl.? 1,259 PdolicAmusemenls . . 468 — buildings. ... 35 — Goadies . — 4)ebt. . — FestiTals — OaidfiDB . — InslitiitioDg — Instroction — libraries. — If iiseums (see — PromeaaieB — Schocrfs, of Medicuie . — ^Works, Administration Pnt^cationsof Acadtoie 96n Qoarries under Paris 44 on. Quarters of Pans. 74 QuarUer Latin . . 436 Quays. . 30, 323, 467 Races. . 35i; 494, 506 RadLel,Mlle . . 206n. Railroads. 1, 2, 206, 241, 256 298. — Ghartres. . . . 402 — Gorbeil .... 466 — St. Germain . . . 205 — Lyons. . . 298 — ^Northern. : : . 241 —Orleans . . : . 466 — RoUen .... 205 — Sceaux .... 644 — Strasburg. . . : 266 — Versailles. . . « 2p§ — ^all round Paris . .3 Ra nc^. Abbe de . 248n. Raincy. . . , , 526 Rambouillet. . .527 Ranelagh . 49a, 500 Ravaillac, remains of^ where suspended. '. Bo 5 Reading-Reoms . . 13, 180 Regattas . . , 495 RdigiMHf laatMioM. « 117 — ^Armenian, (keek . . I20 — Jewish . . . . ^20 —Protestant .118 —Romish . . . 117 Reservoirs. 39, 259, 25«, 403 405, 428, 439. --remarkable . . 439 Restaurateurs . .it Revenues of Paris. . 44 Reviews, Militaiy. . . 494 Rewards io Exhibitocs k89n. Ricfa^eu, head of . 497n. Riding Sdio<4s . .106 Rivers of Paris. . 27 Roads, Administration of. 73 Rooking stones . ^ . 441 R<»nainTille. . . . 5^8 Romish Glergy, cost of. 129n. — how composed. . ^117 Rothschild's hotels . . 223 Rousseau,burial-placepf. 422n. — place where h^ died . 511 Routes from coast to Paris. l Rue du Ranquet . 194 — des Garmes. . . . 436 — des £coles . . . 405 — St. Jean de Reauvals . 436 — du Rempart , 234». — de Rivoli — de Strasbourg Rueil . St; Gloud : ; —Park of . . St. Gyr. : : St. Denis . ! — Maison de. St. Germain en St. James . St'. Leu Tavemay ^i. Ouen . Ste. Ghapelle . Salaries of Prelated. SalTeduS^nat . — desAncetres , SaUesd^AsUe. . .179 L^e .108 333 25Q 528 529 533 634 ? A3* , 54? . 499 •. .544 • 544 . ,306 num. . 396 . 233 . i08 DfMBS* 6ii 145, 448 ^ Sait, Entr^for . . S5«  Sapeurs Pompiers . . (57 Savings' Bank • . . 133 Savonnme^ la . ^ ..4^5 Scarron, house of . .331 Sceaux 5^ Schools (see 6c6les,Lyeie8). — j^>ecial . • . • 104 — ^British free. . . .US SdbooH. of Rue Y^^ard. 40^ Sdmees, Facidty c^, . 99 Sdentific Instituti<»is. . 9$ — Societies. . Ho, 146 Sculpture^ Ajidiers de , 350 — ^American . . , 178 — ^Assyrian. . • .177 — EgyptiaA . . 177, 2,33 Secours aux Noy^, 6cc. 76 — k Domicile. . ; .130 Seine, the River. . .27 Seminaire des Irlafidais. 435 —des Missions £lr9iig^res 118 "-l>etit. . . . . 118 •—da St. Esprit. 118, 434 — de St. Firmin. . . 453 — de St. NiccAas du Ghar- donnet . : 118, 452 — deSt. Sdmce. 118, 394 Senate. . . : . ^59 — ^Palace of. . . . 395 S^tunentalJonmej^ site of one of the scepes ^n. 379 Sergents de Vjile . .67 Seryante. , i . ^0, 93 Sevres.' . v ; . 644 Sewer^, C!omii|on . .4^ Shooting : T : fl 9^ Sisters of Charity, fimwn Catholic. ,: T , .118 —Protestant. ^ s '; 129 Skating. : , ; . 49^ Slaughter-Houses {^e^Abat- . toirs); . . . \ 42 . Smokio^-Houses. : ; 13 Social Statislies ? i ^| Sodeties, Agiic^^liiii) t m 112. ^ •— Benevoli»4 96, i^, to 130 —Medical . ,146^ 147 — for Races . .43, 494 — Religious . . .120 — ^ientific,Litarary l^oto 1 1 2 Sceursde la Charity. , ^8 S<Mr^, Diplomatic^ &c! vi S<»rl)oim6, toe. 36, 99^ 40;6 Sourici^ere^ the . ^ .305 Sports. ; . . ; 4^4 Scares (see Placi^, , Staides, Emperor'j^ . . ^1 Stafk, Milit^. , .. 66 Stamp Office.' 74^ ^238 State, Gouiicil <9f. ... 61 —Carriages . ^ , 574 Statistics of Paij^s, Social. 43 — Physical' ... 26 Statue of Henry IV. 299, 327 —of Louis Xlll. , ,291 —of Louis XIV. 237, 326 —of Duke of Orleans, 165, 668 —of Marshal Ney 439 Steam Boats (see birectory) 4 — ^Packets from i^^and. 2 Steeplechase . . , 494 Streets, length of . ; 31n. Streets and houses , , 31 —Interesting to Antiqua-^ rians 274, 282^ 405, J^i2 436. Studen1^,M#ca}, , . 134 — Ii^ternes . . . |^6n. — ^number of . . . |0^ — cost of education . \ ip^ Su^tanoes xnilit^res. . 193 3i|ii-dial, curious. 2$9, 39? SuriBStie. . . « . .$41 Surgeons, list of , » ^86 Suspension-hridges. 298, 32 4. Swunming Schools. 40, 321 Swiss Cottage . . . 219

• -€hurch • . . H?

(lit UVDEX. Syiii(50giM, Jewish. ISO, 262 Tribiinali . 35, 36, 68 to 70 lalleyrand, i^sideace of. 182 Tribunal das Conflits . 40 i Tapestry Manufactory. . 445 Triumphal Ardies. 36, 158, Taiesof Paris . . 44, 45 195,254, 259, 298 —indirect for all France 46fi. —Columns. 36^ 180, 272, 294, Teachers, list of . . 587 296 Telegraphs. ... 65 Tuileries, Palace of the. . 147 Templars, order of . 263n. — Garden of the, 154, 496 Temple, Convent du. . 264 Turrets,anGient. 280, ^33, 414 -— Palais du. .263 417. Tomis Courts. . 206, 495 Universal Exhibition of Theatres 468 Manufactures I88n. — ^Description of 47 2 to 482 University of France. . 98 -^Beceipts of . . . 469n. Valets de Place . .10 ^^-Statistics of . . 469n. Vaugirard . . .548 —Sum levied on Receipts Vehicles, Public. .2,4, 6 . of, for the Hospitals. : 470 — ^to Environs (see Pre/oce). 6 481 Venetian Bridges. 283, 290 100 Versailles 548 410 — ^Best mode of visiting, viii — of theBanlieue Theology, Faculty of. Thermes, Palais des. Thermometric Scales Thiers, reaidenoe of M. Tickets, how to obtain Tobacco, Manufactory —Sale of 20 — Gardens of. . .567 222 — Museum of. . . .553 iv — ^Palace of. . . . 561 349 —Town of. . , . 575 47 Veterinary Schools. . .501 Tomb of Kmg of Poland. 378 Victoria H6tel . . .210 — ofKingJohn'sdaughter337n. Villette, la. . . 578 — of Cardinal Richelieu . 407 Villeneuve Tfitang. . 577 — of James II. . . 450, 542 Vincennes . . • 578 — ofJames Duke of Douglas 377 — Prisoners confined at 58on. — of Lafayette . . .297 Voltaire, where he died. 390 — of Napoleon . .355 — ^tombof . • 42 2n. —H>f Rousseau . 42 2n. — ^birth-place of . —of Voltaire, . 422n. Wages in Paris . Tour de St. Jean deLatran 436 Walks, Public .

• -St.JaoquesBoucherie34, 271 Water, supply of.

508 48 496 29 384n. — EstaW. for purifying. 337 467 Weights, Fr. andEiigl. 16 to 19 588 Wesleyan Chapel. . .119 46n. Willsj Laws on . . .88 11 Wine Market . . .453 182 Workmen, houses for 47, 222 74 296, 543, 582. 573 Workmen's Societies . 131 — 4e Nesle, site of Toumelle, la. . Tradesmen, list of . —Licenses of. . Traiteurs Treasury, Imperial . —of the CSty of Paris. Trianon, Grand zz^^^^* , . . .575 Zoology, gallery of ^61 1 LIST OF THE STREETS, SQUARES, ETC., IN PARIS. EXPLANATION. The capital letter and. figure placed after the name of the street indicates le part of the map in ^hich it is found ; for example^ if you wish to find le BiroD, D. 0, draw (your finger down under the letter D., from the top r the map» till it arriyea opposite the figure 6, hetween the lines of which > rue Biron.'The figures placed before the name of a street indicate that is traced in the map, hut its name could not he giyen for want of room. A]>lMI7e(del^yD.4. I Ahbaye (pUc* de V)^ D. 4. Abbe de VBif*9f D. ». Abbeville (40. R^ Agoessewi W, C a. SAgueaseev (maaPslBft et I>asn9» d^ C. 9«  Ai8villerieidBi^;E.aL Albooy, F. S. Alger (d^CD.fc Alibert. F. 1. Aligre (d% G. 4. ». Alma (Bo«i0?af d d9 \>) B. 3.4. Alma (Post de V) B. f . Amandiert - Popliictfart (de8),G.8l Amandiers (des), Sataite- GenerMfe, ^ 5. AmaBdMn ptarridMdall, G. a. AmboiM W, I>. a. Ambroid Par«, B. 2. Ambroise (St-), G. 3w Am61ie, B. S. Amclot, F. 9. 4. Amsterdam (d^, C. 4. Anaetaae (St-), F. % AneieaBe4:omMie (deT). D. 4. Anere(patMgedeP), B. 8. A]idr6-de»-Arto (Saiet-), D.4. Andr^-des-Arts (placeSt-), A%glide|dein,l>. t. Angl«i8<de8),B.4. 4 ABglcis (impasse d«^, me Beavboiffg, K. 8. AoglaiflM (des), B. ft. AngouUme (d^, F. 3. iADgooltaie (plaee d'), faab. da Temple. F. 8. Afigool^me-St HoAor6j f- B.a. 'I Anjon-StpHoaord. C 3. AnjOD in Manis, F. $, Anjoa-Daaphtiie, D. 4. A]iioa(4«ald^£.F.4. Anne (Saiate-), St-Ho- nor6, D.2.8. Attthi {bkU d^, D. % Antin (d^, D. % Antin (aU«e d^. B. % 8. ABteiae (St-), E. F. 4. Aiitoine^lS»-)7B.F.4. Antoine p>o«ilerard 8t-)^ F. 8. 4. Antoine (diifialioavgSt-), F. G. H. 4. Antoi]ie-D«boi8,D.4. ApoUine (Ste-)) E. a. Ari«Ute(deV),B.S. Arbre-Sec (de 1'), D. 8. Arcade (deF)C a. ArcheYteh^ (4I04i)} B. 4. Arche?«eM(poatLB.4. Aroole (poDt d% E. 4. Arcole (roe d'), B. 4. Arcoell (barridrel, D. 6. Argentevil (d*) D. 3. Arnaad (St.-); C. D. a. Arras \,d% E. & Arts (pent d«s}, D 8. Asile (dc I'), F. 6. 8. Assas (d') C. 4. Astorg(d%C2. AubrT'le-Boudier, B. 3. Aumaire. E. 3. Amnale (d>) D. I. Aunay (barridro d') H. 8. AQsterlitz, B. 3. A«sterlit«(d%F.«. AQSterlltx (quai), F. S. 6. AusterUtx tpon* *% F. 5. Aral (dO, F. 4. BabUle, D. 3. Babylone (de), C 4. Bae (du), C. 3. 4. Baillet, Arbre-Sec. E, 3. BaiUenl.E. 8. BaUlif, D. 8. Balzae. B. 2. Banque de France. D. 3. Banque (de la), Jy. 2. 8. Banqnet (du), A. 2, see da cbemin de Versailles. Banqoet (barriire da), A. 2. see des Bassins. Bdnquier (da). E. 6. Baibe (Sle-), E. 2. Barbet de Joay, C. 4. Barbette, F. 3. BariIl^e(dela)jE.4. Barom^tre (galerie du), mi des passages de I'O- p^ra, D. 2. Barouilldre (dela), C. S Barres (des), E. 4. Barri^re des Gobelins (de la). E. 6. Barrois (passage), E. 3. Barth^lemy, B. 5. Basfroid, G. 4. Basse-des-Ursins, E. 4. Basse-da-Rempart, C. D. 2. Basse-St-Pierre, k Cbail- lot, A. 8. Bassompierre, F. 4. Bastille (pi. de la) F. 4. BataiIles(des),A.3. BataiUes (barriftre). A. 8 ITBattoir St-victor, E. 5. Baudin (Impasse), C. 2. 48Baudoyer (place) j E. 4. Bayard, A. 4 Bayard. B 2 3. Bazar de I'Industrie (pas- sage du). D. 2. Beaubonrg. E. 8. Beaoce (de), F. 3. Beaujolais, PaIais>Royal. D. 3. Beaujolais, Palais Royal (j)ass3<r«0. n 3 11 LIST OF STREETS, SOtJAR£S, Eti!!. Beau)olai9; au Marais, F. 3. Bcaujon (ciW), A. B. 4. BeauJoQ (place), B. 2. Beaujon, A. B. 2. Bcaunc (dc), C. D. 3. Beauregard, E. 2. Beauropaire, E. 3. Beaurepairc (clt6), E. 3. Bcautreim8(de).F. *. Beaaveaa (place). C. 2. Bcauveau (de), faubourg St-Anloine, G. 4. 5. Beauveau (marcb6), fau- bourg St-Anlolne, G. 4. Bcauvilliers (passage), rue Richelieu, D. 3. Beaui-Arls(des|,D 4. Bcccaria, G. 5. Bellecbasse (de), C. 3. 4. Bellechasse (place), C. 8. peUefond(do),E. I. Belleville (barri6re),G. 2. Bclli6vre, F. G. BelRe8piro(de),A.2, Belzunue, £. 1. BcDoU (St-), faubourg St- Germain.D. 4. St-BenoU-St-Martin,E. 8. now rue Marcoul. 21 Benoit (passage et place) SI-), St-Jacques, E. 8. a2l)eD0it (passage Saint-). place de I'Abbayc-St- Germain,D. 4. Bcrcy (do), au Marais, marcb^ St-Jean, E, 4. Bercy(de), faubourg St- Antoine, F. 4. 5. G. 5. BercT(barridrede), G. 5. Bei cv (pont de), G. 6. IJortii'ic, D. E. 2. rergfcrc (cite), D. E. 2. liergoie (galerie) , rue tieoffroy-Marie, D. 2. Iieilin(de), C. <, Bernard (St-), G.4. Bernard (SI-), auai et port au vin,'sec quai de ii l\{kl>6e.F. G. 5. Bin'uardins (dcs), E. 4. Berry cr (cit6), C. 2. Bcrtin-Poirfie, E. 3. B<?rtin-Poiree(pl.), E.4. Berlrand, B. 4. 5. BClliune (quai de), E. F. 4. Beurrifcrc, D. 4. Bichat, F. 2. Blches (du poat aux), St Mai-ce', E S. Bienfaisance, B. C. l. Bifevre (de), E. 4. 23BI6vre (de), pont, quai VHdpital, F. 5. Billeltcs (des), E. 3. Billy (quai de), A. 3. 2SBirague (place), F. 4. Biron, D. C. Bizet, A. 2. 3. B. 3. Blanche, D. I. Blanche (barrifere), D. I. Blanchisseuses (impasse des). A. 2. 3. Blancs-Manteaux, E. 3 Blancs-Manteaux (march^ des), F. 3. B16 (port au), E. I. Bleue, E. 1.2. Bochart de Sarron, D. i. Boieldieu (Place), D 2. Boileau, D. E. 4. Bois-de-Boulogne (passage du), E. 2. Bon (St-), E. 3. Bon-Pults (du) B. 4. 5. Bonaparte. D. 3. 4. Bondy (de), E. F. 2. Bonne -Nouvelle (boule- vard), E. 2. Bons-Enfants (des), D. 3. 28Bons-Enfants (pass, des), Palais-Royal, D. 3. Bons-Hommes. (des) ii Pas- sy,'A. 3. Bossuet (de), E. 1. Boucher. D. 8. Boucherie - des - In valides (de la), B. 8. Boudreau, C. 2. . Boufflers (avenue dc) nowrueLowendal. . Boufflers (cit«), E. 3. Bonlangers (des), E. 5. Boule-Rouge, D. E. 2. Bonlets (des). G. H. 4. Boulogne (de), C. D. I. Bouloi (du), D. 3. . Bouquet dc Longchamp (du), A. 3. Bouquet des Champs (du), A. 3. 32 Bourbon-le-Chateau,D. 4. Bourbon (quai),E. 4. Bourbon-Villeneuve. E2. Bourdaloue, D. I. Bourdon (boulevard). F. 4. Bourdonnais (des), E. 3. Bourdonnaye (la), B. 4. Bourdonnaye (avenue de la), A. 3. B 4. Bourg-FAbbd; E. 3. Bourg-rAbb« (passas^ E. 3. Bourgognc (de), C. 3. 4. Bourgogne (cour), G. 4. Bourguignons (des), D.I E. 6. Boursault, D. 1. Bourse (de la), D. 2. Bourtibourg, E. 3. 4. Boutarel, E. 4. Boutebrie, E. 4. Bouvines (de), E. i. Boyauterie (barri^re ^ (la). F. I. Boyeldieu(Pl.).D.2. Brady (passage), fanbooi St-Denis, E. 2. Braqae (de), E. 3. Breda, D. I. • Bretagne (de), F. 3. Breteuil (place), B. 5. Breteuil (avenue), B. 4. 2 Bretonvilliers, E. F 4. Brisemiche, E. 3. Brissac, F. 4. Brongniart, D. 2. Bruant, F. 6. Bruxelles (de), C. D. «. Bacherie (dc la), E. 4. BuffeuU.D. 4.2. Buffon, E. F. 5. Buisson St-Louis (da),F G.2. Bussy (de), D. 4. SdBnssY (carrefour), D. 4. ' Butte Chaumont, F. 1. Buttes (des), H. 5. Byron (avenue Lord-), A B. 2. Cadet, D. 2. Cadet (place), D. I. I Cairo (du), K. 2. Cairo (place et pasMC«  du), ou Foire, B. 2. , Calais (de), D. I. Calandre (de la), E. 4. Cambrai (place), E. 4. Campagne-Premi^re.D 5. Campo-Formio, F. 6. Canal St-MartiB(du).F.i Canettes (des), D. 4.^ 37Canivet(dn),D. 4. Capucines (boulevtf4 des), CD. 2. Capuclns (rue et jpiiR des). D. 5. 6. Cardinal Lemoino, K 4 . cardinale, D. 3. 41 Cargaisons (des), E. 4 . Carmea (des). £. 4. . Carnotj D. 5. M:aron,F.4. Carr6 Marigny, B. 2. , Carridre»(desj; A. 3. Carrousel (plaee), D. 3. Carrousel (pontda), D. 3, Casimir P^rier. C. 3. ' Cassette, D. 4. Casstni, D. G. Castellane, C. 2. Castex, F. 4. Castiglione (de), c. 2. 3. Catherine (Ste-),D. 5. Xatinat (de), D. 3. Caumartin (de), C. 2. C^cile (Sle,-), E. 2. C^lestins (quai des), F. 4. .CeDdrier (du), E. 6. Ceudrier (passage), D. 2. Censier, E. 5. Centre (do), B. 2. ^Cerisaie (dela), F. 4. 'Chabannais (de), D. 2. Chabrol (dc), E. F. I. ChaiUot (de), A. 2. 3. B. 2. Chaise (de la), C. 4. Chalons (do). G. 5. Champagny, c. 3.

Ciiaiup-de-Mars (dn), B.4.

Champ-de-Mars, A. 3. B. 4. ' Champs (des), A. 3. Champs-Ely&fes (des), C2. Champs -Elystes (avenue [ des), A. B. 2. C. 3. Chaualeilies, C. 4. Change (pont au), E. 3. Chanoinesse, E. 4. Chantiers (des), E. 4. iChantres (des), E. 4. iChapelle (de la), F. f. ChapeUe (de la Sainte-), ' B. 3. ^ Chapelle (conr de la Ste-), au Palais, E. 4. Chapon, £. 3. Chaptal, D. I. Charbonniers (des), fau- bourg St-Mareeau, E. 5. 6. Charenton (de),F. 4. G.4. 5. H. 6. Charenton (barridre de), « H. 5. ' Charlemagne, F. 4. Charlemagne (passage) , F.4. Chariot, F. 8. Charonne (de), G. H. 4. Charpentier, D. 4. <^harreti6re, E. 4. 5. XJiartreeUej^B. i. LIST OP STREETS, SQUARES, ETC. Chartres (galerie de), Pa- lais-Royal, D. 8. Chastill6n, F. 1. ChAteau-d'Eau (du), E. F. 2. ' Chateaubriant (avenue), A. B. 2. Chateau-Landon, F. i. Chatelet (place du ), R 3. Chauehat. D. 2. Chaume (du), E. 3. Chaussde-d'Antin (de la), D J. 2. Chauss^ - des -Minimes. (de la). F. 8. 4. Chaussee-du-Maine (ave- nue de la), C. 5. Chausson (passage), F. 2, Chauveau-Lagarde, C. 2. Chemin de fer (place du), E. 1. Chemin de fcr de Paris a Corbeil, k Orleans, Tours ct Nantes, the terminus near the Garden of Plants, F. 5. Chemin de fer de Paris a Lyon et Marseille ; the terminus , boulevard Mazas, F. 5. Chemin de fer de Paris k Soeaux: the terminus barri^re d'Enfer, D. e. Chemin de fer de Paris h St-Germain, h Rouen, Dieppe etle Havre: the terminus rue St-Lazare, C. I. 2. ^ Chemin de fer de Paris k Strasbourg • the terminus rue Neuve Chabrol, E. F.I. ^ Chemin de for de Paris k Versailles : the terminus right banJi rue St-Lazare, C. I. 2.: that of the left banJi is boulevard Mont- parnasse, C. 5. Chemin de fer du Nord ; the terminus is rue du Nord, E. I. Chemin de fer de Char- tres et du Mans : the ter- minus boulevard Mont- parnase. C. 5, et em- bercad. de FOuest (prds celui du Havre), impasse Baudin, C. l. Chemin-de-Versailles, A. 2. Chemin-Vert (du). F. G. 3. Cherche-Miai, C. 4. ;i. HI Chenibini, D. 4. Chevaux (marchd anx), E. F. 5. ^ Chcvcrt, B. 4. Chevrcuse, D. 5. 52Childebert. D. 4. Chilp^ric, D. 3. Choisenl (de), D. 2. Choiseul (passage), D. 2. Chopinette (barriere de la), G. 2. ' Chopinette (de la), F. 2. Choux (pont aux), F. 3. Christine, D. 4. Chrisiophe (St-), E. 4. Cirque (du), B. 2. Cisalpine, B. 4. see de Va- lois du Roule. Ciseaux (des), D. 4. Cit6 (de la), E. 4. Cit6 (quai de la), E. 4. Cit^ (pont de la), E. 4. Clt6 d'Antin, D. 2. Cit^Beaujon.A.B. 2. Cit6 Berryer, C. 2. Cit6 Bertraud, G. 3. CitiJ Josset, G. 4. cm Napoleon, £ i ri(6Noel, E. 3. Cil^Odiot,B.2. cm d'0rl6ans, D. I. E. » Cil6 Riverin, E. 2. cm St-Maur, G. 3. Cit6 Tr6vise, E. 2. ,au Vind6, C. 2. seCiervaux (impasse), E. 9 Uaude (St-), au Marais, F. 3 Claude (St-), porte St-Da- nis, E. 2. Clef (de la), E, 5. Clement, p. 4. C16ment-St-Maroel, e . C16ry (de), E. 2. Clichy (de), C. D. 4. Clichy (barrifere dc) E. 4 . Cloche-Pcrce, E. 4. Cloitre-Notre-Dame (du). E. 4. Cloitrc-St-Gcrmain - I'Au- xerrois, D. 3. CIoilre-St-Jacqucs-1'Hdpl tal (du), E. 3. Cloltre-St-Merri (dn),E. 3. 59 Cloitre- St -Honors (pas- sage), D. 3. Cloitre-St-Benoit,D E. 4. 60Cloitre-St-Marcel, E 6. Cloilre - Ste - Opportune E. 3. cios-Brune9u^ E. 4. aos-Georseot (dn), E. % aos-lUiiiboiiiUet, G, 5» CloUlre^ E. 5. CloUIde,E.5. Clovis, E. S. Cluny (de), D. 4. Cochin, E. 4. Colbert (Arcade), a a. CoUgBT (de), F. 4. Colombe (de !•)) E. 4. Colonnes (des). D. 2. Colyste (do), B. 2. Combat (barritee dn), F. 4 . Comdte (de la), B. t, Commeroe (paaaas* du); St-Martln, B. & Commeroe (oour «t pa»- aage da), D. 4. Commeroe dii Bai (cour dv), B. % Conoorde(dela),C.S,Me Borate (St-HoAor«). Concorde (place da la), C.9. Concorde (pont de la), C. S. Cond6 (de), D. 4. Conttrenee (quai de la), B. C. 8. Consenratoire (da), E. 2. CoDfltanUiie, E. 4. Constantine (pont) F. 4. Constantinople, C. I. Contd,B.3. ConU (fuai «t plaee de), D. S. 4. Ceati (impaaw), D. 4. 64Contrat-Social (da), E. t. ftSGontrescarpe - Dauplklne, D. 4. Contrescarpe, k I'Estra- pade, E. 5. Contresearpe (bonlwraid), F. 4. 5. Convention (de la), D. 8, see da DaapUn. Coq-H^ron, D. 3. Cocpienard, D. I. now rae Lamartine. Coqaill^re« D. 8. Corbean, F. 2. Cordeli(a-e8 (des), E. «. Corderie (de la), mardi6 S«rHonor«. D. 2. er Corderie (place de la), F. 8. Cordiers (des), D. 4. 5. [ Cordonnerle (de la), E. 3. CorneiUe (de), D. 4/ Comes (dee) «E<«. LIST OF STREETS, SQDiOlBS* B|C. Desais (qoai), Han^ aiis-Fle«rs,E.4. Deseartes. E. S. Destee, C % D^r (pa«eag»dii))E.] Deox-Ecus (des), D. 3. 71 Deux-ErmiteS) &. 4, CosBOBiMri«(deto),B.3. Cotte, G. 4. Courcellee (de), B. 4. 9- Ceai«ellee (barntee),B. i. Cottr»-la-Reine (allte da), B.C 3. Courtalon, £. 3. Coort7 (de), C 3* Goatores -J&int - Gervais (des), F. 3. Cr^biilon, D. 4. Cretet,D. I. Crillon, F. 4. Croissant <du), D. E. 9. Croix-d' JUtiB (S«inte)^see Gaumartin. 89 Croix (Sainte-), near the Palaispde^ii8ti0B. E. 4. Croix-de • U -Bfetoanerie (Ste-), E. 8. Croix-des - Petits-Champs, D.3. Croix-Ronge (carrefoor de la), C. D. 4. Croix-dQ-Roale (de la) JS.4 . Croulebarbe <de), E. L Croulebarbe (barrite«4a)} E.6. Crossol, F. 3. Colture^teCatherine, F. 3.4. Canette (banidre dc la), A. 4. Cuvier, E. F. 8. Cygne (da), E. 3. ^ Dalayrac, ». 2- ' Damiette (de)^ E. 2. Damiette (pont de), F. 4. Dauphin (du), t>..8. Denphlne, D. 4. Dauphine (passage). D. 4. Daapfaine (place), D. 4. Dtehargeurs (des), £. S.. Delaborde, C 2. Delaborde (plaoe), C. i. 2. TOPelorme (passage), p. 8. 0eita (da), E. 4. Denain, E. i. Denis, St.), E. 2. 3. Denis ($t^), faubourg St- Antoine, H. 4. Denis (bairitoe SaiBft');F. Denis (passage Sir'), au Caire, E. 3. Denis (boulerard «(->,E. a. Denis (du faidKKirg St-), E. A. 2. F. *. DervUle, E. 6. DeeaH A. 4. Deux-Moulins (des), F.I Deux-Mieuiins (plaoe da F.6. Deux-Ponls CAe^}^- *• Deux-Portes • M - Md (des), D. 4. Deax-^orfe8HSW«aa (4 E. 3. 4, Donuniiae tf^),«tfliio< St-GermulA* C- 3. p. 4. Dominique (St-), Gfl Caillou, B. 9, Domifiique (St-), d'Bsft D. s. See aofer-CoUsi Dor6, F. 3. Douai (de), C. P- 1' Douane (de la), F. a. Double (pont a«), E. t Douz»Portes(des),F.s Dragon (du), D. 4. 73 Dragon Odoot et pM du), D. 4. Drooot, D. X DqgaT-Trmida^ D. S^ Da GuesdiA, A. 4. Dankeroue^ E. !• Duperre, D, i. Dnphot, C. a. Dupleix, A. 4. I Dupleix (plaoe), A. ^ Dupont, A. 8. Dupuisj F. 3. Doras (de), C 2. Dwriyier, B.8.4. Dupuytren, D. 4. Eobarpe (de 1% F. 4. 74Echaud6 (4e V)^ s"^ rais, F. 3. I Echaad« (de F), mM St-Gennain, D. 4. EcUqaicv deP),S.l EclasesSt-MartinjF.i 75Ecole (place dcF), D.J fioole-de-iMdeoifie, SM Ecole^e-MMecine m de P), D. 4. Eoale«iuaideyj,Oj Ecole-MUitaire {bvm delOB.4. 1 Eeole Polyteolini«pie I 1'), E. 4. s. Ecole8(de6),D.4.E.f' EC0686(d'),«.4. lisrr OF STREETS, SQUARES, El'C. < Econffes (dcs), E. 4. Ecuries d'Artois (dee), B.2. Eglise (de 1'), B. 3. 4. Egout <delO, faobonrg St- Genaaain, D. 4. Egoat (de lOjSU MaraiSjF.4, see da Val Ste-Catberine. Elisalieth (Ste-), F. 2. 3. Eloy (S(-), E. 4. Elys^e (palais de),C. 2. Elystes Champs, B. G. % 3. ^Elys6e du Roule (passage dc P), B. 1. ■■ Enelosde la Trinity, E. 8. . Enfants-Rouges, F. 3. I Eiifer (dO, D. 5. 6. Enfer (barrifere d'), D. 6. Eofer (boulevard dO D. ' 5.6. Eofer (mardi^ dO^ D. S. '^Enghien (d% E. 2. I Entrepot (de 10, F. 2. Ep«e-de-Bois (de P), E. 5. Eperon (de P), D. 4 Erf iirth (dO D. 4; Essai (de P), E. F. 5 Est (de P), D. 5. r Estrapade (place de P) E. 5. kEstr^es (d>), B. 4. EUeime-dcs-6r6s (St-), D. E. 5. EtoUe (place et barridre de 1>), A. 2. Etoile desChampft^ysdes ' (place de 10, B. 2. Europe (placed'), C.I. ^Eustache (place St-), E. 3. Ev*chd(deP),E.4.3 Evdque (P), D- 8- Fanconuier (du), F. 4. Favart,l).2. Felibien, D. 4. Femme-san8-T6te (dela), E. 4. iTto^lon E. 4. FtoWon (place), E. 4. Fei^ft-Moulin, B. 5. 6. Ferdinand, G. 2. Ferdinand-Bertboud, E. 2. Ferme-de^renelle (ruelle ■' de),A.B.4. >Ferme-des-Mathurin8 (de la), C. 2. Ferou, D. 4. Ferronnerie (de la), E. 3. Fers (aui), B. 3. FeulUade (la), D. 3. Fenillantiaes (impasse des), E. 5. t-'ftyes (aux), E. 4, {•'eydean; D. % Feydeau (galerle), passage Panoramas, D. 2. Fiacre (St-), E. 2. Fiddlitd (de la), E. 2. Figuier (du), F. 4. FiUes-Dieu (des), au Caire, E. 2. FiUes>du-CalYaire (des), F. 3. Filles-du-Calvaire (boule- vard des). F. 8. Fillcs-St-Tiiomas (des), D. 2. Fl^chier, D. 1. Fleunis (de), D. 5 norentin (St-), C 2. Foin (du), au Marais, F. 4. Foire St -Laurent (mar- eb^ et), E. 1. Folie-M*ricourt, F. 2. 3.1 Folie-Regnault, G. 3. Fontaine-au-Roi, F. G. 2. Fontaine (de la), E. $. Fontaine, D. 4. Fontaine-St-Georges,D. 1. Fontaine-Moli^re, D. 3. 83 Fontaines (des), E. F. 3. Fontaines (couret passage des), D. 3. Fontarabio (barri^re de), H. 4. Fontenoy (place de), B. 4. Forez (du), F. 3. Forges (des), au Caire,E. 2. Fortin, B. 2. Fortun^e, A. 2. Foss^s^t-Bernard (des), E. 4. 5. Foss^s-St - Germain - P Au- xerrois (des), D. E. 8. Fosste-St^acques (des), D. E. 5. Foss6s-StrMarcel (des),E. 5.6. Foss^St-Martin,F. 1. Foss^Montmartre (des) D. 2. 8. Fossfe-du-Temple (des)^ F 2. 3. Fo'ss&^St-Victor, E. 5. Fouarre (du), E. 4. Four^t-Germain, D. 4. Four^t-Honor6, D. 3. Four-St-Jacques^ E. 5. Fourcy-St-Antoine (de), F.4. Fourcy - Ste - Genevieve (de), E. 5 FounieauY (des), B. C. 5. Fourneaux (barri^re d6s) B. 5. Fomreurs (des), E. 3. Foy (Ste-), E. 2. Fran^ise, E. 3. Francois ler (place), B. 3- Francs-Bourgeois (des), au Marais, E. F. 3. Francs-Bourgeois (des), St-Marcel. E. 6. Frantlin (barriftre), A. 8. Fraternity, B. 2, see Ncu- ve-de-Berry. Frocbot, D. I. Fromagerie (de la), B. 8. Fromentcl, E. 4. Frondcurs (des), D. 3. Fruits (port aux), E. 4. Fulto«,F. 6. Furstembei-g, D. 4. Gabriel (avenue), B. C.2. Gaillon, D. 2. Gaillon (carrefour), D. . Galande, E. 4. Gambey. F. 2. Garanciere, D. 4. Gare (barrifere dc la),F 6. Gare (de la), F. S. 6. Gast6, A. 3. Gauthrin (passage), B. 2. Gazom^lre (du^, E. i. (now rue d'Abbeville). Genevieve (Ste-), A. 2. Geoffroy-PAngevin, E. 3. Geoffroy-PAsnier. E. 4. Geoffroy-Marie, d. 2. Geoffroy-St-HUaire, E. 5. Georges (St-), D. 2. Germain (March6St-)jD.4. Germain-PAuxerrois (Str), D. E. 3. Germain - I'Auxerrois (place St-), D. 4. Germain-de8-Pr6s (St-) D. 4, see Bonaparte. Gervais (St-), E. 4. - G6vres (quai de), E. 4. Gilles (St-), F. 3. Gindre (du, D. 4. Git-le<:<Bur, D. 4. Glacidre (de la). E. 6. Glatigny (dc). E. 4. Gobelins (des). B. 6. Gobelins (boul. de8),E. Godefroy, E. 6. Godot-de-Mauroy, C. 2. Gourdes (des), A. 3^ B. Gracieuse F 6. Grammont (de), D. 2. Grand-Cerf (passage de Pancien), E. 8. 489Gran4-Cerf (|>a8sage ^n E. 3. VI u«r OP snpeiB, «00amh» i GnuKUaiantler (dv), E. F. 8. I Grand-Horleiir (do), E. 8. Grand-PrieurA (da), F. 3. Grand-^trHidiel, F. i. Grande - Cliaumitoe (dei la),D.5. Grandt-AagosUiis (des), D.4. Grands - AiigiutiBS (qnai des), D. 4. Granda-Degr68 (des), E. 4, Grande -Tmanderie (de la), E. 3. Grange - Batelitoe, O. 9. GravUliers (des), £. X Greffuble, C. a. Gr^ire de Tours, 0. 4. Grenelle^t-Germain, C. 4. Grenelle^t-Honoir^, D. 3. GrenaUe, au Gros-CaUioa, B. 8. 4. Grenelle (barri^rede);A. Granetii, E. 8. Grenier^t-Lazara, E. 9- Grenler«ur-VEau, £, ^. Grte (des), D. 4. 5. Grdtry. D. 2. Gr^ye (qua! de la), E. 4. fTTGribeaoTal, C. 4. Gro»<:aiUoii, B. 8. Groe-Gbanet (da), E. a. (now roe do Senttar.) Gotoi^nte (impawe), F. GoAn^aod, D. 4. Godpine (impane). E. Gotoin-Boisseao, E. .a. Gaillaome, E. 4. Gaillaome (St-),.C. D. 4. MGuiUaame (coor etpas sage St-), D. 8. Goisarde, D. 4. Gay-Labroflse, E* 5. Halles Centrales, £. 3. Hambourg (de), B. 1. €. I. Hamelin, F. a. Hanbyre (de), 0. 2. Har^ay (de), au Marjiis, F. 3. Harlay do Palais, D. 4. Harpe (de la), D. £. 4. Hasard (du), D. 3. HautefeuiUe, D. 4. HauteviUe,E. i. 2. Havre (passage du), C. 2. Havre Qrue et place .du), < C. 2> Helder (du), D. 2. 84Aenri^Qqate4iita(ie de), Pont-neof, D. 8. 4. Henrl-^atre (q«aL),f . 4. HiroDdeUe(delOI>.4. ; Hippolyte (St^), E. 6. Holzbacber (oit6 atj pas-' sage),F. 2. i Bomne-Arm^ (de r)>E. 3. Honor^-Gbevaller, D.4. Honor6 (St-), C. 2. 8. D. E, 3. QonorA ( doitre St- ) D.3. Honors (marcb^ St-), ou des Jacobins, b. 2. 3. Honors (du fauboorgSt-). A.B. C. 1.2. Bdpital (boulevard da V). E. 6. F. $. a. a6pUal (plaoe.de 1^. F. 5. Horloge (coor de F), rue duRoober. G. 4. 05 Horloge (galerie da 10, prte PClpSra. O. 2. Horloge goal de 10) !>• E.4. .HospltalMires -Saini^Gar- vais, H. 5. HAtel-Colbert (de 10, £. 4. «rfidtel-de(NB'Qrmtt<^s9age de 10, D. 3. B6tel^VUle(del0yE.4. Hdtel-de-vuie (place de 10 E. 4. H6tel-Dleu, E. 4. Houssaye. Seetaitbout Hacb0lte(dela),£.4. 490Hulot (passage), D. 3. Hyacintbe ($t-),SMi|4i|iel, D. 9. HyacinlhA .(paasafle .4t-), idem, D. 5. Hyaciuilhe i4S4r*),M4loijao- r6, D. 3. Byacintbe, (faai de la Grftve, £. 4. I«na (dO, B. 3. Maa(pontd^).A.-8. He Louviers (de 10, F. 4. Industrie passage de 1% £.2. ' IpdustrieXbazar de V) ^.2. Innocens (m^rcb^ des), £.3. luvaUd^ .(bouZev^ad des), Inyali4e8 *(pont .des), B. invalides (esplanade das), I B. 8 I Ijlandais, (des)D.5. I Isly (de V), C. 8. ItaUe(barrttcedO,«ii FoiitainebletB,&<. ItaUena (boidoaid it D.3. lTr7<dO,JB.i8. • IirryCbaEEitaed'^jF.C. MJacinfbe. £.4. laQob,i). 4. JaoquM^.jP.8. Jaoquasdel Jaoquas de Br<Me, S. 4 Jaaiues(at-),J).5.E4 Jacques (JboideiaN i 0.£.8. Jacques (duiaoboaisSI Jacques de ia Bandiei (place St-) £.3. Jaeqiias4'H6pillal (St-), 3. 'appr.£-^ JardixMttflaiaBieftduPcI Royal, p. 8. Jardia do i^nxeoiliow D.4S. Jardin.de(if]aikt«s,E.f Jardtai dae Hantss (d E. 5.<8fieGaai&oySii| Jardinet(da), D.A. JardiniarB (ciieUe deal 3. Jardlns<de»).^.4. Jarente, F. 4. 4rean-BAptiste(SI*),C1 Jean-Bartp D. 6. Jean-Beausire, F. 4. Jeaa-Boutop,G.5. Jean-de-Beauyais (SI E. 4. Jean-Goujon, ville Francois lei*, B. 3. Jean - Jacqutt - Roas^ D.E.3. • Jean-de-Latran (pas| et doUre St-), R4. Jean-JLan\ier, £. 3. jTeannisson,!). '3. Jemmappe^ (qa|d de), Jerusalem (de), D. 4. 1 Jeu-de-Bonle (iiassage^ F.3. JeOneurs (des), JO ¥.^i JoinviUe (de);*. 2. «  rue du Cirque). JoinviUe (passage), F I Joquelet,,D.il. ^ Joseph ($(^)j)>.jp.i Josset i«MSM panne). G. joii]i«Bt,e.i>.. Joailro?, F. «. Joaffiroy (iwnage),^. a. Jour (dii)j E. 8. Jomr (de),S.4. jrnges-Consnls (d«8), E. 8. Jiuf8(dM),F.4. JniUet (da^),I>.«. Jiilieii-le-PaaT3« (StA>^4. Julienne, £. 6. Jittsieniie (de IfiO; !>• E- 3. JoflBiea, E. 5. Jnfitice (place diilPalais de). E. 4. Justice (piAaU <»), D. E. 4 Kl«ber,A.4. Lal>FaT«re,I>.l. Lac6p«de, B. 5. Lacute, F. 5. rlAfayette (place), E. 4. LAfecBi«ire,D.4. Laffltte, D. a. l.affttte (passage), «>. 2. Laffltte .et CaiHttd (Mes- sageries.) B. 8. ILagwr (de).iL4. Lamarttne, J>. i. LamotheiMqaet •(hfUTi^- rede),A. 4. Umorr (de), F. a. ^andryCSH**- lappe (de), F. G. 4. 6ee t 'LoviaHPliiUfipe. Larochefoucaiilt(de(,D. 4. Larrey,D. 4. Las-Cases, C. 8. Latonr-MaQboiirg <bo«le- ,vard),B.4. Laurent (I oU« St^y £. J . Layal-Montmoienof,!). i Lavandidres (des)^ «te- ' OppoEtane,E. 8. Lavoisier, Cf. 2. Lazarp {»-),€.«.». 4. Lebruu .^ssagcO, P. 4 . I^sgravesend, G. 5. ' Laiioiii«'CP*8saee),£^9. ^ Lenoir. laolKMirg SHLn- toine, G. 4. KLenoir, Haiie am dsaps, E. SjSeedesBoonloiuiais. L6o]iie,D 4. LepeUetter,i>.S. Les4ifiuitees,i.«. ^ Lila8(nieaed(B4),F.«. Lille<4«)}€. O. 8. ti«ace<d« fc8. Umoges (de), F. 8. sqfBAsm, KIC. «li Lingerie (deta).«. 4. Lion8-St-Paul,tF. 4. UdKMkiie(de^.B.<G.4. Lobiaean, D. |. i»di (dn pent 4«), 0. 4. Lombards (dea), JB. 8. I fiondras (de). jC. D. 4 . LoagclMmp (de). A. s. Longcbamp ^ani^n de), A. 8. Lord-Byron. A. •». 4. 2. Lonis^e-Grand, 0. 9. 48aLoai8-le-6rand (place da college), D. 4. Lonis <$("), a* Mands, F. 8. 4. Louis (Str), enHle, S. F. 4. Loids (macch^ S^, ile St-Lonis. F. 4. ^ Louts^Mlippe, F. G. 4. Louis-Plul^pe .(poj|Kt}£.4. Louis - Qninae, QPoot et place), 8eeCoiaQO]:de,<:, 8. Lonrcine (de), D. 6. fi. $. 6. I^OQYOiS, D. 4 LouTre (ptiais dv^ l». 8. LouFM (qnai da), S. «. liOaYne place da).D. g. Louyre (pont duL on des Arts, D. 8. Lowendal (ayemi^, B. 4. L«beclL,A.8. iO0Limy,X>.a. Liine(dela},B.«. Luxembourg (de),£.'2. L70D(de),F. 4.l». Ljconnais (des), ¥.4. Mabilloa,J).4. f&ftoNi, D. 4. Masons (das), p. 4. Madame, 0.4. 9. Madiieiae (deil«d,«. ft. Madeleine (boulexajid de la),.C.a. Hadelfiiae.(gid««ife deta), ca. Madeleine (march4de la), c. a. 407 Madeleine Kpassage^e ia), ca. ' Madeleine .^ilaoe4e ta), ca. ' ^ Madrid <de^,€. 4. Magasias(des),E.4.flow me de SUQuenUa. «leg4ebonrg<de),A.«. (440Magloire (St-), E. J. Mail<dB)|B.B.8. Maine (barridre d«),tC 4. ■Matoe;( ah» i HM daAi)..C 5. Mai8flMVeaxie,B.A 'li flttrBianil K.4> Mfaa9M4B<f«^, D.8. Malar, n* Grea-OaHlon, B.8. MalesbofMi,€.4.a. Haleslieitbes (boukifard), ca. MaUier i« «e«Kiieate- nanQ,F. 4. M(Me(d<$). F.-a.i. Mandar, F. 8. Mand« (banitoa«M} H. & Mand4 (areaae St-), B. 5. Mafttis (des), faabeBrsBt> Germain, o. 4. Marais <de<, atoaboaiv St- Martin, F. a. Marais (e&lMpMdes), au canal, F. a. Bfaii)eirf.«ftp |riartMnif(alUe),B.a ifarG(St^),i».a. Marcel (St-), S. & MarGb64'i«iMNeM <(Aq), ca. if ajcclMi BeawPiaaii, G. 4. MarolMMLmKl^yew (4u), E. 5. 6, " E.4. MarcM -saw - FMmges, rue Lafareitte, F. 4, — rue St-Antoiae, a. 4, WanibNMxHPeir^ Un). E.8. Marcli^4y8x<»v«a«ii;, £. 4. March^ des£arnM^ E. 4. March6 des lnmwefttsJB.8. Marcbd-^eof (du). E. 4. Marcb^HStnGeiviaui^ D. 4. MarcW -.i^t - Ger^Ail^ E. Marcii^oSt-HeaMd, », 4). Marc)i6del»VaJll«ikD.4. March^«*-Martii ^), e«cies$t-vartin|&^. Marcoul (Str). E. JBI, Marengo, 0. 8* bourg St-Antoine. G^ 4. bourg St-Gei9iu|inf f>. Marie (poj»t). E. 4. Marie (S|^),SH2flniui^ Made («te-)9 * CMttot, A. 8. MarieClMnite9ite'),A.8, Maite 4eU4e «t r Ste-). B. 4. iiii UST OF SISEFIS, SOOJkRES, ETC. ,. ^St»>),taii- ^uan M^SennaiD, C. 4. lliiia6te>rt,B.». MaripiT (aT«nne), B. C % 1il«io]iDettoB.D. E.5. llariTftBz 4« ItalienB, 4D.3. , VtnnovMts (dM), E. 4. ]ltr«iie(OT.F.i. Maneitle<de). F. 3. Mttrtolliflr,D.3. Mtft«i,£.a. MarUgBM, C S. 4i»JitartlM(Sto-),D.4. Martin t-),E. 2. S. Mutta (boiilfiTard Si-), E. F.1L Aartin (do faubourg St-); 1 l%.a.F. 4. IMartyn (dM). D. 4. Martyrs (barrl*re de8),D.l llaaa^na, D. 9, see Mont- ,B. 4. S. lUMa88iUoii,E.4. MaUHurins (des), D. B. 4. Matignon (ayenve),B. 2. Matignon. B. a. Maubert (ptaee). B. 4. Maabeuge(de);B.<l. Manlmte, B.«. MauconseiL B. 3. Maar (S^), Poplncourt, F. f 4. 3. G.1. 8. Maor t-); faabourg St- Gormain, C 4. Maure (du), E. 8. MaTOt, C. 5. Maxagran,E. a. Mazarine, D. 4. Maxas (boulevard), F. G.5. Masas, F. 5. H. S. Masas (place). F. 5. Mteaniqnes (des) . enclos de la Trinity, B. S. M^gisserie (quai de la), on de la FerraiUe, D. B. S. HQixAy D. 3. Mtoars, D. a. M^nilmontant (de). F. S. G.a.s. Mdnilmontant (barritoe do),G. a. Mercier, D. 8. Mesiar* B. F. a. ^ ^ MessaTeries (des), E. i. Messagertes -'Rationales (conr des), D. a. Messine (de), B. i. Mdtier8(de8), encloS do la Trinitd. E.8. .^„ Metz (de), F. f . Mdsitoes. D.4. Michai-le-Conite, E. 8. Michel (St-), C. a. HdMicbel (place da pont St-), E. 4. Micbel(qiiaiSt-),E.4. Michel (place St-), d'Bn- fer, D. 4. 5. ■Michodi^re (de la), D. 2. Mignon D.4. Milan (de),C. 1. H7 Milieu -des-Ursins (du), E.4. Minimes (des). F. 3. 4. Minimes (de la chaosste des), F. 8. 4. Miracles (place. dnCaire), E. a. Miromesnil, C. 4. 3. ' Mogador, D. a. Moineanx (des), D. 8. Molar, F. 8. MoU^re, D. 4. llSMolidre (passage), E. 3. Monceau (de), B. 1. 3. Moncean (pare de), B. 4 Monoeau (barriire de C4. Moncey, C. D. 4. Mond^tour. E. 8. Mondovi (de). C. 3. 3. Monnaie (de la), D. 3. Monnaie (de la VieiUe-), E. 3. Monsieur (de). C. 4. Monsieur-le-Prinoe, D. 4. Monsigny, D. 3. Montagne-Ste - Genevi^e (de la), E. 4. 5. Montaigne (de), B. 2. Montaigne, (Avenue), B. a. 8. Montebello (quai), E. 4. Montesquieu, D. 8. Montesquieu (passage), D.8. Montfancon, D. 4. Montgallet, G. H. 5. Montgolfler, E. 3. 8. Montholon,E.4. 449Montholon (place), B. 4. Montbyon, D. E. a. Montmartre (cimeti^re), C D. Montmartre (barn^re), D. 4. Montmartre (boulevard), D.a. Montmartre, D. 3. E. 8. Montma rtra (du fau- bourg), D. 4. X t Montmorency, E. 3. Montorgueil, E. 3. Mont-Pamasse (da), C Mont-Parnasse (ctmitfl lie). C. 5. 6. Mont-Pamasse (barrii^ as. Mont-Pamasse (boi yard), CD. 5. Montpensier (galerie),] lais-Eoyal. D. 3. Montpensier, D. 3. Montreuil (de), G. H. 4 MoDtreoil (barriire i H. 4. Mont-Thabor (du), C. J Moreau,F. 4. 5. Morland (boulevard), F Momay, F. 4. MoSGOU (de), C 4. Mothe-Piquet (avenne' la).B.4. Mothe^quet (barriM la), B. 4. Mouffetard, E. S. 6. Mouffle, F. G. 3. Moulins (des), D. 2. 3. Moussy (de), E. 3J Mouton (du), E. 3.4.! pL de FH«tel-de-vUb Mnette(dela).G.S.4 Mulcts (ruelle des). D. 3 Mulbouse de), E. 2. Mdrier (du), E. 4 Murs de la Roqocttc (* G. 3. 4. Nancy (de), F. 4. Naples (de), C. 4. Napol«on (cit«), E. i. Napolten (placed,!). 9. . Napolton (quai), E. 4. Navarin (de). D. 4. Nazareth (de), D. 4. 422Necker, Marche StH tberine, F. 4. Necker (h6pital), B. S- N^ier, B. 3. 4. Nemours (cow ^ gtU de), Palais -lioyal,D.l Nemours (de), F. 3. Neuf (pont), D. 3. 4. Neuilly (barriere de>, del^EtoUOjA. 2. Neuilly (avenue), seel Chan^ElyBdes, A. I Neuv<yBonrg-PAbb«, E Nenve-BrMa, D. 4. Neuve^e-Berry, B. !• tfeuve-dea-Bons -EafB P. 3, im Of aTAiasTs, MooMMMf mc. D.% NeuT^-Coqueuftrd, D. 1: Neave (to U Fid61it6« £. 2. Neuve-defr-MattnulBt, C. D. 2. Neave -de -UttDkOBMBtant F, 8. Neaye -de - POratoire CbADipt-ElTS^es, B. 3. Neuve de It^oiTenllift, D. 4. , NeaTe^toft^etito^ClMmpe, D. 2. 3. 'Neav»4e6 - PeUts • Ptoes, D. 3. NeBTe-FoBtaiiie-Salnt> George, D. 4.f Kenye-GuillemiB, D. 4. NeuTe-du-Colombier, F. 4. Neuye^^ppe, G. 4. Meaye-MontiaofeBer^ D. % f7eay6-Notrfr4)ame. fi. 4. Neuye-Plumet, B. 4. Neuye-Popinoouit, G. 9. Neuye-Rlcheliea, D. 4. Neaye-Ste-Aoastase^ F, 4. Neiiye-St*AvgQ9tiii, f>. 2. Neuye-$te-Gatberiiie. F. 8.4. Neuye-Ste-Croix, D. 9. Neaye^t-Deaifl, E. % Neaye^-etiennf, Bon^e- Noayelle, E. % Nenye^-Euatache, IS. ^. Neuye-St-FrtHd^ois, F.8. Kettye-Sto^Seneyidye^E. s. Neuye-St'MMard, E. 5. Nenye-St-M«rri. E. «, Neuye^t*aia,'F.4. Neuye-St*ierre, F. 8. Sfeaye-Stpaooh, D. 2. 3. . !?euye-St4aiiyear, £. p. Seuye-de-la-vierge, B. 4. fevers (de),D. 4. lewton, A. 2. ficolaa- (St-). Cbams^e- d'Antio, C. D. 2. iieoiu (St-); faubours St- Antoine, G. 4. iieolas - du - CiMirdonQet (St-)., E. 4. flcolas-Flamel.B. 8. ricolet, B. 8. ronnains d'Hydres (daa), B.4. lord (place do), E. 4. ord (bouleyard da), B. 4. NormaBdie<d«)2F.8^ Notre - Dame - de-Bonne- Nooyeae)B.9. Notre Dame-da-Grftce, Chauss^e-d'Antin, C 2. Notre • DaoM-dA - Lorette, D.4. Notre4)ame-de-Ha2aratb, F,x Notre - Dame - de « BMoa- yraoee^ E. 2* Notre-DameHlci^HCauttipe, C. 4. 5. D. 5. yiotre-PiOie-daMrktoiiw D. 2. Notre-Dame (poot)^ 0. 4. Noyers (des). E. 4. ObU»j E. 8. Otaeryatoire, D. «. Obseryateire (etarafour den,D.«.«. Od^oB (de V), D. 4. OddoB (j»laee de 10, D. 4. ilSMOdeon (carrefoiir}, 0. 4. Odiot (cit*), B. 2. .Oliyet(d'),C4. OUvier, D. 4. .Omer (de St-), E. 4. bow rne Roeroy, Op6ra (pase. de 10, P. % OpportBBe (place SI0-), B.8. Orangerjitf (de |>). & s. Oratoire-da*flotue (4» tO) B.2. Omtetaa Cde %% fiAHOMo- r*, D. a. iOcatoire (plae* de 10, an Louyre^ D. 3. X>r9ay (quiddO, A- B.C 8. Orf«yre8Cdes),S.B. OrfevMS iqatA dee). 0. 4. OriOoB (de F), G. 3. Oi4dui«('GiMdO,D.4. Orl6aBs-St>Hoaor«. D. 3.

1. rieaBs (dO, Si-munely

Oii^Ba (galerfe dO, Pa- laU-Beyal; D. 8. Orl6aB6 (quai d'), E. 3. Orme (de 1'), F. 4. Ormeaox (des), H. 4. Ormes, (ayeaQO des), H.4. Ormes (goal des), E. 4. ' Ortiet (des), D. 3. OseUle (de P), aa Harals, Oadiiiot,B. C.4. Oaeet (de P), D. 5. Oars (aox). E. 8. PageyiB, E. 8. IZ PaillaitaiM <bicrttF8 (les) B. 5. Paix (de U), D. 9 PaIai»-BoarlM>a (place du) C.8. Palais de HaatitBt (place dn). D. 8. Palais de JaiUee (place da), E. 4. Palais de PlBdnstrie, Champs-Elya^e8,B. 2. 3. Palais-Roral (place du), P«iatiae^a4. Paaonuna, B. s. PaBorama (pMNge des), D.2. ' PaatiB (karri«re de), F. 4 . Paatb^a (da), D. B. 8. PaatMoa (place da), E. 5 PapillOB, E. 4. Papia. F. S. Paradia (de), fanboiirg St Deals, E. 2. Paradls (de), an Haraia, E.8. ParefaeraiaerieXde la),K.5. Paro-Reyal (da), F. 4. Panae <de), C 4. Paroieatier (ayeaae),G.3. Paryia-Nelra-DaBM (place 4a), B. 4. Pascal, B.4. Pas-de-la-Hale (du), F. 4. Pa s a agc s, see Oeir aaaies. Pasef (barriAre de), A. 8. Pastoai«Ue,E.F.8. Paul Leloal, D. X Paol (St-). F. 4. ^qoal M pert St-), F. 4. PmiqMtde Vilkiast, A. 2. Pay^e-St-Aadre, D. 4. payde, aa BlaraM, F. 4. Paxeat (St-), E. 3. Payeaae, F. 8. Pileriaa^t^aeqiMS, E. 8. paUcaa (da), D. 8. Pelleterie (de la), E. 4. Pelletter (quai), B. 4. PeBthi«yre(de),B.(;.3. P«piBieT«(dela),B.i;. 2. Perc6e-St-ABdr6, D. 4. Pere«e45i-AAtoiae, F. 4. Perder (ayeaae); ». 2. Pereier, D. 4. pere-la-Cbaise (dmciUre) H.3. P^res (desSt8-),€.4. D.3.4. P6res (poat des Sts-), D. 3. perigaoa (de). B. s. P^rigaenx (de), F. 8. ¥erl« (de 1«), F. 3. Pernelle,E.9. ISTPeitngnan (dc),E.4. ¥en*B, F. 8. 130 Perron (pasMge du), D. 3. Palais-Royal PetcrstKMirg (deSt-), C. l. VetiMJMBp de I'Alonetlc vdu), E. 6. l»etit-GeDtiilT(da),E.<. JPeUt-Hnrlear (da), E. 3. PeUt-Liou (du), St-Sau- ▼eur, E. 3. Petit-Moioe (do) E. 6. Petit-MosG (da), F. 4. PetU-POBt<du),E. 4. PeUt-Reposoir (du), D. 3. now me Pagevin. 3PeUUThoiiar8(du),F.3. ]>e4iil)-Corderle,F. 3. Pelite-Friperie (de la), E.3. Petite rue des Acacias, B. 5. C. 4. now rue Diiroc. Petite rae da Bac, C. 4. 433 Petite RveCbevert, B. 4 Petite Rae St-PiciTe.F. 3. Petite nieTaranne,D. 4. Petite Rue Verte,B. 2. MUte-Voirie (de la), fau- beoffig du Roule, C. 4. see place Delaborde. Petites-Ecuries (des), E. 3. PeUtes-Bcuries (passage de8),E.2. Petits-AagusUns (de8);D. Jl. 4, see Bonaparte. Petl^Cbamps (des), St* Martin, E. 3. PeUt8-H«tel8(de6),E. 4. Petits-P«res (des), D. 3. Petits-P^res (passage des), D.3. Petlts-Ptoes (place des), D.3. Potrelle,E.t, Phdlippeaax, E. F. 8. PhiHppe (St-), Bonne- KcavcUe, E. 2. Picpas vde). H. 4. 5. Picpus (barri^re). H. 5. 143 Pierre de Chaillot (St), A.3. Pierre (St-), Popincoort, Pierre (St-), rue Mont- inartre,D. 2. Pierre-Assis, E. 6. Pierre-au-Lard,£. 3. Pierre-Lebrun. D. I . Pierre-Levee, F. 2. Pierre-I^mbiBrd, E, ft LIST OF ST&EETS, SQUARES, Pierre-Surrazin, D. 4. Pigalle,D. 1. PillcrsHles-Potiers^'Etain (des), E. 3. Pinel, F. 6. Pirouette, E. 3. Places (sec their names). Piacidc (Sto-). C. 4. Plaisance(dc),B. 1. 2. Planche, C. 4. Planchette (de la), F. 4. 448 Planchette (impasssede la), E. 2. (49Piat-d'Etaln (da),Ste-Op- portune. E. 3. PlAtre (du), StrJacques, E.4. Plfttre (du),Ste-Avoyc, E.3. Pointe^trEustache (carre- four de la), E. 3. Poir^es (des), D. 4. 5. Poirler (du), E. 3. Poissonni^re. E. 2. Poissonni^ro (barritoe), E. 4. Pois8onnl6re (boulevard), D. E. 2. Poi88onni6re (du fau- bourg), E. 4. 2. Poi8sy(de).E. 4. Poitevins (des), D. 4. Poltiei-s (de), faubourg St- Germain, C. 3. Poitou, F. 3. Polissart, E. 3. Police (prefecture de),D.4. Poliveau, E. F. 5. Polytechniqpie (de I'Ecole) E. 4. 5. Pompe k feu (passage de la),Chaillot,A.3. Ponceau (da), E. 2. Pont de la Reforme (dn), E. 4, see Pont-Louis-Phi- lippe. Pont - aux-Biche»-St-Mar- ccl. E.5. pont-aux-Choux (du),F.3. Pont-de-Lodi (du),D.4. Pont-Neuf (passage du), D.4. 94 Pont-Neuf (place du), D. 4. Pont (see their names.) Ponthieu (de), B. 2. Pontoise (de), E. 4 PopiDConrt (de), F. G, 8. Port-Mahon (de), D. 2. Port-Royal (de),D. 5. Portc-Foin, F. 3. Posies (d?s:i) fe 5, ETC. Poste aux cbevaux, D. 4 rue l^ur-des-Damcs. '^ Poste aux lettres, grand< D. 3. rue J.-J. Rousseaa Pot-de-Fei:, (du), St-Sul piee,D. 4,sceBonapart«  Pot-dc-Fer, (do), SaiqJ Marvel, E.S. ^ Potcrie (de la) des AftiJ E 3. Poicr'ic (de la), Halle aai draps, E. 3. Potiers-d'Ktoin, (des), T] licrs de la Halle, E. S. Poules (des),E. 5. Poulles (des), D. 3. Poulleticr, E. 4. Poap^e,D.4. Pr6cheurs(4es),E.3. Prefecture du Departe ment, & I'Hdtel-de-vilLl E.4. Prefecture de Police, D. j Pr6trcs - Saint - GcrmaiJ I'Auxcrrois (des), D. 8. Prfetres-StpSdverin (dd pr6sPeglisc,E. 4. Prince Imp^ial (da) E-j Princesse, D. 4. . Prouvaires (des), D. E j Provence (de),D. a. ' Puits (du), E. 3. Puits-de-l'Ermite {m E. 5. 1 Puits-qui-Parle (du),E'^ Puteaux (passage), C. 2. Pyramides(de8).D.3. ' Qoatre-Chemins (rodl des). H. 5. ; Quatre-Fils (des), E. F. I Quatre-vents (des), D. | Quenttn (dest-), E^ Qnincampoix, E. 3. Rabelais, B. 2. | Racine, D. 4. RadiiwiU (passage), «  lais-Royal, D. 3. Ramliouillet (de), G. ». Rambuteau, E. 3. Rameau,D. 2. Rampe (avenue dc li)M Ramponncau (l)arrii de),G. 2. R&p^e (barrl^re dela],6 Rftp6e(qaaidela),F.i*i Rats (barri^re des), 11.1 Reale (de la), E. 3. R^ufliar. E. 3. R6collcls (des), F. 2. Reforme (pent de la},E( see pout Miuis-PluliPl List ^IV^forme (barri^re de la) a, see desBassins. Regard (du), C. 4. 5. I Reguard, Od^on, 0. 4. Regraii^re, IS! 4. Reims (de), E- 5. Rcine-Blanche (de la), E. 6. R enard-Saint-Sanveur, E. 3. (See Reaurepaire.) Renard-St-Merri, E. 3. Renaes (de), C. 5. Reservoirs (impasse des), A. 2. Retiro (conr et passage du), faubourg St-HoDore. JC.2. ReuUljfCde), G. 4. 5. H. 5. Renilir (barri6re), H. 5. teuilly (carrefour). G. 4. Reunion (passage de la), E.3. Rcynle (la), ou Trousse- Vache, E. 3. ^iboute, E. 4. Uchard-Lenoir, G. 3. 4. \tclielien,D.Z3. Uchepanse, C. 2. licfaer, D. B. 2. iicher (galeric), r. Geof- froy-Marie, D. 2. Ucherand (avenue), F. 2. fiverin (cit4), E. 2. ^oli(de),C.D. E.3. Uvoli (place de), 0. 3. loch (passage St-), near the churchy D. 3. Lochechouart, E. 1. 2. loehechouart (barridre de), E. 1. ocbefoucauld (La), D. i. ocher, (d«), c. 1.2. ocroy (de),E, 4. odicr (cit6;,D. <. oi-de-Siciie (dn), E. F. 4, 01 Francis ler (conr lu), E. 2. omain (St-), C 4. 5. Dquepine, C. 2. aqaette (de la), F. 4. G. k4. osiers (des), E. 3. F, 3 4 ik9sini,D.2. Blonde (de la), ou Cdfii- «Ui,F. 3. >tonde (place de la), F.3. mbaix (place de), £. i, mbo, G. 4. ?ile (du). n 3. bKeiDont, E. 2. . , OV STREETS, SQUARES^ Roule (faubourg), A. <. B. 1. 2. See faubourg St-Uo- nord.

Roule (barriferedu), A. i.

Rousselot, faubou7g St- Germain, c. 4. 5. Royal (pout), c. D. 3. Royalo (place), F. 4. See

desVosges.

Royale, St-Antoinc, F. 4, See des Vosges. Royale-St-Honor6, C. 2. Royer-Collard, D. 5. Rumfort,C. 2. Sabin (St-), F. 3. 4. . Sabot (du), p. 4. Saint et Sainte (see their . names.) Saintonge (de), F. 3. SaUe-an-CQiAte,E. 3. Samson, see Donane. Sandri6 (passage et im passe), D. 2. Santd (de la), D. 6. Santd (barrierede la),D.6 Sartine (de), D. 3. SaucMe (passage), E. 3. Saumon (passage), E. 3. Saulnier (passage), E. 2. Saussayes (des), C. 2. Sauveur (St-), E. 2. 3. Savoye (de), D. 4. Saxe (avenue de), B. 4. 5. Scipion (place), E. 5. 0. Scipion, E. 6. S^bastlen (St-), F. 3. sebastopol (boulevard de) D. 5, F. i. Sedaine, F. G. 3. 4. S^gur (avenue), B. 4. Seine (de), faubourg St- Germain, D. 3. 4. Seine (de), St-Victor, see Cuvier. Sentier (du), E. 2. Sept Toics (des), E. 5. Serpe'nte, D. 4. Servandoni. 0. 4. S^verin (St«), E. 4. Sevres (de), B. 5. C. 4. 5. sevres (barri^te de), B. 5. Simon-le-Franc, E. 3. . Singes (des), E. 3. S<eurs (passage des Deux-) , D. 2. Soly, D. 3. Sorbonne(de), D. 4. Sorbonne (place), D. 4 Soubise (hdtel), E. F. 3 SouMot^D. 5. I ETC. X SoupirfC«vemiedesi>,H. SourdJ*re (de la), Ssint- Roch- D. 2. 3. Sourdi8(rttelle),E.3. Spire (St-), E. 2. Stanislas, C. 5. Stockholm, C. 4. Strasbourg (de), E. 4. Strasbourg ( Boulevtrd de),U2. Suffren (avenue de). A. B. 4. ' Suger, D. 4. Sully, a I'ArsenaJ F. *. Sulpice (place St-), |>. 4 Sulpice (St-I, D. 4. Sur6ne(de),c.2. m Tabletterie (de la), B. 9. Taille-Pain,E.3. ' Taitbout, D. % Taranne, D. 4. Temple (du).E. a F.&t. Temple (faubowg ddk F. G.2. ^ Temple (boolevartf dn) F. 2. 3. Temple (march* dn). near the Temple, F. 8. Temple (endosdu), nar- ch6aulinge,F. 8. Temaux, F, G. 3. Terres-Forte8(de»), F.4. Th6r6se,D. 8. ' ' Thevenot, E. 2. Thierrtf (passage^ F. 4. Thiroux. See Caumartln C. 2. <e5Thoma8-d^Aquln (Saint-) place, C. 4. ' Thomas -d^Enfer (St.-) D.5. ' Thorigny (de), F. 3. Tiquetonne, E. 3. Tirechappe, D. E. 2. 8. Tivoli, C. i. — (passage et place). C f Tour (de la), F. 2. 3. Tour-d'Auvergne (de la), D. E. I. Tour-des-Dames, D. 1. Tonmelle(pont),B.4. Tournelle (quai de la), E.4. Tournelle (des), F. 8. 4.- Tournon (de), D. 4. Tourville (avenue), B. 4. Tracy (de),E 2. Transnonain^ E. 3. see Beeuboarg. H Uit QIB 'ltW«fW(*«),C-*- • TraTcnMM, f avlMNifg St- ABtolM,F.>.0.4. TraTeniae,K.4.S. Tr«viie,B.S. TriniM (6MlM4elt),«^. TriMnphM (aTOM des), H.4. TrtiMnl.B.». ,„^. TnMoni«*(4M),F.0.9. Troi»Cuiiiekt«t>B.4. I de8),G.H. 5. IiMto CiBTMmM(»arritre TrolSltari»(plMt4ts), D.8. tardi,B.t. ^ ^ Troi».iUv«(nMll0^)- Troto^TU10M(Aet).F.S. TroU-Portai (««>, K. 4. Trou-ii-Sable oa Trois- TroBclMt,C- 2. Tr6a« (l«rfflte« M fiaee TroiU-vieto, & f. Me ReTBieaa.) ^^^^ TnidAUw CifWW»>,D- ■.!• TrB<lM.ca. TaU«riw (pftliit 4«).I>'S- Tnileriw (foti 4m), C. IKS. Twgot,B.4. Tiir80t(cit6),B.4«  Clm.D.E. & HDioa (ds 1% B. 2, Bee d»Agouieme-St-lloi»or6. Uiiiver«tt*,C».I>. 4. ,, UniYenlt*, M Gw»<*il- kMLB. S. Ur8lllill«B(d68)>D. S. Valwloa(ckt«),B.4. Val-de-Grtce{d»),D.5. Yal^-8to-Cttberine (do). F.4. Y«leBce(da),R f. ValmelewMi (place de), F.4. Valenciennes, E. I. 'Valais^Fitai»-B07«l>I>* 9. ▼aloispMCCe).ULD-^ valoisdalioiile. B. I. Vannean, C 4. Tannes (de). Halle a« hU, D.s. yareuiea (da), fwboorg SMSermaiii. C. 4, see Planehe (de U). vaiennes (de). Hiille an bie.D.». ^^^ Yavbia fplaee), B. 4. vaiicansan,E.«.>. Yaucaa»a(pa"ee«a),6,J. Yaiisircrd(d«).B.i.CK D. 4. Yangirard (Msrtkr* de). CI. YatiB.CD-S. Yeaos (Biarchd «a)* & 4. Y«Bd«^(4e).F.l.». YeDd6me (place). C. D.f Yeniae(de).B.J. Ya«ia*Hif(d«),D.a-»- Yerdea«(P«e^>»?;i,. Yerdeiet, D. t. new rue pagevto. Yerderet.B.3. Yenieall(de).CO.». Ydro-Dedat (paeeate), me deGieiMUe,D.3. Yerrerie(dela)»B. ».4. YencUca(da),B.5. YerU)ol8(du),B.P.a. Yerte (petite roe). B. a. Vertw(dee).E.». Yertus (barrltee de8)»P. 4. Yeuvea(all*eid€«)B.a.S, (now aTenve Moataifne) Yezelay (passage), B. 4. vianne»(de).D. S. Yictoire(dela),E.2, Ylctor (St-), E. 4. ». Victor (place), E. 5. Vktoires (place des). a 5. Victoria (avenue). E. 4. Vide-GoQSset. D. 3. VieiUe-dn-Teuple, B. t. 4.F.4. VieiUe-Estrapade, B^ 5. Yieille-Monnaie (de la). E.8 vieiUe-Notre-Dame . B. (dela),E.«. .F.4. J (aTen.de), 1 Yieillea-aaiidriettee {Hfi B.t. VieUles-EtHYes (des), i Ho»or6. D. 3. I YieUlea-BtaTea (des), i Martin. E. 3. I vienne, C. I. Vierge(dela).B.3. vieu-AvgaBtinsCdes) Yieax - GoloiBlMer (< D.S. I Vigncs (daa), ft Ghaai A.B.S. ^ Yigne»-Si4farcel (dd E.6. vuian (aveAiie), C 4. Yilledet,D.3. J Yiiki«if(de),F.«w J Yme4'Bv««iie (de la), t YiQe-l'Bv««pM (p«N«e| U). c a. : Yillette (barriftra de \ S(-llartin. F. 4. Vinaigriert (dea). Vincenne8(aTen. Yind«(clt«).CX VingWJoat'e FAvrier (< D.8,8eedeYaIoi»-Pal^ Royal. i Vins(kaUeet portly B.F.4.5. , vintimiUe (place). Cl^ YintimiUe, C. D. 4. .^ Violet (passage). E. 2^ Virginie (passage de;.{ lais-Royal. D. 8. ; Visitation des Damci Ste-Blarie (de la). C ] ViTlenne, D. 2. 3. j Viyienne (passage), D.| Yolta,E. 2. 3. Voltaire (qnai),D. 4. Voltaire. D. 3. i Voirie(dela)St-Marti| St-Denis, F. 4. , vosgcs (des), F. 4. i Royale. Vosges (place des) U See Koyale. Vrillifere(dela),D.3.i watt, F. 5. -Waaxliall(cit«da).F. WaQraftert (place), F^ Zaeliarie,E.4. .|

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