Movement disorder
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Movement disorders are clinical syndromes with either an excess of movement or a paucity of voluntary and involuntary movements, unrelated to weakness or spasticity.
Movement disorders include:
- Akathisia (inability to sit still)
- Akinesia (lack of movement)
- Associated Movements (Mirror Movements or Homolateral Synkinesis)
- Athetosis (contorted torsion or twisting)
- Ataxia (gross lack of coordination of muscle movements)
- Ballismus (violent involuntary rapid and irregular movements)
- Hemiballismus (affecting only one side of the body)
- Bradykinesia (slow movement)
- Cerebral palsy
- Chorea (rapid, involuntary movement)
- Dystonia (sustained torsion)
- Dystonia muscularum
- Blepharospasm
- Writer's cramp
- Spasmodic torticollis (twisting of head and neck)
- Dopamine-responsive dystonia (hereditary progressive dystonia with diurnal fluctuation or Segawa's disease)
- Essential tremor
- Geniospasm (episodic involuntary up and down movements of the chin and lower lip)
- Myoclonus (brief, involuntary twitching of a muscle or a group of muscles)
- Metabolic General Unwellness Movement Syndrome (MGUMS)
- Mirror movement disorder (involuntary movements on one side of the body mirroring voluntary movements of the other side)
- Parkinson's disease
- Paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia
- Restless Legs Syndrome RLS (WittMaack-Ekboms disease)
- Spasms (contractions)
- Stereotypic movement disorder
- Stereotypy (repetition)
- Tardive dyskinesia
- Tic disorders (involuntary, compulsive, repetitive, stereotyped)
- Tremor (oscillations)
- Rest tremor (4-8 Hz)
- Postural tremor
- Kinetic tremor
- Essential tremor (6-8 Hz variable amplitude)
- Cerebellar tremor (6-8 Hz variable amplitude)
- Parkinsonian tremors (4-8 Hz variable amplitude)
- Physiological tremor (10-12 Hz low amplitude)
- Wilson's disease
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History
Vesalius and Piccolomini in 16th century distinguished subcortical nuclei from cortex and white matter. However Willis' conceptualized the corpus striatum as the seat of motor power in the late 17th century. In mid-19th-century movement disorders were localized to striatum by Choreaby Broadbent and Jackson, and athetosis by Hammond. By the late 19th century, many movement disorders were described but for most no pathologic correlate was known.
Unless indicated otherwise, the text in this article is either based on Wikipedia article "Movement disorder" or another language Wikipedia page thereof used under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License; or on research by Jahsonic and friends. See Art and Popular Culture's copyright notice.
