Mosul Question
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| - | The '''partition of the Ottoman Empire''' ([[Armistice of Mudros]], 30 October 1918 – [[Abolition of the Ottoman Sultanate]], 1 November 1922) was a political event that occurred after [[World War I]] and the [[occupation of Constantinople]] by [[British Empire|British]], [[French Third Republic|French]] and [[Kingdom of Italy|Italian]] troops in November 1918. The [[Partition (politics)|partitioning]] was planned in several agreements made by the [[Allies (World War I)|Allied Powers]] early in the course of [[World War I]], notably the [[Sykes-Picot Agreement]]. As world war loomed, the [[Ottoman Empire]] sought protection but was rejected by Britain, France, and [[Russian Empire|Russia]], and finally formed the [[Ottoman–German Alliance]]. The huge conglomeration of territories and peoples that formerly comprised the Ottoman Empire was divided into several new [[State (polity)|states]]. The Ottoman Empire had been the leading [[Islamic state]] in [[geopolitical]], [[cultural]] and [[ideological]] terms. The partitioning of the Ottoman Empire led to the rise in the [[Middle East]] of Western powers such as Britain and France and brought the creation of the modern [[Arab world]] and the Republic of [[Turkey]]. Resistance to the influence of these powers came from the [[Turkish national movement]] but did not become widespread in the post-Ottoman states until after [[World War II]]. | + | The '''Mosul Question''' was a [[territorial dispute]] in the early 20th century between [[Turkey]] and the [[United Kingdom]] (later [[Kingdom of Iraq (Mandate administration)|Iraq]]) over the possession of the former Ottoman [[Mosul Vilayet]]. |
| - | The [[League of Nations mandate]] granted [[French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon]] and [[British Mandate for Mesopotamia (legal instrument)|British Mandate for Mesopotamia]] (later [[Iraq]]) and [[British Mandate for Palestine (legal instrument)|British Mandate for Palestine]], later divided into [[Mandatory Palestine]] and [[Emirate of Transjordan]] (1921–1946). The Ottoman Empire's possessions in the [[Arabian Peninsula]] became the [[Kingdom of Hejaz]], which was annexed by the [[Sultanate of Nejd]] (today [[Saudi Arabia]]), and the [[Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen]]. The Empire's possessions on the western shores of the Persian Gulf were variously annexed by Saudi Arabia ([[Al-Hasa|Alahsa]] and [[Qatif]]), or remained British protectorates ([[Kuwait]], [[Bahrain]], and [[Qatar]]) and became the [[Arab States of the Persian Gulf]]. | + | The [[Mosul Vilayet]] was part of the [[Ottoman Empire]] until the end of [[World War I]], when it was occupied by Britain. After the [[Turkish War of Independence]], the new Turkish Republic considered Mosul one of the crucial issues determined in the [[National Pact (Turkey)|National Pact]]. Despite constant resistance, Britain managed to bring the issue into the international arena, scaling it down to a frontier problem between Turkey and Iraq. |
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| - | After the Ottoman government collapsed completely it signed the [[Treaty of Sèvres]] in 1920. However, the [[Turkish War of Independence]] forced the European powers to return to the negotiating table before the treaty could be ratified. The Europeans and the [[Grand National Assembly of Turkey]] signed and ratified the new [[Treaty of Lausanne]] in 1923, superseding the Treaty of Sèvres and solidifying most of the territorial issues. [[Mosul Question|One unresolved issue]], the dispute between the [[Kingdom of Iraq]] and the Republic of Turkey over [[Mosul Vilayet|the former province of Mosul]] was later negotiated under the [[League of Nations]] in 1926. The British and French partitioned the eastern part of the Middle East, also called [[Greater Syria]], between them in the Sykes–Picot Agreement. Other secret agreements were concluded with Italy and Russia. The [[Balfour Declaration, 1917|Balfour Declaration]] encouraged the international [[Zionism|Zionist]] movement to push for a [[Jew]]ish homeland in the [[Palestine (region)|Palestine region]]. While a part of the [[Triple Entente]], Russia also had wartime agreements preventing it from participating in the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire after the [[Russian Revolution]]. The Treaty of Sèvres formally acknowledged the new League of Nations mandates in the region, the independence of [[Yemen]], and British sovereignty over [[Cyprus]]. | + | |
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| - | == See also == | + | |
| - | * [[Defeat and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire|Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire]] | + | |
| + | The [[League of Nations Council]] appointed an investigative commission that recommended that Iraq should retain Mosul, and Turkey reluctantly assented to the decision by signing the [[Frontier Treaty]] with the Iraqi government in 1926. Iraq agreed to give a 10 percent royalty on Mosul's oil deposits to Turkey for 25 years. | ||
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The Mosul Question was a territorial dispute in the early 20th century between Turkey and the United Kingdom (later Iraq) over the possession of the former Ottoman Mosul Vilayet.
The Mosul Vilayet was part of the Ottoman Empire until the end of World War I, when it was occupied by Britain. After the Turkish War of Independence, the new Turkish Republic considered Mosul one of the crucial issues determined in the National Pact. Despite constant resistance, Britain managed to bring the issue into the international arena, scaling it down to a frontier problem between Turkey and Iraq.
The League of Nations Council appointed an investigative commission that recommended that Iraq should retain Mosul, and Turkey reluctantly assented to the decision by signing the Frontier Treaty with the Iraqi government in 1926. Iraq agreed to give a 10 percent royalty on Mosul's oil deposits to Turkey for 25 years.
Unless indicated otherwise, the text in this article is either based on Wikipedia article "Mosul Question" or another language Wikipedia page thereof used under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License; or on research by Jahsonic and friends. See Art and Popular Culture's copyright notice.
