Mediterranean noir
From The Art and Popular Culture Encyclopedia
(Difference between revisions)
| Revision as of 21:12, 27 June 2012 Jahsonic (Talk | contribs) ← Previous diff |
Current revision Jahsonic (Talk | contribs) |
||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
| {{Template}} | {{Template}} | ||
| - | :"Hardboiled crime fiction - sometimes also referred to as [[noir fiction]] - was a U.S. reaction to the [[cosy]] conventionality of [[British murder mysteries]]. Writers like [[Dashiell Hammett]] (1894 - 1961), [[Raymond Chandler]] (1888 - 1959), [[James M. Cain]] (1892 - 1977), [[Jonathan Latimer]] (1906 - 1983) and [[Mickey Spillane]] (1918 - 2006) and decided on an altogether different, innovative approach to crime fiction. | ||
| - | '''Hardboiled''' (or '''hard-boiled''') fiction is a literary style, most commonly associated with [[crime fiction]] (especially [[Detective fiction|detective stories]]), and distinguished by the unsentimental portrayal of violence and sometimes sex. The style was pioneered by [[Carroll John Daly]] in the mid-1920s, popularized by [[Dashiell Hammett]] over the course of the decade, and refined by [[Raymond Chandler]] beginning in the late 1930s. | ||
| - | From its earliest days, hardboiled fiction was published in and closely associated with so-called [[pulp magazines]], most famously ''[[Black Mask (magazine)|Black Mask]]'' under the editorship of [[Joseph Shaw (editor)|Joseph T. Shaw]]. In its earliest uses in the late 1920s, "hardboiled" didn't refer exclusively to a type of ''crime'' fiction; it meant any tough and violent fiction, which also included adventure and western stories. Pulp historian [[Robert Sampson (writer)|Robert Sampson]] argues that the "Don Everhard" stories by [[Gordon Young (writer)|Gordon Young]] (which appeared in ''[[Adventure (magazine)|Adventure]]'' magazine | + | '''Mediterranean Noir''' refers to a literary style that employs elements of noir and [[hardboiled]] crime fiction in a [[Mediterranean]] setting. Sex, crime, and physical [[violence]] often figure prominently in Mediterranean Noir narratives. Social and historical issues specific to the region – particularly governmental [[Political corruption|corruption]] and instability, [[war]], and racial strife – are frequently underlying plot considerations. Prominent authors of the movement include [[Jean-Claude Izzo]], [[Andrea Camilleri]], Massimo Carlotto, [[Eduardo Mendoza Ceballos|Eduardo Mendoza]], and [[Batya Gur]]. |
| - | from 1917 onwards), about a gun-toting urban gambler, anticipated the [[History of crime fiction#Hard boiled American crime fiction writing|hardboiled detective stories]]. | + | |
| - | The exclusive reference to crime fiction probably became fixed in the early 1930s, although it's impossible to pin down with precision. The hard-boiled crime story became a staple of several pulp magazines in the 1930s; in addition to ''Black Mask'', hard-boiled crime fiction | + | According to the Italian publisher Sandro Ferri, Mediterranean Noir is remarkable for its attention to a unique duality of Mediterranean life: |
| - | appeared in ''Dime Detective'' and ''Detective Fiction Weekly''. Later, many hardboiled novels were published by houses specializing in paperback originals, also colloquially known as "pulps." | + | <blockquote> |
| - | + | The prevailing vision in the novels belonging to the genre known as Mediterranean noir is a pessimistic one. Authors and their literary inventions look upon the cities of the Mediterranean and see places that have been broken, battered, and distorted by crime. There is always a kind of dualism that pervades these works. On one hand, there is the Mediterranean lifestyle-- fine wine and fine food, friendship, conviviality, solidarity, blue skies and limpid seas-- an art of living brought almost to perfection. On the other hand, violence, corruption, greed, and abuses of power. | |
| - | Consequently, "pulp fiction" is often used as a synonym for hardboiled crime fiction. In the United States, the original hardboiled style has been emulated by innumerable writers, including [[Chester Himes]], [[Mickey Spillane]], [[Ross Macdonald]], [[John D. MacDonald]], [[Robert B. Parker]], [[Sara Paretsky]], [[Sue Grafton]], and [[Walter Mosley]]. | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | The term comes from a colloquial phrase of understatement. For an egg, to be hardboiled is to be comparatively ''tough''. The hardboiled detective—originated by Daly's Terry Mack and Race Williams and epitomized by Hammett's [[Sam Spade]] and Chandler's [[Philip Marlowe]]—not only solves mysteries, like his "softer" counterparts, the protagonist confronts danger and engages in violence on a regular basis. The hardboiled detective also has a characteristically tough attitude. | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | ==Noir fiction==<!-- This section is linked from [[Film noir]] --> | + | |
| - | '''Noir fiction''' is the name sometimes given to a mode of crime fiction regarded as a subset of the hardboiled style. Per noir aficionado George Tuttle: | + | |
| - | <blockquote>In this sub-genre, the protagonist is usually not a detective, but instead either a victim, a suspect, or a perpetrator. He is someone tied directly to the crime, not an outsider called to solve or fix the situation. Other common characteristics ... are the emphasis on sexual relationships and the use of sex to advance the plot and the self-destructive qualities of the lead characters. This type of fiction also has the lean, direct writing style and the gritty realism commonly associated with hardboiled fiction. | + | |
| </blockquote> | </blockquote> | ||
| - | The seminal American writer in the noir fiction mode was [[James M. Cain]]—regarded as the third major figure of the early hardboiled scene, he debuted as a crime novelist in 1934, right between Hammett and Chandler. Other important U.S. writers in the noir tradition are [[Cornell Woolrich]], [[Dorothy B. Hughes]], [[Jim Thompson (writer)|Jim Thompson]], [[David Goodis]], [[Charles Williams (U.S. author)|Charles Williams]], and [[Elmore Leonard]]. The term "noir fiction" may evoke unrelenting gloom; in fact, while the work of all the major authors in the field might be characterized by a [[fatalism|fatalistic]] attitude, it has been expressed in a variety of tones. | ||
| - | |||
| - | Woolrich and Goodis indeed often portray what seems to be a sunless world, but Leonard is frequently bright, even when the color of blood is red. Hughes and Williams are somewhere in the middle—her work is serious, yet with a lot of hardboiled "attitude," while his forte is the philosophical smile and shrug. As for Cain and Thompson, each wrote some of the blackest of American [[genre fiction]], and some of the funniest. | ||
| - | |||
| - | The popular use of "noir" in the term "noir fiction" derives immediately from "[[film noir]]" as it has been used to characterize certain putatively "dark" Hollywood crime dramas and melodramas, many early examples of which were based on works by the original hardboiled writers. | ||
| - | |||
| - | In turn, "noir" (French for "black"), first applied to American films in the mid-1940s by observers in France, was used there in similar senses. Most relevantly, the term ''roman noir'' (“black novel") was employed to describe a range of books, some that an English speaker might think of as mysteries, others as gothic melodramas. Note that while the meanings of "noir fiction" and ''roman noir'' are closely related, the derivation is not direct. Making the connection even tighter, in 1945 the French publisher Gallimard brought out a new series of paperback thrillers, many of them translations of hardboiled American fiction. The line was called ''[[Série noire]].'' | ||
| - | |||
| - | ==Major variants of hardboiled and noir== | ||
| - | |||
| - | [[William R. Burnett|W. R. Burnett]], part of the first wave of hardboiled writers along with Hammett and Cain, wrote in a style that split the difference, often featuring heroic gangsters as his leads. The five novels featuring [[Alcoholism|alcoholic]] detective Bill Crane written by [[Jonathan Latimer]] over the course of the 1930s constitute the one of the earliest literary series of hardboiled [[screwball comedy]]. The work of [[Charles Willeford]] has sometimes been referred to as hardboiled or, particularly, noir fiction, though it is perhaps more helpfully characterized as "[[film noir#Neo-noir and echoes of the classic mode|neo-noir]]," as Willeford's crime writing rarely employs the conventions of hardboiled literature without critiquing them. | ||
| - | |||
| - | Of latter-day hardboiled novelists who regularly feature detective protagonists, the most prominent to write in an unmistakably noir mode is [[James Ellroy]]. In terms of character, plot, and worldview, [[Patricia Highsmith]] is a quintessential writer of noir fiction—indeed, her work has been the source for numerous movies, both American and European, regarded as films noir—but her style sets her apart: far from "lean" and "direct," it is characteristically dense and subtle. | ||
| - | |||
| - | Recently, the noir crime fiction genre has been re-energized with the success of Stieg Larsson’s ''[[The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo]]'', and the popularity of the video game ''[[L.A. Noire]]'' and Stephen Jared's ''[[Ten a week Steale]]''. | ||
| - | |||
| - | ==See also== | ||
| - | *[[History_of_crime_fiction#Hard_boiled_American_crime_fiction_writing]] | ||
| - | *[[Mediterranean noir]] | ||
| - | *[[Mystery film]] | ||
| - | * [[Film noir]] | ||
| - | * [[Black Lizard]] | ||
| - | * [[Gold Medal Books]] | ||
| - | * [[Hard Case Crime]] | ||
| {{GFDL}} | {{GFDL}} | ||
Current revision
|
Related e |
|
Featured: |
Mediterranean Noir refers to a literary style that employs elements of noir and hardboiled crime fiction in a Mediterranean setting. Sex, crime, and physical violence often figure prominently in Mediterranean Noir narratives. Social and historical issues specific to the region – particularly governmental corruption and instability, war, and racial strife – are frequently underlying plot considerations. Prominent authors of the movement include Jean-Claude Izzo, Andrea Camilleri, Massimo Carlotto, Eduardo Mendoza, and Batya Gur.
According to the Italian publisher Sandro Ferri, Mediterranean Noir is remarkable for its attention to a unique duality of Mediterranean life:
The prevailing vision in the novels belonging to the genre known as Mediterranean noir is a pessimistic one. Authors and their literary inventions look upon the cities of the Mediterranean and see places that have been broken, battered, and distorted by crime. There is always a kind of dualism that pervades these works. On one hand, there is the Mediterranean lifestyle-- fine wine and fine food, friendship, conviviality, solidarity, blue skies and limpid seas-- an art of living brought almost to perfection. On the other hand, violence, corruption, greed, and abuses of power.
Unless indicated otherwise, the text in this article is either based on Wikipedia article "Mediterranean noir" or another language Wikipedia page thereof used under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License; or on research by Jahsonic and friends. See Art and Popular Culture's copyright notice.
