List of female scientists before the 20th century
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Women in science have made significant contributions to scientific thought and practice since antiquity.
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Antiquity
- Agamede, (12th century BCE), physician
- Aglaonike, (unknown), the first woman astronomer in Ancient Greece
- Agnodike, (4th century BCE), the first woman physician to practice legally in Athens
- Arate of Cyrene, (5th - 4th centuries BCE), natural and moral philosopher
- En Hedu'Anna (circa 2354 BCE)
- Hypatia of Alexandria, (370 - 415), mathematician and astronomer
- Mary the Jewess, (1st or 2nd century CE), alchemist
- Theano (6th century BCE), philosopher, mathematician and physician
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Middle Ages
- Abella, (14th century), Italian physician
- Dorotea Bocchi, (fl. 1390), Italian professor of medicine
- Jacobina Felice, (fl. 1322), Italian physician
- Alessandra Gillani, (fl. 1318), Italian anatomist
- Herrad of Landsberg (c 1130 - 1195), author of the science compendium Garden of Delight
- Hildegard von Bingen, (1099 - 1179), natural philosopher
- Mercuridae, (14th century), Italian physician
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15th to 17th centuries
- Aphra Behn, (1640 - 1689), British astronomer
- Juliana Berners, (fl. 1460), British natural historian
- Celia Grillo Borromeo, (1684 - 1777), Italian natural philosopher
- Sophia Brahe, (1556 - 1643), Danish astronomer and chemist
- Margaret Cavendish, (1623 - 1673), natural philosopher
- Maria Cunitz, (1610-1664), German astronomer
- Jeanne Dumée, (fl. 1680), French astronomer
- Elisabeth of Bohemia, Princess Palatine, (1618 - 1680), German natural philosopher
- Françoise Grigan, (1646 - 1705), French natural philosopher
- Elisabetha Koopman Hevelius, (ca. 1646), Polish astronomer
- Anne de La Vigne, (b. 1684), French natural philosopher
- Maria Sibylla Merian (1647 - 1717), naturalist
- Tarquinia Molza, (1542 - 1617), Italian natural philosopher
- Elena Cornaro Piscopia, (1646 - 1684), Italian mathematician and the first female PhD
- Louise-Anastasia Serment, (1642 - 1692), French natural philosopher
- Jane Sharp, (fl. 1671), British midwife
- Lorenna Strozzi, (1515 - 1591), Italian natural philospoher
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18th century
- Maria Gaetana Agnesi, (1718 - 1799), Italian mathematician
- Maria Ardinghelli, (1728 - 1825), Italian mathematician and physcist
- Anna Atkins, (1799 - 1871), British botanist
- Giuseppa Eleonora Barbapiccola, (c. 1702), natural philosopher who first translated the works of René Descartes into Italian
- Laura Bassi, (1711 - 1778), Italian physicist
- Margaret Bryan, (b. c. 1760), British natural phisolopher
- Jane Colden, (1724 - 1766), American biologist
- Gabrielle-Emilie Du Chatelet, (1706 - 1749), French natural philosopher
- Maria Dalle Donne, (1778 - 1842), Italian physician
- Dorothea Leporin Erxleben, (1715 - 1762), German physician
- Elizabeth Fulhame, (fl. 1794), British chemist
- Sophia Germain, (1776 - 1831), elasticity theory, number theory
- Catherine Littlefield Green, (1755 - 1814), American inventor
- Claudine Guyton de Morveau, (c. 1770 - c. 1820), French natural philosopher
- Caroline Herschel, (1750 - 1848), German-British astronomer
- Josephine Kablick, (b. 1787), Botanist
- Christine Kirch, (c. 1696 - 1782), German astronomer
- Maria Margarethe Kirch,(1670 - 1720), German astronomer
- Maria La Chapelle, (1769 - 1821), French midwife
- Marie Améile Lalande, (fl. 1790), French astronomer
- Marie Paulze Lavoisier, (1758 - 1836), French chemist and illustrator
- Nichole-Reine Etable de la Brière Lepaute, (1723-1788), French astronomer
- Martha Daniell Logan, (1702 - 1779), American horticulturist
- Anna Morandi Manzolini, (1716 - 1774), Italian physician and anatomist
- Maria Pettracini, (fl. 1780), Italian anatomist and physician
- Louise du Pierry, (b. 1746), French astronomer
- Martha Laurens Ramsey, (1718 - 1811), American agronomist
- Mary Somerville, (1780 - 1872), British astronomer, mathematician and popular science writer
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19th century
- Elisabeth Adams, (19th century)
- Elizabeth Cary Agassiz, (1822 - 1907), natural historian
- S. Josephine Baker, (1873 - 1945)
- Olive Ann Beech, (1920 - 1986)
- Ruth Benedict, (1887 - 1948)
- Elizabeth Blackwell, (1821 - 1910)
- Elizabeth Knight Britton, (1858 - 1934)
- Mary E. Britton, (19th century)
- Mary Whiton Calkins, (1863 - 1930)
- Cornelia Clapp, (1849 - 1934)
- Maria Dalle Donne, (19th century)
- Ellen Eglui, (19th century)
- Alice Fletcher, (1838 - 1923)
- Williamina Fleming, (1857 - 1911)
- Margaret Murray Huggins, (1848 - 1916)
- Mary Kies, (19th century)
- Sonya Kovalevskaya (1850 – 1891), partial differential equations, rotating solids, Abelian functions
- Lefebre, (19th century)
- Augusta Ada Byron Lovelace, (1815 - 1851)
- A. H. Manning, (19th century)
- Sarah Mather, (19th century)
- Maria Mitchell, (1818 - 1889)
- Florence Nightingale, (19th century)
- Emmy Noether (1882 – 1935), symmetries and conservation laws in theoretical physics
- Beatrix Potter, (1866 - 1943)
- Ellen Swallow Richards, (1842 - 1911)
- Emily Roebling, (1844 - 1903)
- Clemence Augustine Royer, (1830 - )
- Caterina Scarpellini, (1808 - )
- Nettie Stevens, (1861 - 1912)
- Lucy Hobbs Taylor, (1833 - 1910)
- Jeanne Villepreux-Power, (1794 - 1871), French marine biologist
- Mary Walker, (1832 - 1919)
- Margaret Floy Washburn, (1871 - 1939)
- Sarah F. Whiting, (1846 - 1927)
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20th century
- Hertha Marks Ayrton, (1854 - 1923), electric arcs, sand ripples, invention of several devices, geometry
- Margaret Burbidge, (1919 - )
- Susan Blackmore (1951 - ), memetics, evolutionary theory, consciousness,parapsychology
- Jocelyn Bell Burnell (1943 - ), discovery of radio pulsars
- Annie Jump Cannon, (1863 - 1941)
- Bessie Coleman, (1893 - 1926)
- Heather Couper (1949 - ), astronomy popularisation, science education
- Deborah Crocker, (1957 - )
- Marie Curie, (1867-1934), Pioneering radiology, discovery of polonium and radium
- Irène Joliot-Curie (1897 – 1956), Nuclear physics
- Rosalind Franklin, (1920 - 1957)
- Kate Gleason, (1865 - 1933)
- Evelyn Boyd Granville, (1924 - )
- Susan Greenfield (1951 - ), physiology of the brain, popularisation of science
- Anna J. Harrison, (20th century)
- Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin, (1910 - 1994)
- Grace Hopper, (1906 - 1992)
- Sethanne Howard, (1944 - )
- Dorothea Klumpke, (1861 - 1942)
- Henrietta Leavitt, (1868 - 1921), periodicity of variable stars
- Margaret E. Matlby, (1845 - 1926)
- Maria Goeppert Mayer, (20th century)
- Barbara McClintock, (1902 - 1992)
- Lise Meitner, (1878 - 1968), pioneering nuclear physics, discovery of nuclear fission, protactinum, and the Auger effect
- Maud Menten, (20th century)
- Julia Morgan, (20th century)
- Emily Noether, (1882 - 1935)
- Donna Osif, (20th century)
- Cecelia Payne-Gaposchkin, (1900 - 1978)
- Sophia Pereyaslaw, (20th century)
- Georgia Dwelle Rooks, (20th century)
- Patsy Sherman, (20th century)
- Ida Eva Tacke, (20th century)
- Maria Telkes, (20th century)
- Mary Olliden Weaver,
- Dorothy Wrinch, (1894 - 1976)
- Chien-Shiung Wu, (1912-1997), nuclear physics, (non)conservation of parity, sickle-cell dsease
- Rosalyn Sussman Yalow, (1921 - )
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See also
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