List of substances used in rituals
From The Art and Popular Culture Encyclopedia
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This is a list of species and genera that are used as entheogens or are used in an entheogenic concoction (such as ayahuasca). For recreational use they may be classified as hallucinogens. The active principals and historical significance of each is also listed to illustrate the requirements necessary to be categorized as an entheogen.
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Fauna
| Common name | Binomial nomenclature for species or genus | Psychoactive constituent(s) | Regions/Cultures of use |
|---|---|---|---|
| Colorado River toad | Bufo alvarius | 5-MeO-DMT and bufotenin | Controversial interpretation of Mesoamerican art. |
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Flora
| Common name | Binomial nomenclature for species or genus | Psychoactive constituent(s) | Regions/Cultures of use |
|---|---|---|---|
| African dream root | Silene capensis | Possibly triterpenoid saponins | Xhosa people of South Africa. |
| Ayahuasca | Banisteriopsis caapi | Harmala alkaloids | South America; people of the Amazon Rainforest. UDV of Brazil and United States. Use within ayahuasca. |
| Blue lily | Nymphaea caerulea | Nuciferine and aporphine | Possibly ancient Egypt and South America. |
| Angel's trumpet | Brugmansia spp. | Tropane alkaloids | South America, sometimes used as part of ayahuasca. |
| Bolivian torch cactus | Echinopsis lageniformis syn. Trichocereus bridgesii | Mescaline | South America |
| Cannabis | Cannabis spp. | THC and other cannabinoids | Sadhus of India. See also: religious and spiritual use of cannabis. |
| Chaliponga | Diplopterys cabrerana | DMT, 5-MeO-DMT and bufotenin | Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru as part of ayahuasca. |
| Harmal | Peganum harmala | Harmala alkaloids | Turkey and the Middle East. |
| Hawaiian baby woodrose | Argyreia nervosa | Ergoline alkaloids | Psychoactive, but may not have been used as an entheogen. Native to India. Traditional usage possible but mainly undocumented. |
| Henbane | Hyoscyamus niger | Tropane alkaloids | Ancient Greece and witches of the Middle Ages. |
| Peruvian torch cactus | Echinopsis peruviana syn. Trichocereus peruvianus | Mescaline | Pre-Incan Chavín rituals in Peru. |
| Iboga | Tabernanthe iboga | Ibogaine | Bwiti religion of West Central Africa. |
| Morning glory | Ipomoea tricolor | Ergoline alkaloids | Aztecs |
| Morning glory | Ipomoea violacea | Ergoline alkaloids | Mazatec<ref name="THE LEAVES OF THE SHEPHERDESS">http://www.sagewisdom.org/shepherdess.html</ref> |
| Jimson weed | Datura stramonium | Tropane alkaloids | Native Americans: Algonquian and Luiseño. Sadhus of India. Táltos of the Magyar (Hungary). |
| Mapacho | Nicotiana rustica | Nicotine and harmala alkaloids | South America |
| Jurema | Mimosa tenuiflora syn. M. hostilis | DMT and harmala alkaloids-ott claims to have taken bark alone and is active | Northeastern Brazil |
| Peyote | Lophophora williamsii | Mescaline | Oshara Tradition |
| Chacruna | Psychotria viridis | DMT | UDV of Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, and the Brazilian church. Santo Daime have used it as part of ayahuasca. |
| Ska María Pastora | Salvia divinorum | Salvinorin A | Mazatec |
| San Pedro cactus | Echinopsis pachanoi syn. Trichocereus pachanoi | Mescaline | South America |
| Tobacco | Nicotiana rustica | Nicotine, Harmala alk. | North & South America, other spp. may have similar activity |
| Christmas vine | Turbina corymbosa syn. Rivea corymbosa | Ergoline alkaloids | Mazatec<ref name="THE LEAVES OF THE SHEPHERDESS">http://www.sagewisdom.org/shepherdess.html</ref> |
| Virola | Virola spp. | DMT, 5-MeO-DMT and bufotenin | South America |
| Vilca | Anadenanthera colubrina | DMT, 5-MeO-DMT and bufotenin | South America |
| Yopo | Anadenanthera peregrina | DMT, 5-MeO-DMT and bufotenin | South America |
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Fungi
| Common name | Binomial nomenclature for species or genus | Psychoactive constituent(s) | Regions/Cultures of use |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fly agaric | Amanita muscaria<ref>Heinrich, C (1995). Strange Fruit: Alchemy and Religion- The Hidden Truth. London : Bloomsbury. Referenced throughout ISBN 978-0-7475-1548-7</ref> | Ibotenic acid and muscimol | Siberian shamans. Scandinavia. Possibly the Soma drink of India. |
| Magic mushrooms | primarily Psilocybe spp. | Psilocybin and psilocin; baeocystin and norbaeocystin (some species) | Mazatec |
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See also
- Entheogen
- Entheogenic drugs and the archaeological record
- Ethnobotany
- God in a Pill?
- Psychedelic plants
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