La Mazarinade
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During the civil war known as the Fronde, libelles proliferated in France, numbering around 5,000 between the years 1648-1653. During the Fronde, the majority of libelles were directed against Cardinal Mazarin, the chief minister of France. These libelles were referred to as Mazarinades. They ridiculed Mazarin for a wide variety of things, including his low birth, his luxurious proclivities and speculated on his erotic liaison with the Queen Mother, Anne of Austria. One of the most famous of these characterized Mazarin as follows:
- Buggering bugger, buggered bugger,
- Bugger to the supreme degree,
- Hairy bugger and feathered bugger,
- Bugger in large and small volume,
- Bugger sodomizing the State,
- And bugger of the purest mixture… --Paul Scarron, La Mazarinade (1651)
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