Jazz-funk
From The Art and Popular Culture Encyclopedia
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"During the seventies, Roy Ayers released a couple of true club classics with "Running Away", "Can't You See Me" and "Love Will Bring Us Back Together" and "Sweet Tears" which made him immensely popular on the UK jazz-funk scene. Donald Byrd with his Blackbyrds brought us "Dominoes", "Rock Creek Park", "Happy Music", "Lansana's Priestess" and "Mysterious Vibes". Then there are the Mizell Brothers and Gil Scott Heron with his "The Bottle", "Home Is Where The Hatred Is" and "Peace Go With You Brother". Lonnie Liston Smith brought us "Expansions". Powerline (Sojka and Pike) released Journey/Double Journey and Atmosfear "Dancing In Outer Space" (1979). "Together Forever" was the only song released by Exodus. "Pa Pa Pa Pa Di Pa Pa!" was sampled in Todd Terry's "Hey Buddy" and ultimately "House Music" by Eddie Amador. Funkanova by Wood Brass and Steel, "New York City" by Miroslav Vitous and "Go Bang" by Arthur Russell, "I Thought Is Was You" by Herbie Hancock. There was Eumir Deodato with "Whistle Bump" and "Superstrut", "Peter Gunn" and "Night Cruiser". There was Azymuth with "Jazz Carnival" and "Manha". There was Ronnie Laws with "Always There" and Sun Palace with "Rude Movements". Eddy Grant came with Nobody's Got Time / Time Warp and The Clash with "The Magnificent Dance". T.W. Funkmasters with "Love Money" and Ned Doheny with "To Prove My Love" and Francine McGee with "Delirium" (1977). And "Forget Me Nots" by Patrich Rushen. There was Cymande with "Bra" and "The Message", David Bendeth with "Feel The Real", Risco Connection with "Ain't No Stopping Us Now", Eddie Henderson with "Say You Will" and "Prance On", there was Herb Alpert with "Rotation", Arthur Adams with "You Got The Floor", Funk Fusion Band with "Can You Feel It", Matsubara with "S.O.S.", Dexter Wansel with "Life On Mars", Mandré with "Solar Flight", Hudson People with "Trip To Your Mind", Frontline Orchestra with "Don't Turn Your Back", Johnny Hammond with "Los Conquistadores Chocolates", Ingram with "Mi Sabrina Tequana", the Disco Dub Band with "For the Love of Money", Manzel's "Space Funk", El Coco's "Cocomotion", Raw Silk with "Just in Time" and Chocolate Milk with "Time Machine". Early CD compilations include London Jazz Classics (1993-95) compiled by Stuart Baker and Classic Jazz Funk Mastercuts Volume1-7 (1991-97)."--Jahsonic |
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Jazz-funk is a sub-genre of jazz music characterized by a strong back beat (groove), electrified sounds, and often, the presence of the first electronic analog synthesizers. The integration of funk, soul, and R&B music and styles into jazz resulted in the creation of a genre whose spectrum is indeed quite wide and ranges from strong jazz improvisation to soul, funk or disco with jazz arrangements, jazz riffs, and jazz solos, and sometimes soul vocals. Jazz-funk is primarily an American genre, where it was popular throughout the 1970s and the early 1980s, but it also achieved noted appeal on the club-circuit in England during the mid 1970s. Similar genres include soul jazz and jazz fusion, but neither entirely overlap with jazz-funk. Notably jazz-funk is less vocal, more arranged and featured more improv than soul jazz, and retains a strong feel of groove and R&B versus some of the jazz fusion production.
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Musical approach
At the jazz end of the spectrum, jazz-funk characteristics include a departure from ternary rhythm (near-triplet), i.e. the "swing" (see swing rhythm), to the more danceable and unfamiliar binary rhythm, known as the "groove". It is therefore no surprise that this type of jazz saw its name associated with the term funk, a genre that created this groove rhythm, which was spearheaded by James Brown's drummers Clyde Stubblefield and John "Jabo" Starks. A second characteristic of jazz-funk music was the use of electric instruments, such as the Rhodes Piano or the electric bass guitar, particularly in jazz fusion (or electro-jazz), and the first use of analogue electronic instruments notably by Herbie Hancock, whose jazz-funk period saw him surrounded on stage or in the studio by several Moog synthesizers. The ARP Odyssey, ARP String Ensemble, and Hohner D6 Clavinet also became popular at the time. A third feature is the shift of proportions between composition and improvisation. Arrangements, melody, and overall writing were heavily emphasized.
Ambivalence towards the genre
At its conception, the jazz-funk genre was occasionally looked down upon by jazz hard-liners as a sell-out, or "jazz for the dancehalls." It was unsubstantially presumed by these to be not intellectual or elite enough, which led to controversy about the music crossing over, but it was making jazz much more popular and mainstream.
The jazz-funk (as well as a proportion of the jazz) community absorbed the street sound of the funk rhythm, which gave the genre a dance-able rhythm and gained influences from the electric and some new analog electronic sound of fusion. The 1970s included many original stylistic creations, and the jazz-funk genre was very representative of this movement.
From a jazz perspective, the ambivalence towards the jazz-funk genre arose – despite commercial success – because it was "too jazzy" and therefore too complex. Arrangements and instrumental tracks in pop or R&B music requires less initiation and allows the lead singer to relate to the audience, but jazz-funk was more focused on specific notes and overall music writing, so it seldom offered this same interaction with the audience.
Disdained by a part of the jazz community and its inability to top the pop charts, jazz-funk had a long hard time to establish itself. In the UK's nightclubs of the mid to late 1970s, DJs like Colin Curtis in Manchester, Birmingham's Graham Warr and Shaun Williams, and Leeds-based Ian Dewhirst and Paul Schofield championed the genre, along with Chris Hill and Bob Jones in the South. In the late 1980s, the work of rare groove crate diggers–DJs in England who were interested in looking back into the past and re-discovering old tunes, such as Norman Jay and Gilles Peterson and hip hop DJ's such as Marley Marl in the US, have both the jazz community and the pop professionals beginning to understand the value of the genre. Eddie Henderson, Donald Byrd and Herbie Hancock are seldom challenged as major influences on jazz. The Mizell Brothers have received official accolades from the industry and are being listened to widely. Their work has also been sampled in more modern music.
It is also worth noting that the more famous acid jazz movement is often seen as a rediscovery of 1970s jazz-funk, interpreted or produced by contemporary artists of the 1990s. One of the most blatant example is the band US3, who were signed to Acid Jazz Records founded by Peterson and Eddie Piller. US3 covered Cantaloupe Island, originally recorded by Herbie Hancock, and reissue of rare grooves from the era, led by DJ Peterson and Patrick Forge in the United Kingdom. Contemporary jazz artists have also contributed to the rediscovery, most notably Nathan Haines and Courtney Pine.
Examples of artists that explored jazz-funk, soul jazz, or jazz fusion are Herbie Hancock, David Axelrod, Sun Ra, Roy Ayers, Azymuth, Gary Bartz, George Benson, The Brecker Bros., Tom Browne, Donald Byrd, the Mizell Brothers, Billy Cobham, The Crusaders, Eumir Deodato, Ned Doherty, George Duke, Charles Earland, Funkanova, Roger Glenn, Johnny Hammond, Gene Harris, Eddie Henderson, Bobbi Humphrey, Bob James, Kool & The Gang, Ronnie Laws, Mass Production, Francine McGee, Jaco Pastorius, Pleasure, Patrice Rushen, Lee Ritenour, Lonnie Liston Smith, Bill Summers, The Tower of Power, Miroslav Vitous, Dexter Wansel, and Leon Ware.
Herbie Hancock was dedicated to jazz-funk on many albums including Head Hunters, Thrust, Man-Child, Flood, Secrets, Sunlight, and Mr. Hands. Post jazz-funk era, later in the early 1980s, he threw in electronic influences into the jazz-funk mix when he created Future Shock and Sound-System.
The genre is also widely incorporated and sampled in R&B and hip hop with countless Mizell Brothers' loops in both styles of music!
The role of producers
Many mainstream artists in jazz used the talents of a few producers who were specialists in the genre and generated great commercial success. While Herbie Hancock was always his own producer, he teamed up with Mike Clark and Paul Jackson and formed "The Headhunters". The Mizell Brothers - Larry and Fonce - were responsible for a lot of the jazz-funk wave as they single-handedly produced many of the major jazz-funk artists (Donald Byrd, Johnny "Hammond" Smith, Bobbi Humphrey, Gary Bartz, and more). Other producers included Dexter Wansel, Bob James, Dave Grusin, generally acclaimed musicians (especially arrangers) themselves who tried their hand at sound-engineer, arranger, or composer (the Mizell Brothers produced most of Byrd's and Johnny "Hammond" Smith's Jazz-funk) other artists. It was typically during this era - the mid 1970s - that the producers gained their arms and paved the way for others later, such as super R&B producers Nile Rodgers and Bernard Edwards from Chic in the early 1980s.
Focus on the UK
While the vast majority of jazz-funk bands are American, several British jazz-funk artists and bands emerged in the late 1970s and early 1980s who broke away from the disco and commercial scene, encouraged by club DJs like Chris Hill, Robbie Vincent who was then on BBC Radio London, and Greg Edwards who had a Saturday evening show on London's first ever commercial radio station Capital Radio, and Norman Jay. This type of music was also heavily played on Europe's first soul radio station, Radio Invicta. The first of these self-contained bands to establish a real UK identity was Light of the World formed by Breeze McKrieth, Kenny Wellington, Jean-Paul 'Bluey' Maunick, Paul 'Tubbs' Williams, Peter Hinds and David Baptiste. Offshoots of the band also formed Beggar & Co and Incognito.
British jazz-funk bands include: Central Line, Level 42, Freeez, Heatwave, The Real Thing, Atmosfear, FBI, Morrissey - Mullen, Shakatak, Hue and Cry and Gonzalez. Notwithstanding the significantly sophisticated musical quality of these bands, to the even remotely trained ear, these UK bands productions are more dance and pop oriented thant their American counterparts such as Herbie Hancock, Billy Cobham or Eddie Hendreson, who make more place for improvisation in their productions Vs catchy choruses.
The 2003 album British Hustle: the Sound of British Jazz Funk 1974 to 1982, compiles tracks by some of the above artists.
Jazz-funk today
Some heavy producers (Jazzanova), some of whom are trained in classical music and jazz, are taking the elements of jazz-funk and using them in the full-electronic and computer assisted era. These movements are called nu jazz, and broken beat and are however heavily dominated not by instrumentalists, but rather by DJs.
Yet some (including those quoted) are outstanding achieved arrangers and producers, heavily influenced by jazz-funk, and therefore full musicians taking the jazz-funk genre into the 21st Century. The hard-liners will without a doubt complain again about the movement which often does not use session musicians, but uses computers to play some of the music. The more open-to-change liners will call this notes, rhythms, arrangements, improvisation, harmony, production, melodies, themes, and therefore composition, writing and jazz just the same. The UK (e.g. Mike Holland), Germany (e.g. Jazzanova), and Japan (e.g. Kyoto Jazz Massive) dominate today's production of broken beat which is however starting to take-off in the USA.
Compilations
See also
