In-group and out-group
From The Art and Popular Culture Encyclopedia
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In sociology and social psychology, an in-group is a social group to which a person psychologically identifies as being a member. By contrast, an out-group is a social group with which an individual does not identify. People may for example identify with their peer group, family, community, sports team, political party, gender, religion, or nation. It has been found that the psychological membership of social groups and categories is associated with a wide variety of phenomena.
The terminology was made popular by Henri Tajfel and colleagues during his work in formulating social identity theory. The significance of in-group and out-group categorization was identified using a method called the minimal group paradigm. Tajfel and colleagues found that people can form self-preferencing in-groups within a matter of minutes and that such groups can form even on the basis of completely arbitrary and invented discriminatory characteristics, such as preferences for certain paintings.
See also
- Allosemitism
- Amity-enmity complex
- Antilocution
- Ambivalent prejudice
- Autarky
- Bandwagon effect
- Benevolent prejudice
- Cultural identity
- Cronyism
- Collective narcissism
- Common ingroup identity
- Endogamy
- Elitism
- False consensus effect
- Groupthink
- Homophobia
- Hostile prejudice
- Insider
- Microculture
- Nepotism
- Paradox of tolerance
- Prejudice
- Racism
- Scapegoating
- Sexism
- Shibboleth
- Social class
- Social dominance orientation
- Subculture
- Uchi-soto