Human development (economics)
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| - | '''Ronald F. Inglehart''' (born September 5, 1934) is a [[political science|political scientist]] and professor [[emeritus]] at the [[University of Michigan]]. | + | '''Human development''' is the science that seeks to understand how and why the people of all ages and circumstances change or remain the same over time. It involves studies of the [[human condition]] with its core being the [[capability approach]]. The [[inequality adjusted Human Development Index]] is used as a way of measuring actual progress in human development by the [[United Nations]]. It is an alternative approach to a single focus on economic growth, and focused more on [[social justice]], as a way of understanding progress. |
| - | ==Writings== | + | ==See also== |
| - | Ronald Inglehart's numerous writings have become extremely influential, with translations published in German, Italian, Spanish, French, Swedish, Brazilian Portuguese, Russian, Polish, Croatian, Japanese, Chinese, Vietnamese, Korean, Persian, Urdu and Indonesian. Brief descriptions of some of his most influential works include: | + | *[[Human security]] |
| - | + | *[[International development]] | |
| - | ===''The Silent Revolution''=== | + | |
| - | In ''The Silent Revolution'' (1977) Inglehart discovered a major intergenerational shift in the values of the populations of advanced industrial societies. In his 1990 book ''Culture Shift in Advanced Industrial Society'' Inglehart uses a large body of time-series survey data from twenty-six nations gathered from 1970 through 1988 to analyze the cultural changes that are occurring as younger generations gradually replace older ones in the adult population. These changes have far-reaching political implications, and they seem to be transforming the economic growth rates of societies and the kind of economic development that is pursued. Economic, technological, and sociopolitical changes have been changing the cultures of advanced industrial societies during the past several decades. Inglehart examines changes in [[religious belief]]s, work motivation, political conflict, attitudes toward children and families, and attitudes toward [[divorce]], [[abortion]], and [[homosexuality]]. | + | |
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| - | ===''Culture Shift in Advanced Industrial Society''=== | + | |
| - | ''Culture Shift in Advanced Industrial Society'' (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990). Economic, technological, and sociopolitical changes have been transforming the cultures of advanced industrial societies in profoundly important ways during the past few decades. This ambitious work examines changes in religious beliefs, in motives for work, in the issues that give rise to political conflict, in the importance people attach to having children and families, and in attitudes toward divorce, abortion, and homosexuality. Ronald Inglehart's earlier book, The Silent Revolution (Princeton, 1977), broke new ground by discovering a major intergenerational shift in the values of the populations of advanced industrial societies. This new volume demonstrates that this value shift is part of a much broader process of cultural change that is gradually transforming political, economic, and social life in these societies. | + | |
| - | Inglehart uses a massive body of time-series survey data from twenty-six nations, gathered from 1970 through 1988, to analyze the cultural changes that are occurring as younger generations gradually replace older ones in the adult population. These changes have far-reaching political implications, and they seem to be transforming the economic growth rates of societies and the kind of economic development that is pursued. | + | |
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| - | ===''Modernization and Postmodernization''=== | + | |
| - | In ''Modernization and Postmodernization'' (1997) Inglehart argued that economic development, cultural change, and political change go together in coherent and, to some extent, predictable patterns. Inglehart theorised that industrialization leads to related changes such as mass mobilization and diminishing differences in gender roles. Changes in worldviews seem to reflect changes in the economic and political environment, but take place with a generational time lag. Following industrialization, advanced industrial society leads to a basic shift in values, de-emphasizing [[instrumental rationality]]. Postmodern values then bring new societal changes, including democratic political institutions and the decline of state socialist regimes. | + | |
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| - | ===''Rising Tide''=== | + | |
| - | Written with [[Pippa Norris]], ''Rising Tide: Gender Equality and Cultural Change Around the World'' (New York and Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003) examines how the twentieth century gave rise to profound changes in traditional sex roles. This study reveals how modernization has changed cultural attitudes towards gender equality and analyzes the political consequences. It systematically compares attitudes towards gender equality worldwide, comparing almost 70 nations, ranging from rich to poor, agrarian to postindustrial. This volume is essential reading to gain a better understanding of issues in comparative politics, public opinion, political behavior, development and sociology. | + | |
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| - | ===''Sacred and Secular''=== | + | |
| - | Inglehart's 2004 book with Pippa Norris, ''Sacred and Secular: Religion and Politics Worldwide'' reexamines the [[secularization]] thesis. This book draws on a base of new evidence generated by four waves of the [[World Values Survey]] executed from 1981 to 2001 in eighty societies, covering most of the world’s major faiths. Examining religiosity from a broader perspective and in a wider range of countries than have been done before, this book argues that religiosity persists most strongly among vulnerable populations, especially those in poorer nations and in failed states, facing personal survival-threatening risks. Exposure to physical, societal and personal risks drives religiosity. Conversely, a systematic erosion of traditional religious practices, values and beliefs may have occurred among the more prosperous strata in rich nations. But at the same time, a growing proportion of the population—in both rich and poor countries—spends time thinking about the meaning and purpose of life. It is argued that in developed countries, the established churches are losing their ability to tell people how to live their lives, but spiritual concerns, broadly defined, may be becoming increasingly important. | + | |
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| - | ===''Modernization, Cultural Change and Democracy''=== | + | |
| - | Written with [[Christian Welzel]], ''Modernization, Cultural Change and Democracy: The Human Development Sequence'' (2005) demonstrates that people's basic values and beliefs are changing, in ways that affect their political, sexual, economic, and religious behavior. These changes are roughly predictable because they can be interpreted on the basis of a revised version of [[modernization theory]] presented here. Drawing on evidence from societies containing 85% of the world's population, the authors argue that modernization is a process of human development, in which economic development triggers cultural changes that make individual autonomy, gender equality, and democracy increasingly likely. | + | |
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| - | ===''Cosmopolitan Communications''=== | + | |
| - | Written with Pippa Norris. In ''Cosmopolitan Communications: Cultural Diversity in a Globalized World'' (New York and Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009) he argues that societies around the world have experienced a flood of information from diverse channels originating beyond local communities and even national borders, transmitted through the rapid expansion of cosmopolitan communications. For more than half a century, conventional interpretations, Norris and Inglehart argue, have commonly exaggerated the potential threats arising from this process. A series of fire-walls protect national cultures. This book develops a new theoretical framework for understanding cosmopolitan communications and uses it to identify the conditions under which global communications are most likely to endanger cultural diversity. The authors analyze empirical evidence from both the societal level and the individual level, examining the outlook and beliefs of people in a wide range of societies. The study draws on evidence from the World Values Survey, covering 90 societies in all major regions worldwide from 1981 to 2007. The conclusion considers the implications of their findings for cultural policies. | + | |
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| - | ===''Cultural Evolution''=== | + | |
| - | The book ''Cultural Evolution: People's Motivations Are Changing, and Reshaping the World'' (Cambridge University Press, 2018) is an update of the results and theories published in Inglehart's previous books. In this book, Inglehart presents what he calls ''Evolutionary modernization theory'', describing how social values and human priorities have developed through history as a consequence of increasing existential security. The presentation is based on [[Longitudinal study|longitudinal]] [[Survey (human research)|survey]] data from more than a hundred countries in the [[World Values Survey]] collected in six waves from 1981 to 2014. | + | |
| - | Evolutionary modernization theory holds that economic and physical insecurity elicits an [[Authoritarian personality|authoritarian]] [[reflex]] leading to [[xenophobia]], strong [[Ingroups and outgroups|in-group]] [[solidarity]], [[Authoritarianism|authoritarian]] politics and rigid adherence to traditional | + | |
| - | cultural norms. [[Modernization theory|Modernization]] and economic [[Human development (economics)|development]] has led to a degree of security in many countries after [[World War II]] where people take survival for granted. This has led to decreasing authoritarianism and the rise of ''Postmaterialist Values'': egalitarian norms, secularization, tolerance of foreigners, gender equality, and tolerance of [[divorce]], [[homosexuality]], and [[abortion]]. The existential security and the egalitarian norms that develop under the feeling of security are necessary for [[democracy]] to develop. The freedom of choice in postmaterialist societies also leads to improved happiness. Inglehart now sees a backlash in terms of increasing authoritarianism, political populism, and erosion of democracy as a consequence of the decreasing economic security that follows the growing [[economic inequality]]. | + | |
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Human development is the science that seeks to understand how and why the people of all ages and circumstances change or remain the same over time. It involves studies of the human condition with its core being the capability approach. The inequality adjusted Human Development Index is used as a way of measuring actual progress in human development by the United Nations. It is an alternative approach to a single focus on economic growth, and focused more on social justice, as a way of understanding progress.
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