Holocene climatic optimum

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The Holocene Climate Optimum (HCO) was a warm period during roughly the interval 9,000 to 5,000 years BP. It has also been known by many other names, such as Altithermal, Climatic Optimum, Holocene Megathermal, Holocene Optimum, Holocene Thermal Maximum, Hypsithermal, and Mid-Holocene Warm Period.

This warm period was followed by a gradual decline until about two millennia ago.

For other temperature fluctuations, see temperature record.
For other past climate fluctuation, see paleoclimatology.
For the pollen zone and Blytt-Sernander period, associated with the climate optimum, see Atlantic (period).

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+The '''Holocene Climate Optimum''' (HCO) was a [[warm period]] during roughly the interval 9,000 to 5,000 years [[Before Present|BP]]. It has also been known by many other names, such as '''Altithermal''', '''Climatic Optimum''', '''Holocene Megathermal''', '''Holocene Optimum''', '''Holocene Thermal Maximum''', '''Hypsithermal''', and '''Mid-Holocene Warm Period'''.
-[[Early human migrations|Paleolithic migration]] prior to end of the [[Last Glacial Maximum]]
+This warm period was followed by a gradual decline until about two [[millennia]] ago.
-spread  [[anatomically modern humans]] throughout [[Afro-Eurasia]] and to [[settlement of the Americas|the Americas]].
+* For other temperature fluctuations, see [[temperature record]].
-During the [[Holocene climatic optimum]], formerly isolated populations began to move and merge, giving rise to the
+* For other past climate fluctuation, see [[paleoclimatology]].
-pre-modern distribution of the world's major [[language family|language families]].
+* For the [[pollen zone]] and [[Blytt-Sernander]] period, associated with the climate optimum, see [[Atlantic (period)]].
-In the wake of the population movements of the Mesolithic came the  [[Neolithic revolution]],
+==See also==
-followed by the  [[Indo-European expansion]] in Eurasia and the [[Bantu expansion]] in Africa.
+* [[8.2 kiloyear event]]
+* [[Medieval Warm Period]]
+* [[Little Ice Age]]
+* [[Timeline of environmental events]]
+* [[Younger Dryas]]
-Population movements of the proto-historical or early historical period include the [[Migration period]], followed by (or connected to) the [[Early Slavs|Slavic]], [[Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin|Magyar]] [[Viking Age|Norse]], [[Turkic expansion|Turkic]] and [[Mongol invasions|Mongol]] expansions of the medieval period.
-The last world regions to be permanently settled were the [[Pacific Islands]] and the [[Arctic]], reached during the 1st millennium AD.
-Since the beginning of the [[Age of Exploration]] and the beginning of the [[Early Modern period]] and its emerging [[colonial empires]], an accelerated pace of migration on the intercontinental scale became possible.
-==Prehistory==
-===Neolithic to Chalcolithic ===
-[[Agriculture]] is believed to have first been practised around 10,000 BC in the [[Fertile Crescent]] (see [[Jericho]]). From there, it propagated as a "wave" across Europe, a view supported by [[Archaeogenetics]], reaching northern Europe some 5 millennia ago.
-===Bronze Age ===
-The proposed Indo-European migration has variously been dated to the end of the [[Neolithic]] ([[Marija Gimbutas]]: [[Corded Ware culture]], [[Yamna culture]], [[Kurgan hypothesis#Kurgan culture|Kurgan culture]]), the early Neolithic ([[Colin Renfrew]]: [[Starčevo culture|Starčevo-Körös]], [[Linear Pottery culture|Linearbandkeramic]]) and the late [[Paleolithic|Palaeolithic]] ([[Marcel Otte]], [[Paleolithic Continuity Theory]]).
-The speakers of the [[Proto-Indo-European language]] are usually believed to have originated to the North of the [[Black Sea]] (today Eastern [[Ukraine]] and Southern [[Russia]]), and from there they gradually migrated into, and spread their language by cultural diffusion to, [[Anatolia]], [[Europe]], and [[Central Asia]] [[Iran]] and [[South Asia]] starting from around the end of the Neolithic period (see [[Kurgan hypothesis]]). Other theories, such as that of Colin Renfrew, posit their development much earlier, in Anatolia, and claim that Indo-European languages and culture spread as a result of the agricultural revolution in the early Neolithic.
-Relatively little is known about the inhabitants of pre-Indo-European "[[Old European culture|Old Europe]]". The [[Basque language]] remains from that era, as do the indigenous [[Caucasian languages|languages]] of the [[Caucasus]]. The [[Sami people|Sami]] are genetically distinct among the peoples of Europe, but the [[Sami languages]], as part of the [[Uralic languages]], spread into Europe about the same time as the Indo-European languages. However, since that period speakers of other Uralic languages such as [[Finnish people|the Finns]] and [[Estonian people|the Estonians]] have had more contact with other Europeans, thus today sharing more genes with them than the Sami.
-The earliest migrations we can reconstruct from historical sources are those of the 2nd millennium BC. The [[Proto-Indo-Iranians]] began their expansion from c. 2000 BC, the [[Rigveda]] documenting the presence of early [[Indo-Aryans]] in the [[Punjab region|Punjab]] from the late 2nd millennium BC, and [[ancient Iranian peoples|Iranian tribes]] being attested in Assyrian sources as in the [[Iranian plateau]] from the 9th century BC. In the [[Late Bronze Age]], the [[Aegean Sea|Aegean]] and [[Anatolia]] were overrun by moving populations, summarized as the "[[Sea Peoples]]", leading to the collapse of the [[Hittite Empire]] and ushering in the [[Iron Age]].
-===Austronesian expansion===
-The [[islands of the Pacific]] were  populated during c. 1600 BC and AD 1000.
-The [[Lapita]] people, who got their name from the archaeological site in Lapita, [[New Caledonia]], where their characteristic pottery was first discovered, came from [[Austronesia]], probably New Guinea, reaching the Solomon Islands, around 1600 BC, and later to Fiji, Samoa and Tonga. By the beginning of the 1st millennium BC, most of Polynesia was a loose web of thriving cultures who settled on the islands' coasts and lived off the sea. By 500 BC [[Micronesia]] was completely colonized; the last region of [[Polynesia]] to be reached was [[New Zealand]] in around 1000.
-===Bantu expansion===
-The [[Bantu expansion]] is the major prehistoric migratory pattern that shaped the ethno-linguistic composition of [[Sub-Saharan Africa]].
-The [[Bantu peoples|Bantu]], a branch of the [[Niger-Congo]] phylum,  originated in [[West Africa]] around the [[Benue River|Benue]]-[[Cross River (Nigeria)|Cross]] rivers area in southeastern Nigeria. Beginning in the 2nd millennium BC, they spread to Central Africa, and later, during the 1st millennium BC onward southeastern, spreading [[pastoralism]] and [[Agricultural revolution in Africa|agriculture]]. During the 1st millennium AD, they populated [[Southern African]]. In the process, the Bantu languages displaced the [[Khoisan languages]] indigenous to Central and Southern Africa.
-===Arctic peoples===
-The final region to be permanently settled by humans was the [[Circumpolar peoples|Arctic]], reached by the [[Dorset culture]] during about 500 BC to AD 1500. The [[Inuit]] are the descendants of the [[Thule culture]], which emerged from western Alaska around AD 1000 and [[Inuit expansion|gradually displaced]] the Dorset culture.
-==Proto-historical and early historical migration==
-The German term ''[[:wikt:Landnahme|Landnahme]]'' ("land-taking") is sometimes used in historiography
-for a migration event associated with a [[founding myth|founding legend]], e.g. of the
-[[conquest of Canaan]] in the [[Hebrew Bible]],
-the [[Indo-Aryan migration]] and expansion within India alluded to in the [[Rigveda]]
-the invasion traditions in the Irish [[Mythological Cycle]], accounting for how the [[Gaels]] came to [[Ireland]]
-the arrival of the [[Franks]] [[Austrasia]] during the [[Migration period]],
-the  [[Anglo-Saxon invasion of Britain]],
-the [[settlement of Iceland]] in the [[Viking Age]],
-the  [[Slavic migrations]], the [[Hungarian landtaking|Hungarian conquest]] , etc.
-===Iron Age===
-The [[Dorian invasion]] of Greece led to the [[Greek Dark Ages]]. The [[Urartians]] were displaced by [[Armenians]], and the [[Cimmerians]] and the [[Mushki]] migrated from the Caucasus into Anatolia. A [[Thraco-Cimmerian]] connection links these movements to the [[Proto-Celtic language|Proto-Celtic]] world of central Europe, leading to the introduction of Iron to Europe and the [[Celt]]ic expansion to western Europe and the British Isles around 500 BC.
-===Migration period===
-Western historians refer to the period of migrations that separated [[Classical antiquity|Antiquity]] from the [[Middle Ages]] in [[Europe]] as the ''Great Migrations'' or as the [[Migrations Period]]. This period is further divided into two phases.
-The first phase, from 300 to 500, saw the movement of [[Germanic tribes|Germanic]], [[Sarmatians|Sarmatian]] and [[Huns|Hunnic]] tribes and ended with the settlement of these peoples in the areas of the former Western [[Roman Empire]]. (See also: [[Ostrogoths]], [[Visigoths]], [[Burgundians]], [[Suebi]], [[Alamanni]], [[Marcomanni]]).
-The second phase, between 500 and 900, saw [[Slavic peoples|Slavic]], [[Turkic people|Turkic]] and other tribes on the move, re-settling in Eastern Europe and gradually making it predominantly Slavic. Moreover, more  Germanic tribes migrated within Europe during this period, including the  [[Lombards]] (to [[Italy]]), and the  [[Angles]], [[Saxons]], and [[Jutes]] (to the [[British Isles]]). See also: [[Avars (Carpathians)|Avars]], [[Bulgars]], [[Huns]], [[Arabs]], [[Vikings]], [[Varangian]]s. The last phase of the migrations saw the coming of the [[Magyars|Hungarians]] to the [[Pannonian plain]].
-German historians of the 19th century referred to these Germanic migrations as the ''Völkerwanderung'', the migrations of the peoples.
-The European migration period is connected with the simultaneous [[Turkic expansion]] which at first displaced other peoples towards the west, and by High Medieval times, the [[Seljuk Turks]] themselves reached the Mediterranean.
-===Early medieval period===
-The medieval period, although often presented as a time of limited human mobility and slow social change in the history of Europe, in fact saw widespread movement of peoples. The [[Vikings]] from [[Scandinavia]] raided all over Europe from the 8th century and settled in many places, including [[Normandy]], the north of [[England]], [[Scotland]] and [[Ireland]] (most of whose urban centres were founded by the Vikings). The Normans later conquered the Saxon Kingdom of England, most of Ireland, southern Italy and [[Sicily]].
-Iberia was invaded by [[Muslim]] [[Arabs]], [[Berber people|Berbers]] and [[Moors]] in the 8th century, founding new Kingdoms such as [[al Andalus]] and bringing with them a wave of settlers from North Africa. The invasion of North Africa by the [[Banu Hilal]], a warlike Arab [[Bedouin]] tribe, was a major factor in the linguistic, cultural [[Arabization]] of the [[Maghreb]].
-==Late Middle Ages==
-Massive migrations of [[Germans]] took place into East Central and Eastern Europe, reaching its peak in the 12th to 14th centuries. These [[Ostsiedlung]] settlements in part followed territorial gains of the [[Holy Roman Empire]], but areas beyond were settled, too.
-At the end of the Middle Ages, the [[ Origin of the Romani people|Romani (gypsies)]] arrived in Europe from the Middle East.
-They originate in India, probably an offshoot of the [[Domba]] people of Northern India who had left for [[Sassanid Persia]] around the 5th century.
-==Early Modern period==
-===Early Modern Europe===
-Internal European migration stepped up in the Early Modern Period. In this period, major migration within Europe included the recruiting by monarchs of landless laborers to settle depopulated or uncultivated regions and a series of forced migration caused by religious persecution.  Notable examples of this phenomenon include the [[Alhambra Decree|expulsion of the Jews from Spain]] in 1492,  mass migration of Protestants from the [[Spanish Netherlands]] to the [[Dutch Republic]] after the 1580s, the [[expulsion of the Moriscos]] (descendants of former Muslims) from Spain in 1609, and the expulsion of the [[Huguenots]] from [[France]] in the 1680s. Since the 14th century, the [[Serbs]] started leaving the areas of their medieval Kingdom and Empire that was overrun by the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] Turks and migrated to the north, to the lands of today's [[Vojvodina]] (northern Serbia), which was ruled by the [[Kingdom of Hungary]] at that time. The [[Habsburg]] monarchs of Austria encouraged them to settle on their frontier with the Turks and provide military service by granting them free land and religious toleration. The two greatest [[Great Serbian Migrations|migrations]] took place in 1690 and 1737. Other instances of labour recruitments include the [[Plantations of Ireland]] - the settling of Ireland with Protestant colonists from England, Scotland and Wales in the period 1560–1690 and the recruitment of [[Volga Germans|German]]s by [[Catherine the Great]] of Russia to settle the [[Volga]] region in the 18th century.
-===Colonial empires===
-European [[Colonialism]] from the 16th to the early 20th centuries led to an imposition of a European [[colonies]] in many regions of the world, particularly in the [[Americas]], [[South Asia]], [[Sub-Saharan Africa]] and [[Australia]], where European languages remain either prevalent or in frequent use as administrative languages. Major human migration before the 18th century was largely state directed. For instance, Spanish emigration to the New World was limited to settlers from [[Crown of Castile|Castile]] who were intended to act as soldiers or administrators. Mass immigration was not encouraged due to a labour shortage in Europe (of which Spain was the worst affected by a depopulation of its core territories in the 17th century).
-Europeans also tended to die of tropical diseases in the New World in this period and for this reason England, France and Spain preferred using [[slaves]] as free labor in their American possessions. Many historians attribute a change in this pattern in the 18th century to population increases in Europe.
-However, in the less tropical regions of North America's east coast, large numbers of religious dissidents, mostly English Puritans, settled during the early 17th century. Spanish restrictions on emigration to Latin America were revoked and the English colonies in North America also saw a major influx of settlers attracted by cheap or free land, economic opportunity and the continued lure of religious toleration.
-A period in which various early English colonies had a significant amount of self-rule prevailed from the time of the Plymouth colony's founding in 1620 through 1676, as the mother country was wracked by revolution and general instability. However, King William III decisively intervened in colonial affairs after 1688 and the English colonies gradually came more directly under royal governance, with a marked effect on the type of emigration. During the early 18th century, significant numbers of non-English seekers of greater religious and political freedom were allowed to settle within the British colonies, including Protestant Palatine Germans displaced by French conquest, French Huguenots disenfranchised by an end of religious tolerance, Scotch-Irish Presbyterians, Quakers who were often Welsh, as well as Presbyterian and Catholic Scottish Highlanders seeking a new start after a series of unsuccessful revolts.
-The English colonists who came during this period were increasingly moved by economic necessity. Some colonies, including Georgia, were settled heavily by petty criminals and indentured servants who hoped to pay off their debts. By 1800, European emigration had transformed the demographic character of the American continent. This was also due in part to the devastating effect of European diseases and warfare on Native American populations.
-The European settlers' influence elsewhere was less pronounced as in South Asia and Africa, European settlement in this period was limited to a thin layer of administrators, traders and soldiers.
-==See also==
-*[[Trans-cultural diffusion]]
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Holocene climatic optimum

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