Historia Plantarum (Theophrastus book)  

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"Theophrastus reports that cabbage, radish and turnip are sown in July after the summer solstice, along with beet, lettuce, mustard and coriander. Leeks, celery, onion and orache are sown in January. Cucumber, gourds, basil, purslane and savory, in contrast, he writes, are sown in April."--Historia Plantarum (Theophrastus book)

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Contents


Theophrastus's Enquiry into Plants or Historia Plantarum ({{lang-grc-gre|Περὶ φυτῶν ἱστορία}}, Peri phyton historia) was, along with his mentor Aristotle's History of Animals, Pliny the Elder's Natural History and Dioscorides's De materia medica, one of the most important books of natural history written in ancient times, and like them it was influential in the Renaissance. Theophrastus looks at plant structure, reproduction and growth; the varieties of plant around the world; wood; wild and cultivated plants; and their uses. Book 9 in particular, on the medicinal uses of plants, is one of the first herbals, describing juices, gums and resins extracted from plants, and how to gather them.

Historia Plantarum was written some time between c. 350 BC and c. 287 BC in ten volumes, of which nine survive. In the book, Theophrastus described plants by their uses, and attempted a biological classification based on how plants reproduced, a first in the history of botany. He continually revised the manuscript, and it remained in an unfinished state on his death. The condensed style of the text, with its many lists of examples, indicate that Theophrastus used the manuscript as the working notes for lectures to his students, rather than intending it to be read as a book.

Historia Plantarum was first translated into Latin by Theodorus Gaza; the translation was published in 1483. Johannes Bodaeus published a frequently cited folio edition in Amsterdam in 1644, complete with commentaries and woodcut illustrations. The first English translation was made by Sir Arthur Hort and published in 1916.

Book

The Enquiry into Plants is in Hort's parallel text a book of some 400 pages of original Greek, consisting of about 100,000 words. It was originally organised into ten books, of which nine survive, though it is possible the surviving text represents all the material, rearranged into nine books rather than the original ten.{{sfn|Gotthelf|1988|p=113}} Along with his other surviving botanical work, On the Causes of Plants, Enquiry into Plants was an important influence on science in the middle ages. On the strength of these books, the first scientific inquiries into plants and one of the first systems of plant classification, Linnaeus called Theophrastus "the father of botany".

Theophrastus's two plant books have similar titles to two books on animals by his mentor Aristotle; Roger French concludes that he was effectively "doing a peripatetic exercise" in identifying regularities in and differences between plants, in the manner of Aristotle with animals. However, he went beyond Aristotle in describing seeds as parts of the plant; Aristotle, French argues, would never have described semen or embryos as parts of an animal.

Theophrastus made use of a variety of sources for the book, including Diocles on drugs and medicinal plants. Theophrastus claims to have gathered information from drug-sellers (pharmacopolai) and root-cutters (rhizotomoi). Plants described include poppy (mēkōn), hemlock (kōnion), wild lettuce (thridakinē), and mandrake (mandragoras).

The surviving texts are the notes that Theophrastus used in teaching, and they were continually revised. He referred to earlier books in the Lyceum library including Democritus, sometimes preserving fragments of books otherwise lost. He mentions about 500 species of plant.

Translations

The Enquiry into Plants (along with the Causes of Plants) was first translated into Latin by Theodore Gaza by 1454, circulated in manuscript, and then published at Treviso in 1483.{{efn|Theodore Gaza, a refugee from Thessalonika, was working from a lost Greek manuscript that was different from any others. (Hort)}} In its original Greek it first appeared from the press of Aldus Manutius at Venice, 1495–98, from a single corrupt manuscript which has since been lost.{{efn|It was carefully copied in a printing at Basel, 1541.}} Wimmer identified two manuscripts of first quality, the Codex Urbinas in the Vatican Library, which was not made known to Johann Gottlob Schneider, who with H. F. Link made the first modern critical edition, Leipzig 1818–1821, and the excerpts in the Codex Parisiensis in the Bibliothèque nationale de France.{{sfn|Hort|1916|p=ix, Introduction}}

A good and often-cited edition is that of Johannes Bodaeus, published in Amsterdam in 1644. This folio edition has the Greek and Latin texts printed in parallel, along with commentaries on the text by Julius Caesar Scaliger and Robert Constantine, and woodcut illustrations of plants. Sir William Thiselton-Dyer described the commentary as "botanically monumental and fundamental".{{sfn|Hort|1916|p=xii, Introduction}}

The first translation into English, with an introduction and parallel Greek and English texts, was made by Sir Arthur Hort (1864–1935). It was published simultaneously by William Heinemann in London and G. P. Putnam's Sons in New York, as a two-volume book Theophrastus Enquiry into Plants and minor works on odours and weather signs in 1916.{{sfn|Theophrastus|1916}}

Three older German editions with commentaries are described by Hort as indispensable: Schneider and Link's 1818–1821 edition already mentioned; Kurt Polycarp Joachim Sprengel's 1822 edition from Halle; and Christian Friedrich Heinrich Wimmer's 1842 edition from Breslau.{{sfn|Hort|1916|pp=xiii–xiv, Introduction}}

Contents

Enquiry into Plants classifies plants according to how they reproduce, their localities, their sizes, and their practical uses including as foods, juices, and herbs.{{sfn|Long|1842}}

The books describe the natural history of plants as follows:

Book 1: Plant anatomy

Theophrastus tours plant anatomy, including leaves (phylla), flowers, catkins, fruits (karpoi), seeds, roots (rhizai), and wood.

Plants are classified as trees, shrubs, herbaceous perennials, and annual herbs (poai); these divisions are acknowledged to be rough and ready, as is the division into wild or cultivated, whereas the aquatic/terrestrial division appeared to be natural. Theophrastus notes that some plants are irregular, while the silver fir has branches always opposite each other and other plants have branches equally spaced or in rows. Figs have the longest roots, while the banyan sends roots down from the shoots, forming a circle of roots at a distance all round the trunk.

Book 2: Tree and plant propagation

[[File:Rabetah Qaruah.JPG|thumb|Boy in Sudan with date palm spathe for artificial pollination, as described by Theophrastus]]

Theophrastus writes that plants can grow spontaneously, from seed, or from vegetative parts of the plant. Plants with bulbs grow from those. Soil and climate influence growth. Some plants change into others unless care is taken, so bergamot turns into mint, and wheat turns into darnel. He reports that if celery is trodden after sowing, it will become curly, and that figs are the easiest trees to propagate, whereas date palms have to be grown from several seeds together, and they like irrigation, dung, salt (at the age of one year) and being transplanted. Other kinds of palm have different habits and fruits. He notes that gall insects come out of wild figs and make the cultivated figs swell, which helps to prevent premature shedding of the fruit. The male spathe of the date palm is cut off and brought to the female, and its dust is shaken over the female tree to make it fruit.{{sfn|Theophrastus|1916|loc="Index of Plants", vol. II, p. 437}}

Book 3: Wild trees

Theophrastus asserts that all wild trees grow from seed or from roots. He mentions that the philosophers spoke of spontaneous generation, as when Anaxagoras claims the air contains the seeds of every plant, whereas Diogenes believed plants arose when water mixed with earth. In places like Crete, Theophrastus writes that native plants spring up if the ground is simply disturbed, and that wild trees are generally more vigorous than cultivated ones, give fruit later, and like cold and hilly terrain. He asserts that trees which can grow both on hill and plain grow better and taller when grown on the plain.

The book offers numerous examples of Theophrastus's note-like style, with lists of species interspersed among the general explanations. For example, "Now among wild trees those are evergreen which were mentioned before, silver-fir fir 'wild pine' box andrachne yew Phoenician cedar terebinth alaternus hybrid arbutus bay holm-oak holly cotoneaster kermes-oak tamarisk; but all the others shed their leaves ..."{{sfn|Theophrastus|1916|loc=p. 173 (3. III. 1-3)}}

Book 4: Trees and shrubs from abroad

Theophrastus describes trees and shrubs from different places and habitats, as for instance a sheltered part of the Arcadia region near Krane in a deep valley where the sun never reaches, and the silver-fir trees are exceptionally tall. He looks into the plants of Egypt, Libya, Asia, northern regions, and then aquatic plants from the Mediterranean, wetlands especially in Egypt, reeds and rushes. He also considers factors that limit the life of plants including diseases and weather damage.

Book 5: Wood

[[File:Ancient Olympia, Greece6.jpg|thumb|Aleppo pines, like these at ancient Olympia, yielded wood suitable for shipbuilding, according to Theophrastus in Book 5.]]

Theophrastus describes the wood of different trees, the effects of climate on wood, of knots and 'coiling' in timber and other differences in quality. He discusses which woods to use for specific purposes such as for carpentry, shipbuilding and for building houses, and the making of charcoal. The most useful trees are said to be silver-fir and fir, and they have the best wood in the largest sizes; the silver-fir is softer than the fir, and its wood has layers like an onion, and is made entirely of these layers. The strongest and most attractive wood is smooth, without knots. In Syria, terebinth wood is dark and close-grained, Theophrastus reports, and used both for the handles of daggers and, turned on the lathe, for making cups. He claims that the hardest timber is of oak and holm oak, while elm warps the least, so it is used for the pivots and sockets of doors, which must be straight. The wood of palms is light and soft like cork-oak, but is tougher and less brittle, so it is good for carving images. Timber from the cedar, ebony, box, olive, oak and sweet chestnut keeps well and resists decay. He asserts that Tamarisk wood from Greece is weak, but from the Arabian island of Tylos it is as strong as kermes-oak. The wood of oak and the knotted parts of fir and silver-fir are described as the hardest to work. Ships are generally made of silver-fir, fir, and Syrian cedar; in Cyprus they use Aleppo pine which is better than the fir that grows there. Theophrastus records that in the lowlands of Italy (the country of the Latins) they grow bay, myrtle and excellent beech trees long enough for the whole length of a ship.

Book 6: Undershrubs, with thorns or without

Theophrastus classifies undershrubs as spiny, such as thistle, eryngo and safflower, and spineless, such as marjoram, savory, sage, horehound, and balm. He notes that some have a hollow stem, such as deadly nightshade and hemlock. Roses, he writes, vary in number of petals, roughness of bark, colour and scent; they have five, twelve, twenty or more petals, and those with the sweetest scent come from Cyrene, and are used for making perfume. The times of flowering of different species are listed.

Book 7: Pot-herbs

Theophrastus reports that cabbage, radish and turnip are sown in July after the summer solstice, along with beet, lettuce, mustard and coriander. Leeks, celery, onion and orache are sown in January. Cucumber, gourds, basil, purslane and savory, in contrast, he writes, are sown in April. Ripe seeds do not germinate at once but wait for the right time. He asserts that all the herbs can be grown from seed, while rue, marjoram and basil can be raised from cuttings, and garlic, onion and other bulbs are grown from their roots. All the flowers of a herb appear at one time, except for basil which puts out a series of flowers starting low on the plant. Cumin has the most fruits, but it is said you have to curse and insult the plant to get a good crop. Theophrastus describes varieties of some herbs, for instance that the white lettuce is sweetest and tenderest, while there are many kinds of onion, with Sardian, Cnidian, Samothracian and Ascalonian varieties from those regions. Garlic is said to be planted close to the solstice; the Cyprian variety is largest and is used in salads. All herbs except rue are said to like dung. Of the wild herbs, Theophrastus reports that some such as cat's ear are edible, whereas others like dandelion are too bitter to be worth eating.

Book 8: Cereals and legumes

Theophrastus groups together the cereals and the legumes (peas and beans), and includes millet and other many-seeded plants like sesame also. These can only be grown from seed. They can be sown early, as with wheat, barley and beans, or in spring after the equinox, for plants like lentils, tares and peas. Vetch and chickpeas can, he reports, be sown at either season. When sprouting, beans form a shape like a penis, from which the root grows down and the leafy stem upwards. Wheat and barley flower for four or five days, whereas the legumes flower for much longer. Theophrastus reports that these plants grow differently according to the region, so for instance crops in Salamis appear earlier than those elsewhere in Attica. Wheat varieties are recorded as being named for their localities; they differ in colour, size, growth habit and food value. In a place near Bactra in Asia the wheat grains are said to grow as big as the stone of an olive, whereas pulses do not in Theophrastus's view vary to the same extent.

Book 9: Medicinal uses of plants

This book is one of the first herbals, admittedly much simpler than those of Nicander, Dioscorides or Galen. Theophrastus covers juices (chylismos), gums, and resins, the uses of some hundreds of plants as medicines, and how to gather them.

Resin is gathered by tapping trees including silver-fir and Aleppo pine; the best resin is from the terebinth. On Mount Ida in Crete the people gather pitch from Corsican pine and Aleppo pine. Gums such as frankincense, myrrh and balsam of Mecca are gathered either by cutting the plant or naturally. Frankincense and myrrh are gathered into the closely guarded temple of the Sabaeans. Cassia and cinnamon also come from the Arabian peninsula.

Drug collectors have certain traditions which may be accurate or may be exaggerated. Precautions are rightly taken when gathering hellebore, and men cannot dig it up for long; whereas the story that the peony must be dug up at night for fear that a woodpecker will watch and cause the man a rectal prolapse is a mere superstition. Similarly the idea that you must mark three circles around a mandrake plant with a sword, and speak of the mysteries of love while cutting it, is just far-fetched.

Apart from Greece itself, medicinal plants are produced in Italy in Tyrrhenia, as Aeschylus records, and Latium; and in Egypt, which as Homer mentions is the source of the drug nepenthes that makes men forget sorrow and passion. The best hemlock comes from Susa, while dittany, useful in childbirth, comes only from Crete. Wolfsbane comes from Crete and Zakynthos; it can be made into a poison that causes death a year or more after taking it, and there is no antidote. Hemlock is a poison which brings a painless death; pepper and frankincense are antidotes for it. Strykhnos causes madness, but oleander root in wine makes people gentle and cheerful. Birthwort has many uses including for bruises on the head, snakebite, and prolapse of the uterus.

Reception

Ancient

Pliny the Elder made frequent use of Theophrastus, including his books on plants, in his Natural History; the only authors he cited more often were Democritus and Varro.

John Scarborough comments that "The list of herbals assembled in Historia Plantarum IX became the direct ancestor of all later drug treatises in antiquity, and many traces of Theophrastus's (and Diocles's) original observations survive in the Materia Medica of Dioscorides. The analysis of the various plants and plant derivatives shows that the Greek rhizotomoi and drug-vendors had collected much valuable information on the medical employment of plants, and Theophrastus invented a format for this type of information that would be followed after his own time."

Mediaeval and Renaissance

Theophrastus was barely known to western Europe in the Middle Ages; his writings were popularized there only in the 15th century, when Greek manuscripts in the Vatican, possibly, like many other ancient Vatican Greek manuscripts, brought from the Byzantine Empire during its fall to the Ottomans in the 15th century, were translated into Latin by the Byzantine Greek refugee Theodorus Gaza at the request of pope Nicholas V. The effect was to stimulate Renaissance scholars to restart the exploration of plant taxonomy.{{sfn|Hall|2011|p=41}} The science of botany was founded as these scholars engaged with the accounts of plants, and especially of their medicinal uses, together with a newly critical reaction to mediaeval pharmacology, which was based on unthinking acceptance of the Natural History of Pliny the Elder and the De Materia Medica of Dioscorides. By the same token, however, Theophrastus (and Aristotle) fell abruptly out of use around 1550, as classical botany and zoology were effectively assimilated into Renaissance thought in the form of illustrated encyclopedias—which were still heavily based on classical writings.

Andrea Cesalpino made use of Theophrastus in his philosophical book on plants, De Plantis (1583).{{sfn|Ogilvie|2008|p=138}} The Italian scholar Julius Caesar Scaliger's accurate and detailed commentaries on the Historia Plantarum were published in Leyden in 1584, after his death.{{sfn|Hort|1916|p=xv, Introduction}}

Modern

The Chicago Botanic Garden describes Historia Plantarum as the "first great botanical work" of Theophrastus, "the first real botanist"; it states of the 1483 edition printed by Bartolomeo Confalonieri in Treviso that "all taxonomy of plants starts with this modest book", centuries before the modern taxonomy of Linnaeus.{{sfn|Valauskas|2012}} Anna Pavord observes in her 2005 book The Naming of Names that Theophrastus made the first ever classification of plants, and Pliny the Elder, now much better known, used much of his material.

See also

Full text books I to V[1]

LOEB CLASSICAL LIBRARY


THEOPHRASTUS

ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS

BOOKS 1-5



Translated by ARTHUR HORT


THEOPHRASTUS of Eresus in Lesbos, horn about jyo bc, is the author of the most important botanical works that have survived from classical antiquity. He was in turn the student, collaborator, and suc- cessor of Aristotle. Like his predecessor he was interested in all aspects of human knowledge and experience, especially natural science. His writings on plants form a counterpart to Aristotle's zoologi- cal works.

in the Enquiry into Plants Theophrastus classifies and describes varieties — covering trees, plants of particular regions, shrubs, herbaceous plants, and cereals; in the last of the nine books he focuses on plant juices and medicinal properties of herbs. The Loeb edition is in two volumes; the second contains two additional treatises: On Odors and Weather Signs.

In De Causis Plantarum Theophrastus turns to plant phvsiology. Books One and Two are concerned with generation, sprouting, {lowering and fruiting, and the effects ot climate. In Books Three and Four Theo- phrastus studies cultivation and agricul- tural methods. In Books Five and Six he discusses plant breeding;; diseases and other causes of death; and distincti\e llaNors and odors.

Theoj:)hrastus' celebrated Characters^ ot a quite different nature, is the earliest know n character-writing and a striking reflection of contemporarv lite.


581.0901 T Theophrastus. Enquiry into plants* and minor works on

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THE LOEB CLASSICAL LIBRARY

FOUNDED BY JAMES LOEB EDITED BY

G. P. GOOLD

PREVIOUS EDITORS T. E. PAGE E. CAPPS

W. H. D. ROUSE L. A. POST

E. H. WARMINGTON


THEOPHRASTUS

ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS

I

LCL70


THEOPHRASTUS

ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS BOOKS I-V

WITH AN ENGLISH TRANSLATION BY

ARTHUR HORT



HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS

CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS LONDON, ENGLAND


First published igi6 Reprinted 1948, ^961, ig68, 1990, 2999

LOEB CLASSICAL LIBR.\RY®i,s a registered trademark of the President and Fellows of Har\ard College


ISBN 0-674-99077-3


Printed in Great Britain hij St Edmnndshunj Press Ltd,

Bunj St Edmunds, Suffolk, on acid-free paper. Bound hy Hunter Foulis Ltd, Edinburgh, Scotland.


CONTENTS


PREFACE IX

INTRODUCTION xiii

BOOK I

OF THE PARTS OF PLANTS AND THEIR COMPOSITION. OF CLASSIFICATION

Introductory : How plants are to be classified ; difficulty of defining what are the essential ' parts ' of a plant, especially if plants are assumed to correspond to

animals 3

The essential parts of plants, and the materials of which

they are made 9

Definitions of the various classes into which plants may

be divided 23

Exact classification impracticable: other possible bases

of classification 27

Dififerences as to appearance and habitat 29

Characteristic differences in the parts of plants, whether

general, special, or seen in qualities and properties 33

Differences as to qualities and properties 37

Further 'special' differences 39

Differences in root 41

Of trees (principally) and their characteristic special

differences : as to knots 55

As to habit 61

As to shedding of leaves 63

Differences in leaves 69

Composition of the various parts of a plant 77

Differences in seeds 79


CONTENTS

PA OK

Differences in taste So

Differences in flowers 89

Differences in fruits 97

General differences (affecting the whole plant) .... 99

BOOK II

OF PROPAGATION, KSPECIALLY OF TRKEa

Of the ways in which trees and plants originate. In- stances of degeneration from seed 10.")

I']ffects of situation, climate, tendance llo

Of spontaneous changes in the character of trees, and

of certain marvels 119

Of spontaneous and otlier changes in other plants . . . 12;i

Of methods of propagation, with notes on cultivation 127 Of the propagation of the date-palm ; of palms in

general • 133

Further notes on the propagation of trees 145

Of the cultivation of trees 145

Of remedies for the shedding of the fruit : caprification 151

BOOK III

OF WILD TKER3

Of the ways in which M'ild trees originate 150

Of the differences between wild and cultivated trees . I(i5 Of mountain trees : of tlie differences found in wild trees 171 Of the times of budding and fruiting of wild, as com- pared with cultivated, trees 179

Of the seasons of budding 185

Of the comparative rate of growth in trees, and of the

length of their roots 191

Of the effects of cutting down the whole or part of a tree 197 Of other things borne by trees besides their leaves

flowers and fruit 199

Of ' male' and ' female' in trees : the oak as an example

of this and other differences 203

vi


CONTENTS

PAOK

Of the differences ill firs 211

Of beech, yew, hop-hornbeam, lime 221

Of maple and ash 227

Of cornelian cherry, cornel, ' cedars,' medlar, thorns,

sorb 283

Of bird-cherr}', elder, willow • . 243

Of elm, poplars, alder, [semyda, bladder-senna] .... 249

Of filbert, terebinth, box, kralahjos 253

Of certain other oaks, arbutus, andrachne, wig-tree . . 259 Of cork-oak, kohUea, kohifia, and of certain other

trees peculiar to particular localities 265

Of the differences in various shrubs— buckthorn, withy,

Christ's thoin, bramble, sumach, ivy, smilax,

[spindle tree] 269


BOOK IV

OF TIIK TRKES ANO PLANTS SPECIAL TO PARTICULAR DISTRICTS AND POSITIONS

Of the importance of position and climate 287

Of the trees special to Egypt, and of the carob .... 291

Of the trees and shrubs special to Libya 303

Of the trees and herbs special to Asia . . 309

Of the plants special to northern regions 323

Of the aquatic plants of the Mediterranea?! 329

Of the aquatic plants of the 'outer sea' (i.e. Atlantic,

Persian Gulf, etc.) 337

Of the plants of rivers, marshes, and lakes, especially

in Egypt . 345

Of the plants peculiar to the lake of Orchomenos (Lake

Copais), especially its rccdn, and of reeds in general 361

Of rushes 379

Of the length or shortness of the life of plants, and the

causes ... 383

Of diseases and injuries done by weather conditions . . 391 Of the effects on trees of renu)ving bark, head, heart- wood, roots, etc. ; of various causes of death . . . 405

vii


CONTENTS BOOK V

OF THE TIMBER OF VAllIOUS TREES AND ITS USES

PAOE

Of the seasons of catting 417

Of the wood of silver-fir and fir 421

Of the effects on timber of climate 427

Of knots and * coiling ' in timber 429

Of differences in the texture of different woods .... 431

Of differences in timber as to hardness and heaviness . 439

Of differences in the keeping quality of timber .... 441 Which kinds of wood are easy and which hard to woik.

Of the core and its effects 44.5

Wliich woods can best support weight 451

Of the woods best suited for the carpenter's various

purposes 453

Of the woods used in ship-building 455

Of the woods used in house-building 459

Of the uses of the wood of particular trees 459

Of the localities in which the best timber grows . . 463 Of the uses of various woods in making fire : charcoal,

fuel, fire-sticks 467


vin


PREFACE

This is^ I believe, the first attempt at an English translation of the 'Enquiry into Plants.' That it should be found entirely satisfactory is not to be expected, since the translator is not, as he should be, a botanist; moreover, in the present state at least of the text, the Greek of Theophrastus is sometimes singularly elusive. I should never have undertaken such a responsibility without the encouragement of that veteran student of plant-lore the Rev. Canon EUacombe, who first suggested that I should make the attempt and introduced me to the book. It is a great grief that he did not live to see the completion of the work which he set me. If I had thought it essential that a translator of Theophrastus should himself grapple with the difficulties of identifying the plants which he mentions, I must have declined a task which has otherwise proved quite onerous enough. However the kindness and the expert knowledge of Sir William Thiselton-Dyer came to my rescue ; to him I not only owe gratitude for constant help throughout ; the identifications in the Index of Plants are entirely his work, compared with which the compilation of the Index itself was


PREFACE

but meclianical labour. And he has greatly increased my debt and the reader's by reading the proofs of my translation and of the Index. This is perhaps the place to add a note on the translation of the plant-names in the text : — where possible, I have given an English equivalent, though I am conscious that such names as ' Christ's thorn,' ' Michaelmas daisy ' must read oddly in a translation of a work written 300 years before Christ ; to print Linnean binary names would have been at least equally incongruous. Where an Englisii name was not obvious, although the plant is British or known in British gardens, I have usually consulted Britten and Holland's Dictionary of Plant-names. Where no English equivalent could be found, i.e. chiefly where the plant is not either British or familiar in this country, I have either transliterated the Greek name (as arakhidnd) or given a literal rendering of it in inverted commas (as ' foxbrush ' for dXwTrtKov/aos) ; but the derivation of Greek plant-names being often obscure, I have not used this device unless the meaning seemed to be beyond question. In some cases it has been necessary to preserve the Greek name and to give the English name after it in brackets. This seemed desirable wherever the author has ap})arently used more than one name for the same plant, the explanation doubtless being that he was drawing on different local authorities; thus Kipaao% and XuKapyj botii probably represent ' bird-cherry,' the latter bein«j the Macedonian name for the tree.


PREFACE

Apart from this reason, in a few places (as 3.8.2 ; 3.10.3.) it seemed necessarj'^ to give both the Greek and the English name in order to bring out some particular point. On the other hand one Greek name often covers several plants, e.g. Xa)T6s ; in such cases I hope that a reference to the Index will make all clear. Inverted commas indicate that the render- ing is a literal translation of the Greek word ; the identification of the plant will be found in the Index. Thus (fieWoSpv^is rendered ^ cork-oak/ though ' holm- oak ' would be the correct rendering, — cork-oak {quer- cus Suher) being what Theophrastus calls ^eAXo's. which is accordingly rendered cork-oak without commas. As to the spelling of proper names, con- sistency without pedantry seems unattainable. One cannot write names such as Arcadia or Alexander otherwise than as they are commonly written ; but I cannot bring myself to Latinise a Greek name if it can be helped, wherefore I have simply transliterated the less familiar names ; the line drawn must of course be arbitrary.

The text printed is in the main that of Wimmer's second edition (see Introd. p. xiv). The textual notes are not intended as a complete apparatus criticus ; to provide a satisfactory apparatus it would probably be necessary to collate the manuscripts afresh. I have had to be content with giving Wimmer's statements as to MS. authority ; this I have done wherever any question of interpretation depended on the reading ; but I have not thought it necessary to record mere

xi


PREFACE

variations of spelling. Where the textual notes go beyond bare citation of the readings of the MSS., Aid., Gaza, and Pliny, it is usually because 1 have there departed from Wimmer's text. The references to Pliny will, I hope, be found fairly complete. I am indebted for most of them to Schneider, but I have verified these and all other references.

I venture to hope that this translation, with its references and Index of Plants, may assist some competent scholar-botanist to produce an edition worthy of the author.

Besides those already mentioned I have to thank also my friends Professor D'Arcy Thompson, C.B., Litt.D. of Dundee, Mr. A. W. Hill of Kew, Mr. E. A. Bowles for help of various kinds, and the Rev. F. W. Galpin for his learned exposition of a passage which otherwise would have been dark indeed to me — the description of the manufacture of the reed mouth- pieces of wood-wind instruments in Book IV. Sir John Sandys, Public Orator of Cambridge University, was good enough to give me valuable help in matters of bibliography.


Xii


INTRODUCTION

I. — Bibliography and Abbreviations used A. Textual Authorities

WiMMER divides the authorities on whicli the text of the TTcpi (f)VT(t)v IcrTopta is based into three classes : —

Fir'st Class :

U. Codex Urbinas : in the Vatican. Collated by Bekker and Amati; far the best extant MS., but evidently founded on a much corrupted copy. See note on 9. 8. 1.

P2. Codex Parisiensis : at Paris. Contains con- siderable excerpts ; evidently founded on a good MS. ; considered by Wimmer second only in authority to U.

(Of other collections of excerpts may be mentioned one at Munich, called after Pletho.)

Second Class :

M (Mp M2). Codices Medicei: at Florence. Agree so closely that they may be re- garded as a single MS. ; considered by Wimmer much inferior to U, but of higher authority than Aid.

xiii


INTRODUCTION

P. Codex Parisiensis : at Paris. Considered by Winimer somewhat inferior to M and V, and more on a level with Aid.

mP. Margin of the above. A note in the MS. states that the marginal notes are not scholia, but vaiiae leclioiies aut eviendaliones.

V. Codex Vindobonensis : at Vienna. Contains the first five books and two chapters of the sixth; closely resembles M in style and readings.

Third Class :

Aid. Editio Aldina : the ediiio pnnceps, printed at Venice 1195-8. Believed by Wimmer to be founded on a single MS., and that an inferior one to those enumerated above, and also to that used by Gaza. Its readings seem often to show signs of a deliberate attempt to produce a smooth text : hence the value of this edition as witness to an independent MS. authority is much im- paired.

(Bas. Editio Basiliensis : printed at Bale, 1541. A careful copy of Aid., in which a number of printer's errors are corrected and a few new ones introduced (Wimmer).

Cam. Editio Camotiana (or Aldina minor, altera) : printed at Venice, 1552. Also copied from Aid., but less carefully corrected than Bas. ; the editor Camotius, in a few passages,


INTRODUCTION

altered the text to accord with Gaza's version.)

G. The Latin version of Theodore Gaza,^ the Greek refugee : first printed at Treviso (Tarvisium) in 1483. A wonderful work for the time at wliich it appeared. Its present value is due to the fact that the translation was made from a different MS. to any now known. Unfortunately how- ever this does not seem to have been a better text than that on which the Aldine edition was based. Moreover Gaza did not stick to his authorit}^, but adopted freely Pliny's versions of Theophrastus, emending where he could not follow Pliny. There are several editions of Gaza's work : thus

G.Par.G.Bas. indicate respectively editions pub- lished at Paris in 1529 and at Bale in 1534 and 1550, Wimmer has no doubt that the Tarvisian is the earliest edition, and he gives its readings, whereas Schneider often took those of G.Bas.


Vin.Vo.Cod.Cas. indicate readings which Schnei- der believed to have MS. authority, but which are really anonymous emendations from the margins of MSS. used by his pre- decessors, and all, in Wimmer's opinion

See Sandys, History of Classical Scholarship y ii. p. 62, etc.

XV


INTRODUCTION

traceable to Gaza's version. Schneider's so-called Codex Casauboni he knew, ac- cording to Wimmer, only from Hofmann's edition.


B. Editions

H, Editio Heinsii, printed at Leyden, 1613 : founded on Cam. and very carelessly printed, repeating the misprints of that edition and adding many others. In the preface Daniel Heins ^ pretends to have had access to a critical edition and to a Heidelberg MS. ; this claim appears to be en- tirely fictitious. The book indeed contains what Wimmer calls a^ farrago emendationum; he remarks that 'all the good things in it Heinsius owed to the wit of others, while all its faults and follies we owe to Heinsius.' Schneider calls it edilio omnium pessima.

Bod. Editio Bodaei (viz. of Joannes Bodaeus a Stapel), printed at Amsterdam, 1644. The text of Heinsius is closely followed ; the margin con- tains a number of emendations taken from the margin of Bas. and from Scaliger, Robertas Con- stantinus, and Salmasius, with a few due to the editor himself. The commentary, according to Sir William Thiselton-Dyer, is 'botanically monumental and fundamental.'

  • See Sandys, op. cit. p. 313 eto.

xvi


INTRODUCTION

St. Stackhouse, Oxford, 1813: a prettily printed edition with some illustrations: text founded on Aid. The editor seems to have been a fair botanist, but an indifferent scholar, though occa- sionally he hits on a certain emendation. The notes are short and generally of slight value. The book is however of interest, as being appa- rently the only work on the ' Enquiry ' hitherto published in England.

Sch. J. G. Schneider (and Linck), Leipzig : vols. i.-iv. published in 1818, vol. v. in 1821 ; contains also the Trcpt airiaiv and the fragments, and a re- print of Gaza's version (corrected). The fifth, or supplementary, volume, written during the author's last illness, takes account of the Codex Urbinas, which, unfortunately for Schneider, did not become known till his edition was finished. It is remarkable in how many places he anticipated by acute emendation the readings of U. The fifth volume also gives an account of criticisms of the earlier volumes by the eminent Greek Adamantios Koraes ^ and Kurt Sprengel. This is a monumental edition, despite the ver- bosity of the notes, somewhat careless references and reproduction of the MSS. readings, and an imperfect comprehension of the compressed style of Theophrastus, which leads to a good deal of wild emendation or rewriting of the text. For the first time we find an attempt at > See Sandys, op. cit, iii. pp. 361 folL

xvii


INTRODUCTION

providing a critical text, founded not on the Aldine edition, but on comparison of the manu- scripts then known ; the Medicean and Viennese had been collated a few years before by J. Th. Schneider. W'e find also full use made of the ancient authors, Athenaeus, Plutarch, Pliny, Dioscorides, Nicander, Galen, etc., who quoted or adapted passages of Theophrastus, and copious references, often illuminating, to those who illustrate him, as Varro, Columella, Palladius, Aelian, the Geoponica.

Spr. Kurt Sprengel, Halle, 1822. This is not an edition of the text, but a copious commentary with German translation. Sprengel was a better botanist than scholar ; Wimmer speaks dis- paragingly of his knowledge of Greek and of the translation. (See note prefixed to the Index of Plants.)

W Fr. Wimmer: (1) An edition with introduction, analysis, critical notes, and Sprengel's identi- fications of the plant-names ; Breslau, 1842.

(2) A further revised text with new Latin translation, apparatus criticus, and full indices ; the Index Plantarum gives the identifications of Sprengel and Fraas ; Didot Library, Paris, n.d.

(3) A reprint of this text in Teubner's series, 1854.

These three books are an indis})ensable su})plement to Schneider's great work. The notes in the edition of

xviii


INTRODUCTION

1842 are in the main critical, but the editor's remarks on the interpretation of thorny passages are often extremely acute, and always worth attention. The mass of material collected by Schneider is put into an accessible form. Wimmer is far more conservative in textual criticism than Schneider, and has a better appreciation of Theophrastus' elliptical and some- what peculiar idiom, though some of his emendations appear to rest on little basis. A collation of the Paris MSS. (P and P2) was made for Wimmer ; for the readings of U and M he relied on Schneider, who, in his fifth volume, had compared U with Bodaeus* edition. A fresh collation of the rather exiguous manuscript authorities is perhaps required before anything like a definitive text can be pro- vided. Wimmer's Latin translation is not very helpful, since it slurs the difficulties : the Didot edition, in which it appears, is disfigured with numerous misi)rints.

(Sandys' History of Classical Scholarship (ii. p, 380) mentions translations into Latin and Italian by Bandini ; of this work I know nothing.)

C. Other Commentators

Seal. J. C. Scaliger : Commentarii et animadversiones on the TTcpt (f)VTO)v la-Topia posthumously published by his son Sylvius at Leyden, 1584. (He also wrote a commentary on the Trcpt alriwy, which was edited by Robertus Gonstantinus and pub-


INTRODUCriON

lished at Geneva in 1566.) The most accurate and brilliant scholar who has contributed to the elucidation of Theophrastus.

K. Const. Robertus Constantinus (see above). Added notes of his own, many of them valuable, which are given with Scaliger's in Bodaeus' edition.

Salm. Salmasius (Claude de Saumaise). Made many happy corrections of Theophrastus* text in his Exercitationes Plinianae.

Talm. Jacobus Palmerius (Jacques de Paulmier). His Exercitationes in optimos auctores Graecos (Leyden, 1668) contain a certain number of acute emendations ; Wimmer considers that he had a good understanding of Theophrastus' style.

Meurs. Johannes Meursius (Jan de Meurs). Author of some critical notes on Theophrastus pub- lished at Leyden in 1640; also of a book on Crete.

Dalec. Jean Jacques D'A16champs : the botanist. Author of Histoiia plantarum universalis, Lyons, 1587, and editor of Pliny's Natural History.

Mold. J. J. P. Moldenhauer. Author of Tentamen in Historiam plantarum Theopkrasti, Hamburg, 1791. This book, which I have not been able to see and know only from Wimmer's citations, contains, according to him, very valuable notes on the extremely difficult Introduction to the ' Historia ' (Book I. chaps, i.-ii.).


XX


liMTRODUCTION


II. — Theophrastus' Life and Works

Such information as we possess concerning the life of Theophrastus comes mainly from Diogenes Laertius* Lives of the Philosophers, compiled at least four hundred years after Theophrastus' death ; it is given therefore here for what it may be worth ; there is no intrinsic improbabihty in most of what Diogenes records.

He was born in 370 b.c. at Eresos in Lesbos ; at an early age he went to Athens and there became a pupil of Plato. It may be surmised that it was from him that he first learnt the importance of that principle of classification which runs through all his extant works, including even the brochure known as the * Characters ' (if it is rightly ascribed to him), and which is ordinarily considered as characteristic of the teaching of his second master Aristotle. But in Plato's own later speculations classification had a very important place, since it was by grouping things in their ' natural kinds ' that, according to his later metaphysic, men were to arrive at an adumbration of the ' ideal forms ' of which these kinds are the phenomenal counterpart, and which constitute the world of reality. Whether Theophrastus gathered the principle of classification from Plato or from his fellow-pupil Aristotle, it appears in his hands to have been for the first time systematically applied to the vegetable world. Throughout his botanical


XXI


INTRODUCTION

works the constant implied question is ' What is its difference ? ', ' What is its essential nature ? ', viz. ' VVIiat are the characteristic features in virtue of which a plant may be distinguished from other plants, and which make up its own ' nature ' or essential character ?

Theophrastus appears to have been only Aristotle's junior by fifteen years. On Plato's death he l)ecame Aristotle's pupil, but, the difference in age not being very great, he and his second master appear to have been on practically equal terms. We are assured that Aristotle was deeply attached to his friend ; while as earnest of an equally deep attachment on the other side Theophrastus took Aristotle's son under his particular care after his father's death. Aristotle died at the age of sixty-three, leaving to his favourite pupil his books, including the auto- graphs of his own works, and his garden in tlie grounds of the Lyceum. The first of these bequests, if the information is correct, is of great historical importance ; it may well be that we owe to Theophrastus the publication of some at least of his master's voluminous works. And as to the garden it is evident that it was here that the first systematic botanist made many of the observations which are recorded in his botanical works. Diogenes has preserved his will, and there is nothing in the terms of this interesting document to suggest that it is not authentic. Of special interest is the provision made for the maintenance of the garden ;

xyii


INTRODUCTION

it is bequeathed to certain specified friends and to those who will spend their time with tliem in learn- ing and philosophy ; the testator is to be buried in it without extravagant expense, a custodian is appointed, and provision is made for the emancipa- tion of various gardeners, so soon as they have earned their freedom by long enough service.

According to Diogenes Theophrastus died at the age of eighty-five. He is made indeed to say in the probably spurious Preface to the ' Characters ' that he is writing in his ninety-ninth year; while St. Jerome's Chronicle asserts that he lived to the age of 107. Accepting Diogenes' date, we may take it that he died about 285 b.c. ; it is said that he complained that " we die just when we are beginning to live." His life must indeed have been a remarkably full and interesting one, when we consider that he enjoyed the personal friendship of two such men as Plato and Aristotle, and that he had witnessed the whole of the careers of Philip and Alexander of Macedon. To Alexander indeed he was directly indebted ; the great conqueror had not been for nothing the pupil of the encyclopaedic Aristotle. He took with him to the East scientifically trained observers, the results of whose observations were at Theophrastus' disposal. Hence it is that his de- scriptions of plants are not limited to the flora of Greece and the Levant; to the reports of Alexander's followers he owed his accounts of such plants as the cotton-plant, banyan, pepper, cinnamon, myrrh and

xxiii


INTRODUCTION

frankincense. It has been a subject of some con- troversy whence he derived his accounts of plants whose habitat was nearer home. Kirchner, in an able tract, combats the contention of Sprengel that his observations even of the Greek flora were not made at first hand. Now at this period the Peri- patetic School must have been a very important educational institution ; Diogenes says that under Theophrastus it numbered two thousand pupils. Moreover we may fairly assume that Alexander, from his connexion with Aristotle, was interested in it, while we are told that at a later time Demetrius Phalereus assisted it financially. May we not hazard a guess that a number of the students were aj>- propriately employed in the collection of facts and observations ? The assumption that a number of 'travelling students' were so employed would at all events explain certain references in Theophrastus' botanical works. He says constantly ^The Maced onians say,' ' The men of Mount Ida say ' and so forth. Now it seems hardly probable that he is quoting from written treatises by Macedonian or Idaean writers. It is at least a plausible suggestion that in such references he is referring to reports of the districts in question contributed by students of the school. In that case * The Macedonians say ' would mean ' This is what our representative was told in Macedonia.' It is further noticeable that the tense used is sometimes past, e.g. ' The men of Mount Ida said ' ; an obvious explanation of this is


INTRODUCTION

supplied by the above conjecture. It is even possible that in one place (3. 12. 4.) the name of one of these students has been preserved.

Theophrastus, like his master, was a very volu- minous writer; Diogenes gives a list of 227 treatises from his pen, covering most topics of human interest, as Religion, Politics, Ethics, Education, Rhetoric, Mathematics, Astronomy, Logic, Meteorology and other natural sciences. His oratorical works enjoyed

i high reputation in antiquity. Diogenes attributes

to him ten works on Rhetoric, of which one On Style was known to Cicero, who adopted from it the classification of styles into the ' grand,' the ' plain,' and the * intermediate.' ^ Of one or two other lost works we have some knowledge. Thus the substance of an essay on Piety is preserved in Porphyry de Absiinentia.^ The principal works still extant are the nine books of the Enquiry into Plants, and the six books on the Causes of Plants ; these seem to be complete. We have also considerable fragments of treatises entitled : — of Sense-perception and objects of Sense, of Stones, of Fire, of Odours, of Winds, of Weather-Signs, of Weariness, of Dizziness, of Sweat, Metaphysics, besides a number of unassigned excerpts. The style of these works, as of the botanical books, suggests that, as in the case of Aristotle, what we possess consists of notes for lectures or notes taken of lectures. There is no literary charm ; the sen-

1 Sandys, i. p. 99.

  • Bernayg, Theophrastus, 1866.

XXV


INTRODUCTION

tences are mostly compressed and highly elliptical, to the point sometimes of obscurity. It follows that translation, as with Aristotle, must be to some extent paraphrase. The thirty sketches of ' Characters ' ascribed to Theophrastus, which have found many imitators, and which are well known in this country tiirough Sir R. Jebb's brilliant translation, stand on a quite different footing ; the object of this curious and anuisinir work is discussed in Sir R. Jebb's Introduction and in the more recent edition of Kdmonds and Austen. Well may Aristotle, as we are assured, have commended his pupil's diligence. It is said that, when he retired from the headship of the school, he handed it over to Theophrastus. We are further told that the latter was once prosecuted for impiety, but the attack failed ; also that he was once banished from Athens for a year, it does not appear under what circumstances. He was con- sidered an attractive and lively lecturer. Diogenes' sketch ends with the quotation of some sayings attributed to him, of which the most noteworthy are ' Nothing costs us so dear as the waste of time,' • One had better trust an unbridled horse than an undigested harangue.' He was followed to iiis grave, which we may hope was, in accordance with his own wish, in some peaceful corner of the Lyceum garden, by a great assemblage of his fellow townsmen.


INTRODUCTION


The principal references in the notes are to the


following ancient authors :-


ApoUon.

Arist.

Arr.

Athen.

Col.

Diod.

Diosc.


Geop.

Nic.

Pall.

Paus.

Plin.

Plut. iScyl.


Apollonius, Historia Miraculorum.

Aristotle. Bekker, Berlin, 1831.

Arrian. Hercher (Teubner).

Athenaeus. Dindorf, Leipzig, 1827.

Columella, de re rustica. Schneider, Leipzig, 1794.

Diodorus.

Pedanius Dioscurides, de materia medica. Well-

mann, Berlin, 1907. Geoponica. Beckh (Teubner), 1895. Nicander, Theriaca. Schneider, Leipzig, 1816. Palladius, de re rustica. Schneider, Leipzig, 1795. Pausanias. Schubart (Teubner), Leipzig, 1881. Plinius, Naturalis Hii^toria. Mayhoff (Teubner),

1887. (Reference b}' book and section.) Plutarch. Hercher (Teubner), Leipzig, 1872. Scylax, Periplaa. Vossius, Amsterdam 1639,


THEOPHRASTUS

ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS BOOK I


GEOOPASTOY nEPI a>TTnN ISTOPIAS


I. Tcoi^ (f)VTCt)V Ta9 ^ca(popa<; Koi rrjv aW>]i' (^vanv Xrjirreov Kara re ra fiepij KaX ra TrdOrj xai Ta<; y€V€(Tei<; koI tov<; ^lov^;- r}6r) yap koI Trpd^ei^ ovK 6-)(ovaLV wairep ra ^coa. elcrl 8' ai jiev KaTo Trjv yevecnv Kal ra TrdOr) koi tou? ^lou<; evOeoypr}- Torepau fcal paov<i, al he Kara ra [leprj irXeiovi exovai TTOLKiXia^;. avro yap rovro irpcorov ovx iKavQ)<; dcpcopLo-Tai ra irota hei /Jiept] Kal firj ^epi] KaXeiv, dX\' e;)^et rivd diropiav. •I To jJiev ovv jxepo'i are ck tt)? tSta? ^i^crew? 6v dei BoK€L Siafieveiv r) avrXw? t) orav yevi^rai, KaOaTrep €P T0?9 ^(ooi^ rd varepov yevi^aofjieva, irXrjv ei t/


^ TO ins. Sch., om. Ald.H.

^ ndBT}, a more general word than Supd/nets, 'virtues': cf. 1. 5. 4 ; 8. 4. 2 ; it seems to mean here something like • behaviour,' in relation to environment. Instances of W(i6ii are given 4. 2. 11 ; 4. 14. 6.

3 ixov<ri conj. H. ; «x<'«'«^'*' ^^- ^^^^ Aid.


THEOPHRASTUS ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS

BOOK I

Or THE Parts of Plants and their Composition. Of Classification.

Introductory: How plants are to be classified; diffi.cxdty of defining what are the essential ^ jmrts^ of a plants especially if plants are assumed to correspond to animals.

I. In considering the distinctive characters of plants and tlieir nature generally one must take into account their ^ parts, their qualities,^ the ways in which their life originates, and the course which it follows in each case : (conduct and activities we do not find in them, as we do in animals). Now the differences in the way in which their life origin- ates, in their qualities and in their life-history are com- paratively easy to observe and are simpler, while those shewn 2 in their '^ parts' present more com- |)lexity. Indeed it has not even been satisfactorily determined what ought and what ought not to be called * parts,' and some difficulty is involved in making the distinction.

Now it appears that by a ^ part.' seeing that it is something which belongs to the plant's characteristic nature, we mean something which is permanent either absolutely or when once it has appeared (like those parts of animals which remain for a time undeveloped)


THEOPHRASTUS

Sm voaov rj <yr]pa<; rj Tnjpwaiv airo^aXkeraL, twv V €V T0?9 <^f TOi? evia TOiavT ea-TLv war iirereiov €X€iv TTjv ovaiav, olov dv6o<i ^pvov (pvWov Kap7r6<;, aTrXw? oaa irpo rwv Kapircov rj a/ia yiveraL to2<; Kapirolv eVt he avro^ 6 ^Xaaro^' alel yap i7ri(f)v<rtv Xafx^dvei ra BevBpa Kan iviavTov 6fiOL(o<; ev re toU avo) /cat iv toU irepl Ta(; pi^a<;' ware, el fiev ti<; ravra Oija-et p^eprj, to re TrXrjOof; aopicxTOV earai Kal ovheirore to avro royv fjLOpLcov el B^ av firj fieprj, av/jb^'^aeTai, Si* mv rekeia ylverai Kal (pauperai, ravra fir] elvai fJiep-ty ^Xacrrdvovra yap Kal OdWovra Kal Kapirov h^ovra irdvra KaWlo) Kal reXetorepa Kal Bokcl Kal eanv, ai fiev ovv diropiai a)(^eB6v elaiv avrai, 3 Ta^a Be ov')(^ 6/jLOL(o<^ diravra ^rjrrjreov ovre ev TOt? dXXoLf; ov0* ocra tt/oo? rrjv yevecnv, avrd re rd yevvoifieva /Jiepi] Oereov olov rov<; KapiTovf;. ovBe yap rd e/x^pva r(ov ^cocov. el Be ev Tjj wpa o-^^ev rovro ye KaXXiarov,


^ i.e. the male inflorescence of some trees ; the term is of course wider than 'catkin.'

" i.e. flower, catkin, leaf, fruit, shoot.


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, I. i. 2-^

— permanent, that is, unless it be lost by disease, age or mutilation. However some of the parts of plants are such that their existence is limited to a year, for instance, flower, ' catkin,' ^ leaf, fruit, in fact all those parts which are antecedent to the fruit or else appear along with it. Also the new shoot itself must be included with these ; for trees always make fresh growth every year alike in the parts above ground and in those which pertain to the roots. So that if one sets these ^ down as ' parts,' the number of parts will be indeterminate and constantly changing ; if on the other hand these are not to be called ' parts,' the result will be that things which are essential if the plant is to reach its perfection, and which are its conspicuous features, are nevertheless not ' parts ' ; for any plant always appears to be, as indeed it is, more comely and more perfect when it makes new growth, blooms, and bears fruit. Such, we may say, are the difficulties involved in defining a 'part,'

But perhaps we should not expect to find in plants a complete correspondence with animals in regard to those things which concern repro- duction any more than in other respects ; and so we should reckon as ' parts ' even those things to which the plant gives birth, for instance their fruits, although ^ we do not so reckon the unborn young of animals. (However, if such * a product seems fairest to the eye, because the plant is then in its prime, we can draw no inference from this in

^ oiiSe yap : ovSe seems to mean no more than ov [cf. neque. enim = non entm) ; yap refers back to the beginning of the §.

  • iv TTJ &pa 6\l/€t tovtS ye I conj.; rp &pa oypei r6 ye vulg.

W. ; toCto, i.e. flower or fruit.


THEOPHRASTUS

ovSev GiffjieloVy eVel koI tmv ^olxdv evOevel ra Kuovra.

HoWa he koI to, fJikp-q Kar iviavTov airo- ^ciWei, KaOuTTep oi re €\a(f)oi ra Kepaja koI ra ^(joXevovja ra irrepa Koi rpbxci'i Terpdrroha' war ovSev dronov aXXco? re /cal o/jlolov ov tw (f)vX\o^o\eLV TO 7rdOo<;.

'OcrauTW? 8' ovhe rd tt^o? rrjv yeveaLV eVel Kal €V Tot? ^(iiOL^ rd /lev avpeKTiKTerai rd 8' diro- KaOalperai KaOdirep uWoTpia t?}? (f)vaea><;. eotfce he TrapairXrjaioo^ Kal rd irepl rrjv ^Xdari-jaLv e')(eiv. 7] jdp TOL ^XdaTy]aL<; 'yeveaew^ x^ipiv earl rr](; TeXeia<^.

"OXft)? he KaOdirep eiTro/jiev ouhe irdina 6/jLOlco(; Kal iirl toov ^(ocov XrjwTeov. hi' o Kal 6 dpiOpo^i dopiaro'^' TravTa^rj jdp ^Xaarr/riKov are Kal 7rapra)(^T] ^wv. ware ravra fxev ovr(i)<; VTroXriTTTeov ov fiovov et? rd vvv dXXd Kal rwv /leXXovTcov ')(apLV' oaa ydp /jLtj olov re d(f)o- fiOLOvv irepiepyov to 'fK.iyeGdai irdvTw^, 'iva /x?) KoX TTjv OLKeiav diro^aXXco/jiev Oewpiav. rj he [(TTopia Twz^ (pVTMV €(TTLv o}<; aTrXco? elirelv rj KaTd

^ €v6epu conj. Sch., €u06Tei UMVAld. i.e. we do not argue from the fact that animals are at their handsomest in the breeding season that the young is therefore ' part ' of the animal.

^ Lit. 'which are in holes,' in allusion to the well-known belief that animals (especially birds) which are out of sight in the winter are hiding in holes ; the text is supported by [Arist.] de plantis 1. 3, the author of which had evidently read this passage ; but possibly some such words as ras re ipoKiSas Kal have dropped out after <pu\€vovTa,

6


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, I. i. 3-4

support of our argument, since even among animals those that are with young are at their best.^)

Again many plants shed their parts every year, even as stags shed their horns, birds which hiber- nate 2 their feathers, four-footed beasts their hair : so that it is not strange that the parts of plants should not be permanent, especially as what thus occurs in animals and the shedding of leaves in plants are analogous processes.

In like manner the parts concerned with repro- duction are not permanent in plants ; for even in animals there are things which are separated from the parent when the young is born, and there are other things ^ which are cleansed away, as though neither of these belonged to the animal's essential nature. And so too it appears to be with the growth of plants ; for of course growth leads up to reproduction as tlie completion of the process.*

And in general, as we have said, we must not assume that in all respects there is complete correspondence between plants and animals. And that is why the number also of parts is indeterminate ; for a plant has the power of growth in all its parts, inasmuch as it has life in all its parts. Wherefore we should assume the truth to be as I have said, not only in regard to the matters now before us, but in view also of those which will come before us presently ; for it is waste of time to take great pains to make comparisons where that is impossible, and in so doing we may lose sight also of our proper subject of enquiry. The enquiry into plants, to put it generally, may

^ i.e. the embryo is not the only thing derived from the parent animal which is not a ' part' of it ; there is also the [ood-8upply produced with the young, and the after-birth.

♦ cf. C.P. 1. 11. 8.

7


THEOPHRASTUS

ra e^co fiopia kol rrjv oKrjv fiopcj^rjv rj Kara to. ivT6<^, WGirep eirl rcop ^cocov ra eK royv avaroficav. 6 ArjTrreov S' iv avTol<^ ttoIol t€ Traaiv v7rdp')(^€L ravra koX irola iBia KaO^ e/caarov y€vo<i, en Be rcov avTwv ttolu ofioia' Xeyco 8' olov <f)vWov pl^a (j)\oi6<;. ov Bel Be ovBe tovto XavOdvetv ei rt Kar dvako'yiav Oecopyreov, wcnrep eVt tmp ^cocov, rrjv dva<^opav 'jroiovfievov<; Br]\ov on 7rp6<i ra ep- ^epearara koX reXeiorara. koX dirXoi^ Be oaa

TOiV iv <pVTOL<; d^OfJLOLCOTeOP TW ev T01 ^Ci)Ol<^, ft)9

dv Tt? Tw 7' dvdXoyov d(pop.oioL. ravra [lev ovv BiwpLcrOa) rov rpoirov rovrov. At Be rcov p,epwv Bia(j)opal a-)(eBov 0)9 tuttw Xa^elv elcnv ev rpialv, rj rw rd fiev e')(eiv rd Be p^rj, KaOdrrep ^vWa Koi Kapirov, rj rep p,r) op,oia p,r]B€ Xca, tj rpirov ra> p,r] 6yu.ot&>s\ rovrcov Be rj p,ev dpop^oLorrj^; opii^erai (T^7]p,aTi ')(^pd)p,ari irvKvonjrL pLavori-jn rpa)(^vrrjrL Xetorrjri Ka\ ro2<; dWoL<; irdOeatv, en Be oaat Biacpopal rcov ')(xjk(iov. 7) Be dvL(jorr]<^ hrrepoyrj Ka\ eXXeLyjrei Kara 7rXrjOo<; rj p,ey66o? S' elirelv rvirw


^ A very obscure sentence ; so W. renders the MSS. text,

  • I.e. 'inequality' might include ' unlikeness.'

8


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, I. i. 4-6

either take account of the external parts and the form of the plant generally, or else of their internal parts : the latter method corresponds to the study of animals by dissection.

Further we must consider which parts belong to all plants alike, which are peculiar to some one kind, and which of those which belong to all alike are themselves alike in all cases ; for instance, leaves roots bark. And again, if in some cases analogy ought to be considered (for instance, an analogy presented by animals), we must keep this also in view ; and in that case we must of course make the closest resemblances and the most perfectly de- veloped examples our standard ; ^ and, finally, the ways in which the parts of plants are affected must be compared to the corresponding effects in the case of animals, so far as one can in any given case find an analogy for comparison. So let these definitions stand.

The essential parts of plants, and the materials of tohich they are made.

Now the differences in regard to parts, to take a general view, are of three kinds: either one plant may possess them and another not (for instance, leaves and fruit), or in one plant they maybe unlike in appearance or size to those of another, or, thirdly, they may be differently arranged. Now the unlike- ness between them is seen in form, colour, closeness of arrangement or its opposite, roughness or its opposite, and the other qualities ; and again there are the various differences of flavour. The inequality is seen in excess or defect as to number or size, or, to speak generally, ^all the above-mentioned differences too


THEOPHRASTUS

KuKelva Trnvra KaO^ vTrepo'^^ijv kol eWei'^iv to

7 yap fidWov kol i]Ttov v7r6poj(ri koI eX/Vei-v/r^?' to he fir) 6poiw<^ ttj Oeaet Si,a(f)6per \e7&) 8' oiov ro Tou? Kapnov^ ra pev eirdvoi ra 8' viroKarw tmv (f)uXko)v ex€iv Kal avTou tov SevBpov ra piev ef aKpov ra 8e i/c tmv irXaylcov, evLa he Kal €k tov o-reXe^oL'?, olov y AlyvirTia avKuptvo'^, Kal oaa By) Kal VTTO 7/79 ^epeu Kapirov, olov r) re apa-)(ihva Kal ro ev AlyvTrro) KaXoupuevov oviyyov, Kal el ra pev ep^et pLiG-)(ov ra he pt], Kal eVt rcjv avOecov 6poiw<;' ra puev yap irepl avrov rov Kapirov ra he aXX&)9. oX6t)9 he ro tt}? Oeaeco<; ev rovTOL<i Kal rol<i (})vWol<; Kal ev Tot9 ^XaaroU Xyirreov.

8 ^La<^epeL he evia Kal rfj rd^ei- ra pev m eVu^e, T>}9 S' eXdrrjf; ol «:X&)^'69 Kar dWrjXov; eKarepcoOev rcov he Kal ol o^oc hi* I'crov re Kal Kar dpiOpov laoi, KaOdirep rcov rpio^wv.

'^ flare Ta9 pev hi.acjyopd'i €K rovrcov Xyirreov e^ MV Kal 7) oXt] pop(f)7] avvhyXovrai KaO' eKaarov. d Avra he ra pieprj hLapL0p,r]crapevov<; rreipareov irepl CKdarov Xeyeiv. ean he irpwra pev Kal p^eyiara Kal Koivd rcov irXelarcov rdhe, pu^a KavXo<; uKpepcov KXdho'^, 6t9 a hieXoir dv ri<;


1 cf. G.P. 5. 1. 9.

2 f/. 1. 6. 11. T. extends the term KapnSs so as to include any succulent edible part of a plant.

^ T. does not consider that KapnSs was necessarily ante- ceded by a flower.

10


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, I. i. 6-9

are included under excess and defect: for the ' more ' and the ' less ' are the same thing as excess and defect, whereas ' differently arranged ' implies a difference of position ; for instance, the fruit may be above or below the leaves/ and, as to position on the tree itself, the fruit may grow on the apex of it or on the side branches, and in some cases even on the trunk, as in the sycamore ; while some plants again even bear their fruit underground, for in- stance arakhidna^ and the plant called in Egypt ningon ; again in some plants the fruit has a stalk, in some it has none. There is a like difference in the floral organs : in some cases they actually surround the fruit, in others they are differently placed ^ : in fact it is in regard to the fruit, the leaves, and the shoots that the question of position has to be considered.

Or again there are differences as to symmetry * : in some cases the arrangement is irregular, while the branches of the silver-fir are arranged opposite one another ; and in some cases the branches are at equal distances apart, and correspond in number, as where they are in three rows.^

Wherefore the differences between plants must be observed in these particulars, since taken together they shew forth the general character of each plant.

But, before we attempt to speak about each, we must make a list of the parts themselves. Now the primary and most important parts, which are also common to most, are these — root, stem, branch, twig ; these are the parts into which we might divide the plant, regarding them as members,^ corresponding to

  • Plin. 16. 1-22. 5 i.e. ternate.

' i.e. if we wished to make an anatomical division. fi4\r) conj. Sch. c/. 1. 2. 7 ; n^pv Aid.

II


THEOPHRASTUS

Mairep et? fieXr], Kaddirep iirl rwv ^oiwv. eKaaroi re yap dvo/ioiov koI i^ diravTaiv tovtcov to, o\a.

"EcTTt Se pl^a [lev hi ov rrjv rpo^i^v eirdyeTai, Kav\o^ he eh o c^eperai, KavXov he Xeyco to vTrep 7^9 7re^VKo<; e'c/)' ev tovto yap KOivorarov oiioioi^ €7reTeto£9 Kal ')(popLOL<;, o iirl rwv hevhpwv KaXeirai crreXe^^o?* dKp€/iivva<; Be tol'9 utto Tovrov axi'^ofievov<;, ou? evioc KaXovaiv o^ov^. KKahov he to ^XdarTj/xa to eK tovtcov e^' ev, olov fidXiaTa TO eireTeiov.

Kal TauTa pev ol/ceLOTepa tmv hevhpwv.

10 o he KavXo^;, wairep etprjTat, KoivoTepo'^' 6)^€i he ov irdvTa ovhe tovtov, olov evia tmv ttolw- ha)v. TCL 8' €')(ei fiev ovk del he dlOC eireTeiov, Kul 6<Ta ')(povi(t)Tepa Tat9 pi^aL<i. oXco^ he 'TroXv')(pvv TO (j)VTOv Kal itolklXov Kal '^aXeTrov elireXv KaOoXov o-ijpelov he to p.^]hev elvat kolvov Xa/Belv o irdaiv uirdp^ei, KaOdirep T0t9 ^cooi^

11 GTopia Kal KOiXia. to, he dvaXoyia TavTO, to, K dXXov TpoTTOv. ovTe yap pi^av irdvT e%e£ ovTe KavpbaarjCTLV Biaipovfievcov Kara etBr], koXm^ e^^L TovTO iroielv i<p^ wv evBe-x^erai. irpSiTa Be eari Kal p^eyiara Kal a')(eB6v vcj)' wv Trdvr rj rd TrXelara Trepicx^raL rdBe, BevBpov 6dpLvo<^ <ppv- yavov TToa.

AevBpov p,ev ovv icm to diro pl^r)<; popoareXe)(€^

^ (ptWov conj. H.; (pvWov UVP2P3Ald. ; (pvWov M.

^ i.e. root, stem, branch, twig : cf. 1. 1. 9.

•' (ra(p^aT4pav conj. W. ; aacpeaTepou Altl.

  • elfSrj here = 76Vr; ; rf. 6. 1. 2. n.

^ irdvT" f] conj. Sch. after G ; TrarxTj UMVAld.

22


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, I. ii. 6-111. i

again call only the inner part ot the core itself the 'heart,' while others distinguish this as the ' marrow.'

Here then we have a fairl}^ complete list of the 'parts,' and those last named are composed of the first 'parts' ; wood is made of fibre and sap, and in some cases of flesh also; for the flesh hardens and turns to wood, for instance in palms ferula and in other })lants in which a turning to wood takes place, as in the roots of radishes. Core is made of moisture and flesh : bark in some cases of all three constituents, as in the oak black poplar and pear ; while the bark of the vine is made of sap and fibre, and that of the cork-oak ^ of flesh and sap. Moreover out of these constituents are made the most important parts,2 those which I mentioned first, and whicli may be called 'members' : how^ever not all of them are made of the same constituents, nor in the same proportion, but the constituents are combined in various ways.

Having now, we may say, taken all the parts, we must endeavour to give the differences between them and the essential characters of trees and plants taken as w^holes.

Definitions of the various classes into ivhich plants may be divided.

III. Now since our study becomes more illumin- ating 2 if we distinguish different kinds,^ it is well to follow this plan where it is possible. The first and most important classes, those which comprise all or nearly all ^ plants, are tree, shrub, under-shrub, herb.

A tree is a thing which springs from the root with

23


THEOPHRASTUS

TToXv/cXaSoi' o^MTov ovK evaTToXvTov, olov iXda avKTj ainreXo<^' Odfivo^ he to diro pi^rj^ ttoXv- KXahov, olov l3dT0<i iraXiovpo'^. (^pvyavov he to diTo pL^V'^ 'TToXvareXex^^i koX TroXvKXaBop olov Kal Ovfx^pa Kol ir/^yavov. irba Se to diro pi^i]^ (f>vXXo(})6pov irpolov daTeXex^^, ^^ ^ Arai'Xo? airep- p.o(f)6po<;, olov 6 crtTO? kol to, Xd^ct-va.

2 Ael he tou? opov^ ovtclx; aTrohexea-dat Kal Xa/x- ^dveiv &)? TVTTM Kai eiri to ttclv Xejofievov^;' evta yap L<Tco<; eiraXXdTreiv ho^eie, tcl he kol irapd ttjv dy(oyt]V dXXoLOTepa yiveadai Kal eK^alveiv r?}? (fivaeo)<;, olov /xaXd^V '^^ f^? i^'^o? dvayojievr] Kal dirohevhpovfJLevrj' av/bi^aLvei yap tovto Kal OVK ev TToXXfp XP^'^V <^^^' f'^ ^^ V ^'^'^ci firjaiv, MCTTe jJLrjKo^ Kcil Trd^o^i hopaTtatov yiveaOat, hi* o Kal ^aKT7]pLai<i avTal^ ^^/xwi^ra^ irXeiovo'^ he %/3o- vov yivo/J-evov KaTO, Xoyov ?; dirohoai'^' ofiolw^; he Kal eVl tmv TevTXcov Kal yap TavTa Xafi^dvet fjLey€6o<;' ert he fidXXov ay vol Kal 6 TraXiovpo^; Kal 6 kitt6<;, mctO' 6fjLoXoyov/jLeva)<; TavTa ylveTai

3 hevhpa' Kai tol Oa/xvajhr] ye iaTiv. 6 he fivppLVo<i fiv dvaKaO aupo fxevo^ eK0afivovTaL Kal r) rjpaKXefo- TLKrj Kapva. hoKel he avTr} ye Kal tov Kapirov /SeXTtft) Kal TrXelo) (fyepeiv edv pd^hov^ Ti? ea

^ eiiivos . . . TTT^yavov. AV.'s text transposes, without alteration, the definitions of 6d/iivos and (ppvyavov as given in U. (ppvyavov h\ rh airh yL^rjs Kal TroAucrTeAexes Kal Tro\vK\aSov olov 0dTos iraxiovpos, Aid. So also M, but with a lacuna marked before (ppvyavov and a note that the definition of 6d.iJ.vos is wanting. <ppvyaPov Se tJ> airb ^i^tjs Kal no\v(rTf\ex(s Kol iroXvKKaiov oTou Kal ydfiBpri Kal irrjyavoi'. Bdfxvos St airh 1)1^7)$ iroKvKkaZov olov ^dros naXiovpos U. So also very nearly P1P2. G gives to Qdfxvos {frntex) the definition assigned in U to Kppvyavov (eiiffnitex) and the other definition is wanting. 24


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, I iii. 1-3

a single stem, having knots and several branches, and it cannot easily be uprooted ; for instance, olive fig vine. ^A shrub is a thing which rises from the root with many branches ; for instance, bramble Christ's thorn. An under-slu'ub is a thing which rises from the root with many stems as well as many branches ; for instance, savory ^ rue. A herb is a thing which comes up from the root with its leaves and has no main stem, and the seed is borne on the stem ; for instance, corn and pot-herbs.

These definitions however must be taken and accepted as applying generally and on the whole. For in the case of some plants it might seem that our de- finitions overlap ; and some under cultivation appear to become different and depart from their essential nature, for instance, mallow ^ when it grows tall and l)ecomes tree-like. For this comes to pass in no long time, not more than six or seven months, so that in length and thickness the plant becomes as great as a spear, and men accordingly use it as a walking-stick, and after a longer period the result of cultivation is proportionately greater. So too is it with the beets ; they also increase in stature under cultivation, and so still more do chaste-tree Christ's thorn ivy, so that, as is generally admitted, these become trees, and yet they belong to the class of shrubs. On the other hand the myrtle, unless it is pruned, turns into a shrub, and so does filbert "* : indeed this last appears to bear better and more abundant fruit, if one leaves

Note that W.'s transposition gives koI . . . /col the proper force; § 4 shews that the typical (ppvyapov in T.'s view was

- evjxBpa conj. W.; yafx^ti-q MSS. But the first «ral being meaningless, W. also suggests aiav^x^piop for koL yd/xfiprf. 3 r/. Plin. 19. 62. •* cf. 3. 15. 1.

25


THEOPHRASTUS

TrXeiof? W9 T>}? cf)va€U)<; 6a/xP(i)Bov<; oucr;;?. ov IJLOVoaTe\e')(e<^ 5' av ho^eiev ov8' 77 fiyjXea ovS^ ?} /DOta OLiS' »7 aiTLO^ elvai, ovK 6\a)<i oaa irapa^Xa- (TrrjTLKa airo tmv pi^Mv dWa rfj dyojyfj rotavra Trapaipovjievojv tmv ciXXcov. euia Be kol iaxri 7roXvcTr6\€)(r) Sea XeTTTorrjra, KaOdirep poav fxrfkeav icoai Be kol Td<; eX«a? KOirdBa^ fcal Td<^ (TVKd<;.

Td-^a 8' dv Ti? (pal^j kol oXw? fieyedet kol /il- KponjTL Biaipereov elvai, rd Be Icrx^ '^^^^ daOeveia KoX iroXvxpoviorrjTi, kol oXiyoxpopiorrjri. tmv re yap (f)pv<yaP(JL>B(bv koI Xaxavf^Boyv evia fiovo- aTeXexv Kal dlov BevBpov (pvcTLV e^ovra yiverai, KaOdirep pd^avo<; ir^jyavov, 66ev kol /caXoval Tive^ rd TOiavra BeyBpoXd^ava, rd re Xa^avdiBi] Trdvra rj rd irXelara orav iyKarafielvrj Xa/x/SdveL Tivd<^ warrep aKpepiova^ Kal yiverat ro oXov ev (TXVjxaTL BevBpd)BeL ttXyjv oXtyoxpovidyrepa.

Aid Br] ravra Mairep Xeyofiev ovk aKpi^oXoyij- reov TM optp dXXa tm tvttm XrjTrreov tov^ d(f}opt,a/jiov<;' eireX Kal rd<; Biaipeaei<; 6/jL0La)<;, olov r}/j,ep(ov dyplwv, KapTTOCpopcov dKdpircov, dvOochopcov dvavOoyv, deixpvXXcou (pvXXo^oXcov. rd filv ydp dypia Kal ypepa rrapd tj]V dycoyr^v elvai BoKer irdv ydp Kal dypiov Kal I'lixepov (f)^]<TLP "Yttttcov yiveaOai Tvyydvov t) /jLtj rvy^dvov Oepaireia'^.

  • i.e. so that the tree comes to look like a slirub from the

growth of fresh shoots after cutting, cf. 2. 6. 12 ; 2. 7. 2.

2 l>a.<pavo% conj. Bod. from G ; pa<pai>\s Aid. » cf. 3. 2. 2. The Ionian philosopher. See Zeller, Pre Socradr Philosophy (Eng. trans.), 1. 281 f.

  • Koi add. W.; soO.

^ ^ conj. Sch.; koX UAld.Cam.Bas.H.

26


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, I. m. 3-5

a good many of its branches untouclied, since it is by nature like a shrul). Again neither the apple nor the pomegranate nor tlie pear would seem to be a tree of a single stem, nor indeed any of the trees which have side stems from the roots, but they acquire the char- acter of a tree when the other stems are removed. However some trees men even leave with their numerous stems because of their slenderness, for in- stance, the pomegranate and the apple, and they leave the stems of the olive and the fig cut short.^

Exact classification impracticable: other 2)ossible bases oj classification.

Indeed it might be suggested that we should classify in some cases simply by size, and in some cases by comparative robustness or length of life. For of under-shrubs and those of the pot-herb class some have only one stem and come as it were to have the character of a tree, such as cabbao'e - and rue : wherefore some call these Hree-herbs'; and in fact all or most of the pot-herb class, when they have been long in the ground, acquire a sort of branches, and the whole plant comes to have a tree-like shape, though it is shorter lived than a tree.

For these reasons then, as Ave are saying, one must not make a too precise definition ; we should make our definitions typical. For we must make our distinctions too on the same principle, as those between wild and cultivated plants, fruit- bearing and fruitless, flowering and flowerless, evergreen and deciduous. Thus the distinction between wild and cultivated seems to be due simply to cultivation, since, as Hippon ^ remarks, any plant may be either* wild or cultivated ac- cording as it receives or ^ does not receive attention.

27


THEOPHRASTUS

cLKapira 8e koX KapiTL^ia kol avdo(f>6pa koX avavdij irapa roi"? tottol'? kol tov aepa rov trepLe^ovTa- rov avTOV he rpoirov koI (fivWo^oXa koi aei- ^vWa. irepl yap ^K\e(f)avTLPrjv ovde Ta<i dfiTreXov^ ovSe ra<i avKd<; (f)aat (fivWo^oXeiv. ^ ^AX>J 6p.o)<; TOiavTa Siaipereov' 6%et yap tl t?}? cf)va€a)<; kolvov oyLtoto)? eV hevhpOL's fcal OupLvoL^ Ka\ Tot9 (^pvyaviKo2<; KaX TroicohecrLV' inrep cop Kal ra? alTLa<i orav Ti? X^yrj irepl ttcivtwv KOLvfj hrfK.ov on XeKTeov ov')(^ opi^ovra KaO' CKaarov evXoyov Be Kal ravra^ KOLva<; elvai rrdvrwv. ap.a Se Kal (paLperai riva e-^etv ^vaLK7]v hiacpopdv evOii^ eV) Twr dypiwv Kal tcov r)p,€po)v, elirep evia firj Bvva- rat t,riv Mcnrep tcl yewpyovp.eva puyB' oXw9 he^erai Oepaireiav aXXa x^^P^ yiverai, KaOdirep eXdr)] irevKy] Kifkaar pov Kal dirXco^ oaa yp^v^pov'; tottou^ (f)LXeL Kal ')(^iov(oSeL<;, (joaavTu><i Be Kal tmv ^pvyavt- KO)V Kal iroLwBoiv, olov KaTTTrapi^ Kal depjj,o<;. rjfiepov Be Kal aypiov BiKaiov KaXelv dvacfyepovra 7r/909 re ravra Kal 6Xco<; Trpo? to rj/jLepcorarov' [6 8' dvOpwTTO^ i) jxovov i) pudXtara ijpLepov.^

IV. ^avepal Be Kal Kar avra^ rd<i /jiop(pa<; ai Biaf^opal roiv oXa>v re Kal pLopiwv, olov Xeyco

  • avdocpopa koI avavOrj conj. Sch. from G ; KapvSfopa &p9r]

P2Ald. 2 (.f^ 1. 9. 5 ; Plin. 16. 81.

^ TOLavra 'COnj. W. ; Staiperfov conj. Sch.; to7s av7o7s alperfov Aid. The sense seems to be : Though these ' secondary ' distinctions are not entirely satisfactory, j^et (if we look to the caiises of different characters), they are indispensable, since they are due to causes which affect all the four classes of our 'primary' distinction.

  • I.e. we must take the extreme cases.

' i.e. plants which entirely refuse cultivation.

28


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, I. iir. 5-iv. i

Again the distinctions between fruitless and fruit- bearing,! flowering and flowerless, seem to be due to position and the climate of the district. And so too with the distinction between deciduous and evergreen. ^ Thus they say that in the district of Elephantine neither vines nor figs lose their leaves.

Nevertheless we are bound to use such dis- tinctions.2 For there is a certain common character alike in trees, shrubs, under-shrubs, and herbs. Wherefore, when one mentions the causes also, one must take account of all alike, not giving separate definitions for each class^ it being reasonable to suppose that the causes too are common to all. And in fact there seems to be some natural difference from the first in the case of wild and cultivated, seeing that some plants cannot live under the conditions of those grown in cultivated ground, and do not submit to cultivation at all, but de- teriorate under it ; for instance, silver-fir fir holly, and in general those which affect cold snowy country ; and the same is also true of some of the under-shrubs and herbs, such as caper and lupin. Now in using the terms ' cultivated ' and ' wild '

  • we must make these ^ on the one hand our standard,

and on the other that which is in the truest sense *^ ' cultivated.' "^ Now Man, if he is not the only thing to which this name is strictly appropriate, is at least that to which it most applies.

Differences as to appearance and habitat. IV. Again the differences, both between the plants as wholes and between their parts, may be seen in

  • SAwj Trpbj rb. ? Trpbs tI '6Xu)S conj. St.

' i 8' 6.vdpc>}Tros . . . TfiiJ.€pop. I have bracketed this clause, which seems to be an irrelevant gloss.

29


THEOPHRASTUS

/i€y€0o<; KoX fiiKp6rri<;, (T/c\r]p6rt]<i /jLaXaKOTr)-;, \eL6r7)<; T/^a^urr/?, <p\oLou <f)vX\(i>i' tmv aXXwv, aTrXw? evfiopcpla koI Sva/xopipLa tl<^, en he kol KaXkLKapiTia kol KaKOKapiria. TrXeiw p,ev <yap Bofcel ra dypta cf)ep€Lv, wairep a^pa<; kotlvo^, koX- \i(o he TO, rjfiepa kol TOv<i %l'Xou? he avroi)^ jXvKvrepovi; koX rjhiov; kol to 6\ov o)? elirelv evfcpdrov^ fiaWov.

Avrai re ht] (pva-iKal rive^ wairep el'pyrai hia- (jiopai, KOL en hrj fidWov tmv uKapTTcov kol Kapno- (f)6p(0P Kal (})vWo^6\fjL)V KOL a€i(f)vX\cL>v kol ocra aXKa TOiavTa. ttcivtcov he Xr^ineov ae\ fcal ra? Kara tol"? tottou?* ov yap ovh^ olov re i(rci)<; aXXct)?. al he roiavrai ho^aiev av yeviKov nva TTOielv ')^copi(TfjL6v, olov ivvhpwv Kal ')(epaaiwv, wcnrep eul TCt)v ^(jtiwv. eaTL yap evia rwv cf)VT(ov a ov hvvaraL /xt] ev vypfo ^rjv hir/prjTaL he dWo Kar aXXo yevo<; roiv vypcov, ware to, fiev ev reXfiaai ra he ev \ip.vaL<^ ra 8' ev Trorapot^; ra he Kal ev avTrj TTJ OaXdriT] (fyveaOat, to, p,ev eXdrrco Kal ev rfi Trap rjpLV ra he pel^co Trepl rrjv epvOpuv. evia he oiairepel KciOvypa Kal eXeia, KaOdirep Iria kol rrXdravo';, ra he ouk ev vhan hwdfieva ^tjv ovh' oXft)9 dXXd hidiKOvra roii^i ^ypov'^ roirov^' rcov h' eXarrovcdV eanv a Kal rov<; alytaXoixi.


^ Kar' avra? tols conj. Sch. ; Kal ri t' auras raj U ; Karo ravras tols MVAld.

2 ndvTwv . . . t6ttovs, text perhaps defective.

3 i.e. as to locality. * cf. 4. 7. 1.

30


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, I. iv. 1-2

tlic appearance itself' of the plant. I mean difi'erences such as those in size, hardness, smoothness or their opposites, as seen in bark, leaves, and the other parts ; also, in general, differences as to comeliness or its opposite and as to the production of good or ot inferior fruit. For the wild kinds appear to bear more fruit, for instance, the wild i)ear and wild olive, but the cultivated plants better fruit, having even flavours which are sweeter and pleasanter and in general better blended, if one may so say.

These then as has been said, are differences of natural character, as it were, and still more so are those between fruitless and fruitful, deciduous and evergreen plants, and the like. But with all the differences in all these cases we must take into account the locality ,2 and indeed it is hardly possible to do otherwise. Such ^ differences would seem to give us a kind of division into classes, for instance, between that of aquatic plants and that of plants of the dry land, corresponding to the division which we make in the case of animals. For there are some plants which cannot live except in wet ; and again these are distinguished from one another by their fondness for different kinds of wetness ; so that some grow in marshes, others in lakes, others in rivers, others even in the sea, smaller ones in our own sea, larger ones in the Red Sea.* Some again, one may say, are lovers of very wet places,^ or plants of the marshes, such as the willow and the plane. Others again cannot live at all ^ in water, but seek out dry places ; and of the smaller sorts there are some that prefer the shore.

' i.e. though not actually living in water,

  • > oii5' '6Xws conj. W.; iv rSvrois Ald.H. Minime G.


THEOPHRASTUS

3 Ou [Jir)v aXXa koI tovtwv el Tt<; uKpi^oXo- yelaOat OeXoi, ra /jLeu av evpoL kolvcl kol Mcnrep a/jL(l)i^ia, KaOdirep fivpiKrjv Ireav Kki]9paVy ra he Koi t€)v opoXoyov/jbivcov ')(epaai(iiv '7re<pv/c6ra irore ev rfi OaXdrrr) ^lovv, c^oivLKa aKuXXav dvOepiKOv. ciXXd ra roiavra koI 6Xci)<; to ovtco aKoirelv ovk olK6La)<; earl (JKoirelv ovSe yap ovS' r; (pvai<; ov- Tco? ovh^ ev TOi? TOLOvTOi^; e;^et to dvayicalov. Td<i /xev ovv SiaLpeaea fcal oXw? ttjv IcTTopiav twv (f)u- Tcov ouTO) XijTTTeov. [aTTavTa 8' ovv Ka\ TavTa Kal ra dXXa SioiaeL KaOdirep eLprjrac Tal<^ re tmv 6Xo)v /jLop^aL<; Kal rat? tcoi^ /j,opLcov 8ia(jiopaL<;, rj T(p ex^i-v TO, Se p.7] e^eiv, r) Ta> rrXelo) ra 8' eXdrrw, rj rw dvopoiw^ i) oaoL rpoiroi Sirjprjvrai

4 irporepov. oIkgIov he taoi<i kol Tov<i tottou? avp- rrapaXap^dveiv ev ot? eKaara 7re(f)VK€v r) py 7r€(f)UKe jiveaOai. peydXy] yap Kal avrrj hiacpopd Kal ov')(^ rjKKTTa OLKeta tmv ^vtcov hid to crvvr/p- Tr}(j6aL TTJ yfj Kal p,T] diroXeXvaOaL KaOdirep Ta ^wa.]

V. IleipaTeov S' elirelv rd^ Kard pepo<^ hta- (f)opd<; o)? dv KaOoXov XeyovTa<; irpwrov kol koivm^;,


^ e4\oi conj. Sch.; fle'Acj Ald.H.

"^ fupoi conj. Sch.; evprj Aid. ; (vpr) H.

3 Presumably as being sometimes found on the shore below high-water mark.

■* a-nai'Ta . . . (coa. This passage seems not to belong here(W.).

  • Tp6nui conj. Sch. ; tJjtoi UMVAld.

32


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, I. iv. 3-v. i

However, if one should wish ^ to be precise, one would find ^ that even of these some are impartial and as it were am})hibious, such as tamarisk willow alder, and that others even of those which are admitted to be plants of the dry land sometimes live in the sea,^ as palm squill asphodel. But to con- sider all these exceptions and, in general, to consider in such a manner is not the right way to proceed. For in such matters too nature certainly does not thus go by any hard and fast law. Our distinctions therefore and the study of plants in general must be understood accordingly. ^ To return — these plants as well as all others will be found to differ, as has been said, both in the shape of the whole and in the differences between the parts, either as to having or not having certain parts, or as to having a greater or less number of parts, or as to having them differently arranged, or because of other dif- ferences ^ such as we have already mentioned. And it is perhaps also proper to take into account the situation in which each plant naturally grows or does not grow. For this is an important distinc- tion, and specially characteristic of plants, because they are united to the ground and not free from it like animals.


Characteristic dijferences in the parts of plants, ivhether general, special, or seen in qualities and properties.

V. Next we must try to give the differences as to particular parts, in the first instance speaking broadly of those of a general character,*^ and then

' i.e. those which divide plants into large classes [e.y. evergreen and deciduous).

33


THEOPHRASTUS

€LTa read' e/caarov, varepov iirl irXelov waTTcp avaO€(opovvra<i.

"EcTTt Se ra pbh opdocpvrj Kal p^aKpoareXexv KaOciTrep iXdrr] Trev/crf KvirdpLTTO^, ra he gko- Xicorepa Kal /9/3a;\;f crreXe;)^?/ olov irea avKrj poid, Kal Kara 7ra;)^o? Be Kal XeTrronira ofioiwi;. Kal TToXiv rd pLev pLOvoareXexv '^^ ^^ woXv- areXe^V touto Se ravro rpoirov nvd Kal rw Trapa/SXacrrt-jriKd t] dirapd^Xaara eJvar Ka\ TToXvKXaSrj Kal oXcyoKXaSa KaOdirep 6 cfiotvL^, Kal ev avroL^ rovrot^; en Kara ia')(yv rj 7ra;^09 i) 2 T«<> roiavra<^ hia(^opd<^. rrdXiv ra pLev Xeirro- (f)Xoia, KaOdrrep Sd(f)vr] (piXvpa, rd Se 7ra'XV(f)Xoia, KaOdrrrep Spv<i. en rd puev XeiocpXoia, KaOdirep pLijXea dUKj), rd 8e rpaxi'<j)Xoia, KaOdirep dypia Spv<; (f)eXX6<; (fyoivi^. irdvra he vea pcev ovra Xeio^Xotorepa, diro'yyipdaKovra he rpa')(y<^Xoi6- repa, evia he Kal f)t]^i(f)Xoia, KaOdirep dpiTreXo';, rd he Kal &)? rrepLTTLTrreiv, olov dphpd')(Xt] prjXea K6piapo<;. eart he Kal rcov puev aapKcohyj^i 6 (fiXoio^, olov (f)€XXou hpvo<; alyeupov' rwv he lvcoh^]<; Kal d(TapKO<; opLOLco^i hevhpwv Kal OdpLVcov Kal eirereiwv, olov dpLireXov KaXdpov irvpov. Kal rcjv puev TToXuXoTTO?, olov (^iXvpa^i eXdrr)^; dpLireXov Xlvo- airdprov Kpo /.ivcov, rwv he pLovoXo7ro<^, olov avK)}^

' i.e. taking account of differences in qualities, etc. See § 4, but the order in which the three kinds of ' differences ' are discussed is not tliat which is here given ; the second is taken first and resumed at 6. 1, the third begins at 5. 4, the first at 14. 4.

2 ravrh conj. Sch. ; avrh UMVPAld.

' Tpaxv(p\ot6Tepa conj. H. from G ; 'naxv<p. UMAM. rf. Plin. 16. I'ilJ.

34


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, I. v. 1-2

of special differences between individual kinds ; and after that we must take a wider range, making as it were a fresh survey.^

Some plants grow straight up and have tall stems, as silver-fir fir cypress ; some are by comparison crooked and have short stems, as willow fig pome- granate ; and there are like differences as to degree of thickness. Again some have a single stem, others many stems ; and this difference corresponds ^ more or less to that between those which have side- growths and those which have none, or that between those which have many branches and those which have few, such as the date-palm. And in these very instances we have also differences in strength thickness and tlie like. Again some have thin bark, such as bay and lime ; others have a thick bark, such as the oak. And again some have smooth bark, as ap])le and fig ; others rough bark, as 'wild oak' (Valonia oak) cork-oak and date-palm. However all plants when young have smoother bark, which gets rougher ^ as they get older ; and some have cracked bark,^ as the vine ; and in some cases it readily dro})s off, as in andrachne apple ^ and arbutus. And again of some the bark is fleshy, as in cork-oak oak poplar ; while in others it is fibrous and not fleshy ; and this applies alike to trees shrubs and annual plants, for instance to vines reeds and wheat. Again in some the bark has more than one layer, as in lime silver-fir vine Spanish broom ® onions '^ ; while in some it consists of only

  • pr)^l(p\oia conj. St.; piCi(poia (?) U ;

(pxoia PgAld. cf. 4. 15. 2, Plin. I.e.

' liirjXea conj. H. Steph., etc.; V7)\ela l\V. cf. Plin. I.e.

  • G appears to have read Klvov, (nraprov.


piii^Xoia P.


^.Co-


UMPAld.;


vi]Xeiu


' cf. 5.


1 6.



35


THEOPHRASTUS

KoXdfiov aipa<;. Kara /jl€V St) tov^ ^Xoiov^i eV TovroL<; at hLa<^opaL

'YCiv he ^v\(ov avTcov kol oXco'i twv KavXwv ol fiev elcTi (rapKcoSei^;, olov Spvo<; gvktj^, kol twv eXaTTovwv pdfivov revrXov Kwveiov' ol he daapKoi, KaOdrrep KeBpov Xcotov KvirapiTTOv. kol ol [lev ivciihei's' ra <ydp t?}9 eX-axi;? /cal rod ^oivlko<; ^vXa Toiavra' ra Be diva, KaOdirep tt)? avKr]<;. coaav- T&)9 Be KOL rd fxev cpXe/ScoBr] rd 5' d(j)Xe^a. Trepl Be rd ^pvyavLKd Kai OafivcoB)] /cal oXw? rd vXi]- /juara /cal dXXa<; Ti? dv Xd^8oi Bia<f)opd<;' 6 /xev yap /cdXa/jiO<; yovarcoBe^, 6 Be ySaro? Kal 6 TraXiovpo'^ d/cavdcoBr]. y) Be TU(f)i] Kal evia rcov eXeloiv rj Xtpvaiwv opoiw^ dBi,d(ppa/CTa /cal opaXr), Kaddirep cr^oFi'o?. o Be rov Kvireipov Kal /Souto- fxov KavXo<i opaXorrjrd riva e%ei irapd rovrov^' en Be pdXXov co-w^ 6 rod p.VK7]T0^,

Kvrai pev Bjj Bo^aiev dv e'f wv r] avvOecri^. al Be Kard rd irdOj] Kal Td<; BvvdpeL<; olov aKXy- p6rr)<i paXaKOT'y]'; <yXi(TXpoT7]<; Kpavpory^; <7rvKv6- T^9> pavoTT)^; KovcpoTT]^ ^apvTi)^ kol\ 6(xa dXXa roiavra' rj pev ydp Irea Kal ')(Xwpov ev()v KOv<pov, Mairep 6 <^eXX6<^, i) Be 7rv^o<; Kal ?} ejSevo^ ovBe avavdevra. Kal rd pev a^l^eTai, KaOdirep rd rr}?

^ pd/ixvov conj. W.; Bdfivov Pg ; BaKavov Akl.H.

'^ Kwviiov conj. Sch.; Kojviov Ald.U (corrected to Kwvdou). cf. 7. 6. 4.

» 8c &iva conj. Son from G. ; Se ^Iva U ; Se fiavd AM. ; 0^ . . , va M.

  • v\rifxaTa conj. Sch. (a general ^ernl including shrubs,

under-shrubs, etc. r/. 1. 6. 7 ; 1. 10. 6) ; Khv^iara, Aid.

36


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, I. v. 2-4

one coat, as in fig reed darnel. Such are the

respects in which bark differs.

Next of the woods themselves and of stems generally some are fleshy, as in oak and fig, and, among lesser plants, in buckthorn ^ beet hemlock ^ ; u hile some are not fleshy, for instance, prickly cedar nettle-tree cypress. Again some are fibrous, for of this character is the wood of the silver-fir and the date-palm ; while some are not fibrous,^ as in the fig. In like manner some are full of ' veins,' others veinless. Further in shrubby plants and imder- shrubs and in woody plants ^ in general one might find other differences : thus the reed is jointed, while the bramble and Christ's thorn have thorns on the wood. Bulrush and some of the marsh or pond plants are in like manner"* Avithout joints and smooth, like the rush ; and the stem of galingale and sedge has a certain smoothness beyond those just men- tioned ; and still more perhaps has that of the mushroom.

Differences as to qiialities and properties.

These then would seem to be the differences in the parts which make up the plant. Those which belong to the qualities ^ and properties are such as liardness or softness, toughness or brittleness, close- ness or openness of texture, lightness or heaviness, and the like. For willow-wood is light from the first, even when it is green, and so is that of the cork-oak ; but box and ebony are not light even when dried. Some woods again can be split,^ such

' bfioiws, sense doubtful ; dfiwyv/xuv conj. W. • irden, cf. 1. 1. 1 n.

' axK^Tai conj. W.; <rx"^« UMVAld.; <rx«o'To H. : fissilea G.

37


THEOPHRASTUS

iXdrrj^;, ra 8e evOpavara /xaXXor, olov ra tt)*^ eXaa9. koI to. fiev do^a, olov ra t^? a^rf;?, ra Be o^coSr}, olov ra t/}? irevKi]'; kol i\drr)<;. 5 Ael Be Kal Ta^; roiavTa<; iiiroXa^^dveLV •/?}? (f>vaeo)<;. eva^Larov fiev yap rj iXciTrj r& ev6v- TTopeiv, evOpavarov Be rj iXda Blci to aKoXiov Kal (TKXypov. euKa/jLTTTOv Bt 1] (f)L\upa Kal oaa dWa Bid TO yXiaxpav e^eiv Trjv vyporrjTa. ^apv Be 7} fiev TTu^o? Kal rj e^evo<; on irvKvd, y Be Bpv^ on jecoBe^. a)(TavTco<; Be Kal rd dWa irdvra irpo's TTjv ^vatv TTO)? dvdyeTac.

VI. Aiacpepovac Be Kal ral^ ixrjTpai,^' irpoiTOv fiev el evia e'X^et rj fir) e^^ef, KaOdirep rti^e? (paaiv dXXa re Kal ryjv dKTr}V' eTreira Kal ev avroU TOL^ ex^ovar rcov fiev ydp ian aapKcoBt]^; rcov Be ^v\(t)Bi]<i rcov Be v/x€vcoBt]<;. Kal aapKoyBi)^ fiev olov d/nreXou avKfj^i fi7]\ea<; poid<i a/CTvyv vdp9i)K0<;. ^v\d}B7](; Be ttituo? eXar??? Trei^/c?;?, Kal fidXiara avrrj Bid rb €vBaBo<; elvai. rovTcov S* en aKXriporepau Kal irvKvorepaL Kpav€La<i

TTpLVOV BpVO^ KVTLaOV (TVKaflLVOV i^eVOU XCOTOV.

2 Aia(})epovai Be avral Kal tol^; 'X^pcofiaar fieXaivau ydp t?}? ejBevov Kal t^9 Bpv6<i, fjv KaXovai fieXdvBpvov. diraaai Be (TKXy]p6T€paL Kal Kpavpo-


' i.e. break across the grain. ivdpavcrTa mP ; i^Opavara VVk\a.;fra(jilis{}. cf. 5. 5, Plin 16. 186. 2 iLo(a conj. Palm, from G ; Ao|a UPAld ' i.e. across the grain. •* cf. 5. 6. 2. ^ rj. 5. 1.4.

^ T. appears not to agree as to elder : see below.

38


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, I. v. 4-vi. 2

as that of the silver-fir_, while others are rather break- able,^ sucli as tlie wood of the oHve, Again some are without knots/ as the stems of elder, others have knots, as those of fir and silver-fir.

Now such differences also must be ascribed to the essential character of the plant : for the reason why the wood of silver-fir is easily split is that the grain is straight, while the reason why olive-wood is easily broken^ is that it is crooked and hard. Lime- wood and some other woods on the other hand are easily bent because their sap is viscid.* Boxwood and ebony are heavy because the grain is close, and oak because it contains mineral matter.^ In like manner the other peculiarities too can in some way be referred to the essential character.

Further ' special ' differences.

VI. Again there are differences in the ^core' : in the first place according as plants have any or have none, as some say ^ is the case with elder among other things ; and in the second place there are differences between those which have it, since in different plants it is respectively fleshy, woody, or membranous ; fleshy, as in vine fig apple pomegranate elder ferula ; woody, as in Aleppo pine silver-fir fir ; in the last- named ^ especially so, because it is resinous. Harder again and closer than these is the core of dog- wood kermes-oak oak laburnum mulberry ebony nettle- tree.

The cores in themselves also differ in colour ; for

that of ebony and oak is black, and in fact in

the oak it is called 'oak-black'; and in all these the

core is harder and more brittle than the ordinary

' aZrr] conj. Sch.; uutt; UAld.; uut^ MV ; auTTjs 1*.^.

39


THEOPHRASTUS

repat rcov ^vXcov Be o koI oh\ vTTop,evov(jL Kafiin]v. fxaiorepaL 5e ai jiev al 8 ov. vjievoo- Sci? 8' ev /uL€V Tot? SevSpoi.<; ovk elalv rj ottuvlol, ev he Toi<i Oap-vooheai koI o\oi<i tol<; vXy^fxaaLV olov KaXdfjLO) re koI }'dp0)]KL Koi rol^i TOiovTOL<i elaiv, €^€i Be rrjv /irjrpau ra fiev /j.eydXr]p kol (pavepdv, ax? nrplvo^ Bpv<i koX TuXXa irpoeiprj- p,eva, TCL 5' d(^aveaTepai', olov eXda 7Tv^o<i' ov yap eaTiv d(pcopL(r/xeu7]v ovtm Xa^etv, dXXd kul (f)aaL TLve'i ov Kara to jxeaov dXXa Kara ro irav e^eiv codTG fi^] elvai roirov oipiafievov Bl o Kal evia ovB^ av Bo^eiev oXo)? e^civ' eVet Kal rov (f)0iVLK0<^ ovBcfiia (^aiverai Bia(f)opd Kar ovBev.

i Aiacpepovai Be Kal ral's pl^ais. rd piev yap TToXvppi^d Kal paKpoppL^a, KaOdirep crvKfj Bpv^ irXdravo^- edv yap e)(U)aL tottov, e^' oaovovi' 'Trpoep)(ovTaL. rd Be oXtyoppL^a, KaOdirep poid pirjXia' rd Be povoppi^a, KaOdirep eXdir) TvevKiy p,ov6ppL^a Be ouTO)?, otl pLiav p,eydX7]p ti]v eiV ^dOo<; €')(ei pLKpd^ Be d-no ravryfi TrA-etou?. €)(^ovai Be Kal TMV pi] povoppi^wv evta Trjv €k rov peaov peyiarn^v Kal Kard ^dOov<i, oiairep dp,vyBaX7]' eXda Be piKpdv ravrrjv ra? Be dXXa'i pLel^ov^ Kal ft)? KeKapKLV(typeva<^. en Be rwv pev TTa-)(elai p,dXXov rcov Be dv(i3paXel<i, KaOdirep Bd(f)vi]<; iXda^;'

4 rcov Be Trdaai Xeirrai, KaOdirep dpireXov. Bta- <f>epov(Ti Be Kal XetorrjrL Kal rpax^ryri Kal itukvo- rrjri. irdvrwv yap al pi^ai p^avorepai rcov dvo),

  • ^avciTepai ... of/ : text can liardly be sound, but sense is

clear. '^ i.e. homogeneous. ^ Plin. IG. 127.

■• 3. 6. 4 seems to give a different account. 5 cf. C.P. 3. 23. 5, and KapKivd^^-qs C.P. 1. 12. 3 ; 3. 21. 5.

40


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, I. vi. 2-4

wood ; and for this reason the core of tliese trees can not be bent. Again the core differs in closeness of texture.^ A membranous core is not common in trees, if indeed it is found at all ; but it is found in shrubl>y plants and woody plants generally, as in reed ferula and the like. Again in some the core is large and conspicuous, as in kermes-oak oak and the other trees mentioned above ; while in others it is less conspicuous, as in olive and box. For in these trees one cannot find it isolated, but, as some say, it is not found in the middle of the stem, being diffused throughout, so that it has no separate place ; and for this reason some trees might be thought to have no core at all ; in fact in the date-palm the wood is alike throughout.^

Differences m root.

5 Again plants differ in their roots, some having many long roots, as fig oak plane ; for the roots of these, if they have room, run to any length. Others again have few roots, as pomegranate and apple, others a single root, as silver-fir and fir ; these have a single root in the sense that they have one long one ^ which runs deep, and a number of small ones branching from this. Even in some of those which have more than a single root the middle root is the largest and goes deep, for instance, in the almond ; in the olive this central root is small, while the others are larger and, as it were, spread out crab- wise.^ Again the roots of some are mostly stout, of some of various degrees of stoutness, as those of bay and olive ; and of some they are all slender, as those of the vine. Roots also differ in degree of smoothness and in density. For the roots of all

41


THEOPHRASTUS

iTVKvorepai he ciWai aWo)v kol ^vXcoSearepai- Koi al fiev IvcoSei^, co? ai t?}? iXdnjs^, al Se aapK- coBeK; fxaXkov, uyarrep al r?}? hpv6<;, al he olov 6^a)Sei<; kol dvaavwhei'^, (oairep ai t% ekda^- TOVTO Be on ra? Xeina^; KaX fiLKpa<; ttoWcl^ €')(ovaL Kal aOpoa^' eirel Traaai ye KaX ravra^; dirocfyvouaiv o-tto tmv /xeyaXcov dX)C ov^ ofMOico'; d6p6a<; Kal TroXXa?.

"EcTTf Be Kal ra fiev jSadvppL^a, KaOdirep Bpv^, TO, 5' e-TTiiroXaLoppL^a, KaOdirep e\da poid pajXea KV7rdpiTT0<;. ctl Be al fiev evOecai Kal 6fia\ei<;, al Be cTKoktai Kal TrapaWdrrovaaL' tovto yap ov iiovov orvpi^aivei Bta tou? tottol'? tw p,y evoBelv dXXa Kal tt)? (pvaeco^; avTr)<; eariv, coavep eVt tt}? Bd^vrj'^ Kal rrj^ eXda^- i) Be avKrj Kal rd Toiavra (t KoXiovrai Bia rb fir] evoBelv.

5 " Kiraaav 8' efi/xrjrpoi KaOdirep Kal rd crreXe^j] Kal ol uKpefiove'^' Kal evXoyov diro Trj<^ dp-)(rjs. elal Be Kal al fiev 7rapa/3\aar)]TiKal et? to dvco, KaOdirep d/jL7reXov p6a<;, al Be dirapd^XacnoL, KaOdirep eiVarr;? KUTraptTTOv TrevKr}<^. al avral Be Biacpopal Kal tmp (fypvyaviKcov Kal tmv ttoicoBcov Kal Tcov dXXcov irXt-jV el oXcy? hvia fir) e^ei, KaOdirep vBvov fivKr/^; Tre^i? KspavvLOV. rd fiev iroXvppL^a KaOdirep irvpb<; rij)r) KpiO)], irdv to roLOVTO, KaOdirep elKa^ovaai^;- rd 5' oXiyoppi^a

6 KaOdirep rd ^(eBpoird, a^eBou Be Kal rwv Xa'^av- wBmv tcl TrXelara fxovoppil^a, olov pd(^avo^

^ TT((is Kepavviov : ttv^os Kpdviov UMVAlcl. ; 7re(,'»s conj. Sell. from Athen. 2. 59 ; K€pavi^iov conj. W. cf. Plin. 3. o6 and 37, Juv. 5. 117. '^ flKuCovjais : word corrupt; so UMVAld.

3 riin. 19. 98.

42


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, I. vi. 4-6

plants are less dense than the parts above ground, but the density varies in different kinds, as also does the woodiness. Some are fibrous, as those of the silver-fir, some fleshier, as those of the oak, some are as it were branched and tassel-like, as those of the olive ; and this is because they have a large number of fine small roots close together ; for all in fact pro- duce these from their large roots, but they are not so closely matted nor so numerous in some cases as in others.

Again some plants are deep-rooting, as the oak, and some have surface roots, as olive pomegranate apple cypress. Again some roots are straight and uniform, others crooked and crossing one another. For this comes to pass not merely on account of the situation because they cannot find a straight course ; it may also belong to the natural character of the plant, as in the bay and the olive ; while the fig and such like become crooked because they can not find a straight course.

All roots have core, just as the stems and branches do, which is to be expected, as all these parts are made of the same materials. Some roots again have side-growths shooting upwards, as those of the vine and pomegranate, while some have no side-growth, as those of silver-fir cypress and fir. The same differences are found in under-shrubs and herbaceous j)lants and the rest, except that some have no roots at all, as truffle mushroom bullfist^ 'thunder-truffle.' Others have numerous roots, as wheat one-seeded wheat barley and all plants of like nature, for instance,^ .... Some have few roots, as legu- minous plants. 2 And in general most of the pot- herbs have single roots, as cabbage beet celery

43


THEOPHRASTUS

revrXov aeXivov XdiraOo'i' ttXijv evia Kal aTrn- (f>vdSa<; €)(€L fieyaka'^y olov to creXivov koX lo revTXov Kal o)? av Kara Xoyov ravra ^aOvppi^- orepa tmv hevhpwv. elcrl he tmv fiev aapKooheL^, Kaddirep pac^avlho^i joyyvXLSo<i dpov KpuKov Tcov Be ^vXcoSeif;, olov ev^cofiov coAri/xof Kal tmv dypicov he tmv irXeiaT wv , oawv fii] €vOv<; TrXetou? Kal axi'^ofJLevat, KaOdirep irvpov Kpid7]<; Kal rr}? KaXov/jL€V7]<; 7r6a<;. avrrj yap ev tol<; eVeretot? Ka\ iv roL<i TTOicoSeaiv 7) Sia(f)opd tmp pu^wv cocxTe ra? fjiev €vOv<; a'Xi^eaOai TrXelov; ovaa<^ Kal opaXel^i, Tcou Se aXXfov pbiav 07 hvo rd<; fieyiara^; Kal dXXa<i

dlTO TOVT(t)V.

"OXa)<; he TrXetof? al hia<^opa\ twv pc^MV ev Tol<; vXrjp.aaL Kal Xaxavco^eaiv elal yap al jxev ^vXd)Bei<;, uicyirep al rod wKipLov al he aapKcohet^;, wairep al tov tgvtXov Kal en hr) fidXXov rov dpov Kal dacpoheXov Kal KpoKov al he wairep €K (pXoiov Kal aapKo^, coairep at tmv pacpavlhcov Kal yoyyvXihcov al he yovarcohei^, Mcirep al tmv KaXd- fiwv Kal dypcocTTecov Kal et tl KaXap(hhe<;, Kal povat hr) avrat 1) /udXiaO^ op^oiai rol^i vrrep yP]<;' oiairep yap KoXap^oi elcnv eppi^wjievoL ral^; XeTrrat?. al he XcTTupcoheif; i) (f)XoLd)hei<;, olov a'i re tt}? cr/ctW?;? Kal rov ^oX^ov Kal en Kpo/jLvov Kal tcov tovtoi*; o/jlolcov. alel yap eaTi irepiaipelv avrcov.

UdvTa he to, TOiavra hoKcl Kaddirep hvo yevi) pi^ayv e')(eLv' T0t9 he Kal oXo)? to, Ke(f)aXo/3apl} Kal Kardppi^a irdvra' rijv re aapKOihrj ravrrjv

^ The same term being applied to ' herbaceous ' plants in general. 2 pii^, 19 93,

44


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, I. vi. 6-8

monk's rhubarb ; but some have large side-roots, as celery and beet, and in proportion to their size these root deeper than trees. Again of some the roots are fleshy, as in radish turnip cuckoo-pint crocus ; of some they are woody, as in rocket and basil. And so with most wild plants, except those whose roots are to start with numerous and much divided, as those of wheat barley and the plant specially ^ called

  • grass.' For in annual and herbaceous plants this is

the difference between the roots : — Some are more numerous and uniform and much divided to start with, but the others have one or two specially large roots and others springing from them.

To speak generally, the differences in roots are more numerous in shrubby plants and pot-herbs ; ■^ for some are woody, as those of basil, some fleshy, as those of beet, and still more those of cuckoo-pint asphodel and crocus ; some again are made, as it were, of bark and flesh, as those of radishes and turnips ; some have joints, as those of reeds and dog's tooth grass and of anything of a reedy charac- ter ; and these roots alone, or more than any others, resemble the parts above ground ; they are in fact like ^ reeds fastened in the ground by their fine roots. Some again have scales or a kind of bark, as those of squill and purse-tassels, and also of onion and things like these. In all these it is possible to strip off a coat.

Now all such plants, seem, as it were, to have two kinds of root ; and so, in the opinion of some, this is true generally of all plants which have a solid Miead'* and send out roots from it downwards. These have,

' i.e. the main root is a sort of repetition of the part above ground. * i.e. bulb, corm, rhizome, etc.

45


THEOPHRASTUS

Kol (f)\oio)S)], KaOdirep i) aKiWa, /cat ra^ anro ravT)]<; a.TTOTrecpvKVLa';- ov yap 'XeTrroTTjTi kol ira^v- Ti]rL 8ia(f)€poucrL fiovov, oiaiTep al twv hevhpwv /cal rcov Xaxf^voiv, aXV aWolov €)(^ovaL to 'yevo<i. €K<j)av€aTdTT] 6' y/S/; ?; re rod dpou kol t) rov kv- ireipov r) fiev yap nrayeia kcli Xela kcu aapKa)8y<;, 7) Be XeTTTT] Kal tVcoS?;?. BcoTrep d7ropi](jeLev civ Ti^ el pL^a^ Ta<i Toiaura^; OeTeov fj /xeu yap Kara yrj'i ho^aiev av, fj Se virevavTiw^ eyovcn ra?? dWaL<^ ovK av So^aiev. rj p,ev yap pu^a Xenro- repa 7rpo<; to iroppco Kal del auvo^v<;' ?} Be tmv aKtXXcjv Kal rwv ^oX^oiv Kal ro)v apcov dvd- rraXiv.

]liTi, 8' al jJLev aXXai Kara to TrXdyiov d(f)idai pL^a<;, al Be twv (tklWoov Kal twv ^oX/3mv ovk d(f)idaiv' ouBe twv aKopoBcov Kal tmv Kpofivcov. oA,&)? Be ye ev ravTai<; at Kara jieaov eK t/}? Ke^aXi]^ r)pTr]p,€vaL (palvovTai, pl^aL Kal Tpecpov- rac. TOVTo 8' oicriTep KVfia i) Kaprro'?, oOev Kal oi eyyeoTOKa Xeyovre<; ov KaKco^- eirl Be t6)v aXXwv TOLOVTO [xev ovBev iaTiv eVel Be TrXelov rj (jivcn^ rj KaTCL pltav Tavrr) dTTopiav fc'%ti. to yap B)) irdv Xeyeiv to Kara 7/}? pl^av ovk opOov Kal yap av 6 KavXo<^ tov ^o\/3ov Kal 6 tov yrjOvov Kal


^ ras conj. Sch. ; ttjs Ald.H.; ttji' . . . a.iroTr^<^vKv7av^.

^ a\\' a\\o7ov exot'tri conj. St.; aXAa Xe7ov exovres PM^' Aid.; aWolov ix- inBas.mP from G; a\\' a\\o7ov Ix*"^"' conj. Seal. 3 cf. 4. 10. 5.

  • Kal ael Aid. : ^ei Kal conj. W. » Plin. 19. 99.

' cf. the definition of ' root,' 1. 1. 9.

' fyyiOTOKa \4yovres conj. W. ; cf. ?; rcov iy toTSKwy TovTuv ytyfffis in Athenaeus' citation of this passage '2. 60) ;

46


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, I. vi. 8-9

that is to say, this fleshy or bark-like root, like squill, as well as the ^ roots wliich grow from this. For these roots not only differ in degree of stoutness, like those of trees and pot-herbs ; they are of quite distinct classes. 2 This is at once quite evident in cuckoo-pint and galingale,^ the root being in the one case thick smooth and fleshy, in the other thin and fibrous. Wherefore we might question if such roots should be called ' roots ' ; inasmuch as they are under ground they would seem to be roots, but, inasmuch as they are of opposite character to other roots, they would not. For your root gets slenderer as it gets longer and tapers continuously * to a point ; but the so-called root of squill purse-tassels and cuckoo-pint does just the opposite.

Again, while the others send out roots at the sides, this is not the case ^ witli squill and purse- tassels, nor yet with garlic and onion. In general in these plants the roots which are attached to the ' head ' in the middle appear to be real roots and receive nourishment,^ and this ' head ' is, as it were, an embryo or fruit ; wherefore those who call such plants ^plants which reproduce them- selves underground ' *' give a fair account of them. In other kinds of plants there is nothing of this sort.^ But a difficult question is raised, since here the *root' has a character which goes beyond what one associates with roots. For it is not right to call all that which is underground M-oot,' since in that case the stalk ■' of purse-tassels and that of long onion and in general any part which is under-

ivreocr oiaaKeyones U ; (V tc to7s ootois aKeyopres MV (omit- ting re) Aid. (omitting toTs).

  • roiovTo ficv ovSev conj. W.; tovto fiev MSS

^ tv 6 Kav\6s conj. St.; avaKavXos Aid.

47


THEOPHRASTUS

oX&)9 oaa Kara ^ddov<i earlv eirjaav av pi^ai, Kal TO vSvov Be Kal o KaXovai riv€<; a(T')(lov Kal TO ovlyyov Kal et tl aXXo vTroyeiov iaTiv mv ovSei^ icTTL pl^a' Bvvdfiei yap Bel (pvaiKrj Biatpelp

Kal OV TOTTCO.

10 Tdxa Be tovto fxev 6p6oi<^ XeyeTai, pl^a Be ouBev TjTTov eaTiv aXXa Bi,a(f}opd t^? avrij to)V pi^ojv, ware ttjp /xev TLva TotavT7]v eluai ti-jv Be TOiavTi]v Kal Tpe(f)€cr0aL tt)v krepav inro t?}? erepa';. KaiTOL Kal avTal at crapK(iiBeL<^ eoiKacnv e\Keiv. Ta<i yovv TMV apwv irpo tov ^Xaardveiv (TTpe^ovaL Kal yiyvovTaL /jiel^ou^ KcoXvo/JLevat Bta/3>]vai irpo^ TrjV /3\d<TTr]<Tiv. eVel otl ye iravroiv tmv tolov- Twv 7) (pvcTL'; irrl ro kutco /jbdWov peirei <^avep6v ol fiev yap KavXol Kal o\&)? tcl dvw ^pa')(ea Ka\ dadevfj, TO, Be Kdro) fieydXa Kal iroWa Kal l(T')(^vpa ov /lovov eirl twv elpriixei'cov dWa Kal eirl KaXdjiov Kal dypct)aTiBo<; Kal 6X(o<; oaa KaXa/jicoB}] Kal TOVTOL<; 6/xota. Kal oaa Bt] vapOrjKcoBrj, Kal TOVTOiv pi'C^ai jieydXaL Kal aapKcjoBet<^.

11 UoWd Be Kal twv iroLCdBcov e%ei roiavTaf; p^^a<;, olov airdXa^ KpoKO^; Kal to irepBiKLov KaXovjievov Kal yap tovto Trai^eta? re Kal irXeiov^ ex^t' ra? pL^a<; rj <l)vXXa' KaXelrat Be irepBiKLov Bid to tov^ 7repBiKa<: eyKvXieaOat Kal opvTTeiv. 6fioiw<; Be


  • ^adovs con]. Sell.; )8a0os Aid.

' Koi. & W. after U; Koi om. Aid.; G omits also t}> before ot'iyyov, making the three plants synonymous. The passage is cited by Athen., /.c, with considerable variation.

' ToiauTTji/ conj. St.; roaavTriv MSS.

  • i.e. the fleshy root (tuber, etc.).

' ». e. the fibrous root (root proper).

48


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, I. vi. 9-1 1

<> round 1 would be a root, and so would the trufHe, the plant which 2 some call puff-ball, the uingon, and all other underground plants. Whereas none of these is a root ; for we must base our definition on natural function and not on position.

However it may be that this is a true account and yet that such things are roots no less ; but in that case we distinguish two different kinds of root, one being of this character ^ and the other of the other, and the one * getting its nourishment from the other ^ ; though the fleshy roots too themselves seem to draw nourishment. At all events men invert^ the • oots of cuckoo-pint before it shoots, and so they become larger by being prevented from pushing'^ through to make a shoot. For it is evident that the nature of all such plants is to turn downwards for choice ; for the stems and the upper parts generally are short and weak, while the underground parts are large numerous and strong, and that, not only in the instances given, but in reeds dog's-tooth grass and in general in all plants of a reedy character and those like them. Those too which resemble ferula "^ have large fleshy roots.

^Many herbaceous plants likewise have such roots, as colchicum 1° crocus and the plant called ' par- tridge-plant ' ; for this too has thick roots which are more numerous than its leaves. ^^ (It is called the ' partridge-plant ' because partridges roll in it and grub it up.) So too with the plant called in Egyj)t

^ (rTp4(pov(n conj. Sch.; rpapovaL MVAld.; c/. 7. 12. 2.

^ dia^rjvai conj. W. ; Siade7vai UMV.

" i.e. have a hollow stem (umbelliferous plants, more or less). » Plin. 19. 99.

1** ffvd\a^ UMV; oKTTraAal mBas. : perhaps corrupt. 11 Plin. 21. 102.

49


THEOPHRASTUS

KOL TO €v AlyvirTw KaXovfxevov ovlyyov ra /xh> yap (pvWa jxeydXa koX 6 ^Xaaro^ avrov ^paxv^> 7) he pi^a fiaKpa kul eariv wairep 6 Kap'Tr6<i. BiacpepcL re kol eaOierai, kol avWejouai Se orav 12 o 7roTafio<i arro^f) aTp6(j)0VT6<; Ta<; ^coXov;. (^ave- pcoTara he /cal 7rXeiaT7]v e^^ovra 7rpo<; ra dWa hiacpopdv ro (tlK^lov Kal i) KaXov jxevi] iiayvhapL<=;' d/jL(porepci)v yap rovrcov Kal diravrcov rMv roLovrwv ev ral^ f)L^ai<i /xdWov t) (j)v(Ti<;. ravra p,ev ovv ravry Xfjirrea.

"^viaL he roiv pc^cov rrXeiw ho^aiev av ex^iv hia(popdv irapd ra? elprjixeva^' olov aX re rrj<; dpa- ')(ihvri^ KOL rov o/jlolov too dpaKW- (pepouaL yap d/j,(f)6repaL Kapirov ovk eXdrro) rod dvw Kal fiiav /j,ev pl^av ro apa/cwSe? rovro irax^lav e'^ec rrjp Kara ^ddov^, ra? S' dXXa<i i(f o)v 6 KapTTu^ Xeirrorepa^ Kal eV uKprp [^kuX] a^i^opbeva^ rro\- Xa^rj' (piXel he pdXicrra y^Mpia ra vcpafi/xa' (f)vX- Xov he ovherepov e^et rovrwv ovh^ o/xoia roU (pvXXoL<;, dXX^ (oairep dpi<\)iKapira pdXXov earLV' v Kal (palveruL Oavpidaiov. at jiev ovv ^vaet^

KOL hvvdpei<; roaavra<^ ej(ovaL hLa(^opd'^.

VII. Aii^dveaOai he rrdvrcov hoKovaip al pl^ai irporepov roiv duw Kal yap (pveraL et? /3d0o<;- ovhe/jbca he Ka6)]KeL rrXeov i) oaov 6 ijXio^ i<pLKuel- rar rb yap BeppLov ro yevvdv ov p,rjp dXXd

' oij'iyyou mBas.H. ; oH'Ctov MV; ov'irov Aid.; cf. 1. 1. 7 ; I'lin. 21. 8S {oetum).

'^ fj.eyd\a: text doubtful (W.).

' Siacpipei: text doubtful (Sch.).

  • aTpe(povTei ray ffuKovs conj. Coraes ; ar-T(<povris ^o>ixovs

UMVAld. ' iv ina. Sch.


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, I. vi. ii-vii. i

iiingon 1; for its leaves are large ^ and its shoots short, while the root is long and is, as it were, the fruit. It is an excellent thing ^ and is eaten ; men gather it when the river goes down by turning the clods.'* But the plants which afford the most conspicuous instances and shew the greatest difference as com- pared with others are silphium and the plant called magydaris ; the character of both of these and of all such plants is especially shewn in ^ their roots. Such is the account to be given of these plants.

Again some roots would seem to shew a greater difference ^ than those mentioned, for instance, those of arakhidna^ and of a plant ^ which resembles arakos. For both of these bear a fruit underground which is as large as the fruit above ground, and this arakos-\\\i.e^ plant has one thick root, namely, the one which runs deep, while the others which bear the ' fruit ' are slenderer and branch ^^ in many directions at the tip. It is s})ecially fond of sandy ground. Neither of these plants has a leaf nor anything resembling a leaf, but they bear, as it were, two kinds of fruit instead, which seems sur- prising. So many then are the diflferences shewn in the characters and functions of roots.

VII. The roots of all plants seem to grow earlier than the parts above ground (for growth does take j)lace downwards ^^). But no root goes down further than the sun reaches, since it is the heat which induces growth. Nevertheless the nature of the soil,

" i.t. to be even more abnormal .- Siacpopav conj. Sch. ; ota<popa\ Aid. 7 Plin. 21. 89.

    • tine-tare. See Index, App. (1).

" apa/fiSes conj. Sell.; crapwiiSej Ald.G. 10 Kol before ax'C- ^^^- ^^h. from G. " (f. G.P. 1. 12. 7. (cited by Varro, 1. 45. 3); 3. 3. 1.

5^-


THEOPHRASTUS

TavTU fieydXa av/u^dWerai tt/jo? ^aOvppi^lav Koi en jjidWov 7rp6<i fia/cpoppi^lav, ?; t/}? ^co/aa? <f>vaL<; idv fj Kovcpr) Kal fiavt) kol evhioho<^' ev ydp TaL<i TOLavTaL<; iroppcoTepcd kol fiei^ov^ ai av^i]- aei^. (pavepov Be eVt tmv rj/nepco/idrcov e^opra yap vScop oTTOvovv hleicnv (jo<; elirelv, iireiBav 6 roTTO^ y Kevo<; kol p,'7]8€v to dvTiararovi^. i^yovu ev Tft) AvK€L(p 7) TrXurai'Oii rj /card tov 6-)(eTov en via ovaa eirl r/jet? Kal rpidKovTa 7r7j-)(^€L<^ dcprjKev e')(ov(ja TOTTov re d/xa Kal rpo(f)/jV.

Ao^eie Be oo? elirelv r) avKTJ /juaKpoppi^orai ov elvai Kal 6\co(; Be fidWov rd p^avd Kal evOvppL^a. -ndvra Be rd vecorepa royv TraXaicov, idv el<; uK/jLyv ijKcoaiv, rjBr) ^advppt^orepa Kal /xaKpoppi^orepa. au/jicpOivouai, yap Kal ai pi^at rw dWco craypaTi. Trdvrcov Be o/jlolco^ ol %i^A,o) tol^ c^vtoI^ Beivorepoi, T0i9 Be o)? eirlirav Bt o Kal eviwv iriKpal mv ol Kapirol y\vKeL<;' at Be Kal (pap/j.uKdjBei'^' eviat B ev(oBei<;, Mcnrep al rrj<i ipiBot;.

'ISta Be pl^'t]'^ (pvaL'i Kal BvvapL<^ y r^? 'lvBiKp]<y (TVKrjf;' diTO ydp rcov /BXaarMV dcpnja-t, P'e^pi ov av avvdylrrj ttj yy Kal pil^codrj, Kal ylverai irepl ro BevBpov kvkXo) avvex^'i to tmv pt^cov ov)(^ dirro- fievov TOV crreXe'^oi'? aXX' d(f)eaT7]K6^.


^ ravra before fxtyaha om. W.

^ T]fxepci)/xdTci>v conj. Sch.; rnj-epaiTOLTcov UP.^Ald. : rf. C.P. 5. 6. 8.

  • btrovovv MSS. ; 6-noaovo\n> coiij. W. from G, in quantum

libeat. * inetSau conj. Sch.; inel K^y UMVPAld.

' Quoted by Varro, 1. 37. 5.

' iirl conj. Sch.; irapa Pg ; irepl Aid.

^ avjxcpQlvovfn : avfx<p(»vov(Ti COnj. St.

52


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, I. vii. 1-3

if it is light open and porous, contributes greatly ^ to deep rooting, and still more to the formation of long roots ; for in such soils growth goes further and is more vigorous. This is evident in cultivated plants. ^ For, provided that they have water, they run on, one may say, wherever it may be,^ whenever* the ground is unoccupied and there is no obstacle. * For instance the plane-tree by the watercourse in the Lyceum when it was still young sent out its roots a distance of*^ thirty-three cubits, having both room and nourishment.

The fig would seem, one may say, to have the longest roots, and in general plants which have wood of loose texture and straight roots would seem to have these longer. Also young plants, provided that they have reached their prime, root deeper and have longer roots than old ones ; for the roots decay along with " the rest of the plant's body. And in all cases alike the juices of plants ^ are more powerful in the roots than in other parts, while in some cases they are extremely jiowerful ; wherefore the roots are bitter in some plants whose fruits are sweet ; some roots again are medicinal, and some are frag- i-ant, as those of the iris.

The character and function of the roots of the • Indian fig' (banyan) are peculiar, for this plant sends out roots from the shoots till it has a hold on the ground^ and roots again ; and so there comes to be a continuous circle of roots round the tree, not connected with the main stem but at a distance from it.

^ TO?? <pvTo7s Aid. ; tois ^l(ais conj. W. from G : text pro- l>ably defective.

" TT) 7fj conj. iScal. from G; ovk^ U ; ttj avKfi P.^Ald.

53


THEOPHRASTUS

Ilapa7r\t](TL0P Se tovtw jxaWov Be rponrov tlvcl OavfiaaicoTepov et ti ck TUiv (^vWwv a.(f)L)](TL pi^av, oLov (paab TTepX ^OirovvTa iroidpLov eivai, o kul iaOLeaOai iariv i]Su. to yap av tcov Oepficov Oavpaarbv rjri-oVy on av ev v\y ^aOeia airapf] hieipeL Tr)v pt^av tt/oo? rr]v yrjp Kal ^Xaardvei Sia rT]V la')(yv. aXXa Sr) Ta9 pev rwv pc^wv Bia^o-

pa<; CK TOVTcov Oewpifjeov.

VTII. Twy oevhpwv ra? TOiavra^ av ti<; \d/3oi hia^^opd^. eaTL yap rd pev o^wSr) rd S' dvo^a Kal ^ixret kol tottm Kara to pdWov Kal 7]ttov. uvo^a Be Xeyco ov')(^ wcrre /xr/ e^eii^ oXw? — ovBev yap TOiovTO Bevhpov, a\V elirep, errl tmv dWcov olov a^o2vo<; Tixpij KUTreipo^ oXw? tVi tcov \ip,vco- Bon> — dX}C wcTTe oXiyouf; e';\;6/i/. (f)va€L p,ev olov uKTij Bd(j)vyj cruKi] 6Xo)<; irdvTa Ta \€i6(f)\oLa kuI oaa KoTka Kal pavd. o^wSe? Be eXda TrevKtj KuTLvo<;' TOVTOiV Be Ta pev ev 7ra\icr/<:L0i<; Kai v7)vep.0L<; Kal €(f)vBpoL<;, Ta Be ev €V7]\iot<; Kal ;^ef- pepioi^; KOL irievpLaTOiBecn Kal XeTrrow Kal ^i]pol^- Ta pev yap uvo^oTepa, Ta Be o^coBecrTepa tmv


1 T< conj. W.; T.s MSS. ' Plin. 21. 104.

3 cf. 8. 11. 8 ; Plin. 18. 133 and 134.

  • Sidpet conj. Sch. ; Sm.per P,,Ald.; c/. C.P. 2. 17. 7.

^ u(os is the knot and the bough starting from it : cf. Arist. de iuv. tt sen. 3.

^ 4x\ Twv conj. Coraiis ; r] rwv UM ; r\rrov (erased) P (*'«  Twv inarg. ) tittov Aid.

54


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, I. vii. 3-viii. i

Something similar to this, but even more surprising, occurs in those plants which ^ emit roots from their leaves, as they say does a certain herb - which grows about Opus, which is also sweet to taste. The j)eculiarity again of lupins ^ is less surprising, namely that, if the seed is dropped where the ground is thickly overgrown, it pushes * its root through to the earth and germinates because of its vigour. But

we have said enough for study of the differences between roots.

Of trees {principally) and their characteristic special differences: as to knots.

VIII. One may take it that the following are the differences between trees : — Some have knots,^ more or less, others are more or less without them, whether from their natural character or because of their position. But, when I say ^without knots,' I do not mean that they have no knots at all (there is no tree like that, but, if it is true of any plants, it is only of*^ other kinds, such as rush bulrush^ galingale and plants of the lake side ^ generally) but that they have few knots. Now this is the natural character of elder bay fig and all smooth-barked trees, and in general of those whose wood is hollow or of a loose texture. Olive fir and wild olive have knots ; and some of these grow in thickly shaded windless and wet places, some in sunny positions exposed to storms and winds,^ where the soil is light and dry ; for the number of knots varies between trees of the

' Tv(pr} coiij. Bod. ; Ti(pi} UAId.H. ; cf. 1. 5. 3.

    • i-rrl rwv conj. W. ; et Tt inl tuv Aid.

" ■nuevf.i.aTui^fffi conj. Seal.; TrujwaTwSciri U; trvy/xaruibeat MVAld.

55


THEOPHRASTUS

ofioyevMV. oXco? Be o^coBecrrepa ra opecva tmv ireBeLvwv kol ra ^VP^ '^^^ eXelwv.

"Ert Be Kara rrjv ^vreiav ra fiev irvKva dvo^a KOL opdd, ra Be /lava o^wBearepa kol (TKokLOirepa' (TVfi/SaiveL yap Mcrre ra p,ev iv iraXiaKiw elvai ra Be iv evrjXiO). Kal ra dppeva Be rcov drjXeLOiv o^coBecrrepa iv ol? iariv dfxcfxo, olov KvirdpLrro^ iXdrrj oarpv'ls Kpaveia' KaXovac yap yevo'i ri drjXvKpaveiav' Kal ra dypia Be rwv rjfjiepcov, Kal ttTrXoo? Kal ra viro ravrb yevo^, olov Korivo^; iXda^; Kal iptveo<; (7VKrj<; Kal dxpd<; diriov. irdvra yap ravra o^coBearepa' Kal co? eVt to ttoXv irdvra ra ttukvcl rcov fiavMV' Kal yap ra dppeva TTVKVorepa Kal ra dypia' ttXtjv ei n Blo, ttvkvo- rr)ra Trai^reXw? dvo^ov rj oXiyo^ov, olov rrv^O'^ Xcoro^;.

E/crt Be roiv fiev draKroi Kal co? erv')(ev ol o^oi, roiv Be rerayfievoL Kal rw BLaart'^ixarL Kal ra) irXi^OeL KaOdirep eiprjrai- Bl o Kal ra^LO^oyra ravra KaXovaLV. roov /lev yap olov Bt 'Icrov rcov Be fiel^ov alel ro tt/oo? rw rrd^eL. Kal rovro Kara Xoyov. oirep /idXiara evBrjXov Kal iv roL<i Korl- voL^ Kal iv rol<; KaXd/ioi<;' to yap yovv KaOdirep 0^09. Kal ol fiev Kar dXXyjXouf;, loairep ol rwv


J Plin. 16. 125. M. 8. 1.

' ra^io^wTa conj. W. ; a^ioXoywrara Aid.; cf. Ta^i(pv\\o'. . 10. 8. * Plin. 16. 122.


56


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, I. viii. 1-3

same kind. And in general mountain trees have more knots than those of the plain, and those that grow in dry spots than those that grow in marshes.

Again the way in which they are planted makes a difference in this respect ; those trees that grow close together are knotless and erect, those that grow far apart have more knots and a more crooked growth ; for it happens that the one class are in shade, the others in full sun. Again the ^ male ' trees have more knots than the ' female ' in those trees in which both forms are found, as cypress silver-fir hop-horn- beam cornelian cherry — for there is a kind called ' female cornelian cherry ' (cornel) — and wild trees have more knots than trees in cultivation : this is true both in general and when we compare those of the same kind, as the wild and cultivated forms of olive fig and pear. All these have more knots in the wild state ; and in general those of closer growth have this character more than those of open growth ; for in fact the 'male' plants are of closer growth, and so are the wild ones ; except that in some cases, as in box and nettle-tree, owing to the closer growth there are no knots at all, or only a few.

^ Again the knots of some trees are irregular and set at haphazard, while those of others are regular, alike in their distance apart and in their number, as has been said-; wherefore also they are called 'trees with regular knots.' ^ ^ For of some the knots are, as it were, at even distances, while in others the distance between them is greater at the thick end of the stem. And this proportion holds throughout. This is especially evident in the wild olive and in reeds — in which the joint corresponds to the knot in trees. Again some knots are opposite one another,

57


THEOPHRASTUS

Koiivwv, 01 S' o)? erv')(ev. ecrri he ra fih> Slo^a, ra Be TpLo^a, ra Be 7r\6LOV<; e^ovra' evia Be rrevTao^d ecrri. koI tt}? fiev eXar?;? opOol kol ol o^ot koI o'l

4 kKclBoi oiairep €/j,7re7rr]y6r€<;, tmv Be aXXcov ov. Bi' o Kol la^vpov 7) eXdryj. lBta)raTOi Be ol t^9 jxriXea^;- Ofioioi <yap Oyjpicov 7Tpocr(07roi<;, el? /xev 6 fie^LCTTO^ aWoi Be irepl avrov fiifcpol TrXeioi/?. elal Be tmv o^wv ol /lev rvc^Xoi, ol Be yovLfioi. Xejo) Be Tfc/jXou? ckJ) wv /jLrjBe\(; ^\acn6<;. ovtoi Be KoX (pvaei koI TTijpcoaet yu-oi>Tai, orav rj fiy \v6fj KOI eK^id^7]TaL rj koI diToicoTTfj kol olov eiTLKavOel'^ TrtjpwOfj' lyivovrai Be /laXXov ev ro2<^ Tra-^ccn tcov aKpefiovcov, evicov Be kol iv rot? areXex^aiv. 6X(o<i Be kol tov <jT€Xe)(OV^ koI tov kXuBov KaO^ o av eTnKo^jrrj r) iTriTe/nrj Tf9, o^o^ jLveraL Kadanepavel Biaipcov to ei> kol ttolmv erepav dpyj]v, ecTe Bia TrjV jnjpcoaLV eiTe Bi aXXrjv alTiav ov yap Br) Kara (fivcriv ro vtto tt}? 7r\r]yrj<;.

6 Alel Be iv airaaiv ol KXaBoi (paupovTai ttoXvo- ^oTcpoL Bia TO jiriTrco Tava fxeaov irpoarju^TJaOaL, KadaTrep Kal t?}? avK7]<; ol veojSXacrTOi Tpa')(y- TaTOi Kal T?}? dfiTreXov ra aKpa tcov KXrjfiaTwv. fo? yap 6^o<i iv tol^ aX\oL<; ovtq) fcal 6(f)0aX/iio';

1 cj. 4. 4. 12. 2 pijn^ 16 i22.

^ i.e. primary and secondary branches.

  • cf. 5. 2. 2. 6 Plin. 16. 124.

« cf. Arist. de iuv. et sen. 3 ; Plin. 16. 125.

' Stov . . . TrrjpccOri conj. W. ; rj %Tav r) fj.r) \vdri koI iK0id(T)Tai Kol f] atroKonri Kal U ; orav fj fi^ \vdfi Kol iK$td^r}Tai fj avoKOTri) P ; fj Srau XvOfi Ka\ CKfitd^TjTai fj awoKoirr] Ka\ ol nv Pj ; OTav j) fiT] \vdfi Kal iK^id^7]Tai Kol % ctTTOKOTrp Koi Ald.H. ; G differs widely.

58


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, I. viii 3-5

as those of the wild olive, while others are set at random. Again some trees have double knots, some treble,^ some more at the same point ; some have as many as five. ^ In the silver-fir both the knots and the smaller branches ^ are set at right angles, as if they were stuck in, but in other trees they are not so. And that is why the silver-fir is such a strong tree.^ Most peculiar ^ are the knots of the apple, for they are like the faces of wild animals ; there is one large knot, and a number of small ones round it. Again some knots are blind, others productive ; by M)lind ' I mean those from whicii tliere is no growtli. These come to be so either by nature or by mutilation, according as either the knot^ is not free and so the shoot does not make its way out, or, a bough having been cut off, the place is mutilated, for example by burning. Such knots occur more commonly in the thicker boughs, and in some cases in the stem also. And in general, wherever one chops or cuts part of the stem or bough, a knot is formed, as though one thing were made thereby into two and a fresh growing point produced, the cause being the mutila- tion or some other such reason ; for the effect of such a blow cannot of course be ascribed to nature.

Again in all trees the branches always seem to have more knots, because the intermediate parts ^ have not yet developed, just as the newly formed branches of the fig are the roughest,'-^ and in the vine the highest ^*^ shoots. ^^ (For to the knot in other

^ i.e. the internodes ; till the branch is fully grown its knots are closer together, and so seem more numerous : firiiru Tctva jxeffov irpoff'qv^riadai conj. Sell.; iJ.r}nci) Tava /j.4aov irpoaKv- CrjOai U ; ;UtJt' ava fxeaov TrpocrKv(e7(TdaL MAld. ; /j.r]TroT' apdfxf<rov rrpoff-nv^riaeai Pg. * i.e. have most knots.

"> i.e. youngest. " Plin. 16. 125.

59


THEOPHRASTUS

eV dfiTreXw fcau iv KaXd/xw jovv . . . ivioL^ he Kol olov KpdhaL ^ivovrai, Kaddirep ineXea koi Bpu'i KOL /idXiCTTa iv TrXardvco- eciv Se iv Tpa-)(i<jL Koi dvvBpoi<i Kol irvevfiaroiSeai kol iravreXo)'^. 7rdvTco(; Be Trpo? rfj yfj koI olov rfj KCcpaXfj rov areXexpy^ d-no'y^ipaaKovTwv to irdOo'; tovto jLveraL. 6 "Rvia Be Koi Xayei tov<; KaXovfievov<^ v-no tivmi' r) yoyypovf; rj to dvdXoyov, olov rj iXda' Kupico- rarov yap eVt TavTt]<; tovto tovvo/jLU kol 7Td(j)(eiv BoKCL jidXiaTa to elpf^fievov' /caXovai 3' evioi tovto Trpe/Jivov oi Be KpoT(i)vr)v ol Be aXXo 6vo/ia. TOt? Be evOeat fcal piovoppi^oi^ koX dirapa^Xd (TTOf? ov yiveTai tovO^ oAw? rj t^ttov [^^oIvl^ 8t irapa^XacTTTjTLKov'] r) Be iXda kol 6 k6tivo KoX Ta<; ovXoTTjTaf; IBla^; e^ovai xa? iv toU (TTeXex^cn.

IX. "EcTTi jjiev ovv TCL /lev ft)? 6t9 jirjKOf; av^ij-

TLKCL pidXlCTT Tj /lOVOV, oloV ikUTr] (pOLI'L^ KVird-

pLTTO<i Kal oXfo? TO, jJLOVoaTeXex^ kol oaa /X7] TToXvppt^a /jLTjBe iroXvKXaBa' <r) Be (jyoivi^ dirapa- ^Xa(JTi-}TLK6v> TCL Be ofiola tovtol<; dva Xoyov fcal ek ^ddo<;. evia S' evdv^ cr^/^eTat, olov y


^ The opening of the description of the diseases of trees seems to have heen lost. '^ KpdSai ; cf. G.P. 5. 1. 3.

' Tiavruis . . . yivfrai COnj. W. ; itavrcos St 6 irp))! rrj y^ Ka\ oTov T. K, u rwv traxvTfpccv ytverai Aid. ; 80 U except iraxvTepov, and M except iraxvTfpos.

  • '\6yypous : cf. Hesych., s.vv. yoyypoSy Kporuvt).

" The word is otherwise unknown.

  • T\rrov T) be i\a.a conj. W. ; tjttop- 7/ 8e <po7vi^ irdpa^Kaa-

VtihSp' r] 5e i\da U ; 80 Aid. except irapa^\aariK6p, The

60


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, I. viii. 5-ix. i

trees correspond the ' eye ' in the vine, the joint ni

the reed) ^ In some trees again tliere occurs,

as it were, a diseased formation of small shoots,- as in elm oak and especially in the plane ; and this is universal if they grow in rough waterless or windy spots. Apart from an}^ such cause ^ this affection occurs near the ground in what one may call the ' head ' of the trunk, when the tree is getting old.

Some trees again have what are called by some ' excrescences ' * (or something corresponding), as the olive ; for this name belongs most properly to tiiat tree, and it seems most liable to the affection ; and some call it ' stump,' some krotojie,^ others have a different name for it. It does not occur, or only occurs to a less extent, in straight young trees, which have a single root and no side-growths. To the olive ^ also, both wild and cultivated, are peculiar certain thickenings ^ in the stem.

As to habit.

IX. ^ Now those trees which grow chiefly or only^ in the direction of their height are such as silver-fir date-palm cypress, and in general those which have a single stem and not many roots or branches (the date-palm, it may be added, has no side-growths at alP^). And trees like^^ these have also similar growth downwards. Some however divide from the first,

note about the pahn {(poivi^ 5e iTapa^Ka(Trr)riK6v) I have omitted as untrue as well as irrelevant ; possibly with airapa$a. for irapaBa. it belongs to the next section.

' ov\6rr]Tas conj. W.; KoiXorrjTas MSS. (?) Aid. 8 Plin. 16. 125.

' jxaKiffT ^ iJLOvov conj. W. ; (xaKiara /xava Ald.H. 10 See 3. 8. 6. u. " 2/io»o conj. Sch. : Suolws MSS. Sense hardly satisfactory.

61


THEOPHRASTUS

fjL'yjXea' ra Be iroXvicXaha kuI /j.eL^o) tov oyKov ex^L TOV civo), KaOdirep poa- ov fxi^v aXhJ ovv fieyiaTa je avfi/SdWerai irpo^ eKuarov rj djcoyr] Kol 6 TOTTO? Kal 7) Tpo(f)y. (TrjfjLelov 8' OTt ravrd TTVKva fiev ovra fxaKpa Kal Xeirra jiveTaL, pLava he Tra-^vTepa Kal ^pa^vrepw Kal eav piev evOix; ri<; dip if) Tou? 6l^ov<; ^payea, eav he dvaKaOa'ipr] fiaKpd, KaOdirep t) a/^TreXo?.

2 '\Kavov he Kd/cecvo irpo^ TTiariv ore Kal tcov Xax^vcov evia \afxl3dv6L hevhpou a^Vpia, KaOdirep etiTopiev T)]v piaXdxyjv kol to revrXov diravja 8' iv TOi? OLKeuoL^; roTroi^; evav^Pj . . . Kal to avTo KoXXLarov. eirel Kal TOiv op-oyevoiv dvo^orepa Kal pL€L^(o Kal KaXXiw rd ev Tol<i oiKeloL^, olov eXdrrj 7; MaKehoviKt) tt)? T[apva(TLa<; Kal twv dX- Xcov. diravTa he ravTU Kal oXw? y vXrj 7) dypia KaXXlcDV Kal irXelwv tov 6pov<=; ev toI^ irpoajSo- peioL<; Tj ev rot? Trpo? pea7]p./3pLav.

3 "E(TTt he Ta pev deL<pvXXa Ta he (pvXXo- fjoXa. TOiv pev 7)p,epa)v d€L<pvXXa eXda (f)OLvi^ hd(pvr] pivppivo<; irevKi-j^i rt <yevo<^ KVTrdpiTro^- rcov S' dypLcov eXdjT] irevKT) dpKev6o<i paXo'; Ovia Kal rjv ^ApKdhe<i KaXovcn (peXXuhpvv (jicXvpea Kehpo<; TTtTL"? dypia pLvpiKT] TTu^o? 7rpLvo<; K'^Xaarpop (juXvKr] o^vdKavOo'i d(pdpK7i, ravra he (pveraL Trepl TOV "OXvp.TTov, dvhpd-vX^j KopLapo^ TeppbLv6o<;


1 ovv marked as doubtful in U. '1.3. 2. ' Kttl rb avrh KaWiaroy. The first part of the sentence to which these words belong is apparently lost (W.).

  • i.e. the fir and other trees mentioned in the lost words.

6 Plin. 16. 80.

« nl\os conj. Sch.; afiiXa^ PgAld.; c/. 3. 3. 3.

62


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, I. ix. 1-3

such as apple ; some have many branches, and theii greater mass of growth high up, as the pomegranate : however^ training position and cultivation chiefly contribute to all of these characters. In proof of which we have the fact that the same trees which, when growing close together, are tall and slender, when grown farther apart become stouter and shorter ; and if we from the first let the branches grow freely, the tree becomes short, whereas, if we prune them, it becomes tall, — for instance, the vine. This too is enough for proof that even some pot- herbs acquire the form of a tree, as we said ^ of mallow and beet. Indeed all things grow well in congenial places. . . .^ For even among those of the same kind those which grow in congenial places have less knots, and are taller and more comely : thus the silver-fir in Macedon is superior to other silver-firs, such as that of Parnassus. Not only is this true of all these,^ but in general the wild woodland is more beautiful and vigorous on the north side of the mountain than on the south.

As to shedding of haven.

Again some ^ trees are evergreen, some deciduous. Of cultivated trees, olive date-palm bay myrtle a kind of fir and cypress are evergreen, and among wild trees silver-fir fir Phoenician cedar yew ^ odorous cedar the tree which the Arcadians call ' cork-oak ' (holm-oak) mock-privet prickly cedar ' wild "^ pine ' tamarisk box kermes-oak holly alaternus cotoneaster hybrid arbutus^ (all of which grow about Olympus)

' o7pio after virvs conj. Sch.; after itplvos UPAld.: c/. 3. 3. 3.

  • KSfiapos conj. Bod.; aivapos \JMV; oivapos Aid.; avvaposV^-

63


THEOPHRASTUS

aypla Bd(f)vrj. 8ok€i S' 97 avhpd'x}^^) koI 6 KOfxapos TO, piev fcdro) (jivWo^oXelv rd Be ea^ara twv uKpepLovcdv dei(^vWa e^efz^, 6'ttl(^v6lv Be del rov^ uKpepiova^.

4 Ilwv p,ev ovv BevBpcdv ravra. rcov Be dapLVw- Bayv /ftTTO? ^dTO<; pdp,vo<; /cd\ap,o<i KcBpl'^' €(tt( ydp TV pLiKpov ov BevBpovrai. tmv Be (ppvyaviKCov fcal ttoicoBmv irrj'yavov pd(f)avo<; poBcovia iwvia d^poTovov dpidpaKOV epTrvWo^; opuyavov aekivov ImrocreXLvov pn'^KOiv kol tmv dypiwv eiBrj ir'Keico. Biapbevet Be kol rovrcov evia to?? UKpoi^; rd Be dWa diTO^dWeL olov opiyavov aeXivov . . . iire] Kol TO TT^yavov Kafcovrai kol dWdrTeraL.

5 Yldvra Be Kal tmv dWcov rd dei^vWa arevo- (fyvWorepa kol e^ovrd riva XiTraporrjra Kal evcoBuav. evia 8' ov/c ovra rfj (fyvaei irapd rov roTTOV earlv deL(f)vWa, /caOdirep eXex^V 7J'€pL rwv ev 'FiXecpaPTLVT] Kal Me/x^ei* Karwrepco S' ev rfo AeXra puKpov irdvv ')(^p6vov BiaXeiTrei rov ptr] dei /SXaardveiv. ev lxpr]Tr] Be Xeyerai nXdravov riva elvai ev rfj Voprvvaia tt^o? Trrjyfj rivi ^ ov (j)vXXo^oXeL' puvOoXoyovac Be co? vtto ravr)] epiiyri rfj JLvpcoTrrj 6 Zey?" Ta? Be irXijala^ ndcras <f)vXXo^oXeLV. ev Be Xv^dpec Bpv^; eanv ev- avvoiTTo^ €K T?}? TToXew? Tj OV (pvXXo/SoXel' <f)aal


' riin. 16. 80.

^ Some words probably missing (W.) which would explaii the next two clauses. ' Plin. 16. 82. * 1. 3. 5. 5 Plin. 12. 11 ; Varro, 1. 7.

64


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, I. ix. 3-5

aiidiachne arbutus terebinth * wild bay' (oleander). Andrachne and arbutus seem to cast their lower leaves, but to keep those at the end of the twigs perennially, and to be always adding leafy twigs. These are the trees which are evergreen.

^ Of shrubby plants these are evergreen : — ivy bramble buckthorn reed kedris (juniper) — for there is a small kind of kedros so called which does not grow into a tree. Among under-shrubs and herba- ceous plants there are rue cabbage rose gilliflower southernwood sweet marjoram tufted thyme mar- joram celery alexanders poppy, and a good many more kinds of wild plants However some of these too, while evergreen as to their top growths, shed

their other leaves, as marjoram and celery 2

for rue too is injuriously affected and changes its character.

3 And all the evergreen plants in the other classes too have narrower leaves and a certain glossiness and fragrance. Some moreover which are not evergreen by nature become so because of their position, as was said ^ about the plants at Elephantine and Memphis, while lower down the Nile in the Delta there is but a very short period in which they are not making new leaves. It is said that in Crete ^ in the district of Gortyna there is a plane near a certain spring ^ which does not lose its leaves ; (indeed the story is that it was under ^ this tree that Zeus lay with Europa), while all the other plants in the neighbourhood shed their leaves. ^ At Sybaris there is an oak within sight of the city which does not shed

^ Trrj7p conj. H. from G ; cr/cTji/p UM VAld. ; K7]vr) V^; k()T]pv laBas. ' vTtl conj. Hemsterhuis ; cttI Aid. « Plin. 16. 81.

65


THEOPHRASTUS

Be ov fi\aardp€LV avrrjv a/xa Tal<i aWai<; aWa jxerh }Lvva. Xeyerai Se Kal ev KvTrpoy irXdravo's elvai. TOLavTif.

^vWojSoXel Be iravra rov /leroTrcopov koX fierci TO /leroTTCopov, TrXrjp rb fjiev Occttov to Be ^paBv- repov axrre kuI tov ')(^eLp.coi'0'i eTrL\.afij3dveiv. ovic dudXoyoL Be at ^vWo^o\iaL Tal<i ^\a(TT7Jaeaiv, coare ra irporepov ^\aaTy]cravra irporepov (pvX- Xo^oXecv, dXX' evua irpwl^Xacrrel fiev ovBev Be rrporepei twv dXXwv, dXXd nvwv koX varepel, KaOdirep rj dfivyBaXi].

Ta Be o^lri^Xaarel /neu ovBev Be o)? elirelv varepel rcou dXXcov, wairep y avKd/xivo^. Bokcl Be Kol ij 'X^ypa av/i/SdXXeaOai Kal 6 totto? o eviKjJio^; irpo^ rb Biaiieveiv. rd yap ev tol<; ^TjpoL<; Kal o\a)9 XeTTToyeloL^ irporepa cpvXXo^oXel Kal rd irpea^vrepa Be tmv vewv. etna Be Kal Trpb rov rreirdvai rbv Kapirbv dirojBdXXeL rd (pvXXa, KaOd- irep at oyjriaL avKal Kal d'^pdBe';.

'Ymv S' dei(f)vXXo)u 7) diro/SoXr) Kal 1) avavai<; Kara /iepo<;' ov yap By ravrd alel Biafjuevei, dXXd rd fiev eTTijBXaardveL rd B' dcj^avaiverai. rovro Be rrepl rpo7rd<; /idXiara yiverau OepLvd<i. el Be nvcov Kal fjier ^KpKrovpov fj Kal Kar dXXrjv a>pav eTTLaKeirreov. Kal ra fiev irepL ryv (pvXXo-

^oXlav ovra)^ ^'%et.


1 riiu. 16. 82 and 83. 66


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, I. ix. 5-7

its leaves, and they say that it does not come into leaf along with the others, but only after the rising of the dog-star. It is said that in Cyprus too there is a plane which has the same peculiarity.

^ The fall of the leaves in all cases takes place in autumn or later, but it occurs later in some trees than in others, and even extends into the winter. However the fall of the leaf does not correspond to the growth of new leaves (in which case those that come into leaf earlier would lose their leaves earlier), but some (such as the almond) which are early in coming into leaf are not earlier than the rest in losing their leaves, but are even comparatively late.2

^ Others again, sucli as the mulberry, come into leaf late, but are hardly at all later than the others in shedding their leaves. It appears also that position and a moist situation conduce to keeping the leaves late ; for those which grow in dry places, and in general where the soil is light, shed their leaves earlier, and the older trees earlier than young ones. Some even cast their leaves before the fruit is ripe, as the late kinds of fig and pear.

In those which are evergreen the shedding and withering of leaves take place by degrees ; for it is not the same ^ leaves w^hich always persist, but fresh ones are growing while the old ones wither away. This happens chiefly about the summer solstice. Whether in some cases it occurs even after the rising of Arcturus or at a quite different season is matter for enquiry. So much for the shedding of leaves.

  • vffrepe? con]. H.; varepov UMVPAld.

3 Plin. 16. 84.

  • ravTO. conj. Sch. ; ravra Aid.


THEOPHRASTUS

X. Ta Be (pvWa rcov fiev aWoiv SevSpcov o/jioia iravTcov avra eavTOL<;, tt)? Be Xev/cr)<; kol tov

KLTTOV Kol TOV KOkoVfJieVOV KpOTCOVO^ dvOflOlU KoX

irepoax'j/J'Ova' ra piev yap vea irepL^eprj ra Be TTaXaLorepa ycdvoeLBr), /cal et? tovto 7) fMeTdaTaai<; iravTOiv. TOV Be klttov avdiraXiv veov p,ev oVto? eyycovKOTepa irpea^VTepov Be TrepicfyepeaTepa' fiCTU- ^dWcL yap Kal ovto<;. lBiov Be kuI to tt) eXda Kal TT) (piXvpa /cal T7J TTTeXea /cal TfjXevKr] avp^jSaLvov aTpe(p€Li' yap Bo/covaiv to. virTia /xeTO, Tpoird^ 6epi- vd<i, /cal TOVTCp yvoipi^ovaiv otl yeyevipnac TpoiraL 2 irdvTa Be tcl cf)vXXa Bia(f)epeL /cutcl tcl vivTia /cal to, Trpavrj. Kal tmv fxev aXXcov to, virTia iroicoBeaTepa /cal Xeiorepa' Ta<i yap Iva^ Kal Ta<^ (f)Xe^a^ iv TOt? irpaveaiv exovaiv, coairep 1) ')(elp <Ta apOpa>- t;'}? B' eXda^i XevKOTepa Kal rJTTOV Xela evioTe Kal TCL vTTTta. irdvTa Br) rj ra ye irXelaTa eK(^avrj e^eL TO, vTTTLa Kal TavTa yiveTai iw ifxlw c^avepd. Kal aTpe(p€TaL tcl ttoXXcl tt/qo? tov )]Xloi Bl o Kal ov pdBiov elirelv oiroTepov 7rpo9 tw kXmvl fidXXov iariv f) fiev yap virTioTt}*; /laXXoi' BoKel Troteiv to 7rpave<i, rj Be (j)uaL<i ov-^ tjttov ^ovXeTat to vittlov, aXXco^i re Kal 1) dvdKXaai<; Blcl tov ijXiov' iBol B'

1 Plin. 16. 85.

^ Kol TOV KiTTOv Kol TOV MSS. cf. Pliii. I.c; DlOSC. 4. 164. Koi TOV kikIov TOV Koi coMJ. W. ; Galen, Lex. Hipp., gives kIkiov as a name for the root of KpoTwv. c/. G.P. 2. 16. 4.

^ I.e. not 'entire.' ' Young leaves ' = leaves of the young tree.

  • This seems to contradict what has just been said.
  • TO. &pdpa add. Sch. from Plin. 16. 88, incisu7-as. cf. Arist.

II.A. 1. 15, where Plin. (11. 274) renders &pdpa incisuraa.

68


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, I. x. 1-2

Differences in leaves.

X. ^ Now, while the leaves of all other trees are all alike in each tree, those of the abele ivy ^ and of the plant called kroton (castor-oil plant) are unhke one another and of different forms. The young leaves in these are round, the old ones angular,^ and eventually all the leaves assume that form. On the other hand^ in the ivy, when it is young, the leaves are somewhat angular, but when it is older, they become rounder : for in this plant too a change of form takes place. There is a peculiarity special to the olive lime elm and abele : their leaves appear to invert the upper surface after the summer solstice, and by this men know that the solstice is past. Now all leaves differ as to their upper and under surfaces ; and in most trees the upper surfaces are greener and smoother, as they have the fibres and veins in the under surfaces, even as the human hand has its ' lines,' ^ but even the upper surface of the leaf of the olive is sometimes whiter and less smooth.*^ So all or most leaves display their upper surfaces, and it is these surfaces which are exposed to the light.^ Again most leaves turn towards the sun ; wherefore also it is not easy to say which surface is next to the twig^; for, while the way in which the upper surface is presented seems rather to make the under surface closer to it, yet nature desires equally that the upper surface should be the nearer, and this is specially seen in the turning back ^ of the leaf towards the sun. One

® ivlore Ka\ ra vnTia conj. W. ; AeFa Se Kol ra rod kittov MSS. A makeshift correction of an obscure passage. ^ cf. Plin. I.e. ^ i.e. is the under one.

® Whereby the under surface is exposed to it : see above.

6q


THEOPHRASTUS

dv Ti? oaa irvKva Kal Kar aWifK.a, KaOdirep ra

TOiV fJLVppiVWV.

OiOVTaL he TLve<^ kcli ttjv rpo(f)T)v tm vittIw Bia rov Trpavov^; elvai. Si a to evLKfjcov ael rovro kcli ^j^i/ocoSe? elvaL, ov Ka\.(o<; Xeyovref;. dWa rovro fiev t'cro)? avp^aivei %&>/9t9 t?}? tSta? (/)ucre&)? kol Sid TO fir] ofjLOico^ 7]\tov(Tdai, 7] Se Tpo(f)r} Sid rwv (pXe^MV Tj IvMv 6/ioLO)<; d/jL(l)OTepoL<i' ck Oarepov K et? ddrepov ovk euXoyov yCtr; ey^ovai 7r6pov<; firjSe (3d6o^ Sl ov' dWd irepl fiev Tpo(j)i]<; Sid rivwv €T€po<; X0709.

h^ia^epovdL Se kol rd (f)vWa TrXetocri Sia- <f)opaL<;' rd [lev yap ecrri 7rXarv(pvXXa, KaOdirep a/xTTcXo? avKTi 7rXdravo<;, rd Se arevoc^vXXa, KaOdirep iXda poa fjivppLVo^' rd S' Mdirep aKavOo- (f)vXXa, KaOdirep TrevKij ttitl'? KeSpo^;- rd 5' olop aapK6<puXXa' rovro S' on aapxcoSe^i eyovau ro (puXXov, olov KV7rdpLrro<; fjivpLKrj firjXea, rCov Se (ppvyaviKMV Kvewpo'^ aroijSi] Kal ttolcoSmv del^wov ttoXlov [rovro Se kol 7Tpo<i rov<i aT)ra<; rov<; ev rols Ipbarioi^ dyaOow] rd ydp av rwv revrXiwv Tj pacpdvcov dXXov rpoirov crapKcoSy Kal rd tmv irriyaviwv KaXovfievwv ev irXdreu ydp Kal ovk ev (TrpoyyvXorrjri ro aapKchSe^. Kal royv OapvcoSwv Se 7) pvpLKTj aapKcoSe^ rb (pvXXov e%6i. evia Se


» cf. 1. 8. 3 ; 1. 10. 8 ; Plin. 16. 92.

^ 4k daTfpov S* els conj. Sch. from G ; 5e iic darepou els with stop at Ipwv Aid. 3 5i' ov I conj.; Si^ wu U.

  • CLKapdScpuWa COnj. W. ; aTrav6<pv\Xa UMAld.; av6(pv\Ka

P2 ; cj. 3. 9. 5, whence Sch. conj. TpixcxpvWa: Plin. I.e. has capillata pino cedro.

' fxr]\fa probably corrupt ; omitted by Plin. I.e.

70


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, I. x. 2-5

may observe this in trees whose leaves are crowded ■iiid opposite,^ such as those of myrtle.

Some think that the nourishment too is conveyed to the upper surface through the under surface, because this surface always contains moisture and is downy, but they are mistaken. It may be that this is not due to the trees' special character, but to their not getting an equal amount of sunshine, though the nourishment convej-ed through the veins or fibres is the same in botli cases. That it should be con- veyed from one side to the other ^ is improbable, when there are no f)assages for it nor thickness for it to pass through. 3 However it belongs to another part of the enquiry to discuss the means by whicli nourishment is conveyed.

Again there are various other differences between leaves ; some trees are broad-leaved, as vine fig and plane, some narrow-leaved, as olive pomegranate myrtle. Some have, as it were, spinous * leaves, as fir Aleppo pine prickly cedar ; some, as it were, fleshy leaves ; and this is because their leaves are of fleshy substance, as cypress tamarisk apple,^ among under-shrubs kneorofi and s/oihe, and among herba- ceous plants house-leek and hulwort. ^ This plant is good against moth in clothes. For the leaves of beet and cabbage are fleshy in another way, as are those of the various plants called rue ; for their fleshy character is seen in the flat instead of in the round. Among shrubby plants the tamarisk ^ has fleshy

" Probably a gloss.

7 Or ' solid,' such leaves being regarded as having, so to speak, three, and not two dimensions. crTp(^7'yi;Aos = ' thick- set' in Arist. H.A. 9. 44.

8 ijLupiKri probably corrupt ; ix. was mentioned just above, among trees ; ipilK-ri conj. Dalec.

71


THEOPHRASTUS

Kol KaXafjL6(pvXXa, KaOairep 6 (jiolvi^ kol 6 kol^ KoX 6<ja Toiavra' ravra Se co? Ka6' 6\ov elirelv ycovLocpvWa' kol yap o Ka\a[xo<i kol 6 Kvireipos KOL 6 ySoUTO/XO? Kal TuWa Be TMV Xl/jLvcoSmi' Toiavra' iravra Se coairep €k Svolv avvdera Kal TO fxecrov olov rpoTrt?, ov ev rot? ciWoi^ /leyas 7r6po<; 6 /jL€ao<;. SiacfiepovaL Be Kal roi<i a-)(p]iiaor ra [lev yap Trepicpepf], Kaddrrep ra tt}? cIttlov, to. Be Trpo/jLTjKearepa, KaOdirep ra tt}? uyXea^;' ra Be 6i9 o^u Tvpoi'jKovra Kal TrapaKavOi^ovra, KaOdirep TO, rod pikaKo<i. Kal ravra fxev da)(^ifjra' <rd Bt (T)(iara> Kal olov TrpiovcoBrj, KaOdirep ra tt}? €Xdr^j<i Kal ra t?}9 irrepuBo^;- rpoirov Be riva ayiard koI ra rr}<^ dfjureXov, Kal ra rfj(; crvKrj^ 6 Be oiairep av etiroi rt? KopayvoTToBdiBri. evia Be Kal ivro/jia<; e^ovra, KaOdirep ra t?}? irreXea^ Kal ra T?}? 'HpaKX€cori,K7]<; Kal ra tt}? Bpvo^. ra Be Kal TrapaKavOi^ovra Kal eV rov aKpov Kal eK rcov irXayiwv, olov rd rrj<i Trplvov Kal rd rr}<i Bpv6<; Kal p.LXaKo<i Kal /3arov Kal rraXiovpov Kal rd roiv dXXwv. aKavO o)Be<; Be eK ro}v uKpcov Kal to rfj^ 7TevKV(; Kal 7TLrvo<; Kal eXdr7)<; en Be KeBpov ko] KeBpiBo<;. (f)vXXdKai'Oov Be oXw? ev fiev rol<; BevBpoL<^ ovK eariv ovBev mv 7]/jl€l<; I'a/xev, ev Be rol<i dXXoi<; vXrjpaaiv eariv, olov i] re aKopva Kal rj Bpv7rl<; Kal 6 dKavo<i Kal cr^eBov dirav ro rcov uKavcdBoiV yevo<;' wairep yap (f)vXXov ecrrlv /; aKavOa Trdaiv el Be fir] <^vXXa ri<i ravra Oi^aei,

1 Plin. Ix. and 13. 30. ^ ol h conj. W.; Ubv Aid. H. ' irapaKavBi^ovTa con]. Sell.; irapaywj'f^oi'Ta UMVAld.

  • TO 5f (TX'fTa add. W.

72


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, I. x. 5-6

leaves. Some again have reedy leaves, as date-palm doum-palm and such like. But, generally speaking, the leaves of these end in a point ; for reeds galin- gale sedge and the leaves of otlier marsh plants are of this character. ^ The leaves of all these are com- pounded of tw^o parts, and the middle is like a keel, placed where in^ other leaves is a large passage dividing the two halves. Leaves differ also in their shapes ; some are round, as those of pear, some rather oblong, as those of the apple ; some come to a sharp point and have spinous projections^ at the side, as those of smilax. So far J have spoken ot undivided leaves ; but some are divided * and like a saw, as those of silver-fir and of fern. To a certain extent those of the vine are also divided, while those of the fig one might compare to a crow's foot." ^ Some leaves again have notches, as those of elm filbert and oak, others have spinous projections both at the tip and at the edges, as those of kermes- oak oak smilax bramble Christ's thorn and others. The leaf of fir Aleppo pine silver-fir and also of prickly cedar and kedris (juniper) ^ has a spinous point at the tip. Among other trees there is none that we know which has spines for leaves altogether, but it is so with other woody plants, as akorna drypis pine- thistle and almost all the plants which belong to that class.^ For in all these spines, as it were, take the place of leaves, and, if one is not to reckon these

5 Kopwvorro^w^t] conj. Gesner. The fig-leaf is compared to a crow's foot, Plut. de defect, orac. 3 ; aKoXoirwdrj Aid. , which word is applied to thorns by Diosc. ** Plin. 16. 90.

■^ KedpiSos conj. Dalec. ; KeSpias MSS. cf. Plin. I.e., who seems to have read aypias.

8 aKauuSwv conj. W., cf. 1. 13. 3; uKavOwSciv MSS.; olkuj/-


n


THEOPHRASTUS

(TVfi^aivoi av 6\o)<; axpvWa elvai, iviOL<^ he anavdav [lev elvat (jyuWov Se 0X0)9 ov/c eyeiv, KaOdirep a(T<^dpa<yo<;.

7 WoXlv 8' OTL TCI fiev d^ucr^a, KaOdirep ra t?)s a/clX\7}<i Kol Tov ^oXfSou, rd S' e)(0VTa fiia-)(ov. Kol rd fiev [xaKpov, olov 1) d/nTveXo'i kol 6 /t^tto?, rd he ^pa-xvv koI olov efinrecpvKoTa, KaOdirep ekda fcal ovx Mcnrep eirl t/)9 irXardvov kol dpureKov irpoai-jpryifievov. hLa(f)opd he koI to pLrj eV twv avTMV elvai rrjv 7rpua(f)vaiv, dWa rot? /Jtev

7T\eiaT0l<i €K TMV IcXdhfOV Tol'i he KOL CK ruiv

dKpejiovoyv, tt}? hpvo<; he kol €k tov (TTe\e)(ov'^, TMV he \ay(avwh6)v toi<; ttoXXoa? evdv<; €K rf/?

pi^T]^, olov KpOflVOV CTKOphoV Ki)(^OpLOV, €TL he

dcr(j)ohe\ov cr/ctXXry? /SoX/Sov aLavpi'y')(lov kol

6XC0<; TMV ^oX/3MhMV' KOL TOVTMV he OVX V T^pdiTt]

fiovov eKCJiuai^ dXXd Kat 6Xo<; o KavXo<; dcfyvXXov. ivLMV S' oTav yevijrai, (pvXXa el/co'^, olov 6 pihaKivri^; mkl/jLOV aeXivov koI Tcof criTijpMV ofxoLM^. e')(^ei S* evia TOVTMV kol tov kuvXov elr aKavOli^ovTa, CO? rj OpLhaKLvq /cal rd (pvXXdKavda iruvTa kcu Twr/ Oa/xvMhcbv he kol eTi fiuXXov, olov /Saros' 7raXLovpo<;.

8 Koivy he hia(f)opd irdvTMV 6fiOLM<; hevhpMV kul Twt' dXXMV OTL Ta fiev iroXixfivXXa ra 8' oXljo- (f)vXXa. CO? h' €7rl to irdv ra irXaTixjivXXa Ta^i- (f)vXXa, KaOdirep pLvppivo^;, Ta 8' draKTa Kal ws" CTVX,^, KaOdirep a^ehov Ta irXelara tmv uXXmv


1 Plin. 16. 91. 2 ^^1 conj. W. ; t? Ald.H.

' Mwv . . . fhc6s. So Sch. explains : text probably de- fective.


74


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, I. x. 6-8

as leaves, they would be entirely leaHess, and some would have spines but no leaves at all, as asparagus.

^ Again there is the difference that some leaves have no leaf-stalk, as those of squill and purse- tassels, while others have a leaf-stalk. And some of the latter have a long leaf-stalk, as vine and ivy, some, as olive, a short one which grows, as it were, into the stem and is not simply attached to it, as it is in^ plane and vine. Another difference is that the leaves do not in all cases grow from the same part, but, whereas in most trees they grow from the branches, in some they grow also from the twigs, and in the oak from the stem as well ; in most pot-herbs they grow directly from the root, as in onion garlic chicory, and also in asphodel squill purse-tassels Barbary-nut, and generally in plants of the same class as purse-tassels ; and in these not merely the original growth but the whole stalk is leafless. In some, when the stalk is pro- duced, the leaves may be expected to grow,^ as in lettuce basil celery, and in like manner in cereals. In some of these the stalk presently becomes spinous, as in lettuce and the whole class of plants with spinous leaves, and still more in shrubby plants, as bramble and Christ's thorn.

  • Another difference which is found in all trees

alike and in other plants as well is that some have many, some few leaves. And in general those that have flat leaves^ have them in a regular series, as myrtle, while in other instances the leaves are in no particular order, but set at random, as in most other

  • Plin. 16. 92.

^ vXaTvcpvWa UVP ; no\v(pv\\a conj. W. ; but ir\aTvTijs is one of the * differences ' given in the summary below.

75


THEOPHRASTUS

[Ty^*]. lSiop Be irrl tmv \a-)(av(i)ho)v, olov Kpofxuov

y7]T€L0V, TO K0l\6(f)v\\0P.

'AttXcu? 8' al hiac^opai rwv (PvWcov i) fxe'^kdei rj 7rXy0€L rj (J%>;yu.aTi 17 TrXarvryrL i) aTevorrjri r] kolX6t7]tl rj Tpa')(^VTi~iTi rj \€l6t)]tl kol tw irap- afcavOi^eiv y pur), en Be Kara rtjv irpoac^va-iv 69 ev 7) Bl* ov' to piev 66 ev, airo pi^rj(; r; kXciBov rj Kavkov r} aKpepbovo^;- to Be Bi ov, rj Bta p,La)(^ov rj Bl avTOv Kal el Sr; noWa etc rod avrov. Kal evia KapiTucpopa, psTa^v 7r€pieL\'i](l)6Ta tov Kapirov, loairep y 'AXe^avBpeua Bdcpvy iTTKpvWuKapTro'^.

At piev ovv Bia^opal tmv (^vWwv KOLvorepo)^ irdcrai el'pyvTUi Kal oyeBov elaiv ev tovtoi<;.

(^vyKGLTat Be to, piev e^ Ivb^ Kal (pXoiou Kal aapKo^, olov to, t?}? avKi]<; Kal tt}? dpuTreXov, to, Be (ocnrep i^ tVo? piovov, olov tov KaXcipuov Kal ctltov. TO Be vypov uTrdvTcov kolvov ciTraaL yap evv- Trdpxj^L Kal TOVTOL^ Kal rot? ciXXoL<; rot? eVeretots [yLitcr;^09 dvOo<; Kap7ro<^ et tl dXXo\ puaXXov Be Kal Tols piy eireTeioL'i' ovBev yap civev tovtov. Bokcl Be Kal TMV pbla')((ov tcl piev i^ Ivcov puovov avyKel- aOai, KaOdirep to, tov cjitov Kal tov KaXdpLOV, to. 5' e'/c Tcov avTcov, wairep 01 KavXol.

^ rwv &\\(i.<v ?iv MSS. ; Tuv ■notuSan' conj. W. ^y, at all events, cannot be right. ^ Plin. 19. 100.

■* ?; areuSTTjTi f} koiXSttjti : SO G ; y) KotXorrjTi fi aTev6Tr]Ti MSS. ■* i.e. petiolate. ^ i.e. sessile.

  • i.e. compound : ej 5?j conj. W. ; etdv UMVAltl.

' The passage from here to the end of the chapter is a digression.

76


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, I. x. 8-9

})lants.^ 2 jt js peculiar to pot-herbs to have hollow leaves, as in onion and horn-onion.

To sum up, the differences between leaves are shewn in size, number, shape, hollowness, in breadth,^ roughness and their opposites, and in the presence or absence of spinous projections ; also as to their attachment, according to the part from which they spring or the means by which they are attached ; the part from which they spring being the root or a branch or the stalk or a twig, while the means by which they are attached may be a leaf-stalk,* or they may be attached directly ; ^ and there may be ♦^ several leaves attached by the same leaf-stalk. Further some leaves are fruit-bearing, enclosing the fruit between them, as the Alexandrian laurel, which has its fruit attached to the leaves.

These are all the differences in leaves stated some- what generally, and this is a fairly complete list of examples.

Compofiition 0/ the various parts of a plant.

(Leaves are composed some of fibre bark and flesh, as those of the fig and vine, some, as it were, of fibre alone, as those of reeds and corn. But moisture is common to all, for it is found both in leaves and in the other annual parts,^ leaf-stalk, flower, fruit and so forth but more especially in the parts which are not annual'-'; in fact no part is without it. Again it appears that some leaf-stalks are composed only of fibre, as those of corn and reeds, some of the same materials as the stalks.

^ ixlaxo^ ■ • • i-^^o has no construction ; probably a (correct) gloss, taken from 1,2, 1.

^ i.e. while these are young, W.

77


THEOPHRASTUS

10 Tmv 8' avOoiv TO, fjLev eK (pXoLOv kol (^\e^o<; /cai (TapK6<^, <Trt h^ eK crapK()<;> fxovov, olov ra ev fxean^ TMV apcov.

'OyLtotco? Se KOL eVl TMV KapiTwv' o'i fiev yap i/c aapKO<; koI lv6<;, ol Be i/c aapKO'^ fiovov, ol Ze Kai €K Sep/j,aro<; (Tvy/ceiprar rb Se vypov uKoXovdel fcal TouTOi?. €K aapKo^ /nev koI iVo? o twi>

KOKKVfJLrjXwV Kol (TLKVCOV, €^ tVo9 Sc Kol Sep^aTO?

o rcov avKafiiPcov kol t?}? p6a<;. aWoi he /car aXXov rpoTTov ixepLepiaixevoL. iravrcov Se &)? elirelv to p,ev e^co (f)\oio<^ to 8' cVto? aap^ tmv Sf /cat TTVpjJV.)

XI. "EcrxciTov S' eV airaaL to aireppba. tovto Be e'xpv ev eavTw avfKpvTov vypov koI Oep/biov, cov eicknrovTCdv ayova, KaOdirep to, wd. Kal tcov fxev evOv TO (T7rep/jLa /leTa to Trepiey^av, olov ^olviko<; Kapvov d/ivySd\r)i;, TrXeiw Be tovtwv to, epurepi- e^ovTa, CO? tcl tov (poLVLKO^. TMV Be fxeTa^u aap^ /cat 7rvp7]v, Mairep e\da<^ Kal KOKKVjJiTfKea^ Kal eTepMV. evia Be KaX ev Xo^m, tcl S' ev vfievi, to, S' ev dyyeiM, to, Be Kal yvpiv oairepjxa reXetw?. 2 ^Ev Xo/3ft) jxev ov fjLovov TCL €7reTeia, KaOdirep to. X^Bpojra Kal eTepa TrXelw tmv dypiMv, dXka Kal Twi/ BevBpMV evia, KaOdirep >/ re KepMvia, tjv Tive<i KaXovai GVKyjV AlyuTTTiav, Kal r) KepKl<i Kal i) KoXoLTia irepl Acirdpav ev v/xevL B' evia tmv


^ rhU; rh Aid.

' ra S' iK (TapKhs preserved only in mBas.; om. UMVPo Sch. reads rb.

3 Spoil/ conj. W.; oi/jo)*/ MSS. ■* i.e. rind.

5 Plin. 18. 53. 8 j,^ conj. Sch.; olv Ald.H.


78


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, I. x. lo-xi. 2

Of flowers some ^ are composed of bark veins and riesh, some of flesh only,^ as those in the middle of cuckoo-pint.3

So too with fruits ; some are made of flesh and fibre, some of flesh alone, and some of skin ^ also. And moisture is necessarily found in these also. The fruit of plums and cucumbers is made of flesh and fibre, that of mulberries and pomegranates of fibre and skin. The materials are differently distri- buted in different fruits, but of nearly all the outside is bark, the inside flesh, and this in some cases includes a stone.)

Differences in seeds.

XI. Last in all plants comes the seed. This possesses in itself natural moisture and warmth, and, if these fail, the seeds are sterile, like eggs in the like case. In some plants the seed comes immediately inside the envelope, as in date filbert almond (however, as in the case of the date, there may be more than one covering). In some cases again there is flesh and a stone between the envelope and the seed, as in olive plum and other fruits. Some seeds again are enclosed in a pod, some in a husk, some in a vessel, and some are completely naked.

^ Enclosed in a pod are not ^ only the seeds ot annual plants, as leguminous plants, and of con- siderable numbers of wild plants, but also those of certain trees, as the carob-tree (which some "^ call the ' Egyptian fig '), Judas-tree,^ and the koloitia ^ of the Liparae islands. In a husk are enclosed the

' i]v rives conj. St. from G ; y]vrLva Ald.H.

  • Clearly not the KepKis (aspen) described 3. 14. 2.

" KoKonia MSS. ; KoXovrea Conj. .St., cf. 3. 17. 2 n.

79


THEOPHRASTUS

eTrereiufV, Mairep 6 7rupo<; kol 6 Key^po^' oyaavrco^ Se KoX ivayyeLocnTepfjLaTa Kal yv/jLvocTTTep/jiara. ivayyeioairepf.iaTa fiev olov y re pn'jKwv kol oaa fj,7]KQ)viKd' TO yap (Djcrafiov ISicoTepco^;' yvjivo- aTrep/jiaTa Be toov re \a)(^dvcov iroWd, KaOdirep dprjOov Kopiavvov dvvrjcrov kv/jllvov fidpaOov kol €T6pa irXelw. roiv he hevhpwv ovhev yvjivoairepfiov dXk' 7/ aap^l 7repie-)(^6fievoi' y KeXvcpecrip, ra fiev S€p/naTLK:oL<;, Mcrirep r) ^d\avo<; Kal to I^u/BoIkov, TO, Be ^uXcoSeaiv, oiarrep ?; a/jLvySdXrf kol to Kapvov. ovBev Be evayyeiocjireppiov, el pnq ti<; tov Kcovop dyyelov Oijaei Blo, to ')(^copLl^ea6aL twv

KapiTMP.

AvTCL Be TO, airep/iaTa tmv fxev evOv aapKcoBr], Kaddirep oaa Kapvrjpd Kal /BaXavrjpd- tmv Be ev irvprjvL TO aapKa)Be<; e^eTat, KaOdrrep e\da<^ Kal Ba(f)ViBo(: Kal aXXcov. tcov 6' ip.irvpriva fiovov r; iTvprjvdiBrj ye Kal coairep ^rjpd, KaOdirep Ta KvrjKcoBrj Kal Key')(pa/jLtBd)B7j Kal iroXXd tcov \a-)(av7]pct)V. epcjiaveaTaTa Be to, tov (f)0iviK0<=;- ovBe yap KOiXoTTjTa e^eu tovto ovBefxiav aXV 6\ov ^Tjpov' ov fi7]V aXX' vyp6Tr)<; Byj Ti? Kal OepixoTi)^ V7rdp')(eL BrjXov otl Kal tovto), Kaddirep etiTOfiev.

^ fxrjKwviKo. . . . Th yap conj. W. from G ; iit]kcdvi- Kara yap UMVAld.

^ Kopiafvof iuyqa-ov conj. Sell.; Kopiii.vvT)crov UAI Aid. ; ko- pivv-naov Y ; cf. Plin. 19. 119.

  • ^ Kf\v(p€(Tiv conj. Sch., cf. C.P. 4. 1. 2 ; ^ 5f Kv/j-aaiy U;

Plin. 15. 112, crusta teguntur glandes. * Plin. 15. 113.

8o


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, I. xi. 2-3

seeds of some annuals, as wheat and millet ; and in like manner some plants have their seeds in a vessel, some have them naked. In a vessel are those of the poppy and plants of the poppy kind ; ^ (the case of sesame however is somewhat peculiar), while many pot-herbs have their seeds naked, as dill coriander 2 anise cummin fennel and many others. No tree has naked seeds, but either they are enclosed in flesh or in shells/ which are some- times ..of leathery nature, as the acorn and the sweet chestnut, sometimes woody, as almond and nut. Moreover no tree has its seeds in a vessel, unless one reckons a cone as a vessel, because it can be separated from the fruits.

The actual seeds are in some cases fleshy in them- selves, as all those which resemble nuts or acorns ; ^ in some cases the fleshy part is contained in a stone, as in olive bay and others. The seeds in some plants again merely consist of a stone,^ or at least are of stone-like character, and are, as it were,^ dry ; for instance those of plants like safHower millet and many pot-herbs. Most obviously of this character are those of the date,^ for they contain no cavity, but are throughout dry ^ ; — not but what there must be even in them some moisture and warmth, as we have said.^

^ i/xTTvpiqva fiopov ^ Trvprivw^r] conj. Sch.; iv irvpTJvi fiSyoy ^ TTvprjuctiSei Aid. (P has -nvprjuuibri).

® i.e. no seed can really be without moisture ; cf. 1. 11. 1.

7 cf. a P. 5. 18. 4.

' ^Tjphv I conj. , as required by the next clause ; e^opdov PAld. ; €^oppov W. from Sch. conj. The germ in the date-stone is so small as to be undiscoverable, whence the stone seems to be homogeneous throughout, with no cavity for the germ.

9 1. 10. 9.

81


THEOPHRASTUS

4 AiacfiepouaL Be kol tw ra jxlv aO poa fier aWjjXcov elvai, to, Se BiecTTCOTa kol aroi'^^^TjBov, Mairep ra t% Ko\oKVVTr]<^ /cal ai/cva^ kol roiv BevSpcov, &)? n€pcnK)}<i /xr/Xea?. kol tcop dOpowv ra fxev evi tlvl 7TepLe)(^ea0ai, KaOcnrep ra t>}? p6a<i Kot T?}? airiov koI fxrfkea^ kol t?]'^ afnreXov koX crvKr}<;' ra Be fxeT aXkijXoyv fiev elvai, /ultj irepi- e-)(ea6ai Be vcf)* ev6<;, coairep ra a-raj^yripa tmv eTTereiwv, el //.r; ri? Oecr] rov aru'^^vv &>? 7repie')(ov ovro) S' earat koI 6 ^orpv; koX raXka to. ^orpvcoBr) koI oaa Brj <f>epet Bl ev^oaiav Kal ')(^ci)pa<^ aperrjv a6p6ov<; tol/? Kap7rov<;, oiairep iv %vpia (f)aal /cal aXkoOi, ra? iXdaff.

'AXXa Kal avrr) Bofcel Tt? elvat Biacpopd to rd fiev d(p^ €1^09 filcryov Kal /Jiid'^ 7Tpoa(l)vaea)s dOpoa yiveaOai, KaOdirep eiri re rwv /SoTpvijpcjv Kal crra^vTjpcov el'prjTai firj Trepiexop^eva koivCo TLVL jLveadaL' rd Be firj ylveaOai. eVel KaO' eKaarov <ye Xafx^dvovrL rwv aTrepfidrajv rj rcov irepiexovroiv IBiav dp-^^^rjv e)(ei t?}? Trpoacpua-eax;, olov -i] re pd^ Kal rj poa Kai irdXiv o 7rvpo<; Kal ?/ KpiOrj. ■}]KL(Tra S' dv Bo^eiev rd rwv /irjXcov Kal rd rwv aTTLCOV, on crvp^-y^aveL re Kal rrepLeiXr^iTraL KaOaTTep vfievi, rivl Bep/jiariKrp rrepl ov ro ire pi -

6 KapiTLOV' dXX' 6/jLco<; Kal rovrcov eKaarov IBlav dpxv^ e%efc Kal cpvaiv (pavepcorara Be rw

^ (TToixrihSv conj. W.; (rxeSiiv Aid.

2 kii Tivi conj. Sch.; iv tivi Aid. ^ cf. Plin. 15. 15.

  • auTTj conj. 8ch.; avrr] Aid. ' rh conj. W.; ry AM,

82


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, I. xi. 4-6

Fiirtlier seeds differ in that in some cases they are massed together, in others they are separated and arranged in rows/ as those of the gourd and bottle-gourd, and of some trees, such as the citron. Again of those that are massed together some differ in being contained in a single ^ case, as those of pomegranate pear apple vine and fig ; others in being closely associated together, yet not contained in a single case, as, among annuals, those which are in an ear — unless one regards the ear as a case. In that case the grape-cluster and other clustering fruits will come under the description, as well as all those plants which on account of good feeding or excellence of soil bear their fruits massed together,^ as they say the olive does in Syria and elsewhere.

But this"* too seems to be a point of difference, that^ some grow massed together from a single stalk and a single attachment, as has been said in the case of plants with clusters or ears whose seeds do not grow contained in one common case ; while others grow otherwise. For in these instances, if one takes each seed or case separately, it has its own special point of attachment, for instance each grape or pomegranate,*^ or again each grain of wheat or barley. This would seem to be least of all the case with the seeds of apples and ])ears, since ^ these touch one another ^ and are enclosed in a sort of skin-like membrane, outside which is the fruit-case. However each of these too has its own peculiar point of attachment and character ; this is most

  • 7} T6 . , . ^((a. : text perhaps defective ; ^ re pa| fiSrpvas

Koi TTJs poas 6 TrvpT]v conj. Bod.

■^ Srt conj. Sch. ; B-m 17; oiroi PMAld. 8 c/. 8. 5. 2. » i.e. pulp.

83


THEOPHRASTUS

KeywpiaOai ra tt)? poa^' o yap irvprju ktcaoro^ TrpoaTTecpvKev, ou;^ oidirep tmv avKcov dBj]\a Bia Tj-jv vypoTJjTa. Kol yap tovtw e'X^ovat, Siacfiopav Kaiirep d/xcporepa irepLey^opeva aapKwSei tlv\ kov to) TOVTO TrepieiXrjcpoTL /jLera rcov dWcov ra fiev yap irepX EKacTTOV e;^et irvprjva to aapKa)S€<; rovro to vypov, at Se /c67%/3a/xtSe? wairep kolvov tv iraaaL, KaOdnep fcal to yiyaprov Kal ocra top avrov e^^i rpoTTOV. aXXd Td<; /lev ToiavTa<^ Sia(popd<; rax dv Ti? Xd^ot 7rXeiov<;' o)V hel rd<; KvpicoTdra^; Kai /idXiara t/}? <f>va€co<; /irj dyvoelv.

XII. At Se Kajci T0U9 xl'Xou? Kal rd a^W^'^^ Kal rd^i 6Xa<^ [jiop(^d<; a^eSov cpavepal irdcnv, oiare /IT] SelaOai Xoyov 7rXi]v toctovtov y otl (7')(r)pa ovhev TTepiKdpmov €vdvypap/.LOv ovBe ywvLa<; e%e(. TO)v Ze 'xyXwv ol fiev elcrcv olvcoSei^;, wairep d/i- ireXov (TVKafiLVOV fivprov' ol 8' eXaco^et?, coairep €Xda<i hd(^vi]<; Kapva<^ dfivyBaXt]<; 7r€VKij<; TrtTuo? iXdT7]<;' ol he fieXLTcoSeL^;, olov gvkov ^o'iviko'^ SLoa/SaXdvov ol Se Spi/iel'^, olov opiydvov Ovfx^pg.'s KapSdfiov i^aTTuo?' ol Se iriKpol, Mairep dy\rLv6iov KevTavpiov. hiacpepovaL Se Kal ral<; ev(oBiaL<;, olov dvvrjaov Kehplho^' iviwv he vhapel<; dv ho^aiev, olov ol Twi^ KOKKVjXTfKewv' ol he 6^€L<i, iticnrep pocov


' i.e. of the pulp. ^ tovto} conj. Scli.; toCto Aid.

' Thv om. St. : i.e. the seeds are arranged in corapartment.' of the pulp.

84


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, I. xi. 6-xii. i

obvious in the separation of the pomegranate seeds, for the stone is attached to eacli, and the connexion is not, as in figs, obscured by the moisture.^ For here ^ too there is a difference, although in botli cases the seeds are enclosed in a sort of flesh}- substance, as well as in the case which encloses this and the other parts of the fruit. For in the pome- granate the stones have this moist fleshy substance enclosing each ^ separate stone ; but in the case of fig-seeds, as well as in that of grape-stones and other plants which have the same arrangement, the same pulp is common to all.* However one might find more such differences, and one should not ignore the inost important of them, namely those which specially belong to the plant's natural character.

Differences in taste.

XII. The differences in taste, shape, and form as a whole are tolerably evident to all, so that they do not need explanation ; except that it should be stated that^ the case containing the fruit is never right-lined in shape and never has angles. ^ Of tastes some are like wine, as those of vine mul- berry and myrtle ; some are like olive-oil, as, besides olive itself, bay hazel almond fir Aleppo pine silver- fir ; some like honey, as fig date chestnut ; some are pungent, as marjoram savory cress mustard ; some are bitter, as wormwood centaury. Some also are remarkably fragrant, as anise and juniper; of some the smell would seem to be insipid,^ as in plums ; of others sharp, as in pomegranates and

  • i.e. the fruit is not divided into compartments.

' it\r\v % ToaovTov conj. W.; 7r\r]u Toaovrov ^ UMAkl.

8 Plin. 19. 186 ; 15. 109. ' cf. 1. 9. 4. » Lit. watery.

85


THEOPHRASTUS

Koi ivifov /jb7)\(ov. airdvrwv he 0LP(oBeL<; koX tol/? ev TOUTft) Tft) <yevei Oeriov oXXol he iv d\\oi<i eiSecTiP' vwep o)v aTrdvrwv uKpL^earepov iv TOL<i irepl %i'Xft)Z/ pr]T€OVy avrd<; re Ta? lBea<i hLapidjiov- fievov; OTToaai kol ra<i tt^o? dW'}]\ov<^ Bia(f>opa<; KoX Tt9 r) eKacTTOV <^vcn<; koX hvva[iL^.

"E%6t he Koi r) T(x}v hevhpwv uvtmp v^/oott;?, coaTrep eXex^V' hidcpopa eihrj' rj p^ev ^ydp ecTTiv oirdihrjq, MGirep r/ rrj^ avKrj<; kol t;'}? p^TjKcoro^' y he TTiTTwS?;?, olov eXar?;? irevKri^; tmv Kwvocpopfov dW^] S' vSap)j<;, olov dpLireKov diriov ptfkea^, kul TMV \a')(^avo)h(bv he, olov ctlkvov koXokvptt)'^ Opiha- fCiV7j<;' al he [>']h7]\ hpipvTrjrd riva e^ovai, KaOdirep T) Tov Ovpou KoX OvpjSpa^' al he kol evcohlav, coairep al rov aeXivov dv/jdou fiapddov koI tcov ToiovTcov. o)? h aTrXw? elireZv diracrai Kara ryjv Ihiav <pvaLV e/cdarov hevhpou /cal o)? KaO^ 6\ov elirelv (fyvrov' irav yap e^ei fcpdalv rcva KaX pl^iv Ihlav, Tjirep oiKcia hfjXov on rvyxdvei tol<; vtto- Keifievoi'i KapiTol^' mv toZ? 7rXeLcrT0L<; avvepcfyalve- ral Ti9 op^oioT^-j^; ovk aKpi^y^ ovhe aa(f)i'j<i- aXX' iv TOL<; irepiKapTTLOi^' hio p.dXXov Karepyaalav Xap^^dvei Kal ireylriv KaOapdv kol elXt/cpivfi ?; rov


1 rf. a P. 6. 6. 4.

"^ T. is said to have written a treatise irfpl x'^Mwt'.

  • ottwStjs. ottos is used specially of the juice of the fij

itself.

  • /.irjKwt'os probably corrupt : it should be a tree.

86


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, I. xii. 1-2

some kinds of apples. ^ But the smells even ol' those in this class must in all cases be called wine- like^ though they differ in different kinds, on which matter we must speak more precisely, when we come to speak of flavours,^ reckoning up the different kinds themselves, and stating what differences there are between them, and what is the natural character and property of each.

Now the sap of the trees themselves assumes different kinds of tastes as was said ; sometimes it is milky,"'^ as that of the fig and poppy,"* some- times like pitch, as in silver-fir fir and the conifers ; sometimes it is insipid, as in vine pear and apple, as well as such pot-herbs as cucumber gourd lettuce ; while others'^ again have a certain pungency, such as the juice of thyme and savory; others have a fragrance, such as the juices of celery dill fennel and the like. To speak generally, all saps corre- spond to the sjiecial character of the several trees, one might almost add, to that of each plant. For every plant has a certain temperament and com- position of its own, which ^ plainly belongs in a special sense to the fruits of each. And in most of these is seen a sort of correspondence with the character of the plant as a whole, which is not however exact nor obvious ; it is chiefly ^ in the fruit- cases^ that it is seen, and that is why it is the character of the flavour which becomes more com- plete and matures into something separate and

^ I have bracketed ^Stj : ? a dittography of at Se. « ^lirep mBas.H ; (Uep MAld.

' aW eV . . . ixuWov MSS. (?) Ald.H ; yap for 5ih conj. W., omitting stop before it.

® i.e. the pulp : so G. cf. 1. 11. 6.

87


01


THEOPHRASTUS

')(v\ov (^V(TL^' Sel yap wairep to fxev vXtjv vtto Xa^elv to Be elSo? koI fiop<^i]v.

3 "l'^%ei he avTo, to. airep/iaTa kol at p^trco^'e? TTepl avTCL SLa(f)opav tmu ')(v\o)v. co? S' avrXw? elrrelv airavTa tcl fiopia twv hevhpwv kol (pvTMv, olov pi^a Kavko^ aKpe/acdv (fivWov Kap7r6<;, e-)(ei TLva OLKeioTrjTa 7rpo<; Trjv oXrjv (pvacv, el kol TTapaXkcLTTeL /caTa re ra? oafia<; koX tou? ;^l'Xou?, o)? ra fxev evoafia kol evcoSr] tcl 8' aoa/ia kol d)(v\a 'TravTe\(hs elvaL twv tov avTOv popiwv.

4 ^EvLoyv jap evoajxa to, civ6rj /idWov t) tcl (j)vWa, TOiv Be avd'TTa\LV to, (f)vX\a paXkov Kal OL KXcove^;, wairep twv (JTe<^avwp,aTLKO)V' twv he ol KapTToi' Twv 3' ovheTepov evLwv S* at pl^ar twv he Ti p.epo'^. 6fioiCL><; he Kal KaTo, tou? ')(^v\ov<;- to, jxev yap ^pcoTCL tcl h' d/SpcoTa TV'y)(^dveL Kal ev

cf)v\'\OL<i Kal TrepLKapTTLOl^. chLCOTUTOV he TO eVt

T7/9 (f)i\vpa<i' TavTr]<i yap tcl fiev <pvWa yXvKea Kal TToWd Tcov ^cocov ecrOUi, 6 he Kapiro<^ ovhevl /3y9ft)T09' eTvel TO ye avdiraXLv ovhev OavpLaaTov, wcrre tcl p.ev (fivWa /xr) eaOleaOaL toij<; he Kaprrov<; ov fiovov v(j) r)p.cov dWa Kai vtto tmv dWwv ^(ocov. dWd Kal irepl tovtov Kal tmv ciWcov TMV TOiovTMV vaTcpov iTeLpaTeov Oewpelv Trt? aWia^;.

XIII. '^vv he TocrovTOV eVrct) hrjXov, oti KaTci irdvTa TCL p^eprj TrXetof ? elal htacpopal TroWaxo)^-

^ i.e. the pulp. ' i.e. the flavour.

^ Sense : P]very tree has a characteristic juice of its own, which is however specially recognisable in its fruit ; in the tree as a whole its character is not alwaj's apparent. Hence the importance of the flavour (which is seen in the fruit- pulp), since it is this which determines the specific character,

88


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, I. xii. 2-xiii. i

distinct; in fact we must consider the one^ as ' matter/ the other ^ as ' form ' or specific character."'

Again the seeds themselves and the coats con- taining them have different flavours. And, to speak generally, all parts of trees and plants, as root stem branch leaf fruit, have a certain relationship to the character of the whole, even if* there is variation in scents and tastes, so that of the parts of the same plant some are fragrant and sweet to the taste, while others are entirely scentless and tasteless.

For in some plants the flowers are more fragrant than the leaves, in others on the contrary it is rather the leaves and twigs which are fragrant, as in those used for garlands. In others again it is the fruits ; in others it is neither ^ of these parts, but, in some few cases, the root or some part of it. And so too with the flavours. Some leaves and some fruit-pulps are, and some are not good for food. ^ Most peculiar is the case of the lime : the leaves of this are sweet, and many animals eat them, but the fruit no creature eats, (for, as to the contrary case, it would not be at all surprising that the leaves should not be eaten, while the fruits were eaten not only by us but by other animals). But concerning this and other such matters we must endeavour to consider the causes on some other occasion.

Differences in flowers.

XIII. For the present let so much be clear, that in all the parts of plants there are numerous differ-

the pulp of fruit in general being, in Aristotelian language, the 'matter,' while the flavour is 'form.' cf. G.P. 6. 6. 6.

  • 61 KoX conj. Sch. ; ^ Se U ; ei Se MVAld.
  • ovhfTipov seems inaccurately used, as four parts have been

mentioned. ^ ^f. 3, 10. 5 ; Plin 16. 65.

89


THEOPHRASTUS

CTTcl KOI TU)V avOfjiV TO, /i€V ecTTt "Xt'ooihrj, /caOdirep

TO Tt)? a/jLTTeXoV Kai (TVKafliVOV kol tov klttov-

TCL 5e (f)vX\.(oh] , KaOdirep dfjLvySaXrjf; /jLt]\ea<; cLTTLov KO/cKv/n]\€a<;. ical to, /xev yu-eye^o? €-)(ei, TO Se T/}? e\da(; (f)vX\.MSe<i ov ci/ieyede^;. o^oion; he KOI iv TOi^ eVeretoi? Kal TroiooSecn ra fxev (f)vW(oS7] ra Be ')(you>hri. irdvTwv Be ra fiev Si)(^poa TO. Se jiovo^^poa. ra fxev iwv hevBpwv rd ye TToWa fiovoxpoa Kal \evKav6?]' povov yap co? elirelv to t?}? poa^; <^olvlkovv Kal dpvySaXcov TLvwv virepvO pov aXXov Be ouBevo<; twv t)pepo)v 0VT6 dvOwBe^ ovT€ Bi')(^povv, aX,X* el' Tivo^i TOiv dypiwv, olov TO Trj<^ e\dT7]^' KpoKivov yap to TavTi]<; av6o<i' Kal ocra Bi'i (^acnv ev tjj e^co Oa\- aTTj] poBwv e'^eiv t^u ^(^poav.

^\Lv Be Tol<i e7veTeioLs a^^Bov ra ye TrXeio) TOiavTa Kal Bl^poa Kal BiavOP]. Xeyco Be Bcavde^; OTL eWepov dv6o<^ ev tCo dvOei e^ec KaTa fieaov, Mcnrep to poBov kol to Kpivov Kal to 't'ov to fieXav. evia Be Kal pov6(f)vX\a (f)veTai Biaypacprjv €)(^ovTa povov Twv rrXeiovcov, wajrep to t?}? lacncovrj'^' ov yap Ke)(^Ci)piaTai TavTi]<; ev tm dvOeu to c^vWov eKacTTOV ovBe Brj tov Xeipiov to KdTCO p,epo<;, dXXa eK TMV ciKpcov diT0<^vaeL<^ yo)vi(t)BeLs. a'^^eBov Be Kal TO T/}? eXda'^ tolovtov iaTCv.

A[a(f)epei. Be Kal KaTa Trjv eK(^vaiv Kal Oeaiv TCL pev yap e^CL irepl avTOv tov Kapirov, olov dp,-


^ i.e. petaloid.

- ayplcov Aid.; alrlov U ; aPTiuiv MV ; vovrlwv conj. W.

' i.e. corolla and stamens, etc.

  • i.e. are gamopetalous (or ganiosepalous).

90


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, I. xiii. 1-3

eiices shewn in a variety of ways. Tlius of flowers some are downy, as that of the vine mulberry and ivy, some are ' leafy,' ^ as in almond apple pear plum. Again some of these flowers are conspicuous, while that of the olive, though it is ' leafy,' is incon- spicuous. Again it is in annual and herbaceous plants alike that we find some leafy, some downy. All plants again have flowers either of two colours or of one ; most of the flowers of trees are of one colour and white, that of the pomegranate being almost the only one which is red, while that of some almonds is reddish. The flower of no other cultivated trees is gay nor of two colours, thougli it may be so with some uncultivated^ trees, as with the flower of silver- fir, for its flower is of saflron colour ; and so with the flowers of those trees by the ocean which have, they say, the colour of roses.

However, among annuals, most are of this charac- ter — their flowers are two-coloured and twofold.^ I mean by ^ twofold ' that the plant has another flower inside the flower, in the middle, as with rose lily violet. Some flowers again consist of a single Meaf,' 4 having merely an indication of more, as that of bindweed.^ For in the flower of this the separate ' leaves ' are not distinct ; nor is it so in the lower part of the narcissus,*^ but there are angular projec- tions '^ from the edges. And the flower of the olive is nearly of the same character.

But there are also differences in the way of growth and the position of the flower ; some plants have it

5 c/. G.P. 2. 18. 2 and 3 ; Plin. 21. 65. ^ Xeiplou conj. Sell., i.e. narcissus, cf. 6. 6. 9 ; x^^P^^v MSS. ^ i.e. something resembling separate 'leaves' (petals or sepals).

91


THEOPHRASTUS

TreXo? iXda' 779 koI dTroTTLTrTOvra hiaTeTpii^eva ^aiverat, koI tovto ar]/u.€LOv XafijSdvouaiv ei Ka\a)<i dTr7]V07jK€V' idv yap (TvyKavOy 7) ^pe^^Oy, avvaTro/SdWei rov Kapirov koi ou rerpi^pievov yiyveTai' a')(ehov he koi to, TroWd roiv <dvOcov> ev fiearp to irepiKup-TTLov e)(^€i, Td')(^a he Kal eV avrov rov irepiKapiTLOV, KaOwrrep poa fieXea dino^ K0KKvp7]\ea puppivo<;, koI tmv ye (ppvyaviKMr pohwvia Kal rd TtoXXd rwv (TTe(f)ai'coTLKMV' Kdrco yap VTTO TO dvdo<; e^ei to- aireppiaTa' (^avepdn- TUTOV Be errl tov pohov Bid top oyKov. evia Be fcal eV avTwv tmv (TirepiidTwv, Mairep 6 aKUVO^ KUL o Kvrjicos Kal rrdi'Ta ra aKavooBr]' KaO^ eKaa- Tov yap €')(^6L TO dvdo<;. 6poLco<; Be Kal tmv TTOicocow evLa, KaOd-Trep to dvOe/xov ev Be roi? Xaxcivijpol^; 6 re aLKVo<; Kal ?; koXokvvttj Kal y a-iKva' TrdvTa ydp iirl tcop Kapircov e^e* Kai TTpocrav^avo/jLevcov iinpevei to. dvdr) ttoXvv ^povov.

"AXXa Be lBi(OTep(D<;, olov 6 /c^tto? Kal y crvKd- pivo^' ev auTOt? fiev ydp e';^ei Tol<i 6Xol<; irepi- Kap7TL0i<;, ov fJLTjV ovTe err aKpot^ ovt eVf TTepLeCkyc^oai Ka6^ eKacrrov, dXX^ iv rot? dvd peaov el firj dpa ov crvvByXa Bid to ')(V0MBe<i.

"Ecrri Be Kal dyova twi' dvdcov evia, KaOdirep inl TMV aiKvo)v d eic tmv aKpMV (pveTat tov kXij-


^ cf. 3. IG. 4. 2 Lacuna in text ; avQQiv I conj.

' To-xo- Aid.; Tiva W. after Sch. conj.

  • Stt/os conj. Bod.; ^yvos Aid. H.

' i.e. composites.

' avepfxaruv conj. Dalec. from G ; aTO(xa.Tuv Aid.

' 6.Kavos conj. W.; &Kapos UV.

8 uKavudr} conj. W.; avdu>S7i Ald.H. cf. 1. 10. 6 ; 6. 4. 4.


92


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, I. xiii. 3-4

close above the fruit, as vine and olive ; in the iatteiv, when tlie flowers drop off, they are seen to have a hole through them,^ and this men take for a sign whether the tree has blossomed well ; for if the flower is burnt up or sodden, it sheds the fruit along with itself, and so there is no hole through it. The majority of flowers ^ have the fruit-case in the middle of them, or, it may be,^ the flower is on the top of the fruit-case, as in pomegranate apple pear* plum and myrtle, and among under-shrubs, in the rose and in many of the coronary plants. For these have their seeds below, beneath the flower, and this is most obvious in the rose because of the size of the seed-vessel. In some cases ^ again the flower is on top of the actual seeds,*^ as in pine-thistle ^ safflower and all thistle-like ^ plants ; for these have a flower attached to each seed. So too with some herba- ceous plants, as anikemon, and among pot-herbs, with cucumber^ gourd and bottle-gourd; all these have their flowers attached on top of the fruits,!*^ and the flowers persist for a long time while the fruits are developing.

In some other plants the attachment is peculiar, as in ivy and mulberry ; in these the flower is closely attached to the whole ^^ fruit-case ; it is not however set above it, nor in a seed-vessel that envelops each^'- separately, but it occurs in the middle part of the structure — except that in some cases it is not easily recognised because it is downy.

13 Again some flowers are sterile, as in cucumbers those which grow at the ends of the shoot, and that

® 8 T€ oIkvos conj. W. ; owep olkvos UM ; 6 wepaiicvos Aid. ^° Kapirwy eonj. Sch. ; S/cpw*' Ald.H. " i.e. compound. ^^ o(;t' e'lrl I conj. for ovTf.

" cf. Arist. Probl. 20. 3.

93


TIIEOPHRASTUS

/jtaro^;, Si o kuI d(f)aipoucnp avrd' K(d\v€l <^fap r7]i' rod aiKVOU ^Xaarrjcnv. cf^aal Be koi tt}? fxrjXewi T?}? Wr)SiKy)<i oaa [ikv e'^et tw;' avQoiv oicnrep yXaKarrjv tlvcl ire^vKvlav e/c fieaov ravr elvai ^/ovLfxa, oaa he fir] 6')(eL ravr a'^/ova. el he koI eir' aWov Tivo^ Tavra crvfi^alveL roiv avOo(f)6po)i> Mare liyovop av6o<=; (pveiv elVe fce^f^copiafievop etre /j,i], aKeineov. eireX <^kvY] 76 evia Kai ufMireXov Ka\ p6a<; dhuvarel reXeoKapTrelv, dWa fiexpi tov av6ov<i 7] <yeP€aL<;.

(TlveTaL he kol to ye tt}? p6a<; di>Oo<; ttoXv kui TTVKvov Kai oA,a)? o 07/C09 TrXaTu? coajrep 6 rwv pohwv KCLTCddev 5' €76/3060?- olo<; hiwro^i fiLKpo^ oicnrep €KTeTpafi/jLevo<; 6 kvtlvo<; e^^coi' ra %etX?>

^^aal he TLve^ Kai rcov ofioyevcov ra fiev dvOelv rd 8' ov, KaOdirep twv ^olvlkwv tov fiev dppeva dvOelv TOV he d?f\.vv ovk dvOelv a\V pvdi) irpo- ^aiveiv tov Kapirov.

Ta fiev ovv tm yevet Tavrd TOiavrtjv rrjv hia-


^ i.e. the pistil.

2 i.e. as seen from above: koI oXav . . . l>6Su>u describes the corolla, KaTwdev . . . /xux«5rj the undeveloped ovary, including the adherent calyx.

' poSwy conj. Bod. ; l)ooop Aid.

  • KOiTwdev . . . jjLvX'J^^V I conj. ; 5' (Tepoi Si' wv is ixtKphy

wiXirfp iKTfTpafXfifyos k^tlvos ex^" ^a X^'^'J fivx^o^V UMVAld. (except that Aid. has iuo} for x^^^V ^i^'l eKreTpaixfxfvov : so also P, but e;fT€Tpoa^e'j'os). The sentence explains incidentally why the pomegranate flower was called kutivos {cf. 2. 6. 12 ; C.F. 1. 14. 4; 2. 9. 3 ; 2. 9. 9 ; Diosc. 1. 110 ; Plin. 23. llU

94


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, I. xiii. 4-5

is why men pluck them off, for they hinder tlie growth of the cucumber. And they say that in the citron those flowers wliich have a kind of distaff ^ growing in the middle are fruitful^ but those that have it not are sterile. And we must consider whether it occurs also in any other flowering plants that they produce sterile flowers, whether apart from the fertile flowers or not. For some kinds of vine and pomegranate certainly are unable to mature their fruit, and do not produce anything beyond the flower.

(The flower of the pomegranate is produced abun- dantly and is solid - : in general appearance it is a substantial structure with a flat top, like the flower of the rose ^ ; but/ as seen from below, the inferior part of the flower is different-looking, being like a little two-eared jar turned on one side and having its rim indented.)

Some say that even of plants of the same kind ^ some specimens flower while others do not ; for instance that the ' male ' date-palm flowers but the ' female ' does not, but exhibits its fruit without any antecedent flower.

Such ^ is the difference which we find between

and 111), i.e. because it resembled si kvtos (see LS. s.v.). T. chooses the particular form of jar called Siooros, because the

indentations between the sepals suggest this : Fj. This is

called iKTerpaixjihos, because the weight of the developing fruit causes it to take up at one stage a horizontal position, like a jar lying on its side ; x^^^ refers to the jar (for the plural cf. the use of &vTvyis), yuvx«57j to the indentations in the calyx (a jar having ordinarily an unindented rim).

  • oixoyeviiov con]. Sch.; ofjLoioyevwv AXd.

^ TavTct, TotavT-qy I conj. from G ; roiavra ttjv UM ; ToiavTTfv p.

95


THEOPHRASTUS

cpopav ex^i) Kaddirep oXw^ ocra fit] hvvazai reXeo- KapTTelv. r) Be rov avOov^ (puat,^; on TrXeuov; e^e/ 8ia(f}opa<^ (j)av6p6v e'/c tmv irpoetpr^pievcov.

XIV". ^La<f)6p€L Se ra BiuSpa /cal T0t9 roLovTOL<; Kara TrjV KapiroToiaav' ra puev ^ap eK rwv vecov ^XacjTMV (f)€p€L ra S' ck tcou evwv ra S' i^ uficpo- repwv. €/c fiev tcov viwv avfcP] a/^TreXo?* e'/c Be tmu evcov iXcia poa firfXea djuvyBaXi] cittlo^ iivppivo^ Koi (T')(eBov rd roiavra iravra' ck Be rcov vecov edv cipa tl avpu^fj Kvfjaai /cal dvOrjaai (yiverai yap /cal ravr evLOL<;, wairep kol tco pLvppivw /cal fjidXiad^ CO? elTreiv irepl rd<; (BXaarrjaeL^ ra? fier ^Ap/CTOvpov) ov Bvvarac reXeovv dXX^ i)iii<yevr] ^Oeiperar e^ d/i(j)orepcov Be /cal tmv ei'cov /cal tmv vecov €L Ttve^- dpa /j,t]Xeai, rcov Bicpopcov r) et tl dXXo /cdpTri/jLOV ert Be 6 6Xvv6o<; i/CTrerrcov /cal (TV/ca (pepcov e/c rcov vecov.

'IBicoTdTT) Be T) i/c rov cFTeXe')(pv<; €/c(f)vcri<;, odairep Tp)<i ev AlyvnTcp av/cajiivov ravrrjv jdp (paat (pepeLV eK rov crreXe^ov^' ol Be ravrrj re /cat eK TMV dKpepLovcov, coairep rvjv Kepcovlav avr^] yap Kal eK TovTcov (j)epei rrXyv ov ttoXvv KoXovcn Be Kepcovlav dcf)^ 7]<; ra avKa rd AlyvTma KaXov/xeva.


^ ? i.e. that, like the 'female' date-palm, they have no floNver.

2 TO/ouTO iravTa- eK Sf twv yecou iav &pa rt COnj. W. ; TOmCra- iravTa yap eK ru>v evcov iav Se &pa ti MSS.

^ cf. 3. 5. 4.

  • bi(p6pcvv conj. Sch. from Gl ; Sia<p6pu)i' UAld.


96


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, I. xiii. 5-xiv. 2

plants of the same kind ; and the like may be said ' in general of those which cannot mature their fruit. And it is plain from what has been said that flowers shew many differences of character.

Differences tn fruits.

XIV. Agam as to the production of fruit trees differ in the following respects. Some bear on their new shoots^ some on last year's wood, some on both. Fig and vine bear on their new shoots ; on last year's wood olive pomegranate apple almond pear myrtle and almost all such trees. And, if any of these does " happen to conceive and to produce flowers on its new shoots, (for this does occur in some cases, as with myrtle, and especially, one may say, in the growth which is made after the rising of Arcturus) ^ it can not bring them to perfection, but they perish half- formed. Some apples again of the twice-bearing ^ kinds and certain other fruit-trees bear both on last year's wood and on the new shoots ; and so does the olynlhos,^ which ripens its fruit as well as bearing figs on the new shoots.

Most peculiar is the growth of fruit direct from the stem, as in the sycamore ; for this, they say, bears fruit on the stem. Others say that it bears both in this way and ^ also on the branches, like the carob ; for the latter bears on the branches too, though not abundantly : (the name carob is given to the tree which produces what are called ' Egyptian

' 6\vvdos is not elsewhere used for a kind of fig : (ti 5e (TuKV Tovs oKvvQovs iKTTeTTovffti Koi (TVKa (pfpovffa eonj. Sch. somewhat drastically.

• TcuTTj T6 Ka) Sk conj. W. J TauTTjs uiv 4k UMVAld. <•/. 4. 2. 4.

97


THEOPHRASTUS

€(TTt he KoX TO, fiev cLKpoKapira to)i> hevhpwv tcai o\&)9 T(ov (f)VT(Jjv ra Be TrXayioKapTra ra 5' afKpo- T€yoa)9. TrXe/o) S' aKpoKapira tcov aX\(ov r) tmv SevSpcov, olov Twv re aiTijpcov ra (Tra)(^u(o87] kol TMV 0a/jLvcL>BMv epeLKT] Kol cnreLpaia kol dyvo'i Koi liXX' ciTTa Kal tmv \a^avci)8a)i/ ra K€<pa\6ppi,^a. e^ afi(f)OT€p(i)P Se koI t6)v BevBpcov evia koI tmv \a')(av(jL>h6)V, olov ^Xltov aSpd<f)a^v<i pd<^avo<i' eirel koI ekda irotel ttw? tovto, kul (f)aaiv orav uKpov eveyKT) crrj/jLeiov ev^opia<; elvai. aKpo- Kapiro^ he ttco? kol 6 (j)Oivi^' rrXi-jV tovto ye Kal uKpo^vWov KOL cLKpo^XaaTOV 6\(i)<^ yap ev tm

tivQ) TTCLV TO ^COTIKOV. Ttt? fieV OVV KaTCL <Ta>

P'eprj hia(^opa^ ireipaTeov €k tovtcov dewpelv.

At he TOiavTat, t^9 6\r]<; ovaia<; ^aivovTar hijXov OTi TO, fiev rjfiepa to, 8' aypia' /cal to, fieu fcdpTiipu TO, 8' cLKapira' /cal deLcpvWa Kal (f)vXXo^o\a, KaOdirep eXe')(drj, tcl 8' oXw? dcpvXXa' Kal to. fxev dvOrjTLKa TCL 8' dvavOr)' Kal irpw'ijBXacrTrj he Kal irpoiLKap'TTa to, he o-yjn^XaaT)] Kal oy^iKapTra' coaavT(o<i he Kal oaa TrapaTrXyaia tovtoi<^. Kai TTU)^ ra ye TOiavTa ev TOL<i pcepeaLv i) ovk dvev tmv fiepuyv ecTTLV. dXX! €K€lv^] IhLWTdTrj Kal Tpoirov TLva /neytaTT] hLdaTaai<i, yirep Kal eVl tmv ^wwv, otl to, /lev evvhpa to, he 'xepaala- Kal yap tmv ^vtwv


» Plin 16. 112.

^ TOVTO conj. Sch. ; tovtov UAld. ; tovtov M.

' riadd. W.; cf. 1. 13. 1.

98


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, I. xiv. 2-3

figs '). ^ Again some trees, and some plants in general, produce fruit at the top, others at the sides, others in both ways. But bearing fruit at the top is less common in trees than in other plants, as among grains in those which have an ear, among shrubby plants in heath privet chaste tree and certain others, and among pot-herbs in those witli a bulbous root. Among plants which bear both on the top and at the sides are certain trees and certain pot- herbs, as blite orach cabbage. I say trees, since the olive does this too in a way, and they say that, when it bears at the top, it is a sign of fruitfulness. The date-palm too bears at the top, in a sense, but this 2 tree also has its leaves and shoots at the top; indeed it is in the top that its whole activity is seen. Thus we must endeavour to study in the

light of the instances mentioned the differences seen in the ^ various parts of the plant.

General differences {affecting the whole plant). But there appear to be the following differences which affect the plant's whole being : some are culti- vated, some wild ; some fruitful, some barren ; some evergreen, some deciduous, as was said, while some again have no leaves at all ; some are flowering plants, some flowerless; some are early,some late in producing their shoots and fruits ; and there are other differences similar to these. Now it may be said that^ such differences are seen in the parts, or at least that particular parts are concerned in them. But the special, and in a way the most important distinction is one which may be seen in animals too, namely, that some are of the water, some of the land. For

  • Kal TTois TO 7€ Toiavra conj. Sch. ; koI ttuv rd y^ ravra U ;

Koi rd. yt ToiavTo Aid.

99


THEOPHRASTUS

ecTTt TL TotovTOV yevo<; o ov hvvarai <f)veadai </jirj> ev vypcp' TO, Be ^verau /j.ev, ov^ o/ioia Se aWa '^(eipoi. 'jTcivroiv Be rcov hevBpwv o)? airXod^; elirelv KoX TMV (puTcbu eiSrj TrXeuo) Tvy')(^dvei Ka6^ eKacTTOv

4 yevo<:' a'X^eBov jap ovBev iariv airXovv clXX oaa fiev rjfjLepa koX aypia Xeyerat ravrrjv cfKpave- aroLTrjv koX [leyiarrjv e^eL Bia(f)opdv, olov avKr) ipcveo^;, iXda kotlvo^, U7no<; d'yjpd<^' oaa 8' ev eKaTepw rovrwv rol^ KapiroU ts fcal (pvXXoL^; fcai raL<; dWai<i /iop(f)ac<; re koI roi? pboploi^. dWd Twv fiev dypicov dvcovvfia rd irXelaTa koI efiTreipoi oXiyoi' Twv Be 7]pepcov koI oivojiaapbeva rd irXeiw Kol 7] ataOyjcrif; KOLvorepa' Xeyw 8' olov djjLTTeXov avKi]<; p6a<^ [itfXea^ diTLOV Bdcpvi)'^ /xvppLVT}<i tmv dXXcov rj yap j^prjcn^ ovaa kolvtj avuOewpeLV TTOiel rd<i BLa(f)opd<;.

5 "IBlop B^ Kal Tovr ecf)* eKaTepwv rd fiev ydp dypca Tft> dppevi Kal tw O^jXeL rj [xovol^ rj fidXiara Biaipovat, rd Be rjjiepa irXeioaiv lBeai<;. ecrri Be Twv fiev paov Xa/3e2v Kal BiapiO/iyaat rd eiBrj, Twv Be ')(aXeTT(OTepov Bid ttjv TToXv)(otav.

'AX\a Brj ra? fiev tmv fiopiwv Bia(f)opd<i Kal tmv dXXwv ovaioiv eK tovtcov ireipareov Oecopecv. irepl Be TMV yeveaecov fierd ravra XeKreov tovto ydp ioairep e^e^ri<i rol<; elprffievoL^i earLV.


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, I. xiv. 3-5

of plants too there is a class which cannot grow except ^ in moisture, while others will indeed grow on dry land, but they lose their character and are inferior. Again of all trees, one might almost say, and of all plants there are several forms to each kind ; for hardly any kind contains but a single form. But the plants which are called respectively cultivated and wild shew this difference in the clearest and most emphatic way, for instance the cultivated and wild forms of fig olive and pear. In each of these pairs there are differences in fruit and leaves, and in their forms and parts generally. But most of the wild kinds have no names and few know about them, while most of the cultivated kinds have received names ^ and they are more commonly observed ; I mean such plants as vine fig pomegranate apple pear bay myrtle and so forth ; for, as many people make use of them, they are led also to study the differences.

But there is this peculiarity as to the two classes respectively ; in the wild kinds men find only or chiefly the distinction of ' male ' and ' female,* while in the cultivated sorts they recognise a number of distinguishing features. In the former case it is easy to mark and count up the different forms, in the latter it is harder because the points of difference are numerous.

However we have said enough for study of the differences between parts and between general characters. We must now speak of the methods of growth, for this subject comes naturally after what has been said.

» ^,^ add. W.

  • iivoukaauiva ra irKeiw conj. Sch. ; wuouaffufyuv irAe/w Aid.


BOOK II


B


I. At <yevecTei<^ tmv hevhpwv koI oXw? royv (fyVTMV rj avTOfiarai i) airo a7repfiaT0<i rj diro pi^'q<; rj airo TrapaarrdBo^^ rj diro aKpe/novo^; rj CLTTO K\a)vo<i rj ttTr' avrov rov crreXe^^oy? elaiv, 7) €Ti Tov ^v\ov KaraKonevTO^ et? /xiKpd' kol <ydp ovTa)<; evLa (pverac. tovtcov Be 1) [xev avr6^aT0<^ TTpcoTi] Ti9, al Be diro aiTepfiaTo^ koI pt^rjf; ^vac- KcoTaraL Bo^aiev dv (oanep yap avrofiarai kol avTai' Bl o kol rot? d<ypiOL<; virdp'^ovaLv al Be dXkai rep^t'?;? 17 Br] TTpoaLpecrew^.

" Kiravra Be ^XaardveL Kard riva rcov rpoircov TOVTCdv, rd Be TroWd Kara irXeiov^' eXda fiev lydp 7rdvT(o<; (fyverai irXr^v diro rov kXcovo^' ov yap BvvaraL KaTa7rr]yvv/ievr], KaOdirep 77 avKi] T/)? KpdBt]'^ Kal 7] poa tt}? pd^Bov. Kairoi cfiaal ye Tive^ rjBr] kol 'X^dpaKO<; irayeiarj^i koI 7rp6<i rov KiTTOV avfx^LOiaai kol yeveaOat BevBpov dXXd airdvLov tl to toiovtov Odrepa Be rd iroXXd ri]^ (fivaeo)(;. avKr} Be tov<; fxev dXXov(; rporrov^i

^ (ua (pv^rai conj, Sch. ; ava<pv(Tai Aid. 104


BOOK II

Of Propagation, especially of Trees!

Of the ivays in lohich trees and plants originate. Instances of degeneration from seed.

I. The ways in which trees and plants in general originate are these : — spontaneous growth, growth from seed, from a root, from a piece torn off, from a branch or twig, from the trunk itself; or again from small pieces into which the wood is cut up (for some trees can be produced ^ even in this manner). Of these methods spontaneous growth comes first, one may say, but growth from seed or root would seem most natural ; indeed these methods too may be called spontaneous ; wherefore they are found even in wild kinds, while the remaining methods depend on human skill or at least on human choice.

However all plants start in one or other of these ways, and most of them in more than one. Thus the olive is grown in all the ways mentioned, except from a twig ; for an olive-twig will not grow if it is set in the ground, as a fig or pomegranate will grow from their young shoots. Not but what some say that cases have been known in which, when a stake of olive-wood was planted to support ivy, it actually lived along with it and became a tree ; but such an instance is a rare exception, while the other methods of growth are in most cases the natural ones. The fig grows in all the ways mentioned,

105


THEOPHRASTUS

(f)veTaL 7rdvTa<;, airo oe tcop Trpe^vwv koX tmv ^v\(i)v ov (pverar ixTJXea Be fcal a7Tio<^ koI (itto T03V ciKpe/jiovcov GTTaviw^. ov fxy]P dWa rd ye TToWd rj 7rdv0' &)? elirelv evZe-)(eG9aL Bokcl kuI diTo Tovrwv, idv XetOL kol veoi koI evav^el<i oicnv. dWa cfyvcnfccorepai tto)? eKelvar ro Be ivBeyoixevov &)? Bvvarov XrjTrreov.

"OX&)9 yap oXiya ra dTTo twv av(o fidWov ^Xaardvovra koX yevvco/ieva, KaOdirep d/nreXo^ diTO Tcov KXTj/jidrcov avTTj yap ovk dizo rrj^; Trpcopaf; aXV dTTO rov /cXij/iarof; (fyverac, koI el Byj Ti roLovTov erepov rj BevBpov tj (fypvyavcoBe^, Mcrirep BoKel TO re Tr/jyavov kol tj Iwvia kol to (tlctvix- ^piov Koi 6 €p7rvXXo<; koI to eXevLov. KoipoTdT)] fjL€v ovv ecrTL irdcriv rj re diro tt}? 7rapaa7rdBo<; kol diTO (T7rep/xaT0<;. diravTa yap oaa e')(^ei a-nepiJiaTa KOL diro cr7re/?yu,aT0? yiveTai' diro Be irapaaTrdBo^i Kol TTjv Bd(f)vr]v (paalv, edv Tf? Ta epvrj irapeXoov (pvTevar}. Bel Be viroppi^ov elvat f^dXiard ye to Trapaa-TTCofievov rj vTroTrpefjUVOV. ov firjv dXXd Kai dvev TOVTov OeXei ^XaaTuveiv Kal poa kuI pirjXea eapivry iSXaaTavet Be Kal dfivyBaXr} (puTevopevt], KaTCL TTXeiaTOv^ Be rpoTrou? &)? elireiv 77 eXda ^XaaTdver Kal yap diro tov (TTeX€^ov<; Kal diro Tov Trpefivov KaTaKoiTTop^evov Kal diro t?}? pt^^/? [/cat diro tov ^vXov^ Kal diro pd^Bov Kal ')(^dpaK0<i coairep elprjTaL. tmv S' dXXoyv 6 fjLvppivo<;- Kal yap ovTO? diro tcou ^vXwv Kal tcop Trpe/xvcov

^ rd ye iroWa Trdud' conj. Sch.; f) before vduB' ins. St.; to Tf woWa Trdud' Aid.

2 fLa\>^e~is conj. H ; av^fis UMVAld. ^ OVK I conj.; ovS' MSS.

106


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, 11. i. 2-4

except from root-stock and cleft wood ; apple and pear grow also from branches, but rarely. However it appears that most, if not practically all,^ trees may grow from branches, if these are smooth young and vigorous.2 But the other methods, one may say, are more natural, and we must reckon what may occasionally occur as a mere possibility.

In fact there are quite few plants which grow and are brought into being more easily from the upper parts, as the vine is grown from branches ; for this, though it cannot^ be grown from the ^lead,'* yet can be grown from the branch, as can all similar trees and under-shrubs, for instance, as it appears, rue gilliflower bergamot-mint tufted thyme cala- mint. So the commonest ways of growth with all j)lants are from a piece torn off or from seed ; for all plants that have seeds grow also from seed. And they say that the bay too grows ^ from a piece torn off, if one takes off the young shoots and plants them ; but it is necessary that the piece torn off should have part of the root or stock ^ attached to it. However the pomegranate and ' spring apple ' "^ will grow even without this, and a slip of almond ^ grows if it is planted. The olive grows, one may say, in more ways than any other plant ; it grows from a piece of the trunk or of the stock,^ from the root, from a twig, and from a stake, as has been said.^^ Of other plants the myrtle also can be propagated in several ways ; for this too grows from pieces of wood

  • irpwpas, cf. Col. 3. 10. 1, caput vitis VOCat irpupav. Sell,

restores the word, G.F. 3. 14. 7.

  • cf. C.P. 1. 3. 2. 6 ig a 'heel' (Lsit. perna).

7 cf. G.P. 2. 11. 6 ; Athen. 3. 23. « cf. Geop. 10. 3. 9.

  • Kol iirh rov ^v\ou om. Julius Pontedeva on Varro 1. 39. 3 :

a gloss on anh toC wpf/xpov KaraK. ^^ 2. 1. 2.

107


THEOPHRASTUS

(f)V€rai. Bel Be koI tovtov kol t?}? e\da<i ra ^vXn Biaipeiu /x?; iXaTTO) aTriOa/iiaioyv Koi rov (l)\oiop fir] Trepiat-pelv.

Ta /lev ovv BevBpa ^Xaardvei kol jiveraL Kara TOi)? elpTifievov^ rpoirov^' al <yap €/i(f)VTelaL Kal ol evo(j)Oa\/iia/iol KaOdirep /xt^et? Tii^e? elaiv Tf Kar aXXov rpoTrov y€ve(Tei<;, irepl wv varepov Xe/creov.

IT. Tcov Be (ppvyavwBcov Kai ttolcoBmv ra fiev irXelara (itto cnrep/iaTO'i rj pi^r]^ ra Be Kai d/i(f)orepa)'=;' evia Be Kal diro rwv /SXaarcov, wcnrep eiprjraL. poBwvia Be fcal Kpivcovla KaraKoirevroiv ro)v KavXcop, Mcrirep Kal 7) dypu>arL<;. (fyveraL Be rf Kptvcovla Kal y poBwvia Kal oXov rov KavXov re6evro<;. IBicordrr) Be rj diro BaKpvov Kal yap ovrco BoKel ro Kpivov (f)vea6ai, orav ^rjpavOfj ro dwoppvev. (^aal Be Kal eirl rov liTiTOcjeXivov' Kal yap rovro d(pLy](Ti BdKpvov. (f)veraL Be ris Kal KdXa/io<;, edv Ti9 Biare/ii'cov to.? r}XaKdra<i 7r\ayLa<; riOfj Kal KaraKpvyjrrj Koirpw Kal yfj. IBl(o<; Be diTO pt^"^? [tw] <f)V6crdaL Kal ra Ke<pa- Xoppi^a.

To(7afTa;^w9 Be ov(Tt]<i ri]<; Bvvdfiew^ ra fiev TToXXa rcop BevBpoiv, wairep eXexOy irporepov, ev TrXeioai rpoiroi^; (fyverar evia Be diro a7rep/iaro<;


' ffi(puTf7ai conj. R. Const.; f/jL(pv\eai (with erasures) U; f/j.(i>vk(lai V; iix(pv\f7ai Aid. ■' 2. 1. 3; cf. G.P. 1. 4. 4 and 6. ^ i.e. bulbil, cf. 6. 6. 8 ; 9. 1. 4 ; C. P. 1. 4. 6 ; Plin. 21. 24.

  • eVlconj. W.; a-nh P^Ald.
  • 8e' TJj Koi Aid,; tjj om. W. after Sch.

108


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, 11. i. 4-11. 2

and also from pieces of the stock. It is necessary however with this, as with the olive, to cut up the wood into pieces not less than a span long and not to strip off the bark.

Trees then grow and come into being in the above- mentioned ways ; for as to methods of grafting ^ and inoculation, these are, as it were, combinations of different kinds of trees ; or at all events these are methods of growth of a quite different class and must be treated of at a later stage.

II. Of under-shrubs and herbaceous plants the greater part grow from seed or a root, and some in both ways ; some of them also grow from cuttings, as has been said,^ while roses and lihes grow from pieces of the stems, as also does dog's-tooth grass. Lilies and roses also grow when the whole stem is set. Most peculiar is the method of growth from an exudation ^ ; for it appears that the lily grows in this way too, when the exudation that has been produced has dried up. They say the same of"* alexanders, for this too produces an exudation. There is a certain ^ reed also which grows if one cuts it in lengths from joint to joint and sets them ^ sideways, burying it in dung and soil. Again they say that plants which have a bulbous root are peculiar in their way of growing^ from the root.

The capacity for growth being shewn in so many ways, most trees, as was said before,^ originate in several ways ; but some come^ only from seed, as silver-

6 c/. 1. 4. 4 ; Plin. 17. 145 ; Col. 4. 32. 2 ; ndii conj. Sch. ; ?; Aid.; ?flT?.

' i.e. by offset bulbs. Text probably defective; cf. G.P. 1. 4. 1. ry U; Th UMV. » 2. 1. 1.

^ (pvfTai I conj.; (pTiaiv inriv or (paaiv icTTiv MSS.; us <paaiv iffTiv Aid. ; irapaylverai conj. W.

109


THEOPHllASTUS

(f)U€TaL /lovov, olov iXdrr} irevKr) TTiTU? 6\(o<; irav

TO KWVO^OpOV 6TL ^6 KOl <holl>L^, TtXtJV el CipU €V

^aj3v\6)VL KOL aiTO Tcov pd^hcov [w?] (^a<Ti rive^ fioXeveLV. KVirdpiTTO'^ he irapa [lev toI<; aXXoi? d-TTO cnreppaTO'^, ev K.p7]rr) Se koI d-no rov areXe- ^ou9, olop eirl t/}? opeLa<; ev Tdppa' irapa rovTOi<^ ydp icTTLV r) KOupc^o/xei'T] KV7rdpLTT0<;' ainif he diro rri<; TOfir]'i ^Xaardvei Trdvra rpoTTOv refjLi'Ofievrj teal aTTo jrj(; Kal aTTO rov fieaov Kot diro tov dvco- repco' ^Xacndvei he iviaxov fcal diro tmv pt^MV

G7TaViCjds he.

Wepl he hpuo<; dfi(f)ia^rjrov(TiV' ol /xev yap diro (T7repfiaT6<i (^acn jiovov, ol he kol diro pi^7]<; 'y\iaxp(*)'i' ol he koI dii avjov tov (TTe\e)(ov<^ K07revT0<;. diro irapaairdho^ he Koi pt^'tj'i ovhev (pveTai TCOV /mr} irapajSXacTTavovTcov.

'AirdvTcov he ocroiv irXelov^ al yevecrei';, t) diro irapaairdho^; kol ctc [xdXXov rj diro iTapa(f)vdho<i Ta^tcTTT? Kol €vav^i]<;, edv dirb pt^^? ?; iTapa<^vd<^ 77. KoX TCL fiev outcl><; rj oXw? diro (^UTeuTijpLcov 7re(f)UTev/uLeva irdvTa hoKel tou? Kapirov'^ i^o/xoLOvv. oaa 3' aTTO TOV /capirov tcov hvva/jLevcov kol ovtco^ ^XacTTaveLV, diravd' co? elirelv ^et/^o), tcl he kol 6Xa)<; e^idTaTaL tov yevov^, olov a/^TreXo? pLrjXea (TVKri poid aiTLo^' eK re yap t>}9 Keyx^papLiha ovhev ylveTai yevo^ 6Xco<; i-jfiepov, dXX^ 77 epLveo<; i) dypia <TVKrj, hiacfiepovaa iroXXdKi<; koi ttj '^poia' Kal yap eK /leXalvrjf; XevKrj Kal eK XevKri<^ /leXatva


^ jxoKiveLV conj. Sch.; /xccXveiv MSS.; fiocrxfvfiv conj. R. Const, (r/. C.P. 1. 2 1). But cf. Hesych. s.v. /xoAfveiv. 2 Plin. 16. 141. ' eVi conj. W.j rh UMVAld.

IIO


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, II. ii. 2-4

fir fir Aleppo pine, and in general all those that bear cones : also the date-palm, except that in Babylon it may be that, as some say, they take cuttings ^ from it. The cypress in most regions grows from seed, but in Crete ^ from the trunk also, for instance in ^ the hill country about Tarra ; for there grows the cypress which they clip, and when cut it shoots in every possible way, from the part which has been cut, from the ground, from the middle, and from the upper parts ; and occasionally, but rarely, it shoots from the roots also.

About the oak accounts differ ; some say it only grows from seed, some from the root also, but not vigorously, others again that it grows from the trunk itself, w^hen this is cut. But no tree grows from a piece torn off or from a root except those which make side-growths.

However in all the trees which have several methods of originating the quickest method and that which promotes the most vigorous growth is from a piece torn off, or still better from a sucker, if this is taken from the root. And, while all the trees which are propagated thus or by some kind of slip ^ seem to be alike in their fruits to the original tree, those raised from the fruit, where this method of growing is also possible, are nearly all inferior, while some quite lose the character of their kind, as vine apple fig pome- granate pear. As for the fig,^ no cultivated kind is raised from its seed, but either the ordinary wild fig or some wild kind is the result, and this often differs in colour from the parent ; a black fig gives a

  • (pvTfVT-qpiov : a general term including Trapa(pvds and

irapaairds.

" c/. a p. 1. 9.

Ill


THEOPHRASTUS

'yiverar €K re t/}? ufnriXov t?}? y€vraLa<; a<yevvri<i' fcal TToWuKif; erepov yevo^- ore Be oXto^ ovBev i]fiepov aX\! aypcov evlore kol tolovtov coare fir) iKirerreiv tov Kapirdv al 5' (wcrre /jLijSe ahpvveiv aWa fiexpi' tov avOrjaai jxovov a^LKveladai.

^vovrai Be koI €k tcop t% eXda^ irvprjvwv aypte\aLo<;, kol eK roiv rr]<; p6a<i kokkcov tmv yXvKecov dyevvel<;, kol i/c rwv diTvpvvcov aKXrjpal, TToXXa/ct? Be kol o^etai. top avrov Be rpoirov KOL €K Twv d'TTiwv KCLi eic TMv firjXecoi/' €K fi€v ydp TMV uTTLcov fJboyOiipa 7] d')(^pd<;, eV Be rcov puyfXewv ')(^eLp(ov T€ Tw yevei kol ck yXvK€ia<; o^eta, koI €k (TTpovOiOV l\.vB(t)VLO^. 'xelpwv Be koI rj d/xvyBaXtj KOL Tft> %i^^9> Kal Tw a/cXypa e/c [MiXaKri^- Bl o Kol av^rjOetaav eyKevrpH^eiv KeXeuovaiv, el Be fir] TO /loa^evpa fieracjiVTeueiv 7roXXdKL<^.

y^eipwv Be koX rj Bpv'i- diro yovv rr}? ev Ylvppa iToXXol ^vT€vcravTe<; ov/c eBvvavO^ ofioiav iroielv. Bd^vr)v Be Kal fivpplvrjv BLa<^epeiv irore (f)aaLV, co? eirl TO TToXv 5' e^iaTacrOat, kol ovBe to ypcojia Biaaco^eiv, aXV e^ epvOpov Kapirov yiveadai fieXaLvav, wcnrep Kal rrjv ev 'AvrdvBpo)' TroXXaVt? Be Kal rrjp Kvirdprnov €k OrfXeia^; dppeva. fidXicTTa Be tovtwv 6 (^o2vi^ BoKel Biafieveiv wairep elirelv TeXeLO)<; tmu diro a7repfiaT0<;, Kal TvevK^I rj K(t)vo(f)6po<; Kal TrtVu? rj (^OetpoTTOLo'^. ravra fiev ovv ev TOi? rjfiep(ouevoL<;. ev Be tols


^ (pvovrai con]. W. ; ^ureuovTai Ald.H. ; (pvtrai Vo.cod.Cas.

' 7Air>c6'a)J' COnj. St.; 7AaLiK/a)»' UMVAld.

» rf. Athen. 3. 20 and 23. ^ rj. C.P. 1. 9. 1.

» In Lesbos : cf. 3. 9. 5 « cf. G.P. 1. 9. 2.

112


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, II. ii. 4-6

wliite, and conversely. Again the seed of an excel- lent vine produces a degenerate result, which is often of quite a different kind ; and at times this is not a cultivated kind at all, but a wild one of such a character that it does not ripen its fruit ; with others again the result is that the seedlings do not even mature fruit, but only get as far as flowering.

Again the stones of the olive give ^ a \yild olive, and the seeds of a sweet pomegranate" give a degenerate kind, while the stoneless kind gives a hard sort and often an acid fruit. So also is it with seedlings of pears and apples ; pears give a poor sort of wild pears, apples produce an inferior kind which is acid instead of sweet ; quince produces wild quince.^ Almond again raised from seed is inferior in taste and in being hard instead of soft ; and this is why men ^ bid us graft on to the almond, even when it is fully grown, or, failing that, frequently plant the offsets.

The oak also deteriorates from seed ; at least many persons having raised trees from acorns of the oak at Pyrrha^ could not produce one like the parent tree. On the other hand they say that bay and myrtle sometimes improve by seeding, though usually they degenerate and do not even keep their colour, but red fruit gives black — as happened with uie tree in Antandros ; and frequently seed of a

  • female ' cypress produces a ' male ' tree. The date-

palm seems to be about the most constant of these trees, when raised from seed, and also the * cone- bearing pine ' ^ (stone-pine) and the ' lice-bearing pine. So much for degeneration in cultivated trees; among wild kinds it is plain that more in proportion

■^ Plin. 16. 49. The ' lice ' are the seeds which were eaten, c/. Hdt. 4. 109, (pdeipoTpayeova-t ; Theocr. 5. 49.

"3


THEOPHRASTUS

aypioL^ hifkov on ivXeico Kara Xoyov oo? ia')(ypo' repoi<;' eVel Odrepov ye koX citottov, el 8r) %et/3&) Kol iv eKeivoL<i kol oA,w? eV roL<i utto a7rep/iaro<; fiovov el fit] TL rf) depaireia Svpavrac fiera- ^dWeiv. \ Aia(f)€pov(n Be kol tottol tottcov koI di^p depo^' iiHaxov yap €/c(f)epeiv r; x^P^ SoKel ra ofiota, KaOdirep /cat eV ^lXlttttol';' uvdrraXLV oXiya kol oXiyaxov Xapb^dveiv fxeTa^oXi]v, ware e/c airip- yuaT09 dyp'iov iroielv i^jdepov q e'/c ;(;etyooz^09 aTrXco? ^eXrtov TOVTO yap eirl tt)^ poa^ iibvov aKriKoap.ev iv AlyvTTTM fcal iv K.LXtKLa av/jL/SaLveiv iv AlyvTTTO) fjiev yap ttjv o^ecav Kal airapelaav fcal (pvTevOetaav yXvKelav yiveadai ttco? r) olvcoSi]- irepl 8e X6Xov<; tt}? K.LXi/CLa<i irepl TTora/jLov ruv Yllvapov, ov rj fJiaxv tt/QO? ^apelov iyevero, iraaaL yivovrai dirvpTjvoL.

8 E^yXoyov he Kal el t^? tov irap i)pLOiv (jyolvLKa (pvTCvoi iv Ba/3vX(x)vi, Kdp7rip.6v re ylveaOai, Kal i^OfioLovadai T0t9 iKel. tov avrov Be rpoirov Kal €L T£9 erepa irpocrdXXtfXov e;\;et Kapirov totto)- KpeiTTcov yap ovro^ rr)? ipyaala^; Kal r?}? Oepa- Treta?. arj/xeiov 3' on /xeracpepofieva raKeWev oLKapira ra Be Kal oXw? d/SXaari] yiverat.

9 Mera/^aWet Be Kal rfj Tpocpf] Kal Bid tt)p


^ i.e. that they should improve from seed.

^ Whereas wild trees are produced only from seed.

' i.e. improve a degenerate seedling.

  • aTT\u>s : 1 om, Sch. » cf. C.F. 1. 9. 2.


114


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, II. ii. 6-9

degenerate from seed, since the parent trees are iiitronger. For the contrary^ would be very strange, seeing that degenerate forms are found even in cultivated trees,^ and among these only in those which are raised from seed. (As a general rule these are degenerate, though men may in some cases effect a change ^ by cultivation).

Effects of situation y climate, tendance.

Again differences in situation and climate affect the result. In some places, as at Philippi, the soil seems to produce plants which resemble their parent ; on the other hand a few kinds in some few places seem to undergo a change, so that wild seed gives a cultivated form, or a poor form one actually better.* We have heard that this occurs, but only with the pomegranate, in Egypt ^ and Cilicia ; in Egypt a tree of the acid kind both from seeds and from cuttings produces one whose fruit has a sort of sweet taste, while about Soli in Cilicia near the river Pinaros (where the battle with Darius was fought) all thosr {)omegranates raised from seed are witliout stones.

If anyone were to plant our palm at Babylon, it is reasonable to expect that it would become fruitful and like the palms of that country. And so would it be with any other country which has fruits that are congenial to that particular locality ; for the locality ^ is more important than cultivation and tendance. A proof of this is the fact that things transplanted thence become unfruitful, and in some cases refuse to grow altogether.

There are also modifications due to feeding ^ and


s Or ' wine-like.' Cited by Apollon. Hist. Mir. 43.

■^ ovToi conj. W. ; avrhs Aid.

" Tp Tpo<p^ conj. W.; TT}S Tpo<t>jii UMVAld.


115


THEOPHRASTUS

aWt^v i-TTi^eXeiav, oh fcal to dypiov i^tj/j^epovrai KOi avTOiv Se tcou ijfiepcov evia dTraypiovrai, olov poa Kol d/jLvySaXrj. 7]Sr] Se rive<i kol ck Kpidoyv dva^viai <pacn irvpov'i koI eK irvpwv Kpi9a<^ Kal

10 eVt Tov avTov 7rvd/jLeuo<; afi(})co. TavTa fiev ovv ft)<? /jLvOcoBearepa Bel Be-^^eaOai. fiera^dWeL 8' ovv TO, /lera^dWovra tov Tpoirov tovtov avTO- /xaTO)?- i^aWayfj Be ')(<jopa<;, Mairep ev KlyvirTW Kal YLiXiKLa Trepl twv pocov eLTro/Ltev, ovBe Bid jjLiav OepaTreiav.

'D.aavTco<^ Be kol ottov Ta /cdpinfia dKapira yiveTai, KaOdirep to nepaiov to e^ AIjvtttov kul 6 (f)OLVL^ ev T^ '^XkdBi Kal el Byj t^? KOfiiaeLe tyjv ev Kp7]Tr) \eyo/jLevr)v a'iyeipov. evioc Be <f)aac Kal TTjv orjv edv eh dXeeivov eXOrj a<p6Bpa tottov aKaprrov yivecrOar <f)vaeL yap -^jrv^pov. evXoyov Be dfKpoTepa avfx^aiveLv KaTa ra? evavTidiaei^, eiTrep yw-'^/S' oXco? evLa ^veaOai OeXec jieTa^dX- XovTa Tov<; tottov;. Kal KaTa /jlcv ra? ')((t)pa<; al TOLavTai fi6Ta/3oXaL.

11 Kara Be ti-jv (pvTelav Ta diro tcov aTrep/iidTcov <f)VTev6fjieva, KaOdirep eXe')(6r]- TravTolau yap al e^aXXayal Kal tovtwv. ttj depaTrela Be /xeTa- ^dXXei poa kol d/ivyBaXi]' poa p.ev Koirpov veiav Xa^ovcra Kal vBaTO<; irXrjOo'i pvTOV' dfivyBaXrj Be OTav irdjTaXov tl<^ evOfj, Kal to BdKpvov d(f)aipr} TO iirippeov TrXeioi y^povov Kal Tip dXXrjv diroBtBa)

  • eyia airaypiovrai olov conj. W. ; Kuia Ka.\ avop^ re ^6a UV;

4. Ka\ anopfi ra ^6a M ; 4. Ka\ avoppel to. ^6a Aid,

  • i.e. cultivation has nothing to do with it.

3 2. 2. 7. * cf. 3. 3. 4. » Plin. 17. 242.

' i.e. improve, cf. 2. 2. 6 ad fin.

ii6


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, II. ii. 9-1 1

attention of other kinds, which cause the wild to become cultivated, or again cause some cultivated kinds to go wild,^ such as pomegranate and almond. Some say that wheat has been known to be produced from barley, and barley from wheat, or again both growing on the same stool ; but these accounts should be taken as fabulous. Anyhow those things which do change in this manner do so spontaneously,^ and the alteration is due to a change of position (as we said ^ happens with pomegranates in Egypt and Cilicia), and not to any particular method of cultivation.

So too is it when fruit-bearing trees become un- fruitful, for instance the persio/i when moved from Egypt, the date-palm when planted in Hellas, or the tree which is called 'poplar' in Crete,^ if anyone should transplant it. ^ Some again say that the sorb becomes unfruitful if it comes into a very warm position, since it is by nature cold-loving. It is reasonable to suppose that both results follow because the natural circumstances are reversed, seeing that some things entirely refuse to grow when their place is changed. Such are the modifications due to

position.

As to those due to method of culture, the changes which occur in things grown from seed are as was said ; (for with things so grown also the changes are of all kinds). Under cultivation the pomegranate and the almond change character,^ the poinegranate if it receives pig-manure ^ and a great deal of river water, the almond if one inserts a peg and ^ removes for some time the gum which exudes and gives the other

7 cf. C.P. 2. 14. 2; 3. 9. 3; Plin. 17. 259; Col. 5. 10. 15 and 16.

8 cj\ 2. 7. 6 ; C.P. 1. 17. 10; 2. 14. 1 ; Plin. 17. 252.


THEOPHRASTUS

12 Oepairelav. oiXTavTa)^; Se BrjXov on kol oaa €^7]/xepovTat Tojv u'ypiwv rj aTraypiouTat rcor iffjiepoiV' TO, jiev yap depaTreia ra S' dOepairevcrca jxera^aWei' ttXtju ec rt? Xiyot /xtjSe /xera/SoXr/Z' aXk' eTTiBoaLV et? to ^eXriov elvai tcaX 'yelpov ov yap olov re rov kotlvov •noie'lv ekdav ovBe rrjv d'^^pdBa TTOLeli' cittcov ouSe top epiveov (TvkPjv. o yap iirl rov kotlvov (jyacrl avfi/Saiveiv, cocrr edv irepvKoirel^ Tr)V OaXiav 6\co<; /xeTacpvTevOfj (j>6p€iv ^av\La<;, p.6TaKLvr](TL<i t£9 yiverat ov /aeydXi]. ravra fiev ovv oiroTepco'^ Set Xa^elv ovOev av hia^epoi.

III. ^aal 8' ovv avTOfidrijv tlvcl yiveadat tmv TOLOvTcou fiera^oXijv, ore puev tmv Kapiroiv ore 5t Koi oXct)? avTMV rcov BevSpcov, a kol ar]fx€la vopi- ^ovaiv ol fidvTet,<;' olov poav o^elav yXvKsiav e^eveyKelv kclI yXvfcelav o^elav Kal TrdXiv uTrXux; avrd TO, SevSpa /lera^dXXeiv, wcne ef 6^eia<: yXvKelav ycveaOai Kal eK yXv/cela^i o^elav ')(^e2pov he TO 619 yXv/celav /jLera^dXXeiv. Kal e^ epiveov (TVKrjV Kal eK crvKr)'^ epiveov yelpov he to eK cFVKr\<i. Kal i^ eXda<; kotlvov Kal eK kotlvov eXdav r^Kiara Be rovro. irdXiv Be (tvktjv €k


' irepiKOirf\s conj. W. ; vepiaKOTrre?! \J ; irepiKSnTris Aid.

  • (pavXlas conj. Salin.; (pavKovs U ; 6d\os Aid. cf. Plin.

16. 244. These olives produced little oil, biit were valued for perfumery : see C.P. 6. 8. 3 and 5 ; de odor., 15.

» oi, add. Salm.; om. MSS. (?) Ald.H.

ii8


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, II. ii. ii-iii. i

attention required. In like manner plainly some wild things become cultivated and some cultivated things become wild ; for the one kind of change is due to cultivation, the other to neglect : — however it might be said that this is not a change but a natural development towards a better or an inferior form ; (for that it is not possible to make a wild olive pear or fig into a cultivated olive pear or fig). As to that indeed which is said to occur in the case of the wild olive, that if the tree is transplanted with its top- growth entirely cut off,^ it produces ^ coarse olives,' ^ this is no ^ very great change. However it can make no difference which way * one takes this.

Of spontaneous changes in the character of trees, and of certain marvels.

III. ^Apart from these changes it is said that in such plants there is a spontaneous kind of change, some- times of the fruit, sometimes of the tree itself as a whole, and soothsayers call such changes portents. For instance, an acid pomegranate, it is said, may produce sweet fruit, and conversely ; and again, in general, the tree itself sometimes undergoes a change, so that it becomes sweet ^ instead of acid, or the reverse happens. And the change to sweet is considered a worse portent. Again a wild fig may turn into a cultivated one, or the contrary change take place ; and the latter is a worse portent. So again a culti- vated olive may turn into a wild one, or conversely, but the latter change is rare. So again a white fig

  • i.e. whether nature or man is said to cause the admitted

change. * Plin. 17. 242.

•* i.e. all the fruit is now acid instead of sweet, or the reverse. Sch. brackets i^ h^ilas . . . o^^lav.


THEOPHRASTUS

XevKrj^i fjueXatvav koX €k fiekaivri^ \evK7]v. 6/jLol(o<; Be TOVTo Kol iirl a/jLTriXov.

Kat ravra fiev co? repara kol irapa (pvaiv viro- Xa/bL^dvovaiv oaa he avvrjOrj ro)v tolovtwv ovSe 6avfid^ov(TLv oXw^' olov to ttjv Kairveiov a/jLireXov KaXovixevrjv koI ifc ixeXavo<i ^orpvo^; XevKov Koi €K XevKOV /iieXava (pepeiv ovSe yap ol fidvTeL<; rd Toiavra Kpivovaiv iirel ovSe €K€Lva, nap' oh 7r6(f)VK€V t) %<w/0<x /nera^aXXeiv, oiairep eXe;^^?; Trepl Tt)^ poa^ ev Alyinrro)' dXXd to iuTavOa OavpacTTov, Sid to p^'iav povov rj Svo, kol TauTa<; ev T(p TravTL ')(^p6v(i> (JTravia^;. ov p}]v dXX' etirep avpjBaivei, pbdXXov ev rot? KapTrol^i yiveaOai ti]v TrapaXXay-qv rj ev 6Xol(; Toh BevSpoi<;.

'Evrel Kal ToiavTTj ti<; aTa^ca ylveTai irepX tov<; KapTTOVf;- olov rjhr] iroTe avKrj to. avKa ecpvaev i/c Tov oTTLaOev TMV OpLcov Kal poa he Kal dp,ireXo<^ Ik Toiv (TTeXe)(wv , kol dp,7reXo<; dvev (f)vXXcov Kap- TTov r)veyKev. eXda he ra p,ev cpvXXa dire^aXe tov he Kapirov e^ijveyKev o Kal SeTTaXw to5 Heiai- (XTpaTov yeveaOai XeyeTat' avp^aivei he Kal hid ')(eipo)va<i TOVTO kol hi dXXa<i alTua^ evia tmv hoKovvTcov elvac irapd Xoyov ovk ovtcov he- olov iXda ttot diroKavOelaa TeXew^ dvel3XdaT7]aev oXrj, Kal avTt) Kal rj OaXia. ev he Tjj Boicorta KaTa^pcodevTcov tcov epvwv vn uTTeXe^cov irdXiv

1 fVl conj. Sch.; e'l Ald.H.

2 cf. G.P. 5. 3. 1 and 2 ; Arist. de gen. an. 4. 4 ; Hes^ch. s.v. Ka-rrvias; Schol, ad Ar. Vesp. 151. ' 2. 2. 7.

  • eiKhs has perhaps dropped out. Sch.

6 0piu,y conj. R. Const., cf. G.P. 5. 1. 7 and 8 ; 5. 2. 2; ifitvfwv PjAld. cf. also Athen. 3. 11.

I20


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, II. in. 1-3

may change into a black one, and conversely ; and similar changes occur in^ the vine.

Now these changes they interpret as miraculous and contrary to nature ; but they do not even feel any surprise at the ordinary changes, for instance, when the ' smoky ' vine,^ as it is called, produces alike white grapes instead of black or black grapes instead of white. Of such changes the soothsayers take no account, any more than they do of those instances in which the soil produces a natural change, as was said ^ of the pomegranate in Egypt. But it is surprising when such a change occurs in our own countr}^, because there are only one or two instances and these separated by wide intervals of time. How- ever, if such changes occur, it is natural ^ that the variation should be rather in the fruit than in the tree as a whole. In fact the following irregularity also occurs in fruits ; a fig-tree has been known to produce its figs from behind the leaves,^ pomegranate and vines from the stem, while the vine has been known to bear fruit without leaves. The olive again has been known to lose its leaves and yet produce its fruit ; this is said to have happened to Thettalos, son of Pisistratus. This may be due to inclement weather ; and some changes, which seem to be abnormal, but are not really so, are due to other accidental causes ; ^ for instance, there was an olive that, after being completely burnt down, sprang up again entire, the tree and all its branches. And in Boeotia an olive whose young shoots "^ had been eaten off by locusts grew again : in this case however ^ the

« c/. Hdt. 8. 55 ; Plin. 17. 241. 7 epvu)v conj. Sch. ; ipyuv PoAld. ; /cAaSwi/ mU.

  • i.e. the portent was not so great as in the other case

quoted, as the tree itself had not been destroyed.

121


THEOPHRASTUS

av€^\dar7]ae' ra S' olov aireirecrev. rjKLGja 8' icrco? TO, roiavra aroira Sia to (f)av€pa<; e')(€iv ra^ aiTLa^, aXXa jjLoXkov ro jjL7] ck tmv olfceicov tottcov (fyepcLV TOL'9 KapTTov'^ rj fiii otVetof?" Kai /laXiara h' el T?}? oX?/? <pvcr€(o<i 'yiverav /j.eTa/3o\7], KaOdirep eKex^V' irepl fjuev ovv ra BepBpa Toiavrai

Tiv€<i elai /jL€Ta/3o\aL.

IV. T(x)v Be dWo)v TO T€ ataujui/Bpiop eh fiiv- dav Bo/cel fieTa^dWeiv, iav /mt) KarexyTai rf] depaireia, hC o kol /i€Ta(pVT€vovai, 7roWdKi<;, Kal 6 7rvpo<; et? alpav. ravra fiev ovv ev roL<; BevSpoi<; at'T0yLtaTft)9, etwep yiverat. ra 8' iv T0t9 eVeTetof? Bia 7rapa(TKevf]<;' olov 77 TL<f)r) kol 77 ^eta jiera- jSaWovoriv et? irvpov iav TrricrOelaaL cnreipoyvjai, Kal tout' ovk evOv<; dWa tco Tplrw erei. crx^Bov Be 7rapa7r\i]aiov tovto <ye rfo rd aTrep/nara Kara Ta? ^ftj/9a.? fiera^dWeiv fxera^dWei <ydp Kal ravra KaO^ eKdari^v ;^co/)a^' Kal a^cBov iv ru) Ictm XpovM Kal rj ri(^r). pLera^dWovcri Be Kal oi dypLoc TTvpol Kal at KpiOal OepaTrevo/jLCvat Kal i^7]/jL€pov/xevaL Kara rov Xaov ^povov.

Kal ravra fiev eoiKe ^co/^a? re p-era^oXfi Kai Oepaireia jivea-Oar Kal evia dpL(^orepoL<;, rd Be rjj Oepaireia fiovov olov tt/jo? to rd ocrTrpia p.?] jive- aOat drepdp^ova ^pl^avra KeXevovaiv iv vurpco


^ olKelovs' Kal I conj. ; olKdovrai UM V; olKtius Ald.H. ; eoiKoras conj. W. 2 ^i ing^ Sch. ^ 2. 3. 1.

  • cf.6. 7. 2; Plin. 19. 176.

' i.e. to prevent the change which cultivated soil induces.

122


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, II. iii. 3-iv. 2

shoots had, so to speak, only been shed. But after all such phenomena are perhaps far from strange, since the cause in each case is obvious ; rather is it strange that trees should bear fruit not at the places where it naturally forms, or else fruit which does not belong to the character^ of the tree. And most surprising of all is it when,^ as has been said/ there is a change in the entire character of the tree. Such are the changes which occur in trees,

Oj apontantous and other changes in other plants.

IV. * Of other plants it appears that bergamot-mint turns into cultivated mint, unless it is fixed by special attention; and this is why men frequently transplant ^ it ; ^ so too wheat turns into darnel. Now in trees such changes, if they occur, are spontaneous, but in annual plants they are deliberately brought about : for instance, one-seeded wheat and rice- wheat change into wheat, if bruised before they are sown ; and this does not happen at once, but in the third year. This change resembles that produced in the seeds by difference of soil ^ ; for these grains vary according to the soil, and the change takes about the same time as that which occurs in one-seeded wheat. Again wild wheats and barleys also with tendance and cultivation change in a like period.

These changes appear to be due to change of soil and cultivation, and in some cases the change is due to both, in others to cultivation alone ; for instance, in order that pulses may not become uncookable,®

' But see reff. under aXpa in Index. ' cf, G.P. 5. 6. 12 ; Plin. 18. 93. 8 xt^pai/ conj. St. ; &pav Ald.H.

  • arepdfxova conj. W.; aTepajuva UAld. cf. 8. 8. 6 and 7 ;

a P. 4. 7. 2 ; 4. 12. 1 and 8 ; Geop. 2. 35. 2 ; 2. 41.

123


THEOPHRASTUS

vvKra Trj vcrrepaia cnrelpeiv ev ^rjpa- (jyaKov'^ ware dSpoij^i lylveadat (fyvrevovcriv iv ^oXlrrp' toi/? epel3ii>6ovs he, wcrre p,eyd\ov<;, avrol^ rot? Ke\v- <f>6crL /Bpe^auTa (JTrelpeLV. /xera^dWovai Be koI Kara ra<^ o)pa<; rod airopou 7rpo<; KOV(f)uTi]Ta Kal aXvniav olov edv rt? tol'9 6p6/3ov<; iapivov<i (TTTeipr] TpiadXvTTOL jLVOvrai, Kal ov^ co? ol fiero- TTcopLVol /Sapel*;.

8 Vlverat Be Kal iv to?? \axdvoi<; /jLera^oXyj Bid Tt-jV OepaTTeiav olov to aeXivov, idv arrapev KaTairarridfj Kal KvXivBpwOfj, dvac^veaOai ^aaiv ovXov. fiera^dXXeL Be Kal ttjv ')((opav e^aXXdr- Tovra, KaOdirep Kai jdXXa. Kal rd pev roLavra KOLvd irdvrcov iarlv. el Be Kard riva TrrjpwaLv i) dcpalpeaiv p,epov<^ BevBpov dyovov yiverai, KaOd- rrep rd ^aya, tovto aKeiTTeov ovBev yovv (pavepov Kard <ye TrjV BiacpeaLV et? to irXeico Kal eXdrro) (fiepeiv coarrep KaKovpevov, a\V r) aTroXXvraL to oA,oi^ rj Btapevov Kap7ro(f)ope2. to Be ytjpa^; kolvt] TL'^ (pdopd irdcfLv.

4 "ATOTrot' S' dv Bo^eie p^dXXov el ev roL<; ^d)oi<i at roiavrai fiera^oXal <f>vaiKal Kal 7rXei0u<;- Kal yap Kara Ta? w/oa? evia Bokcl pera^dXXeiv, coa- irep o lepa^ Kal eTroyJr Kal dXXa tmv op.oiwv opvecov. Kal Kara Ta? tmv tottcov dXXoid)aeLs\ cocTTrep 6 vBpo<i et? e-)(^iv ^r^paivop^evoiv tmv Xc^d-


^ vvKTa I conj. ; wktI MSS.

^ fv ^oKircp conj. Milas. on G'eop. 3. 27 ; tixBoXov UM\' Aid. cf. G.P. 5 6. 11 ; Col. 2. 10. 15 ; Plin. 18. 198. 3 cj. a P. 5. 6. 11; Geop. 2. 3. 6.

  • aKviriay conj. Sch.; 5«' aAvnias M ; 5*' a\vniay Aid.

124


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, II. iv. 2-4

men bid one moisten the seed in nitre for a night ^ and sow it in dry ground the next day. To make lentils vigorous they plant the seeds in dung 2 ; to make chick-peas large they bid one moisten the seed while still in the pods/ before sowing. Also the time of sowing makes differences which conduce to digestibility and harmlessness ^ : thus, if one sows vetches ^ in spring, they become quite harmless and are not indigestible like those sown in autumn.

Again in pot-herbs change is produced by culti- vation ; for instance, they say that,*^ if celery seed is trodden and rolled in after sowing, it comes up curly ; it also varies from change of soil, like other things. Such variations are common to all ; we must now consider whether a tree, like animals, becomes unproductive from mutilation or removal of a part. At all events it does not appear that division is an injury, as it were, which affects the amount of fruit I)roduced ; either the whole tree perishes, or else, if it survives,^ it bears fruit. Old age however is a cause which in all plants puts an end to life ^

It would seem more surprising if^^ the following changes occurred in animals naturally and frequently ; some animals do indeed seem to change according to the seasons, for instance, the hawk the hoopoe and other similar birds. So also changes in the nature of the ground produce changes in animals, for instance, the water-snake changes into a viper, if the marshes

5 c/. Plin. 18. 139; Col. 2. 10. 34. « c/. a P. 5. 6. 7 ; Geop. 12. 23. 2. ' 76 conj. Sch.; re Aid.

  • ^lafx^vov conj. Sch.; Sia/nivovra Aid.

^ Something seems to have been lost at the end of § 3. '*' fl ins. Sch.; roiavrai may however mean 'the above- mentioned,' and refer to something which has been lost.

125


THEOPHRASTUS

Bcov, ^avepcorara Se koi Kara ra? <y€i>€a€L<i evia, Kal /i€Ta/3aXk€i Bta ttXclovcov ^cocov olov ifc KafiTTT)^ jiferaL ')(pvaaWh eZr' e/c ravT'r]<; '^vy^ij- Kal iir aXkcov S' earl rovro TrXecovcov, ovSev taw^ aroTTOV, ovS* o/xoiov ro ^rjrov/ievov. dX)C eKelvn avfi/Saivec irepl tcl BepSpa Kal oXco? iraaav Trjv vX-y-jV, wcrirep eXe)(6ri Kal rrpoTepov, Mare avrofid- rrjv fiera/BXaaTdueiv fieTa^oXi)<^ rivo^ yLvo/jievrj'; €K TOiV ovpavLcov TOiavrr]^. ra fiev ovv irepl

Ta<; 'yevearei'^ Kal pera^oXa^ ck tovtwv Oeo)p^]T6ov. V. 'EttgI Se Kol at epyaa'iai Kal al OepaTrelai fieydXa avp.^dXXovTaL, Kal en irpojepov al <pVT6Lai Kal TTOLovcn u€<ydXa<i Sia(j)opd<;, XeKreov

Kal TVepl TOVTCOV.

Kal irpoiTov irepl tmv (pureiMV. al /lev ovv (opaL TTporepov eipijvrai KaO' a? Set. ra he (f)vrd Xap^dveiv KcXevovaiv co? KdXXiara Kal i^ 6poia<=; <yri^ et? rjv /LieXXet? (pureueiv, y ')(^eipovo<;' rov<; Se yvpov^ iTpoopvrreiv co? TrXelcrrov '^povov Kal ^a9vrepov<^ alel Kal rol<^ iTTLTToXaLoppL^orepoi^.


  • i.e. in the instance given the development of an insect

exhibits, not one, but a series of changes from one creature to another.

^ Whereas the metamorphoses mentioned above are inde- pendent of climatic conditions. ' 5e coiij. W. ; re Aid.

  • Kiwiara conj. W., cf. G.P. 3. 24. 1; Tax'<^Ta MVAld. ;

TO X^O"" U.

126


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, II. iv. 4-v. i

dry up. Most obvious are certain changes in regard to the way in which animals are produced, and such changes run through a series of creatures ^ ; thus a caterpillar changes into a chrj^salis, and this in turn into the perfect insect ; and the like occurs in a number of other cases. But there is hardly anything abnormal in this, nor is the change in plants, which is the subject of our enquiry, analogous to it. That kind of change occurs in trees and in all woodland plants generally, as was said before, and its effect is that, when a change of the required character occurs in the climatic conditions, a spontaneous change in the way of growth ensues.^ These instances must suffice for investigation of the ways in which plants are produced or modified.

Of methods of propagation, ivith notes on cultivation.

V. Since however methods of cultivation and ten- dance largely contribute, and, before these, methods of planting, and cause great differences, of these too we must speak.

And first of methods of planting : as to the seasons, we have already stated at what seasons one should plant. Further ^ we are told that the plants chosen should be the best possible,* and should be taken from soil resembling that in which you are going to plant them, or else inferior ^ ; also the holes should be dug 6 as long as possible beforehand, and should always be deeper than the original holes, even for those whose roots do not run very deep.

  • i.e. the shift should be into better soil, if possible, cf.

C.P. 3. 5.2.

  • yvpovs irpoopvTreiu conj. R. Const.; ttvoovs irooaopvTTeiv

UMVAld. c/. G.P. 3. 4. 1.

127


THEOPHRASTUS

Aeyoucri Be Tive<; co? ovSefiia KaTcorepoi huKvelrai

rpiCOl' rj/lLTTohiCOV Bl O KOI iTTiTLflMCn TOt? €V

/jL€l^ovl ^ddeu (fivrevovacv ovk ioL/caat Se opOco^ Xiyeiv iirl ttoWcov aXX' iav t) ^(oiiiJLaTo^ einXd^- rjTai ^aO€0<; rj kol %w/oa? ToiavTrj(; rj kol tottov, TToWo) fiUKpoTepav coOel to rfj (pvaec ^aOvppi^ov. TrevKTjv Be t^? €<I>7) fM€Ta(f)VT€vcov fiefxo-)(\.eviJLevriv fjL€L^co rrjv pi^av exeiv OKTUTrrj-^^^up KaiTrep ov^ oX?;? e^aLpedeiari<; aXX' diroppajeKir^f;.

Ta Be (j)VTevT7]pia iav /ueu ivBexv^at viroppL^a, el Be [ir), Bel /idWov diro twv kcito) t] twv dv(o Xa/i^dveiv, ttXtjv d/jLTreXov /cat rd fiev e)(0VTa pil^a<i opOd ifi^dXXeiv, rd Be /xij e-)(0VTa viro^dX- Xeiv rov (puTevrtjplov oaov airidafxriv rj fxi/cpo) irXetov. evLoi Be KeXevovcn koX tmv vTroppl^cov vTTO^aXXeiv, TiOevai Be kol t7]v Oeaiv 6/j,oi(o<; rivirep el'xev iirl rcov BevBpayv rd Trpoa^oppa kol rd TTyoo? eft) Kal rd 7r/?09 fiearj/x^pLav. oaa Be ivBex^raL rcov <f)VTCOv Kal irpofioa^^^eveiv rd fiev eV avTwv Twv BevBpwv, olov e\da<; dirlov /jLr)X€a<; avKrj<;' rd B* d(f)aipovvTa<;, olov afMireXov ravTTjv jdp ov-^ olov re eV auT?;? fioa')(eveiv.

'Eai/ Be fit] vTToppL^a rd ^vrd fiTjBe VTroirpefiva


^ a\\' iav . . . ToiovTov. iav f) fxlv ffw/xaros M ; SO V, but ^ ; ^om. PAld.; x'^Motos H > K^vo^ixaros iov awp.aTos and (vhi6Zov for ^ Koi tSttou conj. W. x^P°-^ refers to exposure, etc., T^TTou (so. ToiovToxj) to cjuality of soil : so G.

Plin. 16. 129 ; Xen. Oec, 19. 3. » c/. G.P. 3. 6.

128


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, II. v. 2-4

Some say that no root goes down further than a foot and a half, and accordingly they blame those who plant deeper. However there are many instances in which it appears that what they say does not hold good ; a plant which is naturally deep-rooting pushes much deeper if it finds either a deep mass of soil or a position which favours such growth or again the kind of ground which favours it.^ In fact,^ a man once said that when he was transplanting a fir which he had uprooted with levers, he found that it had a root more than eight cubits long, though the whole of it had not been removed, but it was broken off.

The slips for planting should be taken, if possible, with roots attached, or, failing that, from the lower ^ rather than from the higher parts of the tree, except in the case of the vine ; those that have roots should be set upright,* while in the case of those which have none about ^ a handsbreadth or rather more ot the slip should be buried. Some say that part even of those which have roots should be buried, and that the position ^ should be the same as that of the tree from which the slip was taken, facing north or east or south, as the case may be. With those plants with which it is possible, shoots from the boughs should also, they say, be planted, some being set on the trees themselves, as with olive pear apple and fig, but in other cases, as in that of the vine, they must be set separately, for that the vine cannot be grafted on itself.

If the slips cannot be taken with root or stock

  • c/. G.P. 3. 6. 4; Xen. Oec. 19. 9.
  • oaov conj. Sch.; olov PgAld.

« c/. G.P. 3. 5. 2. ' i.e. grafted.

129


THEOPHRASTUS

Xa/x^dvew, KaOdirep Tt]<i iXua<i, aj^icravTd re to ^vXov KaTwdev kol \i6ov i/n^aXovra ^vreveiv 6fxoiOi<; Be KoX tP)<; i\da<; kol avKr)<; kol twv dX- Xcov. (pvreveraL Se ?; av/crj kol idv rt? Kpd8i]i> ira^^elav diro^vva^ G(pvpa irair], d^pi' ov av dTToXLTTTj fiLKpop vTTep Tr]<^ 7^9, cix' avTrj^ dfl/XOP /SaXoov dvoiOev eirL')((jL>ar)' /cat ylveaOuL 8/] (f)acn KOL KaXXico ravra ra (f)VTd, f^^XP^ ^^ ^^ V vka.

WapairXi'iaia koX tcov dfMTreXwv, orav diro 70V TrarrdXov' irpoohoiroLel <ydp 6 TrdrTaXo^ €K€Lvw rep KXy/xan Sid rrjv daOeveiav <pv- revovauv ovrco kol poav kclI dXXa twv BevBpcov. i) avKrj Be, idv iv aKiXXrj cf)VT€v07j, Odrrov irapa- yiveraL Kal rjTTOu vtto (JkwXi^kwv KaTeaOUraL. 6X(o<; Be irdv iv crKiXXy (^vrevopievov ev^Xaare^ KOL OuTTOv av^dverat. oaa Be ifc rod aTeXe^pv^ Kal BiaKOTTTOfieva (fivreverai., /cdro) rpeirovja rrjv TO/jiTjv Bel (pvreveiv, BiaKoineiv Be /jlt) eXdrro) aTriOa/jiiaLcov, wairep eXexO)], koI tov <f)Xotbv IT poaelvau' (^verac S' e'/c TOiv toiovtcov epvr]' ySXa- aravovTcov 5' del it poaxeovvveiv , d'^pi' ov dv yerr)- rat dpriov avT7] fxev ovv Trj<; iXda^ IBla kol tov fMvppLvov, at B^ dXXac KOLvoTepai irdaLv.

"ApLCTTOv Be Kal pi^cocraaOaL Kal (f)VT€La<; /xdXi- ara tt}? TV^ovGrj^; ?} avKrj. (f)VT6vetv Be p6a<i /nev

^ 7} before rrjs om. W. ' re rh conj. W. ; t6 tc MVP.

' Ka\ rris f\a(as U ; iKaas MVP ; so W.

  • Plin. 17, 123. 5 cf. G.P. 3. 12. 1.

« cf. 7. 13. 4 ; G.P. 5. 6. 10 (where another bulb, axlvos, is mentioned as being put to the same use) ; A then. 3. 13 ; Plin. 17. 87.

130


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, II. v. 4-6

attached, as with the olive,^ they say that one must ~ split the wood at the lower end and plant with a stone on top ; and the fig and other trees must be treated in like manner with the olive.^ The fig ■* is also propagated by sharpening a stout shoot and driving it in with a hammer, till only a small piece of it is left above ground, and then piling sand above so as to earth it up ; and they say that the plants thus raised grow finer up to a certain age.

Similar is the method used with vineSj when they are propagated by the ' peg ' ^ method ; for the peg makes a passage for that sort of shoot on account of its weakness ; and in the same manner men plant the pomegranate and other trees. The fig progresses more quickly and is less eaten by grubs, if the cutting is set in a squill-bulb ^ ; in fact anything so planted is vigorous and grows faster. All those trees which are propagated by pieces cut from the stem should be planted with the cut part downwards,^ and the pieces cut off should not be less than a handsbreadth in length, as was said,^ and the bark should be left on. From such pieces new shoots grow, and as they grow, one should keep on heaping uj) earth about them, till the tree becomes strong.^ This kind of propa- gation is peculiar to the olive and myrtle, while the others are more or less common to all trees.

The fig is better than any other tree at striking roots, and will, more than any other tree, grow by any method of propagation. ^^ We are told that,

7 cf. Geop. 9. 11. 8.

  • 2. 5. 3, where however the method of propagation is

different.

  • &pTiov Aid.; apriTeXii conj. W. {quoad satis corrohoreturG ;

donee robur planta capiat Plin. ] 7. 124) ; &pTiT€uy U ; &pTi rimv MV; «/>Ti t(wv P,. i« cf. G.P. 3. 7.


THEOPHRASTUS

fcal fivppLPOvf; kul Bd<f)va<; 7rvKva<; KeXevouai, /xt] irkeov hiear(jL)aa<^ t) evvea 7r6Sa<;, in\\£a<; he fiLfcpo) /laKporepov, a'Triov<^ he Koi 6<y')(i'a^' eVt fxaWov, a/jLvySa\d<i Be kol avKa<; ttoWw irXeov, a>aavTW^ Be KOL rr)v eXdav. iroielaOai Be koX iTpo<^ rov TOTTov rd<; air o <tt da ei^' iv yap tol'^ opeivol^ eXdr- TOi/? rj iv roL<i TreBeLVOL^;.

Meyiarov Be co? elirelv to tyjv Trpoa^opov eKd/jT(i) 'X^copav dTvoBiBovar Tore yap evOevel /xdXiaTa. co? 5' a7rXw9 eiTrelv iXda p,ev Ka\ avKrj Kul dfiTrekw rrjv ireBeLvqv (paatv oiKeiOTaT'rjv elvai, Tot9 Be dKpoBpvoi<; ra^ v7r(opeLa<;. ')(pri Be Kal iv tiUTOt? TOi? 6p,oyevecn p,r) dyvoeiv Td<; olKeia^. iv TrXelarr] Be 009 elirelv Btacjiopa ra tmv d/iTreXcov iarlv' oca ydp iajL 7^9 etBrj, roaavrd rivi'^ (paai Kal d/jLTreXcov eivai. ^vrevofieva fiev ovv KaTo, ^vaiv dyad a yiveaOai irapd (pvaiv Be CLKapira. ravra jnev ovv wairep kolvcl irdvrwv.

VI. Tmv Be (f)oivLKa)v t^t09 rj (pVTeia irapd rdXXa fcal 7) jierd ravra Oepairela. (purevovcri ydp 7rA.6tOL'9 et9 ravTO riOevre^ Bug Kdrco Kal Bvo dvcoOev eTTiBovvref;, TTpavel<=; Be Travra^. ti-jv ydp eK(f)vat.v ovK iK tcov vtttIwv Kal kolXwv iroielTai, KaOdirep TLve<^ (j>aaLV, aXX' ck tcov dvco, Bl' o Kal iv TTj iiTL^ev^ei twv iTTLTiOepevcov ov Bel irepLKa- XvTTTeiv Ta9 dpxd<i oOev rj eKc^vai'^' (pavepal B'

1 i\day conj. Bod. {cf. Plin. 17. 88) ; ^oiiiy UAld.H. ' (\<iTTovi conj. Sch. ; eKarroy Aid. 3 i.e. apples pears plums, etc.

132


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, II. v. 6-vi. i

in planting the pomegranate myrtle or bay, one should set two trees close together, not further than nine feet apart, apples a little further, pears and wild pears still further, almonds and figs further still, and in like manner the olive.^ Again the distance apart must be regulated by the nature of the ground, being less ^ In hilly parts than in low ground.

Most important of all, one may say, is it to assign to each the suitable soil ; for then is the tree most vigorous. Speaking generally, they say that low ground is most suitable for the olive fig and vine, and the lower slopes of hills for fruit trees.^ Nor should one fail to note what soil suits each variety even of those closely related. There is the greatest difference, one may say, between the different kinds of vine : for they say that there are as many kinds of vine as there are of soil. If they are planted as their nature requires, they turn out well, if otherwise, they are unfruitful. And these remarks apply almost equally to all trees.

Of the propagation of the date-palm ; of palms in general.

VI. * The method of propagating date-palms is peculiar and exceptional, as also is their subsequent cultivation. They plant several seeds together, putting two below and two above, which are fastened on ; but all face downwards.^ For germination starts not, as some say, from the ' reverse ' or hollow side,^ but from the part ^ wliich is uppermost ; wherefore in joining on the seeds which are placed above one must not cover up the points from which the growth

  • Plin, 13. 32.

■* i.e. with the grooved side downwards.

• it. the grooved side. ' i.e. the round side.


THEOPHRASTUS

Gicrt TOt? ifiTrelpoL^;. 8ia rovro 3' et? to ai)To 7r\€Lov<; TiOiaaiv on airo rov €vo<; aa6€vri<; t) (f)vi€ia. rovro)V Se ai re pi^ai tt/jo? aXki'fK,a<i (TvixirXeKovTai kol evOv<; at TrpcoraL /SXacrr^a-eL^;, Mcrre eu ylveaOaL to areXexo^.

'H fjL€V ovv diro TO)v KapiTOiv <f)VT6La TOiavry Tt9* rj 3' a(/)' avTov, orav cKpeXwai, to avw ev wirep 6 iyKe(f)a\o<i' cK^aLpovcn he oaov Sltttj-^v Gr')(icravre<; he rovro Kurco rideacrt, ro vypov (^iXel he 'X^copau dX/jbcohrj' ht o Kal ottou /xt] roiavT)j rvy)(^di'€i TrepLTrdrrovdiv dXa<^ oi yewpyoL' rovro he hel TToielv [ii] rrepl avrd<i rd<; pt^cr? aXV uTToOer diroarrjcravra TrepLirdrreLv oaov rjfiieKrov' on ht roiavrrjv ^>]reL ')((i}pav KdKelvo iroiovvrau atj/Jielov Tvavra'xpv yap oirov irXrjOo^ (f)Ot,VLKcov d\/jLcoh€L<; a'l ')(^ct)par Kol yap ev ^a(3v\o)vi (fiaaiv, oirov oi (f)OLViKe<; 7r6(l)VKa<Tt, Kal ev Ai/Surj he /cal ev Alyvirrfo Kal ^OLViKY} Kal rr]<; %vpia<^ he rrj<; Koi\r)<^, ev fj y 01 ifKelcyroL rvy^dvovcnv, ev rpcarl /jl6voi<; roiroi's a\/jAfjheaiv elvai rov'^ hvvaiievov<^ Orjcravpi^eaOar rov^ h' ev roL<i dWoL<; ov hiajieveLV dWd aijTrecrOai, ')(\(opov<; 8' yhec'; elvac Kal KaravaXiaKeiv ovrco.

(piXel he Kal iihpeiav a(^6hpa ro hevhpov rrepl he Koirpov hiap^^ia^rirovaLV ol /xev yap ov <f)aai ')(aipeiv dXX! ivavncorarov elvai, ol he Kai ')(^prj(70ai Kal eirihocnv rroWrjv rroielv. helv h' vhpevecv ev fidXa Kara r^? Koirpov, Kaddirep ol ev

^ i.e. ' cabbage.'

"^ TovTo . . . vypSv : I have inserted Se, otherwise retaining the reading of Aid.; tovtov kcltw ndeaai S* twypov conj .W. cj. Plin. 13. 36. rl vyp6v, viz. the cut end.

^ a\iuiw5T} conj. W.; d/x/jLuS-q PjAld.H.

134


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, II. vi. 1-3

is to come ; and tliese can be recognised by experts. And the reason why they set several together is that a plant that grows from one only is weak. The roots which grow from these seeds become entangled together and so do the first shoots from the very start, so that they combine to make a single stem,

Such is the method of growing from the fruits. But propagation is also possible from the tree itself, by taking off the top, which contains the 'head.'^ They take off about two cubits' length, and, splitting it, set the moist end.^ It likes a soil which contains salt ^ ; wherefore, where such soil is not available, the growers sprinkle salt about it ; and this must not be done about the actual roots : one must keep the salt some way off and sprinkle about a gallon. To shew that it seeks such a soil they offer the folloAving proof; wherever date-palms grow abundantly, the soil is salt,^ both in Babylon, they say, where the tree is indigenous, in Libya in Egypt and in Phoenicia ; while in Coele-Syria, where are ^ most palms, only in three districts, they say, where the soil is salt, are dates produced which can be stored ; those that grow in other districts do not keep, but rot, though when fresh they are sweet and men use ^ them at that stage.

Tlie tree is likewise very fond of irrigation ; as to dung there is a difference of opinion : some say that the date-palm does not like it, but that it is most injurious, others that it gladly accepts ^ it and makes good growth thereby, but plenty of water should be

  • a.\/j.c!)S€ts conj. W. ; a/x/^wSeis Ald.H.

= iy^y' oi conj. W.; h' "Ivdoi U; V "l^^oi MVAld. ' KaTauaKiffKetv Aid.; KarapaXiaKeadai conj. W. 7 Plin. 13. 28.

  • Koi xp^f^a* conj. Sch.; Kcxp^o-flai Aid.; ? Kexapvc^^^-

135


THEOPHRASTUS

  • V6S(i). Tovro ixev ovv eTTLCTKeTneov' Tcra)? yap ol

fiev ovTQ)^ ol S' eVetVft)? Oepairevovaiv, koX /xera fiev rod vBaTO<^ oi^eXifJiov rj /coTTyoo? avev Be tovtov ^Xa^epd. orav he eviavaio'^ 'yevrjrai, jxera- (pvrevovai koX tmv oXmv avfiTrapa^dWovcn, koI iraXiv orav 8l€t^<;' %at/o^^ 7^P <^^oBpa rij /lera- (pvTeia.

MeTa(j)VT€vovaL Be ol pev aWot rod rjpo<;' ol Be ev Vta^uXwvi irepl ro acrrpov, ore koX 6Xco<; ol ye TToXXol (j)urevovaLV, &>? koI rrapayivopevov kol av^avopevov Odrrov. veov pev ovro^ ov)(^ dirrov- rai, ttXtjv dvaBovai rrjv Koprjv, ottco^; 6pOo(f)vrj t' y KOL al pd^BoL pt) diraprwvrai. pera Be ravra TrepLrepvovaiv, b-irorav dBpo<; ijByj yevrjrat Kal ird^o'^ €XV' drroXeiirova-L Be oaov cnnOaprjV rwv pdjSBwv. (^iepei Be eo)? pev civ y vec^ dirvprjvovrov Kapirov, pera Be rovro TrvptjvcoBr].

"AXXoL Be riV6<i Xeyovaiv &>? ol ye Kara "Zvplav ovBepiav TTpoa-dyovacv epyaalav aXX^ rj Bia- KaOaipovai Kal e7n^pe')(pv(7Lv, eTrc^rjretv Be pdXXov rb vapariaLov vBcop rj to ck rov Aio?* elvat Be TToXv roiovrov ev rw avXoiVL ev <p Kal ra (poivL- K6(f)vra rvyxdvet, rov avXcova Be rovrov Xeyeiv rovfy Xvpov<; ore BtareiveL Blcl t/}? ^Apa^La<; pe^pt T?}? epu6pa(; 9a\d<j(7ri<^ Kal rroXXoij<^ (jidaKeiv iXyjXvOevaL' rovrov Be ev ray KoiXordro) 7re(f)u- KevaL rov<; (^0LVLKa<;. ravra pev ovv rd^' dpcpo- repw<; av etr)' Kara yap ra^; ■^(^dypa^;, wairep Kal


1 cj. 7. 5. 1. ^ Plin. 13. 37.

' avynTapafiaKKovcTi conj. Sch. from G ; avfivapa\afi$dvov<r, UAld. ♦ cf. Plin. 13. 38.

136


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, II. vi. 3-5

given, after manuring, as the Rhodians use. This then is matter for enquiry ; it may be that there arc- two distinct methods of cultivation, and that dung, if accompanied ])y watering,^ is beneficial, though without it it is harmful. 2 When the tree is a year old, tliey transplant it and give plenty ^ of salt, and this treatment is repeated when it is two years old. for it delights greatly in being transplanted.

^ Most transplant in the spring, but the people of Babylon about the rising of the dog-star, and this is the time when most people propagate it, since it then germinates and grows more quickly. As long as it is young, they do not touch it, except that theji tie up the foliage, so that it may grow straight ^ and the slender branches may not hang down.*^ At a later stage they prune it, when it is more vigorous and has become a stout tree, leaving the slender branches only about a handsbreadth long. So long as it is young, it produces its fruit without a stone, but later on the fruit has a stone.

However some say that the people of Syria use no cultivation, except cutting out wood and watering, also that the date-palm requires spring water rather than water from the skies ; and that such water is abundant in the valley in which are the palm-groves. And they add that the Syrians say that this valley extends through Arabia to the Red Sea,^ and that many profess to have visited it,^ and that it is in the lowest part of it that the date-palms grow. Now both accounts may be true, for it is not strange that

^ 6pdo<pvr) t' ^ conj. W. ; opdocpvrjrai PjAld.

' avapTwvTai conj, R. Const.; airopdcivTai PaMAld.

7 c/. Diod. 3. 41.

' i.e. the Arabian Gulf.

  • i\T]\vd4vai Aid. ; SieXrjXvdiyai CODJ. W.


THEOPHRASTUS

avra to, BevBpa, Siacfyepeiv fcal Ta<; ep'yaala^ ovk droTTOv.

TevT] Be Tcou (^olvlkcov icrrl irXeiw Trpayrov jxev Kot oidirep ev peyiarr) hia(^opa to pev Kap-rripiov TO he cLKapTTOv, i^ a)v ol irepl lia/3v\(t)va Td<; t€ K\iva^ Kol TOiWa aKevrj iroiovvTai. CTreiTa TOiv Kaprrip^wv ol p,h' appev€<^ at Be dtjXeiar Biac^epovcn Be dW/]\cov, Kud' a 6 pev dpprjv uvOo^ TrpcoTov (jyepet eVl t?}? aTrdOrj^;, rj Be 0/jXeia Kapirov ev6h pLLKpov. avruiv Be tmv KapirMV Biacpopal TrXeLOV^;' ol p.ev jdp dTrvprjvot ol Be piaXatcoTT u pt-jvoi' ra? ')(^poia<i ol pbev XevKol ol Be p,eXav€<; ol Be ^avdoi TO 3' oXov OVK eXaTTO) ')(^p(£>p,aTd (^aaiv elvai twv (TVKcov ovB^ dirXa)^ tu yevr]- Biacpepeiv Be kol KaTO, TCL pLe'^/Wrj KOL KaTCL TO. a')(^)]iiara' kol yap a(f)ai- poeiBel'^ ev[ov<; dtaavel pirjka kol to, p,eyeOr] ttjXi- K0VT0v<; di<; TeTTapa<^ ei? tov irrjynjv eh'ai, [eirTa ical et'TToSoL'?]* dXXov<; Be puKpov^ rfXiKov^ ipe- iScvdov^;. KOL TOL<; ')(^vXoX<; Be iroXv Bia(f)epovTa<;.

K^puTiaTOV Be Kol tmp XevKcov Kal tmp pLeXdvcov TO j^acnXiKov KaXovpevov yevo^ ev eKarepw Kal peyeOei Kal dpeTj}' airdvia B' elvai TavTaXeyovar a)(eBov yap ev p,6vfp tm V>aycpov KrJTTcp tov rraXaiov irepl Vta^vXoiva. ev K.v7rpa) Be lBiov tl yevo^ (f^oivLKCDV iaTlv o ov Trerraivei, tov Kapirov, dXX^ oj/xo? wv r}Bv<; cr^oBpa Kal yXvKv<; ecTTL' Tyv Be yXvKVT7]Ta IBlav e^ei. evtoi 8' ov p,6vov Bua-

» Plin. 13. 39.

2 vpwTov conj. Sch.; irpuTos UMVAld.

' nrixvv conj. R. Const, from Plin. 13. 45. and O, cf. Diod. 2. 53 ; crdxvy UMVAld.

  • eiTTo Ka\ eviroSovs VMV : the words perhaps conceal a

138


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, II. vi. 5-7

in different soils the methods of cultivation should differ, like the trees themselves.

^ There are several kinds of palm. To begin with, to take first the most important difference ; — some are fruitful and some not ; and it is from this latter kind that the people of Babylon make their beds and other furniture. Again of the fruitful trees some are 'male,' others 'female'; and these differ from one another in that the ' male ' first ^ bears a flower on the spathe, while the ' female ' at once bears a small fruit. Again there are various differences in the fruits themselves ; some have no stones, others soft stones ; as to colour, some are white, some black, some yellow ; and in general they say that there is not less variety of colour and even of kind than in figs ; also that they differ in size and shape, some being round like apples and of such a size that four of them make up a cubit ^ in length, ... * while others are small,^ no bigger than chick-peas ; and that there is also much difference in flavour.

The best kind alike in size and in quality, whether of the white or black variety, is that which in either form is called ' the royal palm ' ; but this, they say, is rare ; it grows hardly anywhere except in the park of the ancient Bagoas,^ near Babylon. In Cyprus there is a peculiar kind of palm which does not ripen its fruit, though, when it is unripe, it is very sweet and luscious, and this lusciousness is of a peculiar kind. Some palms again ® differ not merely

gloss on TT^x'"'* ^-Q- f^s tr'qx^s Suo TrcJSej (Salm.) ; cm. G ; ivlore Ka\ iirl i:6ba conj. W. * Plin. 13. 42.

" Baydov : BarToy MSS. corr. by R. Const, from Plin. 13. 41. rov iraKalov apparently distinguishes this Bagoas from some more recent wearer of the name.

■> Plin. 13. 33. « Plin. 13. 28.

139


THEOPHRASTUS

(pepovaL rot<; Kapiroi'; dWa kol avTW tm BevSpo) Kara re to /x7]ko<; kol ttjv aW'y]v fiopcfi^jv ov yap /xeydXoi /cal [xaKpol dWd ^pa')(ei<;, eVt he Kapiri- fxaorepoi ran' ciWcov kov Kap7ro(f)opovvTe<; €vOv<^ TpteT€Ls' TToXXol Se KOL ouroL TTepl Kvirpov. elal Se KOL TTepl l^vplav kol irepl AtyvTrTOv ^oivLKe^ o'l (f)€povaL r€Tpa€T€L<; kol iTevraere2<^ dvSpofi7]Kei<i

"F^Tepov 6' eTL yevo<i ev J^inrpw, o koX to (f)vX\ov TrXaTurepov e%6i /cal top /capirop /xeu^co ttoWw Koi lBi6/jL0p(f)0V' fxeyeOei fiev ij\lko(; poa tw (txi]- fxaTL he IT po iir)Kri<^ , ov/c €V)(^u\o<; Be Mcrirep dXkoL dXX' ofiOLO'i Tat? f)6at<;, wcrre fir) KUTahexecrOai dWct BLa/iaarjaapevovf; CK^dWeiv. yevrj fiev ovv, wairep etprjTaL, iroWd. OycravpL^eaOat Be p,6vov<; hvvacrdai (paai tmv ev Xvpca tou? eV tm avXcovi, Tou? 8' ev AlytiTTTO) kol KuTrpo) koi irapd rot? aXXoi^ ')(\copov<i dvakiaKeaOai.

'EcTTt Be 6 (polvL^ (JL><; fxev aTrXw? elirelv fiovo- (7TeA.6%69 Koi p.ovo^ve<^' ov fjL7]v dWd ylvovTai Tive<i KOL BtcfiveU, Mairep ev AlyvTTTcp, KaOdirep BiKpoav exovT€<i' to B' avdanj/Jia tou areXexov'i dcf)* ov t) o-X}(7i'^ i^clI irevrdTTTj^v 7rpo9 dX\r)Xa Be TTW? lad^ovTU. ^aal Be koX tov<; ev Kp7]T)j irXelov^ elvai tou? Bi<pveL<;, eviov<; Be koX rpK^vel^;- ev Be Trj Aairaia tlvcl koI 7revTafce(f)aXov' ovk dXoyov yovv ev rat? evTpo(j)coT€paL<; y^ciipaL^ irXeiui yiveaOai to, Toiavra koi to oXov Be to. eiBrj irXeico Koi Td<^ Bia^opd^.

» ifxoios conj. Bod.; bfjLolws UMVAld. ^ cf. §5.

  • Plin. 13. 38 ; cf. 4. 2. 7, where the name {KovKi6<popov) of

this tree is given.

140


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, II. vi. 7-9

in their fruits but in the character of the tree itself as to stature and general shape ; for instead of being large and tall they are low growing ; but these are more fruitful than the others^ and they begin to bear as soon as they are three years old ; this kind too is common in Cyprus. Again in Syria and Egypt there are palms which bear when they are four or five years old, at which age they are the height of a man.

There is yet another kind in Cyprus, which has broader leaves and a much larger fruit of peculiar shape ; in size it is as large as a pomegranate, in shape it is long ; it is not however juicy like others, but like ^ a pomegranate, so that men do not swallow it, but chew it and then spit it out. Thus, as has been said, there are many kinds. The only dates that will keep, they say, are those which grow in the Valley ^ of Syria, while those that grow in Egypt Cyprus and elsewhere are used when fresh.

The palm, speaking generally, has a single and simple stem ; however there are some with two stems, as in Egypt,^ which make a fork, as it were ; the length of the stem up to the point where it divides is as much as five cubits, and tho two branches of the fork are about equal in length. They say that the palms in Crete more often than not have this double stem, and tliat some of them have three stems ; and that in Lapaia one with five heads has been known. It is after all not surprising^ that in more fertile soils such instances should be commoner, and in general that more kinds and more variation should be found under such conditions.

  • ovK &\oyov yovv conj. W. {ovk &\oyoy 5* Sch.) ; ov KaXws

yovy Ald.MU (marked doubtful).

14J


THEOPHRASTUS

10 "A Wo Se TL yei'O^ iarlv 6 (paai yuveaOai irXelarov irepX t7]i> AWioirLav, o KaXoucn icoiKa^' ovTOL 8e da/jLi'(oS€L<;, ov')^l ev to crreXe^o? €)(^ovt€<; dWa irXeio) koI evLore avvrjpTtjfMiva f^^XP^ tlvo<; 669 €U, Ta? Be pd^hov<; ov fjLaKpd<; fxev aXX' oaov irTj^valaf; , dXXd Xe/a?, iirl he tmv ciKpcov rrjv Kojir^v. e^pvai he koX to (fivWov TrXarv kol coa- irep ix BvoLu avyK€L/J.€POV eXa^^aTOiv. KaXol Be Kol rfj oy^ei (f)aLVOVTaL' rov Be Kapirov koI tm (TXV- fxari KOL Tw /jieyedei kol too X^^V Bid(f)opov exovar (TrpoyyvXcorepov yap kol /xeL^o) kol evaroficoTepov rjTTOV Be yXvKvv. ireiTaivovcn Be ev rpicrlv erecriv cocrr del Kapirov ex^^v, eiriKaraXapl^dvovTO^ rov veov tov evov iroiovcn Be Kal ciprov; e^ avruiv irepl fiev ovv tovtcov eTrLa/ceirreov.

11 Ot Be ^ayLtatppi0€t9 KaXov/ievoL rcov (poivLKCov erepov tl yevo<; earlv coaTrep o/jLCovvfiov kul yap e^acpedevTOf; rod iyxecpdXov ^oicTL Kal Koirevre^i diro ro)v pitoyv 7rapa,SXaardvovcn. Biacj^epovaL Be Kal TM Kap7T(p Kal roL<; (f)vXXoL<;' irXarv yap Kal fxaXaKOv exovcrc rb (f)iiXXov, Bl o Kal irXe- Kovatv e^ avrou rd<; re a-TTvpiBa^ Kal rov<; (popfiovf;' TToXXol Be Kal ev rfj Kprjrrj ylvovrai Kal en fidXXov ev %LKeXia. ravra juev ovv eirl irXelov el'p-qrat tt}? viroOeaeo)^.


» Plin. 13. 47.

  • K6ii(as conj. Salm. c/. 1. 10. 5, and the probable readint

in Plin. I.e.

' (Ti/i'TjpTTj^eVa yUf'xp* Ti^bi 6JS iv con j . W. j ffvvr]pTr]iu(ias fj-fi

142


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, II. vi. lo-ii

1 There is another kind which is said to be abundant in Ethiopia, called the doum-palm ^ ; this is a shrubby tree, not having a single stem but several, which sometimes are joined together up to a certain point"; and the leaf-stalks are not long,^ only the length of a cubit, but they are plain,^ and the leafage is borne only at the tip. The leaf is broad and, as it were, made up of at least ^ two leaflets. This tree is fair to look upon, and its fruit in shape size and flavour differs from the date, being rounder larger and pleasanter to the taste, though not so luscious. It ripens in three years, so that there is always fruit on the tree, as the new fruit overtakes that of last year. And they make bread out of it. These reports then call for enquiry.

^ The dwarf-palm, as it is called, is a distinct kind, having nothing but its name ^ in common with other palms. For if the head is removed, it survives, and, if it is cut down, it shoots again from the roots. It differs too in the fruit and leaves ; for the leaf is broad and flexible, and so they weave their baskets and mats out of it. It is common in Crete and still more so in Sicily.^ However in

these matters we have said more than our purpose required.

fls %v U ; awripT-nixiva fx^XP*^ tiv6s elfft Aid.; avvrjpTrj/JLivas filf IJ.(XP^ TJvbs elei' MV.

•* /xev ins. W. after Sch. (omitted above).

^ i.e. without leaflets, except at the tip.

« 4\axi<TToiv Bas. ; eAax^ffrwv U. cf. Arist. Elh. N". 5. 3. 3, e'v i\axl<TTOis Sualy.

7 Plin. 13. 39. " For 6fxd>vv(j.ov cf. 9. 10. 1 n.

• A dwarf palm is now abundant at Selinunte : cf. Verg. Aen. 3. 705, palmosa Sdinua.

143


THEOPHRASTUS

12 'Ej/ Se Tal<^ T(ov aXKwv ^vreiai^ avdiraXiv TiOevraL ra (pvreurrjpLa, KaOdnep rcbu KXojfidrcoi^. 01 fiev ovv ovOev 8ia(f)€p€iv (pacrlv ijKiara Se eVt TMP cifiirekwv' eviOL he poav haavveaOai fcal aKid^ew /jidWov top Kapnov en Be t^ttov diro- ^dXkeiv Tou? KVTLVOv;. avixjSaLveiv he tovto (f)aaL Koi eirX T7]<; avKyj^' ov yap aTTO^dWeiv avdirakLv (^vrevOeXaav, €tl B* ev^arwrepav yiveaQai' ovk uTTo/BdWeiv 8e ovS* edv Tf? diroKXdcrri ^voiJLevri<; evdv<; TO oLKpov.

At fiev ovv (f)UT€Lac koi <yevea€L<; 01/ rpoirov exovcTv (T'X^eSov o)? tvttw irepCka^elv e'Lprjvrac.

VII. Tlepl Be T^9 €pya(TLa<; KaX t?}? depaireia^ TCL /lev ean kolvcl rd Be IBia Ka6* eKaarov. kolvcl fiev rj T€ (TKairdvrj koI t) vBpeia kol 77 KOTrpwai^;, ere Be 77 BiaKdOapai,<; koi d(^aipeaL<; tcov aucov. Bia^epovai Be rw /xaWov koi ■^ttov. rd fiev <f)iXvBpa Kol ^ikoKOTT pa rd S' ou% 6/jLolco<;, olov y KVirdpLTTO^, "tjnep ov ^CkoKoirpov ovBe <^i\vBpov, dW.a KOL diroWvaOaL ^aaiv edv <ye veav ovaav i(f)vBpev(oai, ttoWm. poa Be kol d/j,7r€\o<; (plXvBpa. (TVKrj Be ev^Xaarorepa jxev vBpevo/jLevr] rov Be Kapirov iO)(^6L %€t/96) irXrjv rrj<; AaKcoviK7]<i' avTrj Be (f)LXvBpo<;.

^ avdiraXiv conj. Sch.; ravdvaXiv Aid. cf. C.P. 2. 9. 4 ; Oeop. 10. 45; Plin. 17. 84. " oZv ins. H.

' Saavvfffdat : see LS. reff. 8. v. Saavs.

  • cf. G. P. 2. 9. 3.

^ €v0ara)T€pav {i.e. 'more manageable'). The reference is to a method of keeping the tree dwarf (Bod.). Plin. I.e. has

144


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, II. vi. 12-vii. i

Further notes on the projmgation of trees.

To return to the other trees : — in propagating them they set the cuttings upside down/ as with vine-shoots. Some however"^ say that that makes no difference, and least of all in propagating the vine ; while others contend that tlie pomegranate thus propagated has a bushier growth 3 and shades the fruit better, and also that it is then ^ less apt to shed the flower. This also occurs, they say, with the fig ; when it is set upside down, it does not shed its fruit, and it makes a more accessible ^ tree ; and it does not shed its fruit, even if one breaks off the top ^ as it begins to grow.

Thus we have given a general sketch of what we find about methods of propagation, and of the ways in which these trees are reproduced.

Of the cultivation 0/ trees, VII. As to cultivation and tendance some require- ments apply equally to all trees, some are peculiar to one. Tliose which apply equally to all are spade- work watering and manuring, and moreover pruning and removal of dead wood. But different trees differ in the degree. Some love moisture and manure, some not so much, as the cypress,^ which ^ is fond neither of manure nor of water, but actually dies, they say, if it is overwatered when young. But the pomegranate and vine are water-loving. The fig grows more vigorously if it is watered, but then its fruit is inferior, except in the case of the Laconian variety, which is water-loving. 1*^

scansilem (so also G), which seems to be a rendering of eujSar. ivBaroTfpav U.

' rh 6.Kpov conj. R. Const, after G ; rhv napirhv UMVP«Ald.

' Plin. 17. 246. » Plin. 17. 247.

9 Tfintp conj. W. from G ; Zairep Aid. i« c/. C.F. 3. 6. 6.

M5


THEOPHRASTUS

AiaKaOalpeaOai 5e irdvra ^tirel' ^eXjiw yap ra)v avcov cK^aipov [Jbevwv coairep oKKoTpiwv, a Kat Ta9 av^rjcT€L<; Kol Ta<; Tpo(f)a<; epbTTohi^ei. hi o Koi . . . OTav fi <yepdvhpvov oXo)? kotttovgiv ?; yap ^\d(TTT]aL<; via jiverai, tov SevSpov. rrXela-Trj^ he hLaKaOdpa€a)<; (j^yjaiv ^ AvhpoTiwv helaOat fivpptvov Kal iXdav oaw yap av eXuTTw KaTa\i7ryj<^, apLeiVOv ^Xaarrjcrei Kal tov Kapirov oiacL irXeioi' ttXtjv d/jLTTeXov hrjXov orr Taviy yap dvayKaiorepov Kal 7r/)09 /3Xd(TTijcnv Kal tt/jo? evKapiriav. airXMs he Kal ravTTjv Kal ti^v aXXt]v Oepairelav tt/jo? ri]v Ihiav (f)uai,v eKdarco iroirjreov.

AelcrOat hi (firjcriv ^AvhpoTLCOv Kal Kowpov hpipLVTdT7](; Kal 7rXeLaTrj<i vhpeia<;, wairep Kal Tf;? hiaKaOdpaeco^, eXdav Kal /xvppivov Kal poav ov yap ex^iv fi'^rpav ovhe voarj/xa Kara 77}? ovhiv dXX^ iirethdv iraXaLOV y to hivhpov, aTTorifiveiv helv Tou? dKpe/ii6va<; eircLTa to aTiXe'^o<; Oepa- ireveiv coairepav e^ dp')(r}^ (j^VTevOiv ovtco he <f>a(Ti, TroXvxpovLcoTepa Kal la')(yp6TaTa p.vppivov elvau Kal iXdav. Tavra piev ovv errLcrKe^an'

av Tt9, el Kal /jlt] irdvTa dXXa nepl ye t?;? /jL'^Tpa<;.

'H he Konpo^ 0VT€ iraaiv 6p^OLoo<; ovO' rj avTrj Trdaiv appLoTTer tcl puev yap hpi/jb€La<i hecTai, to, 5' rjTTOV TCL he jravTeXo)^ Kov(^rj<;, hpipiVTdTii he t) TOV dvOpcoTTOV Kaddirep Kal XapT6hpa<; dpicTTrjv fiev Tai>Tr)v elvai (f)r](Ti, hevTipav he ttjv veiav, TpiTTjv he alyo^, TCTdpTrjv he 7rpo/3dTov,

  • Plin. 17. 248. ' Name of tree missing. Sch.

» cf. C.P. 3. 10. 4. * TouTp conj. W.; touttjj Aid.

146


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, II. vii. 2-4

1 All trees require pruning ; for they are improved by removal of the dead wood, which is, as it were, a foreign body, and prevents growth and nourishment. Wherefore when the (tree) 2 becomes old, they cut off all its boughs : for then the tree breaks afresh. Androtion ^ says that the myrtle and olive need more pruning than any other trees; for the smaller you leave them, the better they will grow, and they will bear better fruit. But the vine of course needs pruning even more ; for it is in the case of this tree * more necessary for promoting both growth and fruitfulness. However, speaking generally, botli this and other kinds of tendance must be suited to the particular natural character in each case.

Androtion further says that the olive the myrtle and the pomegranate require the most pungent manure and the heaviest watering, as well as the most thorough pruning, for that then they do not get 'softwood' ^ nor any disease underground; but when the tree is old, he adds, one should cut off' the boughs, and then attend to the stem as though it were a tree just planted. Thus ^ treated they say that the myrtle and olive are longer lived and very robust. These statements might be a subject

for further enquiry, or, if not all of them, at least what is stated of the 'softwood.'

Manure does not suit all alike, nor is the same manure equally good for all. Some need it pungent, some less so, some need it quite light. The most pungent is human dung: thus Chartodras'^ says that this is the best, pig-manure being second to it, goat-manure third, fourth that of sheep, fifth that of

' i.e. effete sap-wood. ® ovrw conj. W.; ol Aid.

' Name perhaps corrupt.

147


THEOPHRASTUS

TrefiTTTrjv Be ^o6<;, €Kry]v Be tyjv Xo(f)Oup(ov. r; Be crvp/jiaTLTL^ aXX.?; kul aWa)<;' rj fiev yap aaOeve- arepa TavTt]<; rj Be Kpelrrcov.

Tr]v Be (JKaTrdvrjv iraaiv oIovtul avjKpepetv, wairep koX rrjv ocrKokaiv tol^ eXdrToaiv evrpa- ^earepayapyLvea-daL. rpecpeiv BeBo/cel /cat 6 kovl- opro^ evia koI ddWeiv iroLelv, olov top ^orpvv, BC o Kol vTTOKOvlovcn TToWaKL^;' ol Be Kol ra? avKa^; viroaKaiTrovaiv evOa tovtov Bel. Meyapol Be KOL TO 1)9 (TLKVOV^ KoX Ta? Ko\oKvvTa<;, oTav ol errjalaL iTvevawcn, aKaWovTe^ KOVLoprovcn Kal ovTco y\vKUTepov<; Kal diraXwrepov^ rroiovaiv ovx vBpevovre<;. tovto /mev ovv 6/jio\oyov/xevov. Trjv B' dpLTreXov ou (paal Tive<i Belv [r;] viroKovieLv ovB' oXw? dineadai irepKa^ovro^ rov ^orpvo^, aXX eiirep orav dirofieXavOfj. ol Be to oX-oi^ fitjBe Tore ttXtjv oaov virorlXai rrjv ^OTdvrjv virep fjuev ovv Tovrcov d/jL^La/3r)Tovaiv.

'Edv Be TL fzr} <^epr} Kapirov aXX* els fiXdarrjaiv TpeTr'}]rai, ^^(ii^ovaL rov crTeXe^^ou? to Kara yrjv Kal \i6ov evTiOeaaLV ottw? dv payy, Kal ^aai (pepeiv. 6fiOLa)<; Be Kal edv ris rwv pi^Mv nvas irepire/irj, Si' o Kal tcop d/nTreXcov orav rpaywcn TOVTO iroLovGL Ta? eTmroXrjf;. iwv Be crvKwv 7r/?o9 Tw TrepiTefJLveLV Kal Tec^pav TrepLirdTTovai Kal KaTaa^d^ovai tcl aTeXe^T] Kal <^aai (pepeiv fidXXov. d/jLvyBaXfj Be Kal irdTTaXov iyKoyfravTC's

' Lit. ' bushy tails,' i.e. horses asses mules.

» cf. C.P. 3. 16. 3. = 5er ins. H ; so apparently G read.

  • hi'iv v-KOKovUiv ohV oAwj conj. W. (so Sch., but keeping

[^] after h^'iv) ; hi'iv ^ viroKivnlv ou$' o\ws UMV; Seiy ^ vttoko- riflf f) '6\a,s Aid. 6 Plin. 17. 253 and 254.

148


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, II. vii. 4-6

oxen, and sixth that of beasts of burden.^ Litter manure is of different kinds and is applied in various ways : some kinds are weaker, some stronger.

Spade-work is held to be beneficial to all trees, and also hoeing for the smaller ones, as they then become more vigorous. Even dust ^ is thought to fertilise some things and make them flourish, for instance the grape ; wherefore they often put dust to the roots of the vine. Some also dig in dust about the figs in places where it is deficient/* In Megara, when the etesian winds are past, they cover the cucumber and gourd plants with dust by raking, and so make the fruits sweeter and tenderer by not watering. On this point there is general agreement. But some say that dust should not be put to the vine,* and that it should not be meddled with at all when the grape is turning, or, if at all, only when it has turned black. Some again say that even then nothing should be done except to pluck up the weeds. So on this point there is a difference of opinion.

^ If a tree does not bear fruit but inclines to a leafy growth, they split that part of the stem which is underground and insert a stone corresponding ^ to the crack thus made, and then, they say, it will bear. The same result follows, if one cuts off some of the roots, and accordingly they thus treat the surface roots of the vine when it runs to leaf. In the case of figs, in addition to root-pruning,*^ they also sprinkle ashes about the tree, and make gashes in the stems, and then, they say, it bears better. ^ Into the almond tree they drive an iron peg, and, having thus made

' oTTcos tiv ^ayri Aid.: SO G ; ? Snov; oirojs aredyrj conj. W, c/. Geop. 5. 35. ' ' Plin. I.e. » c/. 2. 2. 11 ; C.P. 1. 17. 10; 2. U. 1 ; Plin. 7. 253.

149


THEOPHRASTUS

(Tihripovv orav rerpavcocriv aXkov avrefi^aWovai Spvivov KOI T7J <yf) KpyTTTovaiv o kol KoKovai Tive^ KoXd^€LV ft)? v^pL^ov ro BhSpov.

Tavrov Be tovto koX cttI t?^? uttlov Kal iir* dXXwv rive<; ttolovctiv. ev ^ApKahia he koX €v6vv€iv KoKovcTL TYjV oav TToXv jdp TO SevBpov TOVTO Trap* avTOi<; iaTi. Kai (paacv, oTav irdOr) TOVTO, Ta? piev pLt] (pepovcra'; (pepeiv ra? Be fir] TreTTOUcra? eKireTTeiv AraXw?. dfjLvyBaXrjv Be Kal CK 7riKpd<; jLyveaOaL yXvKelav, edv ti<; irepiopv^a^ TO crreXe^o? Kal TLTpdi'a<; baov re TTaXaicrTiacoi' TO TravTa^oOev diroppeov BdKpvov eirl TavTo ea KaTappelv. tovto fiev ovv dv elrj tt/jo? re to cj)epeiv d/.ia Kal 7r/)o? to evKapirelv.

VIII. 'ATToySaXXei Be irpo tov Treyjrai top Kap- TTOV d/jLvyBaXrj pirfKea poa dirio'; Kal jidXiaTa By TrdvTcov crvKr] Kal (polvt^, tt/jo? a Kal Ta? ^o7]0eLa<; ^i]Tovat' oOev Kal 6 epivacrpLO^;' eK yap twv CKel Kpep-avvvpievwv epLvoiV -y^rjve'^ eKBvofievot KaTe- aOiovai Kal maivovai Ta? Kopv(pd<i. Biacfyepovai Be Kal at 'X^wpai tt/jo? Ta? diro/SoXas' irepl yap ^iTaXiav ov (paaiv diro^dXXeiv, Bl o ovB* epi-

' The operation being performed at the hcase of the tree. cf. §7. ^ iKTTtTTdv conj. R. Const.; ^la-nimiv UMAld. 3 Plin. 17. 252.

• rh iravTaxoOev conj. W. ; TravraxoOef rh MSS. ; SO ap- parently G. c/. C.P. 2. 14. 4.

^ TTfii/ai conj. Sch.; irtnypai Aid.

  • e/ifi KpiixavvvfjLfiVujv epivcou I conj. ; eKf7 Kpe/xavvvufvuv Aid. :

(TTiKpf/xaufywy 4piywv conj. W. : but the present partic. is used a P. 2. 9. 5,


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, II. vii. 6-vin. i

a hole, insert in its place a peg of oak-wood and bury it^ in the earth, and some call this ' punishing ' the tree, since its luxuriance is thus chastened.

Some do the same with the pear and with other trees. In Arcadia they have a similar process which is called 'correcting' the sorb (for that tree is com- mon in that country). And they say that under this treatment those trees that Avould not bear do so, and those that Avould not ripen their fruit now ripen 2 tliem well. ^ It is also said that the almond becomes sweet, instead of bitter, if one digs round the stem and, having bored a hole about a palms- breadth, allows the gum which exudes from all sides * to flow down into it and collect. The object of this would be alike to make the tree bear and to improve the fruit.

Of remedies for the shedding of the fruit : caprification.

VIII. Trees which are apt to shed their fruit before ripening^ it are almond apple pomegranate pear and, above all, fig and date-palm ; and men try to find the suitable remedies for this. This is the reason for the process called ' caprification ' ; gall- insects come out of the wild figs which are hanging there,*' eat the tops of the cultivated figs and so make them swell. The shedding of the fruit differs according to the soil : in Italy ^ they say that it does not occur, and so they do not use caprification,^

' TTiaivovffi MVAld. ; hieipovai conj.W. ^ Treira(vov<Ti, 'ripen,' which is the word used in the parallel pass. C. P. 2. 9. 6, the object of the process being to cause the figs to dry.

8 Plin. 15. 81. 'Italy' means South Italy. </. 4. 5. 5 and 6 ; 5. 8. 1.

  • ipivd^ovaiv conj. Bod.; ipivovcriv Ald.H.


THEOPHRASTUS

vd^ovaiv' ovh^ €v rol^ Kara^opeiotf; kol XeTrro- >yeiOL<^, olov inl ^oKvkw t^? MeyapLSo<;- ov8e rr}<^ Kopti'Oia<; ev tlctl roiroi^i. Oiaavrco^ he kol rj TMv TTvevfidrcov KaTdcrra(JL<;' ^opeiOL<; <yap pLoXkov rj voTLOL'; diTO^dWovaif kclv 'y^v')(^p6T€pa koI ifXeiw <yevt]Tat pdXkov en 8' avrcov rcov SepSpcov 7] <j)vaL<;' TO, Trpcola yap diro^dWei, ra 8' oyjna ovK €K(3dWei, KaOdirep r) AaKcovcKT) kol at dWai. Si o KOL OVK epivd^ovai ravra^;. Tavra pev

ovv ev T€ TOL^ TorroLf; kol toI<^ yevecri kol rrj Karaardaei rod depo<; €)(^eL Ta9 SLa(f)opd<;.

Ot Se '\\rrjve<^ cKSvoprat puev €k tov epiveov, KaOdirep etprfrar jivovraL 8' eV rcov K6y)(papLi8u)v. <Tr]p.elov he Xeyovaw, otl eireihav eKhvcoaiv ov/c eveiai Keyy^papihe^. CKhvovraL Be ol ttoWoI iyKaTa\t7r6vT6'i rj iroha rj inepov. yevo<; he n Kol erepov ecrrt rwv yjrrjvcbv, o Kokovai Kevrplva^' ovTOL 5' dpyol KaOdirep Kr)(j)7]ve<;' koI tov<; elahvo- p,evov<; TO)v erepwv Kreivovatv avrol he evairo- 6vr)aKov(TLv. eTTaivovai he pLdXiara rwv epivwv ra pueXava ra eK rcov Trerpoohcov ')(o}pLcov' TroXXa? yap e;^6i ravra Keyxpapiha^. yiyvdiaKerai he TO epLvaapLevov tw epvOpov elvai Kal ttolklKov Kal la)(ypov' TO 8* dvepLvaarov XevKov Kal daOepe^' TTpocn-iOeaai he rot? heopiei'Oi^ orav vcrj. ottov he 7rX€i(7T0<; KOVcopT6<;, ivravOa TrXelara Kal


I cf. 8. 2. 11.

' ipuxp'^T^fja Kol iT\(iw conj. Sch.; rexvoTtpa koI ttAc/cdv MV Aid. ; rexPOTcpa koI irKdw U.

' Trpcofa conj. Sch. from G ; npara Ald.H.

  • Plin. 17. 255 and 256.

^52


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, II. viii. 1-3

nor is it practised in places which face north nor in those with hglit soils, as at Phalykos ^ in the Megarid, nor in certain parts of the district of Corinth. Also conditions as to wind make a differ- ence ; the fruit is shed more with northerly than with southerly winds, and this also happens more if the winds are cold and frequent.^ Moreover the character of the tree itself makes a difference ; for some kinds, such as the Laconian and otlier such kinds, shed their early ^ figs but not tlie later ones. Wherefore ca})rification is not practised with these. Such are the changes to which tlie fig

is subject in respect of locality kind and climatic conditions.

  • Now the gall-insects come, as has been said, out

of the wild fig, and they are engendered from the seeds. The proof given of this is that, when they come out, there are no seeds left in the fruit ; and most of them in coming out leave a leg or a wing behind. There is another kind of gall-insect which is called kentiines) these insects are sluggish, like drones, they kill those of the other kind who are entering the figs, and they themselves die in the fruit. The black kind of wild fig which grows in rocky places is most commended for caprification, as these figs contain numerous seeds.^ A fig which has been subject to caprification is known by being red and parti-coloured and stout, while one which has not been so treated is pale and sickly. The treatment is applied to the trees which need it, after rain. The wild figs are most plentiful and most potent

' i.e. and so should produce more gall-insects: in G.P. 2. 9. 6 it is implied that the insect is produced by putrefac- tion of the seeds of the wild tig.


THEOPHRASTUS

layvpoTaja ra ipiva ylverai. (paal Be ipivd^eiv Kol TO TToXiov, oiTorav avTw KapiTO'^ fi 7ro\v9, Ka\ rov<; tt}? TrreA-enr? ic(opvKOV<;' i^-^lveTai yap koI ev TOVTOi<; Orjplhi arra. kvItts'^ orav ev Tal<i avKal<; yivcovraL KaTeaOlovai roy<; yjrfjva';. aKO'i he tovtov (paalv eli'at toi)? /capKLVov^ irpoaTrepovav irpo^; yap TovTOV<; Tpeneadai tou? Kvlira^;. aXka

yap S)] ral'^ fiev avfcac^; avrai- (BorjOeiai.

Tots" Se (jjoLvi^iv al airo tmv appevwv 7rpo<i tous" OrfKei'^' ovTOL yap elaiv ol eirifieveiv 7rocovPTe<; Kol 6K7reTT€i.v, KaXovcrL TLve<i eK t?)? ofiOLori-jTO'^ oXvvOd^etv. yiverai he rovSe rov rpoiTOv. orav dvGfi TO appev, diroTeiJivovcn ttjv a-TrdOr^v e(f)' ^9 TO dvOo<; evOv^ Mcnrep ex^t, tov tg 'xyovv fcal TO dv9o<=; KaX tov KOviopTOV KaTacreiovat KaTa TOV KapTTov Ti)<i OifKela'^' kuv tovto TrdOp, SiaTrjpel Kal ovfc uTTO^dWei. (patveTai S' dpcpclv avro tov dppevo<i TOi? 6)]Xeai jSorjOeia ylveaOar OrjXv yap KaXovaL TO Kap7ro(j)6pov' aXV ?; piev olov pu^L<=i' r) Be Kar dXXov TpoTTov.


^ ottSt' Uv . . . troXvs conj. W. from G, cum copiose fructi- Jicat ; oTTorav alyiirvpos fj ttoXvs MSS. U adds kuI before SiroTav.

- KwpvKovi I conj. In 3. 14. 1. the elm is said to bear KuDVKideT which contain gnat-like creatures ; these growths are called KcvpvKu^rj riva Ko1\a 3. 15. 4 ; and in 3. 7. 3. the


154


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, II. viii. 3-4

where there is most dust. And they say that hulwort also, when it fruits freely,^ and the * gall- bags ' 2 of the elm are used for caprification. For certain little creatures are engendered in these also. When the knips is found in figs, it eats the gall-insects. It is to prevent this, it is said, that they nail up the crabs ; for the knips then turns its attention to these. Such are the ways of assisting the fig-

trees.

With dates it is helpful to bring the male to the female ; for it is the male which causes the fruit to persist and ripen, and this process some call, by analogy, 'the use of the wild fruit.' ^ The process is thus performed : when the male palm is in flower, they at once cut off the spathe on which the flower is, just as it is, and shake the bloom with the flower and the dust over the fruit of the female, and, if this is done to it, it retains the fruit and does not shed it. In the case both of the fig and of the date it appears that the ' male ' renders aid to tlie ' female,' — for the fruit-bearing tree is called 'female' — but while in the latter case there is a union of the two sexes, in the former the result is brought about somewhat differently.

same thing is referred to as rh OuKaKojdss tovto, where tovto = *the well-known'; cf. also 9. 1. 2, where Sch. restores Kwpvicovs ; cf. Pall. 4. 10. 28. Kviraipous (?) U ; Kvirtpovs MV; Kvirepiv AM. ; KVTjdpovs conj. W.

^ 'o\vvda.(eiy, from uKvudoi, a kind of wild fig, as fpiudCeiv, from ipivSs, the wild fig used for caprification. cf. C.F. 3. 18. 1.


^S5


BOOK III


I. 'Evret ^e irepl tCov yfiipwv hevhpwv eipijrai, \eKjeov 6fioL(ji)<; kuI irepl tmv dyplcou, €l rt ri ravTov KOi t'repop e)(ovcn rol^ i)[iepoL^ el 6^ o\(o<i iSiov T7]<i ^vaeco^.

Afc /lev ovv yeveaei^; airXal riva avTcop elar irdvra yap rj diro cnrepjiaTO'^ rj dnro pL^rj^j (Pverai. rovTO S' ov^ <^? ovfc epS€')(ujii€VOV koX ciXXox;, dW' i(Ta)<; Sia to /jL)/ TTeipdaOaL fiy]Bepa /nijhe (fivreveiv eK(f)voLTO 8' dv el Xufi/Sdvoieu tottoi;? e7nTt]SeLov<; KOi Oepaiveiav tijv dp/xuTTOvaav oicnrep kol vvv TCI aXacoBr] kol (f)L\vBpa, Xeyco S' olov irXdTavov LTeav XevKTjv alyeipov irTeXeav diravTa yap TavTa Kol TCL ToiavTa (f}vr€v6peva /SXaaTdvec kol TaxicfTa KOL /cdXXcaTa utto tmv Trapaairdhcov, odGTe Kal fi€ydXa<i ovaa<i ^]hT] kol laoSevSpov; dv T^? fieTaOfi Bia/xeveiv (pVTeveTac Be ra TroXXd avTOiv Kal KaTairrjyvv/jieva, KaOdirep y XevKi] Kal 7/ al'yeipo<;.

TovTcov fiev ovv irpo'^ Tjj aireppaTLKfj Kal Trj diTO TUiv pi^MV Kal avT'i) yeveaU eaTr tmv Be

  • iK<pvoiTo cony W.; ivicpvoiTo VMV Aid.

158


BOOK III

Of Wild Trees. Of the ways in which ivild trees originate.

I. Now that we have spoken of cultivated trees, we must in like manner speak of wild ones, noting in what respects they agree with or differ from cultivated trees, and whether in any respects their character is altogether peculiar to themselves.

Now the ways in which they come into being are fairly simple ; they all grow either from seed or from a root. But the reason of this is not that they could not possibly grow in any other way, but merely jierhaps that no one even tries to plant them other- wise ; whereas they might grow ^ from slips, if they were provided with a suitable position and received the fitting kind of tendance, as may be said even now of the trees of woodland and marsh, such as plane willow abele black poplar and elm ; all these and other similar trees grow very quickly and well when they are planted from pieces torn off, so that - they survive, even if at the time of shifting they are already tall and as big as trees. Most of these are simply planted by being set firmly, for instance, the abele and the black poplar.

Such is the way in which these originate as well as from seed or from roots ; the others grow only

' wffT6 Koi fity. coiij. Sch.j Kol were Ka\ fity. UM ; Ka\ Hare ^ey. PA Id.

159


THEOPHRASTUS

aWayv ifcelvar ttXtjv oaa fiovov aTro (T7repuaTo<=; (pveTai, KaOciTrep eXdrrj TrevKi] ttitl'?. ocra 8e ex^i (Tirepfia kol Kapirov, kuv utto pi^t)^ yivrjrai, Kai ciTTo Tovrwv iirel kov ra SoKovura UKapira elvai yevvdp (paaiv, olov iTTekeav Ireav. a7]/j,€L0V Be Xeyoucrtv ov /xoi'ov ore (fiverai ttoWcl twv pi^cov ciTniprrifieva KaO^ ov<; av 17 tottov^, dWa Koi rd avp,(3aivovra 6€u>povj/T€<;, olov iv ^ei^ew t?}? 'AyOATaSta?, &)? i^eppdyi-j to avvaO poLcrOev vScop ev TO) TreSto) (j)pa)(6evT0)v tcop Bepedpoiv ottov fiev iyyyi; rjcTav LTeai Tre^VKvlai rod /caraTrodevTo^; TOTTOv, TO) var6p(p erei fierd ttjv dva^rjpavcnv ivrauOa avdi^ dva<^vvai (paaiv Ireav ottov Be TTTeXeaL av9i<; TrreXea?, KaOdrrep koI ottov TTevfcai Kul eXarac TrevKa^ kol eXdra^, wanep fjn/iov/jievcoi' KdKeivcdV.

'AXXd Tr)v Ireav raxv irpoKara^dXXetv rrpo rov T6Xetft)9 dBpvvau Kal TTeyjrat, rov Kapnrov Bl Kal rov 7T0t,r]ry]v ov Kaic(o<i irpoaayopeveiv avri]v oiXeaiKapTTov.

T7}9 Be irreXea^ KdKelvo a-rfiielov iiTToXafi^d- vovaiv orav yap aTro rojv TTvevfidrcov et? roini exofievov^i r ottov; 6 KapTTO^ direvexPfl, ^veaOai ^aai. TTapaTrXjjaLov Be eoiKev elvai ro avfi^alvov o KOL eVl rcov (ppvyaviKcov Kal ttokoBcov nvuiv iartv ovK i^ovrcov yap (nrepfxa ^avepov, dXXd


1 c/. 5. 4. 6.

' ' Katavothra' (now called * the devil's holes,' see Lawsoa, cited below) ; cj. Paus. 8. 14 ; Catull. 68. 109 ; Plat, de itra numinis vindicta, 557 c : Plin. 31. 36 ; Frazer, Pau^anias and other Greek Sketches, pp. 315 foil. ; Lawson, Modem Greek Folklore and Ancient Greek Religion^ p. 85.

160


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, III. i. 2-3

in these two ways — while some of them, such as silver-fir fir and Aleppo pine grow only from seed. All those that have seed and fruit, even if they grow from a root, will grow from seed too ; for they say that even those which, like elm and willow, appear to have no fruit reproduce themselves. For proof they give the fact that many such trees come up at a distance from the roots of the original tree, what- ever the position may be ; and further, they have observed a thing which occasionally happens ; for in- stance, when at Pheneos ^ in Arcadia the water which had collected in the plain since the underground channels 2 were blocked burst forth, where there were willows growing near the inundated region, the next year after it had dried up they say that willows grew again ; and where there had been elms, elms ^ grew, even as, where there had been firs and silver- firs, these trees reappeared — as if the former trees followed the example ^ of the latter.

But the willow is said to shed its fruit early, before it is completely matured and ripened; and so the poet^ not unfittingly calls it "the willow which loses its fruit."

That the elm also reproduces itself the following is taken to be a proof: when the fruit is carried by the winds to neighbouring spots, they say that young trees grow from it. Something similar to this appears to be what happens in the case of certain under-shrubs and herbaceous plants ; though they have no visible seed, but some of them only a sort of

' TTTeXf'as aZdis -nreXias conj. St.; TrreXeas clvtI ireAsaj U ; irreXeoj ovtI nreXtas MV; TrreAeas aZdis irreXias Pj -nreXfa aZdii TTTeAeas Aid.

■* i.e. by growing from seed, as conifers normall}' do.

» Homer, Od. 10. 510; cf. Plin. 16. 110.

161


THEOPHRASTUS

r6)V /lev OLOV yvovv tmv S' av6o<;, MGirep to Ou/jor, 6fjict)<; CLTTO TOVTCOV fSXaardvouaiv. tVet ry ye TrXaraj/o? e%et (pavepco^; koX cltto tovtcov (pverai. Tovro 6' i^ aXXcov re SijXov KaKeivo fieyicTTov arifielov uxpd^j yap ■IjBt] irore TrecpVKvca nXdravo'^ ev rpliToSL ')(a\K(p.

4 Tavra^ re Brj Ta<; yeveaeL^; vTroXrjTrriov elpai TMV dypioiv Kol en ra? avrofJidrov^y a? KaX oi (^vaLoXoyoi Xiyovaiv ^Ava^ay6pa<i pev top depa irdvTwv (jyacrKcov e-^eiv aireppara koX ravra avyKaracpepopeva rw vBart yevvav rd (fivrd' At.oyevr)<; Se arjiropevov tov v8aTo<; kol p,L^iv Tivd Xap^dvovTO<; tt/oo? ryjv yrjv KX€LSrjpo<; S^ avvea-rdvai pev €K tmv avrwv tol<; ^coof?, oao) he doXepcoTepcov Kalylrvxporepcov roaovrov aTrexeiv TOV ^(oa elvai. \Xeyovai Be TLve^ kol dXXoi irepl T/}? yeveaewiJ]

5 'Aw' avTT] p,ev dirripTi^pLevri 7rco<; ecrTi T'^s aLa07](7€(i)<;. aXXac Be opoXoyovfxevai kol epcpa- i^et?, olov OTav e^oBo^ yevrjTac iroTapov irapeK^dv- TO? TO pelOpov rj Koi 6X(i3<i eTepoidi Troiriaapevov, KaOdirep c Ne(TO<; ev ttj ^A^B)]pltlBi '7ToXXdKL<; peTa^aivei, KaX dpa t?) peTa/Sdaei ToaavTrjv vXijv avyyevva tol<; tottol';, wcrre tS> TpuTco eTei avv7]pe(peLP. Kol irdXiv otup eiropLJSpiai kutu- aywai irXeiai yjiovov koX yap ev TavTai<; ^XaaTi]- <ret9 ylvovTat (pvTcov. eoLKe Be 7) puev tmv iroTapoiv €(j)oBo^ eirdyeiv aireppaTa kuI Kap7rov<;, kuI tol/v ox^Tov^ (pacri, rd tmv ttoicoBcov 77 3' eiropLJSpia

1 c/. G.P.I. 5. 2.

"^ 8c. of Apollonia, the 'Ionian ' philosopher.

» cj. a. P. 1. 10. 3 ; 3. 23. 1 ; Arist. Mtteor. 2. 9.

162


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, III. i. 3-5

down, and others only a flower, such as thyme, young plants nevertheless grow from these. As for the plane, it obviously has seeds, and seedHngs grow from them. This is evident in various ways, and here is a very strong proof — a plane-tree has before now been seen which came up in a brass pot.

Such we must suppose are the ways in which wild trees originate, apart from the spontaneous ways of which natural philosophers tell. ^ Anaxagoras says that the air contains the seeds of all things, and that thc^se, carried down by the rain, produce the plants ; while Diogenes ^ says that this happens when water decomposes and mixes in some sort with earth. ^ Kleidemos maintains that plants are made of the same elements as animals, but that they fall short of being animals in proportion as their com- jiosition is less pure and as they are colder. * And there are other philosophers also who speak of spontaneous generation.

But this kind of generation is somehow beyond the ken of our senses. There are other admitted and observable kinds, as when a river in flood gets over its banks or has altogether changed its course, even as the Nesos in the district of Abdera often alters its course, and in so doing causes such a growth of forest in that region that by the thiid year it casts a thick shade. The same result ensues when heavy rains prevail for a long time ; during these too many plants shoot up. Now, as the flooding of a river, it would appear, conveys seeds and fruits of trees, and, as they say, irrigation channels convey the ^ seeds of herbaceous plants, so heavy

^ Xeyovai . . . yeveadcos apparently a gloss (W.).

  • Tct conj. W. ; T-qv MAld.

i6i


THEOPHRASTUS

TOVTO TTOiel ravTO' (TvyKara^epei yap ttoXXcl Tcov (TTTepfJidTwv, Kol a/xa (rrj-slrli/ riva t?}? 7/}? Kal Tov vSaTo<;' iirel kol r) tjLL^i<; avry tt)? AlyvTrria^; 6 yrj^; Bok€L ripa yevvav vXrjv. ivLa')(ov he, av fiovov vwepydacovTai kol Kivijacocnv, eu^u? dva/SXaaTave!- ra ol/C€ia t?}? x^P^^> wairep ev Kpyjrjj KvirdpLTTOi. yiverat Se irapaTrXijaLov rt, tovtw kol iv roi? ekdrrocnv' dfia yap KLVovjievq^ dva^Xaardvei TToa Ti? iv €KdaTOL^. ev Be Tot9 7)/jii^p6xoi<; edv v7rov€da7]<; (palveadai (paai rpi^oXov. avTai /xev ovv ev rfj fjLeja^dXfj r?}? y^cap'^^ elatv, elre koI evvTrapxovTcov anepfidroyv etre Kal auT?}? 7rft)9 Biari6e/ievr]<;' oirep Tcro)? ovk dronov eyKara- KXeio/iievcov d/iarcov vypwv eviaxov Be Kal vBdrcov eTTLyivofievcdv IBicorepov dvarelXai vXrjf; irXrjOo'^^ loairep ev J^upyvrj TTLTrcoBovi tivo<; yevo/xevov Kal 7ra%eo9- ovrax; yap dve/3XdaTt](Tev rj irXrjaiov vXij irpoTepov OVK ovcra. (paal Be Kal to ye al\<pLov OVK bv Trporepov eK TOiavrrj^ tlvo<; alrla<; (pavi]- vai. rpoTTOi fiev ovv tolovtol rcov roiovTcov

yevecrewv.

II. Tidvja Be KdpiTLjxa rj dKapira, Kal deicpvXXa rj (pvXXo^oXa, Kal dvOovvra rj dvavOrj' KOival

^ ri S* . . . Tamh conj. W. ; tj S' iir. toCt' av inolfi ravrS UMV (5' a5 marked doubtful in U) ; ^ S' iw. tovt' avrh inoid Aid. 2 piin_ 16, 142.

^ i.e. and is released by working the ground.

  • c/. a P. 1. 5. 1; Plin. 16. 143, who gives the date

A.u.c. 130; cf. 19. 41.

164


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, III. i. 5-11. i

rain acts in the same way ^ ; for it brings down many of the seeds with it, and at the same time causes a sort of decomposition of the earth and of the water. In fact, the mere mixture of earth with water in Egypt seems to produce a kind of vegeta- tion. And in some places, if the ground is merely lightly worked and stirred, the plants native to the district immediately spring up ; ^ for instance, the cypress in Crete. And something similar to this occurs even in smaller plants ; as soon as the earth is stirred, wherever it may be, a sort of vegetation comes up. And in partly saturated soil, if you break up the ground, they say that caltrop appears. Now these ways of origination are due to the change which takes place in the soil, whether there were seeds in it already, or whether the soil itself some- how produces the result. And the latter explanation is perhaps not strange, seeing that the moist ele- ment is also locked up in the soil.^ Again, in some places they say that after rain a more singular abundance of vegetation has been known to spring up ; for instance, at Cyrene, after a heavy pitchy shower had fallen : for it was under these circum stances that there sprang up the wood * which is near the town, though till then it did not exist They say also that silphium ^ has been known to appear from some such cause, where there was none before. ^ Such are the ways in which these kinds

of generation come about.

Of the differences between wild and cultivated trees.

II. All trees are either fruit-bearing or without fruit, either evergreen or deciduous, either flowering ' c/. 6. 3. • Toiovroi MSS. ; Toaovroi conj. W.

165


THEOPHRASTUS

tydp TLve<; hiaipeaeL^ eirl Travrcov elaXv oyLtotw? rjixepwv T€ KOL dypLwv. tSia Se 7r/309 ra ij/xepa TMV dyplcop oy^LKapiria re fcal tcr^i)? Kal ttoXv- Kapirla tu) Trpo^aiveLV TreTTaiveL re <yap 6^\rLai- repuv Kal to 6\ov dvOeZ kol ^Xaajdvei co? eVt to rrav koX lax^ipoiepa rj} (Pvaer Kal irpoc^aiveL fiev irXelco Kapirov iKTrirreL 8' rjTTOv, el prj koa irdvTa dWd ye rd opoyevP], olov i\da<; Kal diriov k6tlvo<^ Kal dxpd<i. diravTa yap ovto)?, irXrjv €L TV (jirdvLOv, wairep eirl to)v Kpaveiwv Kal roiv oucov ravra yap Si] (pacn ireiraLrepa Kal rjEvrepa ra dypia rcov rjpbepcop elvar Kal el Sr] ri dWo yur; TrpoaSe^f^eraL yecopylav rj hevhpov rj Kal tl ru)i> iXaTTovcou, olov to aL\(f)iov Kal r) Kdirirapci Kal roiv ■)(eh poiT o)v 6 Oeppo<i, a Kal pdXLar dv Tt9 2 dypia T7)v (jyvaiv etiroL. rb yap prj irpoaSe^opepov ypepcoaiv, coairep ev Tol<i ^cooi^, tovto dypiov tPj (pvaei. KaiTot, ^t]alv Ittttcov dirav Kal ypepoi> Kal dypiov elvai, Kal depaiTevop.evov fiev I'jpepov p,r) Oepairevopevov Be dypiov, rfj jiev 6pOa)<i Xeywv rfi he ovK opOo)';. e^apeXovpevov yap dirav ')(eipov yiverrai Kal divaypiovrai, Oepairevopevov Be ovx^ drrav fieXriov, iocnrep etprjrai. o Bt] ')((i)pi(TTeov Kal rd pev dypia rd K vjixepa XeKreov,

^ el fi}] . . . ouoyevri conj. W. ; el fi^ koI rrivra rh. &\\a Ka) ra 6ixoioyei>^ UAJVAld.H.

"^ cf. a P. 3. 1. 4. » cf. 1. 3. 5n.

  • i.e. the terms 'cultivated' and 'wild' do uot denote

distinct ' kiiuls.'

i66


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, III. ii. 1-2

or flowerless ; for certain distinctions apply to all trees alike, whether cultivated or wild. To wild trees, as compared with cultivated ones, belong the special properties of fruiting late, of greater vigour, of abundance of fruit, produced if not matured ; for they ripen their fruit later, and in general their time of flowering and making growth is later ; also they are more vigorous in growth, and so, though they produce more fruit, tliey ripen it less ; if ^ this is not universally true, at least it holds good of the wild olive and pear as compared with the cultivated forms of these trees. This is generally true with few exceptions, as in the cornelian cherry and sorb ; for the wild forms of these, they say, ripen their fruit better, and it is sweeter than in the cultivated forms. ^ And the rule also does not hold good of anything which does not admit of cultivation, whether it be a tree or one of the smaller plants, as silphium caper and, among leguminous plants, the lupin ; these one might say are specially wild in their character. For, as with animals which do not submit to domestication, so a plant which does not submit to cultivation may be called wild in its essential character. However Hippon ^ declares that of every plant there exists both a cultivated and a wild form, and that 'cultivated' simply means* that the plant has received attention, while ' wild ' means that it has not ; but though he is partly right, he is partly wrong. It is true that any plant deteriorates by neglect and so becomes wild ; but it is not true that every plant may be improved by attention,^ as has been said. Wherefore** we must make our distinction and call some things wild, others culti-

' l.t. and so become ' cultivated.' " % Vq MSS.; hih conj. Sch. from G.

167


THEOPHRASTUS

wairep tcov ^cocov ra avvavO poiTTevofieva koX to, hexofieva TcOaaelav.

3 AWa TOVTO fiev ovSei' ia(i)<; hiaf^epet Trore/oct)? prjTeov. airav he to e^aypiovfjievov rol^ re KapiToh X^lpov jLverac koI avro /SpaxvTepov KoX (j)vWoi<; Koi K\o}al kol (f)\oLa> KaX rrj oXrj fiop(f)fj' KOi yap irvKVorepa KaX ovXoTcpa kol afcXrjpoTepa Kal ravra koI oXtj rj (f)vai<f yiverai, &)? eV rovTOL<; fidXtara tt}? Siacpopd'; tmv rj/xepcov Kal TOiV aypLcov yLVOjuevrj^i. St' o Kal oaa rdv rjfiepov/jievcov roiavra rvyxdveL, ravra dypid (paatv elvai, KaOdirep rrjv irevKrjv Kal rrjv Kuird- pirrov, rj 6Xa)<; t) rr)v dppeva, Kal rrjv Kapvav he Kal rrjv hioa^dXavov,

4 "Ert re rw ^iXo^^vxpa Kal opeiva fiaXXov elvar Kal yap rouro Xa/i0dv€rac 7rpo9 r))v dypLortjra ro)v hevhpwv Kal oXco^ rcJov (pvrayp, etr ovv Ka6* avro Xafx(3av6/jLevov elre Kara avfx^e/StjKOf;.

'O fiev ovv ro)v dyplwv d<popLap,6<i eW oi/to)? rj Kal aXXft)? XrjTrrea, ovhev dp To-o)? hieveyKOL Trpo? rd vvv eKelvo he dXiiOh, w? 76 rw rvirw Kal aTrXco? elrrelv, on fiaXXov opeivd rd dypca kol evOevel rd rrXelw Kal jxaXXov ev rovroa rot? roTTOL^, edv fMij rL<i Xaji^avr) rd (^iXvhpa kol TrapaTTordfiLa Kal dXacohrj. ravra ydp Kal rd 6 roiavra rvyxdvei ireheiva pidXXov. ov jjirjv dXX ev ye rol^ jieyaXoL^; opecriv, olov Ilapvi]aa) re Kal K.vXXTi]vr) Kal 'OXvjjLtto) rw UiepiKfp re Kal Tft) M-valo) Kal €i TTOV TOLOvrov erepov, diravra


» ridaaday conj.W., cf. Plat. FoL 2G4 ; T^edaiuv UMAId. 168


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, III. ii. 2-5

vated — the latter class corresponding to those animals which live with man and can be tamed.^

But perhaps it does not matter which way this should l3e put. Any tree which runs wild deteriorates in its fruits, and itself becomes dwarfed in leaves branches bark and appearance generally ; for under cultivation these parts, as well as the whole growth of the tree^ become closer, more compact ^ and harder ; which indicates that the difference between cultivated and wild is chiefly shown in these respects. And so those trees which show these characteristics under cultivation they say are really wild, for instance fir cypress, or at least the * male ' kind, hazel and chestnut.

Moreover these wild forms are distinguished by having greater liking for cold and for hilly country : for that too is regarded as a means of recognising wild trees and wild plants generally, whether it is so regarded in itself or as being only incidentally a distinguishing mark.

So the definition of wild kinds, whether it should be thus made or otherwise, perhaps makes no difference for our present purpose. But it is certainly true, speaking ^ broadly and generally, that the wild trees are more to be found in hilly country, and that the greater part of them flourish more in such regions, with the exception of those which love water or grow by river sides or in woods ; these and such-like trees are rather trees of the plain. However on great mountains, such as Parnassus Cyllene the Pierian and the Mysian Olympus, and such regions anywhere

- ovXorepa conj. W. from G, spissiora ; opdSrepa MSS. cj. a. P. 6. 11. 8.

' CCS 7e conj. Sch. ; ware UM ; «j cV Ald.H.

169


THEOPHRASTUS

<f>U6TaL Bia Ti-jV iToXveihlav tmv tottcov exovai yap Koi \L/jLV(oS€i<; kol evvypov^ Kal ^t'ipov<; Kal y€(oSeL<; koi TrerpcoSei? kol roifi ava pecrov Xa- /jbcji'a^ KOL axeSov oaai Siacpopal t?}? yP]<;' en Be TOL'9 /lev KOiXov; koX evhieivoix; rov^ 8e peredypov; Kal 7rpoa7]vepov<;' coare hvvaaOai iravrola Kal ra ev TOt? TreStoi? (pepeiv.

OvSev 3' aroTTov ouS' el evia pr) ovrco 7rdp<^opa rcov npoiv, aXX^ l8i(orepa<; tlvo^ vXr}<; rj TracrT;? rj t% 7rX6L(TT7](;, olov ev rfj K.py]Tr] ra ^ISaia' KundpLTTO'^ yap CKer Kal ra irepl KcXiKiav Kal ^vpiav, h ot? Kehpo<^' evLa^pv he r/}? ^vpia^ TeppLv9o<;. ai yap hia^opal t^? x^P^'^ "^V^ IhLory-jTa iroLovaiv. riXV etpijraL to lSloi' oo? enl ttciv.

III. "Ihia he rd TOtuSe rcov opeivMV, a ev rol<; 7rehi0i<^ ov (^veraL, [irepl rrjv ^laKeSoviav] eXdri] 7revK7] TTLTv; dypia (piXvpa ^uyua (f)7]yo<i irv^o^ dvSpdxXr} plXo<; dpKevOo<; reppLvOo'; €piv€o<i (fjiXiiKT] d(j)dpKri Kapva Sioal3dXavo<i Trplvo^i. rd Be Kal ev rot? TreStot? pvpuKr] irreXea XevKrj irea a'iyeipo'i Kpaveia OrfXvKpavela KXrjOpa Bpv<; XaKd- pr) dxpd<; prjXea oarpva KijXaarpov peXia ira- Xiovpo'i 6^vdKavdo<^ <<7(^evBapvo^,> rjv ev pev tw


^ iv . . . 'l5a?o conj, W. (after Sch., who conj. ra iu) ; to 61' KpT}Tri TT) 'iSa^a UAld.

' i.e. it is not meant that a tree which is ' special ' to Mount Ida {e.g.) occurs only there.

^ Ttfpl rrjv MaK.l a <;ioss ; »«/)/ re tV Ma/c. MPgAld. ; re om. P.

170


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, III. ii. 5-111. i

else, all kinds grow, because of the diversity of* positions afforded them. For such mountains offer positions which are marshy, wet, dry, deep-soiled or rocky ; they have also their meadow land here and there, and in fact almost every variety of soil ; again they present positions which lie low and are shel- tered, as well as others which are lofty and exposed to wind ; so that they can bear all sorts, even those which belong to the plains.

Yet it is not strange that there should be some mountains which do not thus bear all things, but have a more special kind of vegetation to a grea*. extent if not entirely ; for instance the range of Ida in Crete ^ ; for there the cypress grows ; or the hills of Cilicia and Syria, on which the Syrian cedar grows, or certain parts of Syria, where the terebinth grows. For it is the differences of soil which give a special character to the vegetation. ^ (However the word ^special' is used here in a somewhat extended sense.)

Of mountain trees : of the differences found in wild trees.

III. The following trees are peculiar to mountain country and do not grow in the plains ; ^ let us take Macedonia as an example. Silver-fir fir ' wild pine' lime zi/gia Valonia oak box andrachne yew Phoenician cedar terebinth wild fig alaternus hybrid arbutus hazel chestnut kermes-oak. The following grow also in the plain : tamarisk elm abele willow black poplar cornelian cherry cornel alder oak lakare (bird-cherry) wild pear apple hop-hornbeam holly manna-ash Christ's thorn cotoneaster maple,^ which

  • a<pivZaiivos add. Palm, in view of what follows ; o^vaKapra

atiai-Qos UPAld.Bas.j ^KavOos Pj.

171


THEOPHRASTUS

6p€i 7r€(j)VKu7av ^vyiav KoKovaiv, iv he tw irehiw yXeii'ov. ol 3' aWw? Siaipovai Kal erepov ttol- ovaiv €iho<^ a<^evhd[ivov koX ^vyLa<;.

2 " Kiravra Be oaa kolvcl twv opSiv koX rcov irehiwv, fiei^co fiev Kal KaWioy rfj oyfrec ra iv roU 7re8tot9 yiverai, KpeuTrco he rfj xpeta rrj re ra)i' ^vXcov Kol rfj T(ov KapiTOiv TO, opeivd' irXrjv cij^pdho^ KOL aTTLOV KOL /jLr}\€a<;' avrat S* iv TOts~ TreSiOLf; KpeirTovi ou /lovov to?? Kapnolf; dWa Kal Tot? ^vXoi<;' iv yap toi<; opeai puKpal Kal o^coSet^ Kal dKav6d)Sei<; yivovrar irdvTa he Kal iv rot? opeaiv, OTav iinXd/ScovTai rayv oiKeicov roirayv, Kal KaXXiO) (fyverai Kal evOevel pLoXXov co? he aTrXw? elirelv ra iv rot^ ofiaXeai rcov opwv Kal fidXtara, Tcov he dXXcov rd iv TOi<; Kdrco Kal ko'lXol<;' rd h' iirl ra)v aKpcov ')(eipi(TTa, irXrjv et ri rfj <f)va€i

3 (f)iX6yjrvxpov' ex^c he Kal ravr av riva hiacpopdv iv TOi? dvofjLOioc<; tcov tottcov, virep oiv vcrrepov XcKTeov vvv he hiatpereov eKaarov Kara rd<; hia- ^opd^ Td<; elpr]fieva<;.

AelcfyvXXa fiev ovv iari rcov dypicov a Kal rrporepov iXe^Or}, eXdrrj irevKrf Trtri;? dypia ttv^o^ dvhpd^Xv plXo<; dpKev6os reppLvdo<^ (JuXvktj dcpdpKT] hdc^vT) ^eXXohpv^ KtjXaarpov o^vdKavdo^ 7rpLVo<; /xvpiKT)' rd he dXXa iravra (j)vXXo ^oXel' rrXrjV et n Trepirrov iviaxov, KaOdirep eXe^Orj rrepl T7J<; iv rfi Yiprjrr) irXardvov Kal hpvb<: Kal et rrov T07ro9 TLS 6Xco<; evrpoc^o'^.


1 5' iXAws conj. Sch. from G ; h' al Aid. " Plin. 16. 77.

  • i.e. are not always of the poorest quality. raW ali riva

conj. W.; Tavra aitruv Ald.H. * 1. 9. 3.

172


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, III. iii. 1-3

when it grows in tlie mountains, is called zygiUy when in the plain, gleinos : others, however,^ classify differently and make maple and zygia distinct trees.

"^ All those trees which are common to both hill and plain are taller and finer in appeaiance when they grow in the plain ; but the mountain forms are better as to producing serviceable timber and fruits, with the exception of wild pear pear and apple ; these are in the plain better in fruit and also in timber ; for in the hills they grow small with many knots and much spinous wood. But even on the mountains all trees grow fairer and are more vigorous when they have secured a suitable position ; and, to speak generally, those which grow on the level parts of the mountains are specially fair and vigorous ; next to these come those which grow on the lower parts and in the hollows ; while those that grow on the heights are of the poorest quality, except any that are naturally cold-loving. But even these shew some variation 3 in different positions, of which we must speak later ; for the present we must in our distinctions in each case take account only of the differences already mentioned.

Now among wild trees those are evergreen which were mentioned before,^ silver-fir fir ^ wild pine ' box andrachne yew Phoenician cedar terebinth alaternus hybrid arbutus bay phellodrys^ (holm-oak) holly cotoneaster kermes-oak tamarisk ; but all the others shed their leaves, unless it be that in certain places they keep them exceptionally, as was said** of the plane and oak in Crete and in any other place which is altogether favourable to luxuriant growth.

5 <f,iK\6^pvs conj. Bod., c/. 1. 9. 3 ; (pfWhs hpvs UMV(?)AId. « 1. 9. 5.


THEOPHRASTUS

KapTTi/ia Se ra fiev aXka irdvra' irepl he tVea? Aral alyeipov kol TrreXea?, wairep i\€)(dt}, hiajKpLcr- /SyjTovaiv. evLOi he rijv atyeipov fi6pi]v aKapirelv (f)aaLv, oyairep koX ol iv ^ApKahla, to, Be dXXa Trdvra rd ev rot? opeai KapTro^opelv. iv Kp/jTy he KOL atyeipoi KapTn/jcot TrXeiof? elar /nia fiev ev TO) arofiUp rod dvrpou tov ev rfj "iSr/, ev co ra dva9)]/jLara dvdKetrat, dWr] Be fiLKpd TrXrjCTiov' dnrcoTepco Be fidXiaTa BcoBeKa aTaSiov<; irepl riva KpviVTjv ^avpcv KaXov/iievrjv TroXXai. elal Be kol ev ru> irXTjcriov opei tt}? "lBrj<; ev ro) KivBpiO) KdXoufiev(p KOI Trepl Upaiaiav Be iv roL<; opeacv. ol Be fiovov TMV TOiovTcov ry-jv TTTeXeav KdpTrifiov elval (paai, KaOdnep ol irepX M.aKeBovlav.

yieydXrj Be BiaKfyopd tt/jo? Kapirov kol dKapTrlav Kol 1] roiv roTTCDv (pvcTi<i, coairep iirl re r?}? vre/jcrea? ex€L Kol TMV (f)Oivl/co)V' 7] fiev iv AlyvTrrcp Kapiro- (popec KOL et TTov TMV TrXrjalov tottcov, iv 'PoBm Be fiey^pi TOV dvOelv povov d(f)LKveLTai. 6 Be (pocvi^ Trepl fiev Ba^uXcova OavfiaaTo^i, ev tt) 'EXXdBi Be ovBe 7T67raLvei, nap* ii'Loi<; Be oXo)? ovBe TrpocpaiveL Kapirov.

'O/iotcy? Be KaX eTepa TrXetco ToiavT iaTiv eirel Koi TMV eXaTTovMV tToapiMV KOL vXrjiidTMV ev Tjj

1 2. 2. 10.

2 cf. 2. 2. 10. It appears that the buds of the poplar were mistaken for fruit (8ch.); cf. Diosc. 1. 81. Later writers perpetuated the error by calling thcni kokkoi.

' rov iv Tj) "15?; conj. Sch.; vov iv t^ iZri U; tov iv ry "'iSrjj MV ; fV TJj WSj? *Ald.H.

174


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, III. m. 4-6

Most trees are fruit-bearing, but about willow black poplar and elm men hold different opinions, as was said ^ ; and some, as the Arcadians, say that only the black poplar is without fruit, but that all the other mountain trees bear fruit. However in Crete there are a number of black poplars which bear fruit ^ ; there is one at the mouth of the cave on mount Ida,^ in which the dedicatory offerings are hung, and there is another small one not far off, and there are quite a number about a spring called the Lizard's S})ring about twelve furlongs off. There are also some in the hill-country of Ida in the same neigh- bourhood, in the district called Kindria and in the mountains about Praisia.^ Others again, as the Macedonians, say that the elm is the only tree of this class which bears fruit.

Again the character of the position makes a great difference as to fruit-bearing, as in the case of the persea ^ and the date-palm. The persea of Egypt bears fruit, and so it does wherever it grows in the neighbouring districts, but in Rhodes ^ it only gets as far as flowering. The date-palm in the neighbour- liood of Babylon is marvellously fruitful ; in Hellas it does not even ripen its fruit, and in some plices it does not even produce any.

The same may be said of various other trees : in fact even '^ of smaller herbaceous plants and bushes some are fruitful, others not, although the latter are

  • Upaiaiav conj. Meurs. Greta ; npaaiav UMVAld.

® cj. 4. 2. 5. irepcreai COnj. R. Const.; Trepaelas U; irepaias Aid.

^ '?6Sep conj. R. Const, from G, so too Plin. 16. Ill ; f,U Aid. cf. 1. 13. 5. for a similar corruption.

^ eTrel «aJ conj. fSch. from G ; ind Si Ka\ Aid.


THEOPHRASTUS


y ^


avTT] %w/3a KaL avvopo) %ct>/3a ra fiev Kupin/ia ra 5' d/capTTa jiverai' KaOdirep kol to Kevravpiov ev rfj 'HXeta, to /jlcv ev tjj opeLvfj Kapiri/iov, to 8' eV TO) TreBiG) d/capTTOv aXXd pLovov dvOel, to S* ev rot? KoiXoL<^ TOTTOi^i ouS' dvOeZ 7rXr]v KaKoo^. Bo/ceX S' ovv KoX Ta)!/ dWcov TOiv 6p.oyevMV koX ev fiia iTpoarfyopla to p,€V aKapirov elvau to he Kapiripov, olov irplvo^ o piev KapTTipiO'; 6 B' aKapiro^- Kal

7 KXijOpa Be (i)aavTco<;' avOel 8' dpcpw. a^eBov Be oaa KoKovcTLv dppeva tmv opLoyevMV cLKapTra- kol TOVTWv TO, pi€V TToWd oLvdelv (f)acn TO, S' oXljov TO, 8' oXct)? ovB^ avOelv tcl Be avdiraKiv, to, p.er dppeva pova Kapiro^opelv, ov pitjv a/VX' dno ye Tcov dvOoiV (jiveadat tu BevBpa, Kaddirep /cat diro Twv fcapTTMV oaa Kapin/ia' Kal ev dp,(f)oiv ouro)? ei'LOTC TTVKvrjv elvai Trjv €/c(f)vaiv MaTe tou? 6p€OTV7rov<; ov BvvaaOai Biievai, purj oBottoltj- (TapLevov<;.

8 * Ap^cfyia-firfTeiTaL Be Kal nepl tmv civOmv evioiv, wairep eliropbev. ol pcev yap Kal Bpvv dvOelv oiovTai Kal TrfV ^HpaKXecoTiv Kapvav Kal Bioa- ^dXavov, eTi Be irevKi^v Kal ttItvv ol 5' ovBev TOVTOiV, dXXd Tov LOvXov Tov iv rai? Kapvai<; Kal

TO ^pVOV TO BpvlvOV Kal TOV KVTrapOV TOV TTITV-

^ X<^pa Kol Aid. ; fj koI conj. St.

' i.e. the 'males' are sterile whether they flower or not.

Kol TOl'TWV TCt piiV TToWo. I COIlj. ; TOVTUV TO iroWo. TO. fXiV Aid.

' ? i.e. the flowers of the ' female ' tree.

  • i.e. (a) in those trees whose 'male' form is sterile,

whether it bears flowers or not; (6) in those whose 'male'

176


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, III. iii. 6-8

growing in the same place as the former, or ^ quite near it. Take for instance the centaury in Elea; where it grows in hill-country, it is fruitful ; where it grows in the plain, it bears no fruit, but only flowers ; and where it grows in deep valleys, it does not even flower, unless it be scantily. Any way it appears that, even of other plants which are of the same kind and all go by the same name, one will be without fruit, while another bears fruit ; for instance, one kermes-oak will be fruitful, another not ; and the same is true of the alder, though both produce flowers. And, generally speaking, all those of any given kind which are called ' male ' trees are without fruit, and that though ^ some of these, they say, produce many flowers, some few, some none at all. On the other hand they say that in some cases it is only the ' males ' that bear fruit, but that, in spite of this, the trees grow from the flowers,^ (just as in the case of fruit-bearing trees they grow from the fruit). And they add that in both cases,^ the crop of seedlings ^ which comes up is sometimes so thick that the woodmen cannot get through except bv clearing a way.

There is also a doubt about the flower of some trees, as we said. Some think that the oak bears flowers, and also the filbert the chestnut and even the fir and Aleppo pine ; some however think that none of these has a flower, but that, — resembling*^ and corresponding to the wild figs which drop off" prematurely, we have in the nuts the catkin,'^ in the

form alone bears fruit, but the fruit is infertile. The passage is obscure : W. gives up the text. ^ eK<pv(riv. cj. 7. 4. 3. ^ o^ojoj/ conj.W.; bfxoiav UAkl. cf. 3. 7. 3. c/. 3. 5. 5.

177


THEOPHRASTUS

LVOV Ofioiov Kol avdXoyov elvau tol<; irpoairo- TTTcoToi<; tpLvoL<i. 01 he irepi MuKeSovlav ovSe ravrd cf)aaiv civOelv apfcevOov o^vrjv dpiav a(f>€P- Ba/jLvov. evioi Be ra? dpKevdov<^ Svo elvai, Kot tt)v fxev erepav dvOetv fiev cLKapirov 8' elvai, rrjv Be erepav ovk dvOelv jueu Kapirov Be (fyepetu evOv^ Trpocpaifofievou, axTTTtp /cal tcl^; (Tvrcd<i rd epivd. avfi/3aLveL S' ovv coare inl Bvo ery rov Kapirov e')(eLV fJLovov tovto rdv BevBpwv. ravra fxev ovv eTTtaKeineov.

IV. 'II Be ^\daTrjcn<^ tmv fiev d/xa ylverat, /cal

TOiV l)lXepOOV, TMP Be fXlKpOV e7n\€L7T0/jL€PTJ, TOiV B'

i]By] TrXeov, dirdvTCdV Be Kaid rr}v rjpLvrjv oypav. uXXd T(ov KaprroiV t) TrapaWayrj irXelcov odairep Be KOL TTporepou CLTTOfieu, ou Kara Ta? /SXacrr/jaei^ at ireirdvaeL^; uXXd iroXv Biacjiepouo-ip- inel Kai rSiv 6^LKapiTorep(ov, d S?; rive^i ^aaiv epiavro- ^opelv, olov dpKevOov koI irpLvov, o/io)? at ^Xaa- ri'jaei^ tov r)po<=;. avrd S' aurcov rd 6/ioyevr} rw TTporepov Kal varepov BiatpepeL Kara tou? tottou?- irpoija fiev yap ^Xacndveu rd ev rol<; eXeaiv, co? ol irepl yiaKeBovlav Xeyovai, Bevrepa Be rd ev roI<; 7reB'i0L<;, ea-x^ara Be rd ev toI^ opeaiv. 2 Avrcov Be roiv Ka6' exaara BevBpcov rd fiev

' i.e. the male flower, cf. Schol. on Ar. Vesp. 1111. &i6<Ppa(nos Kvplcvs Xijei nvrrapov rrju irpocii'Oriaiv ttJs ttItvos : but no explanation of such a use of the word suggests itself. cf. 3. 'A. 8 ; 4. 8. 7.

'■* apiai' conj. Sell., cf. 3. 4. 2; 3. 16. 3; 3. 17. 1 ; o^vyiiv ayplav Aid.

.78


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, III. iii. 8-iv. 2

oak the oak-moss, in the pine the * flowering tuft.' ^ The peo])le of Macedonia say that these trees also produce no flowers — Phoenician cedar beecli aria^ (holm-oak) maple. Others distinguish two kinds of I^hoenician cedar, of which one bears flowers but bears no fruit, while the other, tiiough it has no flower, bears a fruit which shows itself at once ^— just as wild figs produce their abortive fruit. How- ever that may be,^ it is a fact that this is the only tree which kee})s its fruit for two years. These matters then need enquiry.

0/ the times of budding and fruiting of wild, as compared with cidtivated, trees.

IV. Now the budding of wild trees occurs in some cases at the same time as that of the cultivated forms, but in some cases somewhat, and in some a good deal later; but in all cases it is during the spring- season. But there is greater diversity in tlie time of fruiting ; as we said before, the times of ripening do not correspond to those of budding, but there are wide difl'erences. For even in the case of those trees which are somewhat late in fruiting, — which some say take a year to ripen their fruit — such as Phoenician cedar and kermes-oak, the budding nevertheless takes place in the spring. Again there are differences of time between individual trees of the same kind, according to the locality ; those in the marshes bud earliest, as the Macedonians say, second to them those in the plains, and latest those in the mountains.

Again of particular trees some wild ones bud


3 i.e. without antecedent flower.

  • 5" oZv conj. W. ; «rxf S^;/ UM V Aid.


179


THEOPHRASTUS

(TVpava/SXaaTcii'ei. roU r)/jL€poL<;, olov avSpdx^V (i(f)dpKr)' d^pa<; Be pLiKptp varepov t/}9 diriov. to, he Kol irpo ^€(f)vpou Koi fiera nvoa^ evOv ^€(j)vpov. Kol TTpo ^e(f)vpou fiep tcpavela kcu drjXvKpaveLa, fiera ^ecpvpov Se Sdcpi/rj K\rj0pa, irpo larjixepia'^ he fxLKpov (f)i\vpa ^vjLa (f)r)j6<i au/crj- irpco'i/SXaaTa he Koi Kapva kol hpv<; kol dKreo^' en he fiaXKov TCL d/capTra ho/covpra fcal dXadohr}, \evK7] irreXea Irea atyeipo'^' irXdravo^ he fiiKpo) 6y\riaLrepov T0VT03V. rd he dWa wanep euiarafievov rov 7]po<i, olov epLveo<^ (f)L\v/C7j o^vaKavOo^ iraXiOvpo^ repixivdo<; Kapva hioa^dXavo<;' jxifXea 5' 6'^i- /3XaaT0(;' oyjrL^XacnoraTov he a'^ehov t'-v/^o? dpia Terpajcovla Oveia yutXo?. al jxev ovv ^Xaanjaei'^ ouTft)? e')(pvcnv.

3 At he dv6i]a€L<; ukoXovOovctl fiev di<^ elirelv Kara X6<yov, ov p,7]P dXXd TrapaXXuTTOvat,, fxdXXov he Kal eirl irXeov r) roiv KapiTMV reXeLa)aL<;. Kpaveia fiev yap dirohihwaL vepl rpoTrd^; depivd<; r) irpdno'^ ax'^hov wairep irpcoTov t) 8' o^lo^, fjv hi] TLve<i KoXovGL OrfXvKpaveiav, /ler avTo to /xeroTrcopov €(Tri he 6 TavTr}<i Kapiro<i d^pa)T0<; Kal to ^vXov daOeve'^ kol ')(avvov' ToaavTi) hrj hiacfyopd irepl

4 dfKJxo. TepiiLv9o<; he irepl irvpov dfirjTOV rj fiiKpo)

  • See below, n. 4.

^ TO a.K. SoK. Koi aKff. conj.W.; rk uk. «al 5uk. kuI a\ij . U MP ; Ta UK. Ta ^</k. a\a. Aid.

^ wanef) apologises for the unusual sense given to ifiar.

i8o


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, III. iv. 2-4

along with the cultivated forms, as andrachne and hybrid arbutus ; and the wild pear is a little later than the cultivated. Some again bud both before zephyr begins to blow, and immediately after it has been blowing. Before it come cornelian cherry and cornel, after it bay and alder ; a little before the spring equinox come lime zygia Valonia oak fig. Hazel ^ oak and elder are also early in budding, and still more those trees which seem to have no fruit and to grow in groves,^ abele elm willow black poplar ; and the plane is a little later than these. The others which bud when the spring is, as it were, becoming established,^ are such as wild fig alaternus cotoneaster Christ's thorn terebinth hazel * chestnut. The apple is late in budding, latest of all generally are ipsos^ (cork-oak) aria (holm-oak) tetragonia odorous cedar yew. Such are the times of budding. The flowering times in general follow in proportion ; but they present some irregularity, and so in still more cases and to a greater extent do the times at which the fruit is matured. The cornelian cherry pro- duces its fruit about the summer solstice ; the early kind, that is to say, and this tree is about the earliest of all. 6 The late form, which some call 'female cornelian cherry ' (cornel), fruits quite at the end of autumn. The fruit of this kind is inedible and its wood is weak and spongy ; that is what the difference between the two kinds amounts to. The terebinth produces its fruit about the time of wheat-harvest or

(usually 'beginning'), to 5* &\\a wairep ^vktt. conj. W,; ri 5' 6.KKWS Trep* U; ra Se SAAoij Trepifvi(TTafji.4uov MAld, H,

  • Kapva can hardly be right both here and above,
  • See Index.

^ (TXeSbi/ &anep irpuToy not in G, nor in Plin, (16, 105) ; text perhaps defective.

i8i


THEOPHRASTUS

o-y^iaiTepov cnrohi^wcn kol fieXia koX crcjievSafipo^ Tov Oepov; Tov Kaprrov /cXyjOpa Se kol Kapva kol d')(p(i8(ov TL <yevo<i fieroiroopov hpv<^ he kol Sioa- ^d\avo<i oy\naiTepov en irepX \\\eL(iho<i hvaiv, co(Taurw? he /cal (fiiXv/cr] koI 7rpLvo<i kol TraXiovpos KoX 6^vdKav9os fierd IlXe/aSo? Svaiv rj 8' dpla ')(^ei/xa)vo<; dp)(o/j,€VOV' kol t) fiifkea fiev TOL<i Tr^coroi? ■<^v)(^eaiv, d)(pd<; Be oyjria 'X^eipiMVO'i' dv8pd\\r] Be KOL dc^dp/CT] TO /.Lev TrpCoTOv TreTraivovaLV d/xa tm ^orpvL 7repKd^ovTi,TO Be varepov, Bok€l yap ravra BiKapiTa, dp^op^evov tov ')(ei p.o)vo<;, eXdrrj Be fcal 6 yLttXo? dvOovai pLLKpov iTpo tjXlov rpoTTCOv [/cal T>}9 76 eXaT)/9 TO dvdo<; KpoKivov koX dWco^ KaXov] TOV Be KapiTov dipcdai fxerd Bvatv liXeidBo^.

TTeVKl-f Be KOL TTtTf? TTpOTepOVai T7J ^\aaT1](T€l

fxiKpoVy oaov TTevreKaLBefca I'lp^epai^, tou? Be Kap- rrov^ diroBiBoaai fieja TiXeidBa Kara \6yov.

'Vavra p,ev ovv pier pLcorepav piev e)(eL nrapaWa- yrjV' 7rdvT0)v Be TrXeiaTt]!' r; dpKev9o<^ /cal )) /c/jXaa- rpo<; Kal 7) rrplvo'^' 7) puev yap ((p.\'€vOo<; eviavcnov e^eiv Bo/cel' Trepc/caraXap/BdveL yap 6 1^609 tov irepv- aivoi'. o)? Be TLve'i cl)aaii>, ovBe TreTraiveL, Bl o /cal 7rpoa<j)aipovaL /cal ')(p6vov TLvd Ty]pouaiv edv Be id « €7rl TOV BeuBpov TL^,d7ro^>]paLveTai. <paal Be /cal ttjv irplvov ol irepl ^Ap/caoLuv eviavTW TeXeiovv dp,a yap TOV evov TreTraiveL /cal tov veov viro^aiver wcTTe Tot? TOLovTOL^ avpL^aLi^ci avvexM<; tov /capirbv exetv. cf)aal Be ye /cal t)]v /ci^XaaTpov vrrb tov

  • airoS. Kol fxeXla U ; d7rc(5i5a)(ri- [.L(\la A)d. Some confusion

in text, but sense clear. "^ oif m : ? T) o^la W.

182


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, III. iv. 4-6

a little later, manna-ash^ and maple in summer; alder hazel and a certain kind of wild pear in autumn ; oak and chestnut later still, about the setting of the Pleiad ; and in like manner alaternus kermes-oak Christ's-thorn cotoneaster after the setting of the Pleiad ; aria (holm-oak) when winter is beginning, apple with the first cold weather, wild pear late^ in winter. Andrachne and hybrid arbutus first ripen their fruit when the grape is turning, and again ^ when winter is beginning ; for these trees appear to bear twice. As for ^ silver-fir and yew, they flower a little before the solstice ; ^(the flower of the silver- fir is yellow and otherwise pretty) ; they bear their fruit after the setting of the Pleiad. Fir and Aleppo pine are a little earlier in budding, about fifteen days, but produce their fruit after the setting of the Pleiad, though proportionately earlier than silver-fir and yew.

In these trees then the difference of time is not considerable ; the greatest difference is shewn in Phoenician cedar holly and kermes-oak ; for Phoe- nician cedar appears to keep its fruit for a year, the new fruit overtaking that of last year ; and, accord- ing to some, it does not ripen it at all ; wherefore men gather it unripe and keep it, whereas if it is left on the tree, it shrivels up. The Arcadians say that the kermes-oak also takes a year to perfect its fruit ; for it ripens last year's fruit at the same time that the new fruit appears on it; the result of which is that such trees always have fruit on them. They say also

' After varepov Aid. adds avdovvTi (so also H and G) ; Plin. \-A. 121. omits it ; om. W. after Sch.

  • yap Aid.; Se conj. W.
  • Probably an early gloss, W. cf, Plin. 16, JOG.

183


THEOPHRASTUS

^€Lfxo)VO<^ uTTO^dWeLV. o-y^LKapTTa Be a(f)6Spa kui ji'iKvpa KOi 7rv^o<;. [tov Se Kapirov ci^pcorov e;^6t navrl t^oiw cpuXupa dijXv/cpaveia ttu^o?. oyjrLKapTra Be koX /c^tto? koX apKev9o<; Koi irevKri koi avBpdy(\ri.~\ o)? Be ol irepX ^ KpKaBiav <f)aaLv, €TL Tovrcou oy^iKapiroTepa cr'^eBov Be ttuvtcjov oy^Lairepa rerpaycovla Oveia fil- \o9. al fiev ovv twv Kapirwv aTro/SoXal kol

TceTrdvcrei^ rcov dyplcov TOiavTa<; exovcn Bta(f)opa^ ov fiovov irpo^ ra rjjiepa dWd kol tt/jo? eavrd.

V. ^v/uL^aLvet 8' orav dp^wvTai ^XaajdveLv ra /lev dXka avve^r) r/p re ^Xdarijaiv kol ttjv av^rjaiv iroLeladai, 7revKi)V Be koI iXdrrjv kuI Bpvv BiaXelireiv, fcal T/oei? op/idf; elvai kol rpelf; d(f)i,evai, /SXaarov^;, Bl* o kol rpiaXoTror irav jap Br] BevBpov orav ^Xaardvrj Xoird' irpoyrov fiev aKpov eapo<i evOv^ lara/ievov rod ^apy^jXicovo^;, ev Be rfi "IBrj rrepl irevreKaiBeKa fidXtara ijfiepa'^- fierd Be ravra BiaXiirovra rrepl rpidKovra i) /xLKpw rrX€LOV<i eirL^aXXerai rrdXiv dXXov<; fiXacr- rov<; diT^ dKpa<; t% Kopvvi]aea)<; r/}? errl ro) rrpo- repw ^Xaarw' Kal ra jiev dvw rd 5' et? rd rrXdyia kvkXw iroLelrai rip ^Xdarrjatu, olov <y6vv

  • (piXvpa Aid.; (piXvpta conj. Sch.

^ rhv 5€ . . . . av'bpaxXri. Apparently a gloss, W, ' rerpayu^via conj. Sch. {rerpa- omitted after -repo) : c/. § 2 ; yuvia MV ; ywyifia U.

  • ruv aypicov after irfnayaeis conj. Sch.; after i^/ifpa Aid.

" Pliii. Hi. 100.

184


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, III. iv. 6-v. i

that holly loses its fruit owing to the winter. I.inie^ and box are very late in fruiting, (lime has a fruit which no animal can eat, and so have cornel and box. Ivy Phoenician cedar fir and andrachne are late fruiting 2) though, according to the Arcadians, still later than these and almost latest of all are teiragonia^ odorous cedar and yew. Such then

are the differences as to the time of shedding and ripening their fruit between wild* as compared with cultivated trees, and likewise as compared with one another.

0/ the seasons of budding.

V. ^ Now most trees, when they have once begun to bud, make their budding and their growth con- tinuously, but with fir silver-fir and oak there are intervals. They make three fresh starts in growth and produce three separate sets of buds ; wherefore also they lose their bark thrice ^ a year. For every tree loses its bark when it is budding. This first happens in mid-spring "^ at the very beginning of the month Thargelion,^ on Mount Ida within about fifteen days of that time ; later, after an interval of about thirty days or rather more, the tree ^ puts on fresh buds which start from the head of the knobby growth i*^ which formed at the first budding-time; and it makes its budding partly on the top of this,^^ partly all round it laterally,!'^ using the knob formed at the

  • Tpla\oiroi conj. Sch. ; TpiaKonroi UMoV; rpfcrAeTrot M^Ald.

cj. 4. 15. 3 ; 5. 1. 1. ' iapos conj. R. Const.; hioos VAld. c/. Plin. I.e. 8 About May,

' What follows evidently applies only to the oak. ^^ KopwrjaeoiS conj. Sch.; Kopvvrjs cws UMV; Kopv<prjs '4ws Aid. 11 cf. 3. 6. 2. 12 ^^ add. Sch,

185


THEOPHRASTUS

TTOLTjaufiepa rrjv too Trpcorou ^Xaarov Kopvvrjv, wcTTre/j KaX rj vpcorr] /3XuaT^]aL<; e%ef. yiverai Be Tovro Trepl rbv 'EKippo(f)opLcova Xrjyovra.

2 Kara Se TavT7jv rrjV j^XdcnrjCTLV kol t) ktjkU <f)veTai iraaa, kol rj \€vk7] kol rj jieXaiva' (pveTai Be ft)? iirl TO iroXv vvkt6<; a6p6o<;' i(f) t)iiepav he fiiav av^TjOelaa, ttXtjv t^? Tr^rroetSoO?, eav vtto Tov Kav/iaro^ \r)(f)67j ^rjpaLverai, kol avav^rj<; eirl TO fiel^ov, eyivero yap av ixei^wv rw fieyedei. SioTrep rLve<; avroiv ov fiel^ov eyovai Kvdixov to fieyeOo^;. rj Be jxeXaiva KaX eirl irXe'iov^ i)/jLepa'i ey)(\(i)p6'^ eaTL, kol av^dvovTUi kol Xafi/Sdvovaiv eviai fieyeOo^; /jLiJXov.

AiaXeLTTOVTa Be jieTO. tovto Trepl TrevreKaiBeKa r]/jLepa<i TTokLV TO Tp'iTov eTTi^dWeTaL (SXaa-TOV's 'EKaTOfi^aia)VO<i, e\a')(i(TTa^ 'r)/iiepa<; twv irpoTe- pov Lcrcof; yap e^ rj eirTCL to TrXelaTOV rj Be ^XdaTrjGL^ ofjiOLa Kal tov avTOv Tpoirov. irapeK- 6ovao)v Be tovtwv ov/ceTi et? fi7]K0<i dXX' et? 7ra;^o? 77 av^rjaL^i TpeTreTai.

3 Hdai fiev ovv tol<; BevBpoL<; al ^XacTTTjcreL^: i^avepaiy jidXiaTa Be TJj eXdTj] icaX Trj ttcvkt] Bid TO (TTOi')(elv TO, yovaTa KaX e^ taov toi)? 6^ov<^ e%6M^. wpa Be KaX 7rpo<; to Tef-LvecrOai tcl ^vXa t6t6 Bid TO Xoirdv ev yap toI<^ dXXoi'^ Kaipoi^: ouK evirepLaipeTO^ (j:)Xoi6^, dXXd Kal Treptaipe- 6evT0<; fieXav to ^vXov ylveTat Kal Trj oyfret. ')(elpov' eirel xaX Trpo? ye ttjv 'x^pelav ovBev, dXXd KaX

' About June.

2 c/. 3. 7. 4 ; 3. 8. 6 ; Plin. 16. 27.

' €7xAwpos conj. Coraes ; etjx^(»pos Aid.

  • 5mAe/7ro»'To conj. St.; Sia\flirov<rai Ald.H.

186


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, III. v. 1-3

first budding as a sort of joints just as in the case of the first budding. This happens about the end of the month Skirrophorion.^

2 (It is only at the time of this second budding that the galls also are produced, both the white and the black ; the liquid forming them is mostly produced in quantity at night, and, after swelling for one day — except the part which is of resinous character — it hardens if it is caught by^the heat, and so cannot grow any more ; otherwise it would have grown greater in bulk ; wherefore in some trees the formation is not larger than a bean. The black gall is for several days of a pale green ^ colour ; then it swells and some- times attains the size of an apple.)

Then, after an interval * of about fifteen days, the tree for the third time puts on buds in the month Hekatombaion ^ ; but this growth continues for fewer days than on either of the previous occasions, perhaps for six or seven at most. However the formation ot the buds is as before and takes place in the same manner. After this period there is no increase in length, but the only increase is in thickness.

The periods of budding can be seen in all trees, but especially in fir and silver-fir, because the joints ofthesearein a regular series and have the knots at even distances. It is then the season also for cutting the timber, because the bark is being shed*' ; for at other times the bark is not easy to strip off, and moreover, if it is stripped off, the wood turns black ^ and is inferior in appearance ; for as to its utility ^ this makes no difference, though the wood

^ About July.

^ AoTtav conj.Sch.; Xonrav UMV; \nrau Aid,

-> cf. Plin. 16. 74.

  • ye conj. Sch.; re Aid,

187


THEOPHRASTUS

l(T')(i)p6Tepov, iav fiera ttjv TreiravaLV rcov Kapirwv

Tavra jxev ovv thia tcov Trpoeiprj/juevcDv BevBpwv. al Be ^Xa(TTrjaeL<^ al inl KvpI kol ^ApKTOvpfp jlvo- p,evai iiera tyjv eapivi-jv cry^ehov kolvoI iravTCdv evhifKoL he fxaXkov ev T0i9 7)/J,epoi(; koL tovtwv fidXiara avKrj kol afMireXw kol poid koI o\(o<; oaa €VTpa<prj KOL OTTOV X^P^ roiavTT]' 8i Koi rrjv eir WpKTOvp(p irXeLaTtjv (paal <yLvea6aL irepl Ser- raXiav teal ^'laKeSovtav' afia yap au/jLJSacvei Kal TO fxeroTTwpov KaXov yiveaOau kol fiaKpov, coart KOL TTjv /jiaXaK6T7]Ta dvpL^aXXeaOai, rov aepo<^. eireX koI ev AlyvnTM Bia tovB* to? elirelv alel ^Xaardvei to, BivSpa, rj kol puKpov riva BiaXeiireL Xpovov.

^AXXa ra fiev irepX Ta9 em^Xaar^'iaeL^, waive p etprjraL, KOivd, ra Be irepl ra? 3iaA,et-v|^et? dirb t^? TTpcoTT]^ iBia rwv XexPevroiv. IBlov 5' eVtof? VTrdp^ei KOL to tt)? KaXovfievr]<; Kd'^pvo'^, clou TO?? [re] 7rpoeLpr]fievoL<;' ey^eu yap Kal eXdTrj Kal TrevKt] Kal Bpv<;, Kal ert (jiiXvpa Kal Kapva Kal BioajBaXavo^ Kal iriTVs. avTai Be yivovTai Bpvi fiev Trpo T^)? ySXacTTT^crect)? v7ro(f)aivova7]<; tt}? r]pLvr]<; Mpa<;. eaTt 5' waTrepel Kvr]a-i<; (jyvXXtKy) fiGTa^v TTLTTTOvaa Trj<; i^ ^PX*!'^ €7ToiBr]ae(o<; Kal T'^? (pvXXiKT]^ ^XaaTt]ae(o<;' ttj S* 6t) ecrTl tov

^ SevSpwv conj. R. Const.; Kapirwv Ald.H. 2 cf.C.P. 1. 10. 6; 1.12. 4; 1.13. 3; 1. 13. 5; 1. 13. 10; Plin. 16. 98. » c/. C.P. 1. 14. 11. * cf. 5. 1. 4 ; Plin. 16. 30.

l88


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, III. v. 3-5

is stronger if it is cut after the ripening of the fruit.

Now what has been said is peculiar to the above- mentioned trees. ^ 2 ^^^ ^he buddings which take place at the rising of the dog-star and at that of Arcturus after the spring budding are common to nearly all, though they may be most clearly seen in cultivated trees, and, among these, especially in fig vine pomegranate, and in general in all those that are luxuriant in growth or are growing in rich soil. Accordingly they say that the budding at the rising of Arcturus is most considerable in Thessaly and Macedonia ^ ; for it also happens that the autumn in these countries is a fair and a long season ; so that the mildness of the climate also contributes. Indeed it is for this reason, one may say, that in Egypt too the trees are always budding, or at least that the process is only suspended for quite a short time.

Now the facts as to the later buddings apply, as has been said, to all trees alike ; but those which belong to the intervals after the first period of budding are peculiar to those mentioned above. Peculiar to some also is the growth of what are called ' winter buds,' * for instance in the above- mentioned trees ; silver-fir fir and oak have them, and also lime hazel chestnut and Aleppo pine. These are found in the oak before the leaf-buds grow, when the spring season is just beginning. This growth consists of a sort of leaf-like formation,^ which occurs between the first swelling of the leaf-buds and the time when they burst into leaf. In the sorb^ it

" eari . . . (puWiK^: i(TTt conj. R. Const.; watrepel conj. Sch.; $71 Se Siffirep t] Kvr}ais <pv\aK^ UAld.H. ; <pv\\tK}) mBas. etc. ' TTj 5' op iffrl conj. W. (c/ the description of 077, 3. 12. 8) ;

TTJ 8' lSl6Tr]Tl Aid.

189


THEOPHRASTUS

fieroTTcopov fieTct rr^v (f)vWo/3oXiav ev6v<; Xiirapd Ti<; Kal Mcrnep eTTwh)}Kvla, KaOairepavel fieXKovaa ^XaardveLV, koI SLa/xei/ec top ')(eip,S)va y^k^pi rov ypo^. r) Se 'HpaKXecDTiKr) fierd rijv diro^oXrjv rov KapiTov (f)V€i TO ^OTpvcoBe^i tjXlkov (JKOiXr)^ evjxe- yeOrj^y i^ €P0<; piia-)(ov irXeicd hr}, a KaXovcrl rives

6 lovXoVfi. TOVTCOV CKaGTOV ifC flLKpMV avyK€iTai

/jLOplcov (jjoXiScoTcbv rf] TCi^ei, KaOdirep ol arpo^iXoi Tfj<; irevKT}';, ware firj dvopboiav elvai rrjv oyjriv arpolSiXcp ve(p koX ')(Xcopa) 7rXr;i; Trpo/xrjKearepov fcal ax^^ov la67ra')(^6S BloXov. tovto Se av^erai TOP '^^eifiMva' (/cal d/jLa tu> rjpi 'y^daKei to, (^oXl- Bcora Kol ^apOa jlpeTaL), kol to fjLrJKo<; XafM/Sdvei Kal TpLSdKTvXop' OTUP Se Tov ypc; to <j)vXXov fiXaaTdprj, TavT diroirlirTei kol tcl tov Kapvov KaXvKcoBr] irepLKapTTLa jLveTac av/jL/xefivKora kuto, TOV pbiayov, TocravTa oaa Kal rjv tcl civOi]' tovtojp S* ip €KdaT(p Kdpvop ev. irepl he t?}? <pt.Xvpa<; eiridKeiTTeop, koI el ti dXXo Ka)(pvo(f)6pop.

VI. "Ecrrt Be kol to, fiev evav^i) rd Be Bvcrav^rj. evav^T] fiev rd re TrdpvBpa, olov TrreXea TrXdravos XeuKT] alyeipos Irea' fcau tol rrepX toutt;? dficpia- ^rjTovai TLves oo? Buaau^ov<i' Kal twp /capTrocjiopcop Be iXdrrj irevKri Bpv<;. evav^earaTOP Be . . . fiuXo'i

  • fvOvs \nrapa conj. Sell. ; t*s add. W, ; €v6vs al irapa ttjs \J.

^ (pvfi conj. W.; (puerai Aid. ' i.e. catkins, c/. 3. 3. 8.

  • TTAe/w 677 conj. Sch.; ttiwStj UMVAld. ; irAeloya U ?.
  • cf. 3. 10. 4.
  • ' avix^jUj-ivKuTi

text ; ? (rvfinecpvicoTa W.

190


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, 111. v. 5-vi. i

occurs in the autumn after the shedding of tlic leaves, and has from the first a glistening look,^ as though swelling had taken place, just as if it were about to burst into leaves ; and it persists through the winter till the spring. The filbert after casting- its fruit produces ^ its clustering growth,^ which is as large as a good-sized grub : several * of these grow from one stalk, and some call them catkins. Each of these is made up of small processes arranged like scales, and resembles the cone of the fir, so that its appearance is not unlike that of a young green fir-cone, except that it is longer and almost of the same thickness throughout. This grows through the winter (when spring comes, the scale-like processes open and turn yellow) ; it grows to the length of three fingers, but, when in spring the leaves are shooting, it falls off, and the cup-like ^ fruit-cases of the nut are formed, closed all down *^ the stalk and corre- sponding "^ in number to the flowers ; and in each ot these is a single nut. The case of the lime and of any other tree that produces winter-buds needs further consideration.

Of the comparatict rate of growth in trees, and of the length of their roots.

VI. Some trees are quick-growing, some slow. Quick-growing are those which grow by the waterside, as elm plane abele black poplar willow ; (however some dispute about the last-named, and consider it a slow grower :) and of fruit-bearing trees, silver-fir fir oak. Quickest growing of all are . . .^ yew lakara

' offa Kal ?iv TO. &v6r} conj. W. ; '6aa koI Kara. 6.v6t) Aid. ® Lacuna in text (Sch. W.). The following list of trees also appears to be in confusion, and includes some of both classes.

191


THEOPHRAS'lUS

fcal XcLKapa ^rfyo'^ apfceu6o<; (T(f)evSa/jiVO^ oarpva l^vyla fieXia K\i']dpa iriTv^ dvSpd-^Xrj Kpaveia TTV^o^ dxpd<;. Kap7To<pop€L 8' €u6v<; iXuTT} irevKy-j TTtTf?, KCiv OTrrjXtKOVOvv pLeyeOo^; Xd^cocriv.

'H Se av^TjaL^ koI rj /3\daTr}aL<; rcov fiev aWoyu araKro^ Kara rou? tottou? rdv ^Xaarwv, t^? 8' €Xdr^<i d)ptcr/i€Pr] koX avvexv'^ x^cii varepov. orav yap CK Tov (TTeXe')(ov<; ra Trpcora o-)(^iadfj, irdXiv i^ €K€ivov 77 erepa a')(^Lai<; yiverai Kara top avrov rpoTTOv, Kol rovr del ttolcI Kara irdaa^ ra<i eiru- ^Xaarrjaei,^. iv he roh oXXol^ ovS* 01 o^ol kut dXX7]Xou<i irX'qv eiri tlvwv oXlycov, olov kotIvov KOL aXXayv e^^t he koI rfjSe Bia<popdv rj av^y-jai^ KOLvfi TrdvTcov 6poL(ii<i i)fiepa)v re fcal dyplcop' rd fiev yap koX Ik, tov aKpov tmv ^XaaTcov Kal €k Tcop irXayicov ^verat, Kaddrrep dirio^ poa crvfcrj fivppivo^ a^^hov TO, TrXelara' to. S' e/c tov aKpov fieu ovK dvLTjaiv €k he twv irXayicov, Kal avTo TrpooiOeiTai to v7rdp')(^op, oxjTrep Kal to oXov crre- \€%09 Kal ol dKpe/i6v€<;. dVfxjSaivei. he tovto eirl TT}^ TiepaiKT}^ Kapva<; Kal Tr}<i 'HpaKXeo)TiKr)<; Kal dXXcov, dirdvTWV he TOiV tolovtcop et? ep (l)vXXov diTOTeXevTOdcnp ol jSXaaTOi, St' Kal €vX6ya)<; ovk eTn/SXaaTapeL Kal av^dperai firj e')(0PTa dp'^r)v. {opoia he Tpoirop Ttpd rj av^rjai^ Kal tov (Tltov

^ KUTCL . . . BKaffTwv conj. W. ; KOTO Tovs TpSnovs (corrected to TOTTovs) Kol $\aaTovs U ; MVP insert tovs before QXaarovs.

' iKfiyov . . . Kara conj. W.; iKflvov rj krtpa c\[^iTai to Xao /fa) UAld.

  • iXKwv : ? i\das W.; I suggest &\\uv i\au>v.

192


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, III. vi. 1-3

n)ird-clierry) Valonia oak Phoenician cedar maple hop-hornbeam zygia manna-ash alder Aleppo pine andrachne cornelian cherry box wild pear. But silver-fir fir and Aleppo pine bear fruit from the very first, whatever size they have attained.

While the growth and budding of most trees are irregular as regards the position in which the buds appear/ the growth and budding of the silver-fir follow a regular rule, and its development afterwards is also in a regular sequence. For, when the trunk first divides, then again from the divided trunk the second division 2 takes place in like manner, and so the tree goes on with each fresh formation of buds. In other trees not even the knots are opposite to one another, except in some few cases, as wild olive and others.^ Here too we find a difference in the manner of growth which belongs to all trees alike, both cultivated and wild : in some cases the growth is from the top of the shoots and also from the side- buds,* as in pear pomegranate fig myrtle and the majority of trees, one may say : in some cases the growth is not from the top, but only from the side- buds, and the already existing part is pushed out ^ further, as is the whole trunk with the upper branches. This occurs in the walnut and in the filbert as well as in other trees. In all such trees the buds end in a single leaf^; wherefore it is reasonable that they should not make fresh buds and growth from this point, as they have no point of departure. (To a certain extent the growth of corn is similar ; for it

  • iK Tov , . . irXayioov : ? iK rov &Kpov kol Sk tuiv irXayluiy

iSAaffTwv. cf. 3. 5, 1.

^ i.e. grows without dividing, cf. Pliii. 16. 100. (of dif- ferent trees).

  • (pv\\oy perhaps conceala some other word.

193


THEOPHRASTUS

Kal yap ovro^ ael ry Trpoooaei rov V7rdp-^0PT0<; av^dveraiy kclv koXo^wOij ra (f)vWa, fcaOdirep ev Tol^ e'm^o(JKOfievoL<=;- TrXijv ovr6<: ye ovk ifc rov rrXayiov Trapacpvei, Kaddirep eiua rcop y^ehpo-rroiv.) avTTj /xev ovv Siacpopd ti<; av elrj ^Xaar/jaecos' dfjia Kal av^/]ae(jC)<;.

4 JiaOuppt^a Be ov ^aai TLve<^ elvau ra ciypia Bui TO (f)vea6aL iravra diro aireppLaro'iy ovk dyav op6o3<; \€yovT€<;. ipSixerac yap orav i/j-^Lcoarj TToppoi KaOcevai ra? pi^a^' €TT€l Kal rcov \a)(^dvci)p TO, TToWd TOVTO TTOtel, KaiTTep daOeviarepa ovra Kal ivapya)<; (pvufieva <eV> rfj yfj. ^aduppi^oTaTov 6' ovp BoK€L TO)v dyptcov elvai ?; irplvo'^' iXdrrj Be Kal TrevKrj pL€Tpio)(;, eTrLiroXaioraTov Be Opavira- Xo<; Kal KOKKUfjLTjXea Kal aTroBidf;' avrt] B' earlv cjairep dypla KOKKv/jtyXea. ravra fiev ovv Kal uXiyoppL^a- 6 Be Opav7raXo<; nroXvppL^ov. crvfi- /SatveL Be roU dXXoi<i to2<; /jlt) Kara (3d0ov<i eyovai, Kal ovx riKLGTa iXdrrj Kal TrevKy, Trpoppi^OL^; viro rcov iTvevp^arcov eKTrlrrreLV.

5 01 /xev ovv Tvepl ' KpKaBiav ovrco Xeyovaw. ol S' CK rr]<;"lBr)<; (BaOvppil^urepov eXdrrjv Bpvo'^ dXX' iXdrrovi; 6)(£iv Kal evdvppL^orepav elvai- /Sadvppi- ^orarov Be Kal ryjv KOKKV/xijXeav Kal rrjv 'Wpa- KXeMrLKi]v, rd<; Be pi^a^ Xeirra^ Kal l(T)^vpa<; rr]v 'HpaKXea>rLK7]v, rr]V Be KOKKVjirfXeav iroXvppi^ov, d/j.<pco 8' ifJi^LOivai Belv BvacoXeOpov Be rr]v KOKKVfjLr)Xeav. e7n7roXi]<i Be a^evBafjLVOv Kal


  • TOW vndpxoi'ros conj. Sch. from G ; rp unap\ovaT] Alil.

'^ ovi' : -f OVK W. 3 piin. 1(5. 127*.

  • (uHiu^ai, : cf. 3. 6. 5; C.P. 1. 2. 1.

94


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, III. vi. 3-5

also regularly increases by pushing forward of the already existing part/ even if the leaves are mutilated, as in corn which is bitten down by animals. Corn however does not^ make side-growths, as some leguminous plants do.) Here then we may find a difference which occurs both in the making of buds and in the making of fresh growth.

2 Some say that wild trees are not deep rootijig, because they all grow from seed ; but this is not a very accurate statement. For it is possible that, when they are well established,* they may send their roots down far ; in fact even most pot-herbs do this, though these are not so strong as trees, and are undoubtedly grown from seed planted in the ground.^ The kermes-oak however seems to be the deepest rooting of wild trees ; silver-fir and fir are only moderately so, and shallowest are joint-fir plum bullace (which is a sort of wild plum). The last two also have few roots, while joint-fir has many. Trees which do not root deep,^ and especially silver- fir and fir, are liable to be rooted up b}' winds.

So the Arcadians say. But the people who live near Mount Ida say that the silver fir is deeper rooting'^ than the oak,^ and has straighter roots, though they are fewer. Also that those which have the deepest roots are plum and filbert, the latter having sti'ong slender roots, the former having many : but they add that both trees must be well established to acquire these characters ; also that plum is very tenacious of life. Maple, they say,

• fvapyws . . . y^ : so G ; iv add. W.

  • fiddovs conj. Sch.; Pddos Aid.

' 0adoppLC6Tipov conj. W.; ^aduppiCoTaioi^ UMVAld. " Proverbial for its hold on the ground ; cf. Verg. Aen. A. 441 foil.


THEOPHRASTUS

oXt7a9* T7JV 5e fiekiav TrXeiou? koI elvai irvKVop- pit,ov KoX ^aOvppi^ov. eiTLTTo\rj<; he kol dpKevdov Kol Kehpov KOL K\.r]6pa<^ Xeina^ koX OfiaXel^' en S' o^vrjv koX <yap rovr iir LiroXatoppi^ov kol oXiyoppL^op. rr]V Be ovav iTniroXaLOV^ fxev Icrx^' pa<i Se KOL Tra^eta? kol SvacoXeOpovi irXyjOet Se pLerpla^. /SadvppL^a jxev ovv kol ov ^aOvppL^a

ra TOiauT eariv.

VII. ^ K.iroKOirevTO<; Be rov aTeXexov<; ra fiev aXXa irdvO^ w? elirelv TrapajSXaardpei, irXrjV edv at pi^ai TTporepov ivywcri TTeirovr^Kvlar jrevKr) Be KOI eXdrrj reXeo)? i/c pt^cbv avT06T€L<; avaivovraL KaX eav to aKpov eirLKOTrfj. avp^alvei, Be tBiov n irepX rrjV iXdrrjv orav jdp KOirfj rj KoXovaOfj vTTo 7rvev/jLaT0<; rj koI dXXov rLvo<^ irepl to Xelov Tov (TTeXexovf; — e-^ei yap P'^XP'- "^^o? Xelov koI do^ov Kal ofiaXov iKavop Xcttu) irXoiov — irepL- <f)V€Tat fiiKpop, viroBeeaTepov eh vyjro^, kol xa- XovGiv 01 fiep dp,(pau^ip ol Be dp,<pi(puap, tw pep Xpdyp^aTL p^eXap TJj Be aKXypoTi^TC vTrep/SdXXop, e^ ov Tov<; KpaTfjpa<i Troiouaip ol irepl ^ApKaBlap' 2 TO Be Trd^o^ olop tip tv^J] to BepBpop, oawirefi dp lax^poTepov kol eyx^^OTcpop rj TraxvTepop, avp-^alpeu Be KUKelvo IBlop eV TavTw tovtw irep)

  • (T<p. KoL oXiyus conj. W. ; (T<p. /car' oXlyov UMVAld.

^ i.e. not very fibrous.

3 cf. Hdt. 6. 37, and the proverb irhvos Tp6iroy iicrplffeadat.

  • 'dfJLaKop conj. Seal. ; '6pLoiov Aid.
  • iKavhv '((TT<f> TrKoiov conj.W.; % Kol riKinoy n\e7oy Aid.; ac

UH, but with ir\o7oy.

196


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, III. vi. 5-vii. 2

has shallow roots and few of them ^ ; but manna-ash has more and they are thickly matted and run deep ; Phoenician cedar and pri«kly cedar, they say, have shallow roots, those of alder are slender and • plain,' 2 as also are those of beech ; for this too has few roots, and they are near the surface. Sorb, they say, has its roots near the surface, but they are strong and thick and hard to kill, though not very numerous. Such are the trees which are or are not deep-rooting.

Of the effects of cutting down the ivhole or part of a tree.

VII. Almost all trees shoot from the side if the trunk is cut down, unless the roots have previously been injured ; but fir and silver-fir wither away ^ completely from the roots within the year, if merely the top has been cut off. And there is a peculiar thing about the silver-fir ; when it is topped or broken off short by wind or some other cause affecting the smooth part of the trunk— for up to a certain height the trunk is smooth knotless and plain ^ (and so suitable for making a ship's mast ), — a certain amount of new growth forms round it, which does not however grow much vertically ; and this is called by some amphaiixis ^ and by others amphiphya ^ ; it is black in colour and exceedingly hard, and the Arcadians make their mixing-bowls out of it ; the thickness is in proportion "* to the tree, according as that is more or less vigorous and sappy, or again according to its thickness. There ^ is this peculiarity too in the silver-fir in the same connexion ;

  • Two words meaning * growth about,' i.e. callus.

' oXov h.v conj. W, ; olov iav Aid.; '6<rop tiv conj. Seal. « Plin. 16. 123.

197


THEOPHRASTUS

tt;!' iXdrijv orap fiev 'yap ri<; tov<; 6^ov<; airavjas a(p€\(ov dTTOKoyjrr} to aKpov, diroOvrjaKei Ta;^ea)9* oTav Se rd Karcorepco rd Kard to Xelov dipiXr}, ^77 TO KaTaXoiTTOv, irepX o Brj kclL 77 d/ji(j)av^i<; (jyvcTaL. ^fi he BrjXov ort, tw e'y)(yXov elvai Kal ')(X(op6v, elirep dirapd^XaaTOV. dXXd ydp tovto fiev lSiov t^9 eXaT779.

<t>epet Be ra fiev dXXa tov tc Kapirov top eavTMV Koi ra KaT eviavTov iinyivofxeva TavTa, 4)vXXov dvOo<; jSXaaTov Td Be Kal ^pvov rj eXiKa- ra Be TrXeio), KaOdirep rj re iTTeXea tov re /SoTpvv Koi TO OuXaKOjBef; tovto, kol avKr) Kal Td epivd Td TrpoaTTOTriTTTovTa Kal eX Tive^ dpa twv cvkwv oXvv9o(^opovcnv' fcrco? Be Tporrov Tivd Kapirov ouTO?. nX)C Tj *HpaKXea>TiK7] Kapva tov lOvXov Kal T) irplvo'^ TOV (poiviKovv kokkov 1) Be Bdc^vrf TO ^oTpvov. (pepec fiev Kal 7) Kap7ro<p6po<^, el fi7] Kal irdaa dXXd tol yevo<; ti auT?)?, ov /irjv dXXd TrXeov 7) dKap7T0s, yv Br] Kal dppevd TLve<; KaXou- (TLV. aXV 77 irevKt] tov TrpoaTroTTLTTTovTa kvt- Tapov.

TlXetaTa Be ttuvtcov rj Bpv<; irapd tov Kapirov, olov TrjV T€ KrjKiBa Trjv fJUKpdv Kal Tr}V eTepav

^ i.e. and so does not, like other trees under like treat- ment, put its strength into these, cf. G.P. 5. 17. 4.

2 kavTODV conj. Sch, from G ; avrhv Aid.

» The leaf-gall, cf. 2. 8. 3; 3. 14. 1. For toCto cJ. 3. 18. 11 ; 4. 7. 1. * Lat. qrosfii. cf, G.P. 5. 1. 8.

' Tiva Kapnhs conj. Sch.; riva &i(apiTos UAld.

198


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, III. vii. 2-4

wherij after taking off all the branches, one cuts oH the top, it soon dies ; yet, when one takes off the lower parts, those about the smooth portion of the trunk, what is left survives, and it is on this part that the amphaiixis forms. And plainly the reason why the tree survives is that it is sappy and green because it has no side-growths.^ Now this is peculiar to the silver-fir.

Of other things borne by trees besides their leaves flowers and fruit.

Now, while other trees bear merely their own ^ fruit and the obvious parts which form annually, to wit, leaf flower and bud, some bear also catkins or tendrils, and some produce other things as well, for instance the elm its ' cluster ' and the familiar bag- like tiling,^ the fig both the immature figs which drop off and (in some kinds) the untimely figs * — though perhaps in a sense ^ these should be reckoned as fruit. Again filbert produces its catkin,^ kermes-oak its scarlet ' berry/ "^ and bay its ' cluster.' ^ The fruit-bearing sort of bay also produces this, or at all events ^ one kind certainly does so ; however the sterile kind, which some call the ' male,' produces it in greater quantity. The fir again bears its ^tuft,' ^*^ which drops off.

^^The oak however bears more things besides ^^ its fruit than any other tree ; as the small gall ^^ and its

« c/. 3. 3. 8 ; 3. 5. 5.

' c/. 3. 16. 1. i.e. the kermes gall (whence Eng. 'crimson').

» ^orpvov UMVAld., supported by G. and Plin. 16. 120; but some editors read ^pvov on the strength of 3. 11. 4. and G.P. 2. 11. 4. » aWd Toi conj. W. ; aWa koX Aid.

^0 cf. 3. 3. 8 n. " Plin. 16. 28.

12 Traoh conj. W., c/. § 6; (pfpei Aid. ^» cf, 3. 5. 2.

199


THEOPHRASTUS

rrjv TTiTTcoBrj fieXaivav. en Be avKUfiLVwhe^i aXXo Tjj /xop(f)rj ttXtjv (TK\iipov Kol BvaKaraKTOv, cnrdvLov he toOto* koX erepov alSoicoBt] ayeaiv eyov, TeKeiovyuevov B* eri aKXypov Kara t^i^ eiravdaTaaLv kol TeTpvir-qfievov irpoaepi^epe'^ TpoTTov TLva TOVT ecTTt Kttl Tuvpov Ke(f)a\7], irepL- KaTa^vvjievov Be evBoOev ex^i irvpijvo^ e\da^ L(ro(f>ve^. (f)v€L Be kol tov l/tt' eviwv KoXovfievov ttTKov rovTO S' earl a-^aipiov epicx)Be<^ fiakaKov irepl TTvpyjviov aKXriporepov 7r€<pVK6<i, w ^i^^aii^Tat TTyoo? Tou? Xv^vov^' KaiSjaL 'yap Ka\co<;, axrwep Kol rj /jLeXacva Kr)Ki<;. <f)vei Be kol erepov a(f)aipLov KOfirjv e-xpv, TO, fiev aWa dxpelov, Kara Be rrjv eapLvrjv oipav eTri^airrov X^XoG fieXLTTjpo) koI Kara Ti-jv d<pr)v Kal Kara rr/v yevaiv.

Ilapa(l)V€i 8' evBorepay t/}? tmv pa^BSiv ybacrycL' \iBo<^ erepov acfyaiplov dp.La-)(pv rj Kal KOiXopucryov iBlov Kal iroLKiXov rov^ fiev 'yap eTravecrrrjKora^ 6/jL(f)aXov<; eTTtXevKov^ rj eTreariy/jievov^ e;\^et fieXa- va<; ro B^ dva fieaov KOKKo^a<^e<i kuI Xa/jLirpov dvoLyofxevov B' earl jxeXav Kal eiricr arr pov . arrdvLov Be 7rapa(f)vei Kal Xtddpiov KiacrripoeiBef; eV) rrXelov. en 8' aXXo rovrov (Tivaviairepov (^vXXl- Kov au/jLTreTnXrjfievov irpofirjKe^; a^aiplov. errl Be rod (f)vXXov (pveL Kara rrjv pd^iv G(j)aipiov XevKov Biav'ye<; vBara)Be<;, orav diraXov rj' rovro Be Kal


rvprjyos i\ata (ipou<pvrii' UMV ; TTvpr]va f\a(a flpov(pvriu Aid.

^ irepl TTvp-nviov (TK\r]p6Tfpou I conj. ; irepl wprjyiov ffKX-qpoT-qTa U ; irtpX irvprji'iov (TK\r]p6Tipov M ; Trtpn[vpr)viov <TKK-r]p6r(pov VAld. W. prints the reading of U. For vlxos see Index.


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, III. vii. 4-5

other black resinous gall. Again it has another growth^ like a mulberry in shape, but hard and difficult to break ; this however is not common. It has also another growth like the penis in shape, which, when it is further developed, makes a hard prominence and has a hole through it. This to a certain extent resembles also a bull's head, but, when split open, it contains inside a thing shaped like the stone of an olive. ^ The oak also produces what some call the 'ball ' ; this is a soft woolly spherical object enclosing a small stone which is harder,^ and men use it for their lamps ; for it burns well, as does the black gall. The oak also produces another hairy ball, which is generally useless, but in the spring season it is covered with a juice which is like honey both to touch and taste.

2 Further the oak produces right inside the axil ^ of the branches another ball with no stalk or else ^ a hollow one ; this is peculiar and of various colours : for the knobs which arise on it are whitish or black and spotted,^ while the part between these is brilliant scarlet ; but, when it is opened, it is black and rotten.^ It also occasionally produces a small stone which more or less resembles pumice-stone ; also, less commonly, there is a leaf-like ball, which is oblong and of close texture. Further the oak produces on the rib of the leaf a white transparent ball, which is watery, when it is young ; and this sometimes con-

' Plin. 16. 29.

  • ivSoTepw . . . ;ua<rxaAf5os conj. R. Const. ; iuTfpiuvrjs ruv

powu>y fxaaxa^iSas UAld. Plin., I.e., gignunt et alae ramorum eius pilulas. * ^ ins. St.

® Plin., I.e., nigra varietal e dispersa.

^ iniaa-irpoy; Plin., I.e., has apertis amara inanitas est whence iiriniKpov conj. Sch.


THEOPHRASTUS

yu-ua? ivloT€ ivBou X(T-)(eL. reXeiovfievoi' Be (Jk\i] pvverai kj]kl8o<; fiiKpa^; Xela'i rpoirov. 6 'H ^ev ovv Bpv<i Toaavra (pepei Traph rov KapTTov. ol yap pbVKrjTe^ diro tmv pi^cop xal irapa ra<; pL^a<; ^vop-evoL kolvoI kol erepwv elalv. uicravTcof; Se koi ?; l^ia' kol yap avrrj (fyverai KOL iv dX\oL<;' aXX,* ovSev r^rrov, oxrirep iXe-^Ot), nfkeLaro^opov iariv el Se ye Srj Ka9' 'HaloSop <f)epei fieki Kal pLeXirra^, en p^aXXov (^aiveraL 5' ovv Kal 6 p.eXLTQ)Sr)^ ovto<^ ')(^vXo<; €K tov aepo<; €7rl ravrrj p,dXt.ara irpoai^eLv. (f)aal Se Kal orav KaraKavOfi ylveaOai Xirpov e^ avrrj^i. Tavra

pLev ovv Xhia r?)? Bpv6<;.

VIII. TIdvTcov Be, Manep iXe^^V' '^^^ BevBpcov ct)? KaO^ eKaarov yevo<; Xa^elv Biaipopal 7rX€Lov<; eloiv y) p,ev KOLvrj Trciaiv, y BiaLpovai to OPjXv Kal TO appev, u)v to fiev Kapiro^opov to Be aKapirov iiTL Tivcov. iv oI<; Be dp^cpco Kap7ro<p6pa to OPjXv KaXXiKapirorepov Kal iroXvKapiroTepov' irXi-jv oaoi ravra KaXovaiv dppeva, KaXovcri yap Tive<i. TrapaTrXyjaia 8' 77 roiavrrj Biacpopd Kal &)? to rjpepov BtrjpTjrai irpb^; to dypuov. erepa Be Kar elBos avTwv tmv op^oyevcov virep cov XeKreov dp,a avvepi^aivovTa<; Kal Ta? lBia<; p.op(f)d<; rcov [xtj (pavepwv Kal yvwpipLWV,


^ Plin. 16. 31. 2 Hes. Op. 233.

» Plin. 16. 16. * X(KT(»v add. Sch.

202


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, III. vii. 5-viii. i

tains flies : but as it develops, it becomes bard, like a small smooth gall.

Such are the growths which the oak produces as well as its fruit. For as for the fungi 1 which grow from the roots or beside them, these occur also in other trees. So too with the oak-mistletoe ; for this grows on other trees also. However, apart from that, the oak, as was said, produces more things than any other tree ; and all the more so if, as Hesiod^ says, it produces honey and even bees; however, the truth appears to be that this honey-like juice comes from the air and settles on this more than on other trees. They say also that, when the oak is burnt, nitre is produced from it. Such are

the things peculiar to the oak.

OJ * male ' and '■ ftmalt ' in trees : the oak as an example of this and other differences.

VIII. ^Taking, as was said, all trees according to their kinds, we find a number of differences. Com- mon to them all is that by which men distinguish the 'male' and the '^female,' the latter being fruit- bearing, the former barren in some kinds. In those kinds in which both forms are fruit-bearing the ' female ' has fairer and more abundant fruit ; how- ever some call these the ' male ' trees — for there are those who actually thus invert the names. This difference is of the same character as that which distinguishes the cultivated from the wild tree, while other differences distinguish different forms of the same kind ; and these we must discuss,* at the same time indicating the peculiar forms, where these are not ^ obvious and easy to recognise. » /iij conj. St.; ni]Tf Ald.H.

203


THEOPHRASTUS

2 A/Juo? Br) yevrj — ravrrjv jap fidXioTa Biaipovai' Kal evioi ye ev6v^ ttjv /xev y/xepov koXovctl ttjv 5' aypiav ov rfj jXvkvttjtl tov Kap-JTOV hiaLpovvre<i' eVel y\vKVTar6<; ye 6 t?}? (fiyyov, ravri^v 5' aypiav iroiovcnv' dWa tw fiaWov iv to?? ipya- (TlfjLoi<; (pveadai Kal to ^vXov e)(eLv Xeiorepov, TTJV Be ^7]yov Tpaxv Kal iv tol<; opeivoU — yevt-j fxev ovv ol fxev rerrapa ttolovctiv ol Be irevTe. BiaXXuTTOvai 6' evia TOt? ovofxaaLV, olov rrjv Ta? yXvKeia^ (pepovaav ol fiev rjfieplBa KaXovvTe<i ol 8' ervfjLoBpvv. o/zoto)? Be Kal eV aXXcov. o)? B' ovv oi irepl ttjv "IB.rjv Biaipovai, rdK earl ra eiBr/' Tj/jLepl<; alyiXw\\r 7rXaTv<pvXXo<; (^7770? aXi(f)\oio^- ol Be evOv(f)Xoiov KaXovacv. Kapin/ia fiev iravra- yXvKvrara Be ra t/}? (pTjyov, KaOdirep elprfrai, Kal Bevrepov ra t>)9 yj/jLeplBo^;, eireiTa rri<i irXarv- <l)vXXov, Kal rerapTov rj dXic^Xoio^, ea^arov Be

3 Kal TTiKporarov t) alyiXwy^. ovy^ diraaai Be yXvKetai iv T0t9 yeveaiv aXX' ivi'ore Kal iriKpai, KaOdirep 77 ^7770?. Bia^epovcri Be Kal Tot? fxeyWecn Kal TOt? cr)(^7]fj,aai Kal Tot? 'X^puifiaai rcov ^aXavayv. IBiov Be e^ovaiv yj re (/)7;7o? Kal Tj dXi^Xoio^' dficporepai yap irapaXiOd^ovaiv iv TOt? appeal KaXovfievoi^; i^ aKpcov rwv /SaXdvcov eKarepwOev, al fiev tt/jo? tw KeXvcpei al Be 7rp6<;

» Plin. 16. 16 and 17.

^ See Index, Spvs and rj/xtpls. vn^pls, lit. 'cultivated oak.'

» Plin. 16. 20.

204


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, III. viii. 2-3

1 Take then the various kinds of oak ; for in this tree men recognise more differences than in any other. Some simply speak of a cultivated and a wild kind, not recognising any distinction made by the sweetness of the fruit ; (for sweetest is that of the kind called Valonia oak, and this they make the wild kind), but distinguishing the cultivated kind by its growing more commonly on tilled land and having smoother timber, while the Valonia oak has rough wood and grows in mountain districts. Thus some make four kinds, others five. They also in some cases vary as to the names assigned ; thus the kind which bears sweet fruit is called by some hemeris, by others Hrue oak.' So too with other kinds. However, to take the classification given by the people of Mount Ida, these ^ are the kinds : hemeris (gall-oak), aigilops (Turkey-oak), ' broad-leaved ' oak (scrub oak), Valonia oak, sea-bark oak, which some call ^straight-barked ' oak. ^^U these bear fruit; but the fruits of Valonia oak are the sweetest, as has been said ; second to these those of hemeris (gall-oak), third those of the ^broad-leaved' oak (scrub oak), fourth sea-bark oak, and last aigilops (Turkey- oak), whose fruits are very bitter. * However the fruit is not always sweet in the kinds specified as such ^ ; sometimes it is bitter, that of the Valonia oak for instance. There are also differences in the size shape and colour of the acorns. Those of Valonia oak and sea-bark oak are peculiar ; in both of these kinds on what are called the ' male * trees the acorns become stony at one end or the other ; in one kind this hardening takes place in the end which is

♦ Plin. 16. 19-21.

' ovx ' • . ^»'ioTc conj.W.; text defective in Ald.H.

205


THEOPHRASTUS

avTTJ rfj aapKL. Bi o kol u<^aipe6evT(ov oiJLoia

AiacjiepouaL Be Kal roL<; (f)vX\oL<; koX toI'^ areXe- X^cri' fcal Tot? ^vXoL^ kov tj] oXt) /jLop(f>7J. t) pev yap r/yLtepi? ovk 6pdo(f)vrj<; ovBe Xeia ovSe puKpd' irepiKopo^ yap 7) (pvTela Kal eireaTpappevrj Kal '7ro\vp,daxct'Xo<;, ware o^wSr) Kal ISpax^'^CLv yive- aOar to Be ^vXov laxypov p,ev daOevea-repov Be Trj<; (prjyov' tovto yap layvporaTov Kal aGaire- (TTaTOV. OVK 6p6o(f)U7]<; Be ovB' avrrj dX\' rjTTOv en T?}9 rjpeplBo^, to Be crreXe;^©? irayyTaTOV, oiaie Kal Ti]V oXtjv pop(f)r]V ^pa^^lav eivar Kal yap 7) (pureLa 7re/3t/co/xo? Kal ravTrj Kal ovk et? opOov. T) Be alyiXw^ 6p6o(^veaTaTov Kal vyp-rjXorarov Kal Xeiorarov Kal to ^vXov et? pi]KO<; l(7-)(yporaToi>. ov (f)V€TaL Be ev Tot? epyacripiOL^ y airaviw^. ) 'H Be 7rXaTV(f)vXXo'^ Bevrepov opOocfyvia Kal pLrjKet,, 7rpo<; Be rijv ^/aetai^ rr-jv otKoBopiKyjv ^^i- piarov fiera rtjv dXi(f>XoLov, (pavXov Be Kal et? to KaUiv Kal dvOpuKevetv, wairep Kal to tt}? oXl- (fiXoiov, Kal OpLTTrjBeaTaTOv per eKeivrjv 7) yap dXlcpXoLO^ Tra^v p^€i> e^^ei to aTeXe^o'i xP'Vvov Be Kal KoTXov edv e^J] irdxp'^ &)? eirl to ttoXv, Bl Kal dxpetop €69 Ta9 OLKoBop^d^;' eVt Be (T7]7reTai TaxtcTTa' Kal yap evvypov eaTU to BevBpov Bt Kal KOuXr] yiveTai. (jyaal Be Tive<; ovB^ eyKapBtov elvai /lovTj. Xeyovaiv <W9 Kal Kepavvo^XrjTe<i avTau fjiovai ylvovTau KaCirep i;-v^09 ovk e^ovaai

^ i.e. at the ' top' end ; irphs : ? it', trphs being repeated by

2 C^wl MSS.; wuy conj. Palm. » Plin. 16. 22.

206


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, III. viii. 3-5

attached to the cup, in the otlier in the flesh itself.^ Wherefore, when the cups are taken off, we find a cavity like the visceral cavities in animals.^

3 There are also differences in leaves trunk timber and general appearance. Hemeris (gall-oak) is not straight-growing nor smooth nor tall, for its growth is very leafy * and twisted, with many side-branches, so that it makes a low much-branched tree : its timber is strong, but not so strong as that of the Valonia oak, for that is the strongest and tlie least liable to rot. This ^ kind too is not straight-growing, even less so than the lieiyieris (gall-oak), but the trunk is very thick, so that the whole appearance is stunted ; for in growth this kind too is very leafy * and not erect. The aigilops (Turkey oak) is the straightest growing and also the tallest and smoothest, and its wood, cut lengthways, is the strongest. It does not grow on tilled land, or very rarely.

The ^ broad-leaved ' oak (scrub oak) ^ comes second as to straightness of growth and length of timber to be got from it, but for use in building it is the worst next after the sea-bark oak, and it is even poor wood for burning and making charcoal, as is also that of the sea-bark oak, and next after this kind it is the most worm-eaten. For the sea-bark oak has a thick trunk, but it is generally spongy and hollow when it is thick ; wherefore it is useless for building. Moreover it rots very quickly, for the tree contains much moisture ; and that is why it also becomes hollow ; and some say that it is the only ^ oak which has no heart. And some of the Aeolians say that these are the only oaks which are struck by light-


i.e. of bushy habit. ^ oyrrj conj. Sch.; air)) UAld.

Plin. Ifi. 23 and 24. ' pi6vri conj. St.; (Ji6v,)v Ald.H.


207


THEOPHRASTUS

T(t)v AloXecov TLve<;, ovSe tt/oo? to, lepa ')(p(ovTai Tot? ^v\oL^. Kara /xev ovv ra ^vXa kol ra<;

6Xa<; /xop(fia<; iv tovtol^ al 8ia(f)opai.

Kry/ctSa? Be nrdvra (pepet ra yevt], /xovrj Be eh TO, Bep/iara XPV^^^/^I^ V V^'CpL^;. 7) Be rr]<i alyi- XwTTO? KOL Tr}? 7r\aTV(f)vWov rfj /xeu 6y\reL irapo- fjLoia TTj T?)? r}fjL6pLBo<;, TrX-qv Xeiorepa, a^peLO<; Be. <f)€p€i KaX rrjv krepav ttjv /jbiXaivav rj ra epia ^diTTOVcnv. o Be KaXovcri TLve<; (pdcTKov 6/iolov T0t9 paKLOL<; 7) al<yLX(oy\r jjlovt] (j)ep€L ttoXlov kol Tpa'Xy' KOL yap TTrj^^alov KaTaKpe/nuvvvraL, KaOaTrep Tpv)(o<; oOoviov fiaKpov. (^verai Be

TOVTO CK TOV (j)XotOV Kol OVK €K Ti)? K0pVV7]<i

o6ev 7) ^dXavo<;, ovB^ e^ 6(})0aXjjLOv aXX' eV rod irXayLOV twv dvcoOev o^cdv. tj 8' dXL(l)Xoi.o<i eVt- fjLeXav TOVTO (pvec real ^paxv.

01 fiev ovv €K rr)? "1 87;? ovTco<i BLaipov(TLP. 01 Be irepX MaKeBoviap TCTTupa yepij Troiovaiv, eTVfioBpvv rj ra? yXvKeia^;, jrXuTixpvXXov rj ra? iTLKpd^, (pijyov rj ra? (TTpoyyvXa<;, dairpLV TavTrjv Be 01 jxev uKapirov oXw? oi Be <^avXov tov Kapirov, (oaTe iJi7)Bev eaOieiv ^wov ttXtjv v6<;, kol tuvttjv orav eTepav /jur) exj}' ^aX to, noXXd Xafi^dveaOai TrepiKe^aXaia. fjLox^VP^ ^^ ^^* t^ (vXa' ireXe-


» Plin. 16. 26.

' <pdffKOv . . . paKiois conj. Sch. {paidois Salm. ) : (fxia-Kos (i/j-oios rots $pax(iois UP2 ; <paaKov Sfiolws toIs ^payxiois Ald.H. Plin 16. 33, cf. 12. 108; Diosc. 1. 20; Hesych. -s.v. cpdaicos.

' T 208


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, III. viii. 5-7

ning, although they are not lofty ; nor do they use the wood for their sacrifices. Such then are the

differences as to timber and general appearance.

1 All the kinds produce galls, but only kemeri.s (gall-oak) produces one which is of use for tanning hides. That of aigilops (Turkey-oak) and that of the ^broad-leaved' oak (scrub oak) are in appearance like that of hemeris (gall-oak), but smoother and use- less. This also produces the other gall, the black kind, with which they dye wool. The substance which some call tree-moss and which resembles rags^ is borne only by the aigilops (Turkey-oak) ; it is grey and rough ^ and hangs down for a cubit's length, like a long shred of linen. This grows from the bark and not from the knob ^ whence the acorn starts ; nor does it grow from an eye, but from the side of the upper boughs. The sea-bark oak also produces this, bat it is blackish ^ and short.

Thus the people of Mount Ida distinguish. But the people of Macedonia make four kinds, ' true-oak,' or the oak which bears the sweet acorns, ^broad- leaved' oak (scrub oak), or that which bears the bitter ones, Valonia oak, or that which bears the round ones, and aspris^ (Turkey-oak); '^ the last- named some say is altogether without fruit, some say it bears poor fruit, so that no animal eats it except the pig, and only he when he can get no others, and that after eating it the pig mostly gets an affection of the head.^ The wood is also wretched ; when hewn with the axe it is altogether

^ eri/xeXav tovto <pv€i conj. Seal.; iirt/x. tovto <pv<T(i U; inl /j.e\iav -TOVTO (pvei MVAld.

6 See Index. ' Plin. 16. 24.

8 TrepiKc<pa\aia '. apparently the name of a disease.

209


THEOPHRASTUS

KrjOevTa fiev o/Vo)? a^pela' KajaptjyvvraL yap kol BiaTrLTTTer aTreXe/criTa Be (SeXrio), hi o koI ovto) XpMi'Tai. fJLo^O^ipa he kol eZ? Kavaiv kol et? avOpaKelav a')(^pelo^ yap 6Xci)<; 6 avdpa^ hia ro 7r7]hdv Koi cirLvOt-jpi^eiv ttXtjp roh xdXKevcn. TovTOL^ he ')(py]aificoT€po<^ tmv aXXcov Bia yap to aiToa^evvvadaLy orav Travayrai </)L'cra)yaeyo?, 6XLyo<: avaXiaKerai. [to Be tt)? dXL(f)Xoiov ')(p/]aL/jiov €t? Tov<; a^ova^ fiovov kuI to, rotavTa.] Bpvb<; fxev

ovv ravTa<; TToiovai Ta? lBea<i.

IX. Tmv Be aXXo)v eXaTTOU?* Kal <T')(eBov to, ye irXelara Biacpovcn dppevc Kal OrjXei, KaOdirep eiprjraL, irXyjv oXiywv oiv iart Kal 77 ttcvkt]- irevKrjf; yap to fiev rj/xepov Troiovat ro 8' dypiov, tt)? 8' dypia<i Bvo yeviy koXovgi Be rrjv jiev ^IBaiav Ttjv Be irapaXiav' rovrcov Be opdorepa Kal /xaKpo- repa Kal to <^vXXov e^ovaa ira'^vTepov ?; 'iSata, to Be (pvXXou Xeirrorepov Kal dpLevrjvoTepov 7; TTapaXla Kal Xeiorepop top ^Xolov Kal el<; rd Bepfiara 'X^pi^cnpLov' r] Be erepa ov. Kal tmv a-TpojBlXwv 6 jJiev tt}? irapaXia^ ajpoyyvXo<; re Kal BLa^cLd KOiv rax€(o<;, 6 Be rrj<; 'JSata? fiaKpo- repo'i Kal ')(Xa)po<; Kal rjrrov y^dcTKWV co? dv dypi(orepo<;' ro Be ^vXov laxvporepov ro tt}? irapaXia^;- Bel yap Kal rd<; roiavra<i Bcacpopd'^

1 Plin. 16. 23.

' rb 56 , . . ToiavTa : this sentence seems out of place, as a\((p\oios was not one of the 'Macedonian' oaks mentioned above (Sch.).


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, III. viii. 7-ix. i

useless, for it breaks in pieces and falls asunder ; if it is not hewn with the axe it is better, where- fore they so use it. ^ It is even wretched for burning and for making charcoal ; for the charcoal is entirely useless excej^t to the smith, because it springs about and emits sparks. But for use in the smithy it is more serviceable than the other kinds, since, as it goes out when it ceases to be blown, little of it is consumed. 2 Xhe wood of the sea-bark oak is only useful for wheel-axles and the like purposes. Such are the varieties of the oak ^ which men make out.

OJ the differences injirs.

IX. *The differences between other trees are fewer; for the most part men distinguish them merely according as they are *^male ' or ' female,' as has been said, except in a few cases including the fir ; for in this tree they distinguish the wild and the cultivated ^ kinds, and make two wild kinds, calling one the ^fir of Ida' (Corsican pine^) the other the 'fir of the sea-shore ' (Aleppo pine) ; of these the former is straighter and taller and has thicker leaves,'^ while in the latter the leaves are slenderer and weaker, and the bark is smoother and useful for tanning hides, which the other is not. Moreover the cone of the seaside kind is round and soon splits open, while that of the Idaean kind is longer and green and does not open so much, as being of wilder character. The timber of the seaside kind is stronger, — for one must note such differences also betAveen trees of the

^ T. describes irplvos a-fuXa^, and <pf\\6Spvs in 3. 16, <p€\\6s in 3. 17. 1.

  • Plin. 16. 43. ^ Stone pine. See Index.

» Plin. 16. 48. ' <pv\\ov W. conj.; ^6\oy UxVIVP.


THEOPHRASTUS

Xa/ji^dveLv tmv avyyevoiV 'yvcopi/.WL yap Sia rrjv Xpeiav.

2 ^OpOorepop Be koX irax^repov, uxTTrep etTTOfiev, rj 'ISaua, Kol TTyOo? rovroL<; TriTTcohecrTepop 6\a)<; to SeuSpop, peXaPTepa he Trlrrrj Kal yXvKVTepa kol XeiTTorepa Kal evwhearepa, orap rj oip^iy eyjrT]- Oelaa Be x^Lpop eK^aipei Bta to ttoXvp ex^i^v top oppop. ioi/caai 5' aTvep ovtol Btaipovaip opofiaaip IBlol<; 01 aWoL Bcaipelp tw appepi Kal drjXei. (paal 5' ol irepl MaKcBopcap Kal aKapirop tl y€P0<^ oX-o)? elpai 7TevK7]<i, Kal to p,€P dppep ^pa^vTepop T€ Kal aKXrjpocpvWoTepop, to Be OrjXv eufMrjKe- <TT€pop, Kol TO, (jivXXa XiTTapa Kal airaXa Kal KeKXifiepa /jloXXop e^ciP' €ti Be to, ^vXa rr}? /lep appePo<^ Trepl/jLTiTpa Kal aKXyjpa Kal ip rat? epyaaiai^ (tt pec^o piepa , t?}? Be ^r^Xeta? euepya Kal daTpa^T) Kal fiaXaK cot e pa.

3 ^x^^^^ ^^ KOLPri TL<i Tj Bia<j)opa ttuptcop tmp dppepcop Kal OtjXclmp, w? ol vXoTOfioi cfyaaip. dirap yap TO dppep ttj jreXeKrjaei Kal jSpaxvTepop Kal iTreaTpa/i/jiepop /laXXop Kal BvaepyoTepop Kal tw Xpf^P'CiTL jxeXaPTepop, to Be OrjXv ev/jLrjKeaTepop' eirel Kal ttjp alyiBa ttjv KaXovp,ep'>]P r) OijXeia t?}? irevKTj^; ex^L' tovto B icrTl to eyKapBiop avTij<;'

^ ffuyyfvwv conj. R. Const. ; ayydojv UAld. ; ^77€ra)»' MV rtiBas.

2 yvtipifioi conj. R. Const.; yvwpifios UAld.H. ; yvupi^a conj. W.

^ op06repov con]. R. Const.; o^vrtpov UMVAld.

■* fieKafTtpa . . . fvwSeaTfpa conj. W.; fiekdvTfpai St it/ttij Kol y\vKVTfpai Koi XtirT<^T€/?oj Kol fvu>S((TTfpai UMV; ntXavripa 212


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, III. ix. 1-3

same kind,^ since it is by their use that the different characters are recognised, ^

The Idaean kind is, as we have said, of straighter ^ and stouter growth, and moreover the tree is altogether more full of pitch, and its pitch is blacker sweeter thinner and more fragrant * when it is fresh ; though, when it is boiled, it turns out inferior,^ because it contains so much watery matter. However it appears that the kinds which these people distinguish by special names are distinguished by others merely as ^male' and ^female.' The people of Macedonia say that there is also a kind of fir which bears no fruit whatever, in which the ^male'^ (Aleppo pine) is shorter and has harder leaves, while the 'female' (Corsican pine) is taller and has glistening delicate leaves which are more pendent. Moreover the timber of the ' male ' kind has much heart- wood,^ is tough, and warps in joinery work, while that of the ' female ' is easy to work, does not warp,^ and is softer.

This distinction between ' male ' and ' female ' may, according to the woodmen, be said to be common to all trees. Any wood of a ' male ' tree, when one comes to cut it with the axe, gives shorter lengths, is more twisted, harder to work, and darker in colour ; while the ' female ' gives better lengths. For it is the ' female ' fir which contains what is called the aigis ^ ; this is the heart of the tree ; the

hh KoX yXvKvrepa Ka\ KeirroTepa koI evooSeffTtpa Aid. \eirTOT€pa, ? less viscous.

6 cf. 9. 2. 5 ; Plin. 16. 60. « Plin. 16. 47.

' neplfiriTpa con]. R. Const.: so Mold, explains; nepifXTfTpia UMV. cf. 3. 9. 6.

  • aaTpa^rj conj. R. Const.; ev<TTpa$ri Aid.

» aiylSa : cf. 5. 1. 9 ; Plin. 16. 187.

213


THEOPHRASTUS

aiTLOv he otl airevKOTepa fcal yrrov €vSa.Bo<; Kal Xeiorepa Kal evKreavcorepa. yiverai Be ev toI^ fi€yeOo<; exovat rwv hevhpwv, orav ifCTreaovra irepL- aairfj ra XevKa ra kv/c\m. tovtcov yap irepi- aipeOevTwv Kal KaTa\€i<j)0€L(TT]<; rrjf; fJiijTpa'; €k rauTTj'^ TreXeKarar eaTL Be ev^povv crcpoBpa Kal XeTTToivov. o Be ol irepl rrjv "lBy]v BaBovpyol KaXovcTL (jvK?]Vy ro eiTLyiyvojievov ev rai^i irevKai^, ipvdporepov ttjv xpoi^av t/}? BaBo*;, ev rol^ appeaiv icTTL fiaXXov SucrcoSe? Be tovto Kal ovk o^ei, BaBo^ ovBe Kaierai (iX\! aTTOTryBa cltto rov ttu/oo?.

Y[evKi}<i fiev ovv raura yevT] TTOLovauv, ij/iepov re Kal aypiov, Kal rrj^; ay plw; appevd re Kal O/jXeiav Kal rpirrjv ry-jv aKaprrov. ol Be irepl rrjv 'ApKaBlav ovre rr)V aKapnov Xeyovaiv ovre rrjv rjiiepov irevK-qv, aXXa irirvv elvai (f)a(7r Kal yap to areXexo^ i/KJ^epeararov elvai rfj Trurvi Kal e^^Lv rrjv re XeTrrorrjra Kal rb peye9o<^ Kal ev roL<i epyaaiai^ ravro ro ^vXov ro yap t/}9 Treu/cr;? Kal rraxyTepov Kal Xeiorepov Kal vyjnjXorepov elvai- Kal ra (pvXXa rrjv /.lev irevKijv e^eiv TroXXa Kal Xiirapa Kal ^aOea Kal K€KXip,eva, rr]v Be rrirvv Kal rrjv Kfj)VO(j)6pov ravrrjv oXiya re Kal av)(fi(oBe- crrepa Kal irecppLKora ficiXXov <aii<^w Be rpiyo- <f)vXXa.> en Be rrjv rrirrav epi(^epearepav rP]^


^ fvKTfavwTtpa : tvKT-qhovwripa conj. R. Const, cj. 5. 1. 9 ; but text is supported by Hesj-ch. s.v. IdvKTfavov.

2 I omit Koi before ra KVK\cp.

3 Plin. 16. 44.

214


P:NQU1RY into plants, hi. ix. 3-4

reason being that it is less resinous_, less soaked with pitch, smoother, and of straighter grain,^ This aigis is found in the larger trees, when, as they have fallen down, the white outside part ^ has decayed ; when this has been stripped off and the core left, it is cut out of this with the axe ; and it is of a good colour with fine fibre. However the substance which the torch-cutters of Mount Ida call the ' fig,' ^ which forms in the fir and is redder in colour than the resin, is found more in the ' male ' trees ; it has an evil smell, not like the smell of resin, nor will it burn, but it leaps away from the fire.

^Such are the kinds of fir which they make out, the cultivated and the wild, the latter including the ' male ' and the ' female ' and also the kind which bears no fruit. However the Arcadians say that neither the sterile kind nor the cultivated is a fir, but a pine ; for, they say, the trunk closely resembles the pine and has its slenderness, its stature, and the same kind^ of wood for purposes of joinery, the trunk of the fir being thicker smoother and taller ; moreover that the fir has many leaves, which are glossy massed together ^ and pendent, while in the pine and in the above-mentioned cone-bearing tree " the leaves are few and drier and stiffer ; though in both the leaves are hair-like.^ Also, they say, the pitch of this tree is more like that of the pine ; for

  • Tuvra yhf] conj. R. Const, from G ; ravra yt UM VAld. ;

Plin. 16. 45-49.

^ Tavrh conj. W.; ahrh Aid.

" iSaflea : Sacre'o conj. R. Const, cj. 3. 16. 2.

' i.e. the cultivated -rnvKT) (so called). T. uses this peri- phrasis to avoid begging the question of the name.

^ 6.yi^(a Se Tfjjx- ins. here by Sch.; in MSS. and Aid. the words occur in § 5 after inrTw^effrtpov.

215


THEOPHRASTUS

7rtTU09* Kal yap ttjv ttltw 6')(eLV oXijyjv re koi TTL/cpdv, wairep /cat TrjV KCOvocf)6pov, Trjv he TrevKtjv evcoSr] Kal TroWrjV. <f)verai 8' iv fiev rij ^ApKaSua r) TTtTf? oXlyr) irepl 3e rrjv ^HXeiav TroWyj. ovroi fiev ovv 6\(p Tw yevei SLa/jL(pLa^7]rov(riv.

'H 8e TTLTVf; BoK€i tt}? 7revK7]i; kol oia^epeiv tw Xiirapwrepa re elvai Kal XeirrocfivXkoTepa Kal to fxeyeOo^; iXdrrcov Kal r)TTOV opOo^vi]^' en he rov KMVov iXdrro) ^epeLv Kal TrecfypLKora /laXXop Kal TO Kcipvov iTLTTCdhecrrepov' Kal ra ^vXa XevKorepa Kal ofiOLorepa Ttj eXdrj) Kal to 6\ov direvKa. Sia<f)opdv B' eyei Kal ravrrjv fieydXrjv tt/oo? rrjv 7revKy]v' irevKyjv fxev yap eiTLKavOeiawv rcov pt^cdv ovK dva^Xaardveiv, rrjv irirvv Be (fyaaL Tive<; dva- ^XaardveLv, Mairep Kal ev Aea/3a) i/jLTrprjaOevro'^ Tou Uvppalwv 6pov<; rov irirvdihov^. voai^fia he ral^ 7revKai<; roiovrov rv Xeyovac av/n^aiveiv ol irepl rrji' "IBrfv Mar , orav /jlt] jiovov ro eyKdpBiov dXXa Kal ro e^oi rov areXexovi evhahov yevrjrai, rrjVLKavra wairep diroirviyeaOai. rovro Be avro- (larov avfi^aiveL BC evrpocpCav rov BevBpov, &>? dv Ti? elKuaeiev oXov yap yiverai Ba<;- Trepl fxev ovv rrjV irevKrjV iBwv rovro 7rd6o<;.

^EXdrrj 8' earlu rj fiev dppyjv rj Be drjXeia, Bia- <f)Opd<; 5* e^ovaa roU (I)vXXol<;' o^vrepa yap Kai K€Pry]TiKcorepa rd rod dppevo<; Kal eTrearpajifieva fidXXov, Bi o Kal ovXorepov rrj o-yjrei (fyaLverai ro BevBpov oXov. Kal rw ^vXw' XevKorepov yap Kal fiaXaKoyrepov Kal evepyearepov ro rr}<^ 6ifXeia<; Kal

^ -KiKpav conj. R. Const, from G ; /xiKpav VAld. ' KoL Tavrr]v /jnydXTju irphs conj. Sch.; koI rrjv fity. irphs UMV; /niyiXriv irphs Aid.

2l6


I


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, III. ix. 4-6

in the pine too it is scanty and bitter/ as in this other cone-bearing tree, but in the fir it is fragrant and abundant. Now the pine is rare in Arcadia, but common in EUs. The Arcadians then dispute altogether the nomenclature.

The pine appears to differ also from the fir in being glossier and having finer leaves, while it is smaller in stature and does not grow so straight ; also in bearing a smaller cone, which is stiffer and has a more pitchy kernel, while its wood is whiter, more like that of the silver-fir, and wholly free from pitch. And there is another great difference ^ between it and the fir ; the fir, if it is burnt down to the roots, does not shoot up again, while the pine, according to some, will do so ; for instance this happened in Lesbos,^ when the pine-forest of Pyrrha* was burnt. The people of Ida say that the fir is liable to a kind of disease ; — when not only the heart but the outer part of the trunk becomes glutted ^ with pitch, the tree then is as it were choked. This happens of its own accord through the excessive luxuriance of the tree, as one may conjecture ; for it all turns into pitch-glutted wood. This then is an affection peculiar to the fir.

•^ The silver-fir is either ' male ' or ' female,' and has differences in its leaves^; those of the 'male' are sharper more needle-like and more bent ; where- fore the whole tree has a more compact appearance. There are also differences in the wood, that of the ' female ' being whiter softer and easier to work,

^ eV A(a$ci) conj. W. from G, and Plin. 16. 46 ; els Af<T0ov MSS.

  • On the W. of Lesbos, modern Caloni. c/. 2. 2. 6 ; Plin. Ic.

^ cf. 1. 6. 1 ; Plin. 16. 44. « Plin. 16. 48. 7 cf. 1. 8. 2.

217


THEOPHRASTUS

TO oXov crreXexo^ evfirjKearepov to Be rod appe- j/o? TTOLKiXoyrepov koI ira'^vrepov kol aKXrjporepoi' Koi '7r€pifit]Tpov /jluWov 6\o3<; Se ^avXoTepov Tr)v oyjriv. iv Be rw kwvw tw fiev rov cippevo^; iart Kupva oXiya eVl rov a/cpov, tw Be rf]<; 6rfK.eia<; oA-w? ovBev, ft)? ol eic MaK6BovLa<^ eXeyov. e^ei Be 7rT€pvya<; to (pvWov koi iir* eXarrov, wdTe tyjv 6\r]v fiop(f)y]v elvat OoXoeiBi) koI irapopiOLou /xd- Xtara Tat9 BofcoTtctf? Kvveai^;' itvkvov Be ovtw^ ware fx-qre yjLova Bilevai pn'jd^ verov. 6X(o^ Be kol rfi oyjrei to BevBpov KaXov /cat yap r) ^XdaTTjai^; IBia Tf?, oidirep 6Lpy]Tai, irapa Ta? ciXXaf; kol fioprj rd^LV exovaa' tc5 Be fieyeOei /leya koI ttoXv t/}? TTevKr}<^ evfzrjKecTTepov.

^lacpepet Be /cal Kara to ^vXov ov piLKpov to p.ev yap t/)? eXdTT]^ lvMBe<; Kal fiaXaKov /cat kov- (pov, TO Be T>}? 7revK7]<i BaBcoBef; Kal /Sapv Kal aapKCdBecTTepov. 6^ov<i Be e^^c TrXeiov^ pev ?} TrevKTj (TKXr)poT€pov<; S' r) eXdT^-j, (T-)^eBov Be irdv- T(tiV &)? elrrelv aKXypoTepovf;, to Be ^vXov p.aXa- KOiTepov. 6Xco<^ Be ol o^oc irvKvoTaTot Kal aTepeco- TaTOL piovov ov BLa(f)avel<; eXdT')]<; Kal 7revK)]<i Kal T(p ^/ocoyuaTi BaBcoBei^; Kal p^dXiaTa Bid^opot tov ^vXou, pLaXXov Be t?}? eA,aT7??. ex^i Be, coanep i) 7revK7] Tyv alyiBa, Kal i) iXuTi] to XevKOV Xovaaov

  • vaxvTepou conj. W. ; iT\aTVT€pov Aid.

2 Plin. 16. 48 and 49. 3 For the tense see Intr. p. xx.

  • (pvWou, i.e. the leafy shoot. Sch. considers tpvWov to

be corrupt, and refers the following description to the cone ; \V. marks a lacuna after <pv\\ov. riiny, I.e., seems to have read <pv\\ov, but does not render Ka\ in' txarTov . . . KWian. The words koL eV iXarrov can hardly be sound as they stand. For the doseiiption of the foliage c/. 1, 10. 5.

2l8


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, III. ix. 6-7

while the whole trunk is longer ; that of the ' male ' is less of a uniform colour thicker ^ and harder, has more heart-wood, and is altogether inferior in appear- ance. In the cone ^ of the ' male ' are a few seeds at the apex, while that of the 'female,' according to what the Macedonians said,^ contains none at all. The foliage* is feathered and the height dispropor- tionate so that the general appearance of the tree is dome-like,^ and closely resembles the Boeotian peasant's hat*" ; and it is so dense that neither snow nor rain penetrates it. And in general the tree has a handsome appearance ; for its growth is somewhat peculiar, as has been said, compared with the others, it being the only one which is regular, and in stature it is large, much taller than the fir.

■^ There is also not a little difference in the wood : that of the silver-fir is fibrous^ soft and light, that of the fir is resinous heavy and more fleshy. The fir has more knots,*^ but the silver-fir harder ones; indeed they may be said to be harder than those of any tree, though the wood otherwise is softer. And in general the knots of silver-fir and fir are of the closest and most solid ^^ texture and almost ^^ trans- parent : in colour they are like resin-glutted wood, and quite different from the rest of the wood ; and this is especially so ^^ in the silver-fir. And just as the fir has its aigis,^^ so the silver-fir has what is

' 0o\oet5ri conj. Seal.; eri\o€iSrj U (erased) ; flrjAoeiSeJ MV; ut concamtratnm imitetur G ; ? doXioeiSr} ; in Theocr. 15. 39. doXia seems to be a sun-hat.

  • " Kvveais : cf. Hesych. s.v. Kwri Boiwrta, apparently a hat

worn in the fields. 7 cf. 5. 1. 7. » cf. 5. 1. 5. 9 cf 5. 1. 6.

^^ cf. 5. 1. 6, KipaTuSets. ^^ ov ins. Sch.

12 fxaWov Se conj. W. ; iJ.a\\ov ^ Aid. ^'^ cf. 3. 9. 3.

219


THEOPHRASTUS

Ka\ovfi€VOV, olov avTiaTpo(f}Ov rfj alyiSt,, irXrjp ro fiev XevKov i) S' atyi? evxpoy'i Blcl to evhahov. TTVKVov Be fcal \evKov ylverai kol koXov €k tcov irpecy^vTepwv ■ijSr) SevSpwv aWa airdiaov to ')(pr)aT6v, TO Be tv^ov Sai/^tXe?, €^ ov rd re rcov ^o)'ypdcf)CDP mvdKia iroiovaL kol to, ypa/n/iareia rd TToWd' rd 5' eaTTOvBacr/jLeva ck tov ^eXriovo^.

Oi Be irepX ^ KpKaBiav dfifporepa KoKovaiv alyiBa koI ttjv Tr}? 7revKrj<; koI rrjv Tr}? €XdTT]<;, Koi elvai likelo) rrjv tt)? iXdrrjf; dWd KaWio) ttjv T/)? 7r€VK7]<;' elvai yap Tr}? fiev eXaT?;? ttoWjjv re Kal Xelav kol TTVKvrjv, rrj<i Be 7rev/cr]<; oXiyrjv, rrjv fjuevTOL ovaav ovXorepav Kal laxvporepav Kal ro oXov KaXXio). ovroi fiev ovv eoiKaai Tot9 ovofiaai BLac^ojvelv. r] Be iXdrrj ravra^ e^GL rd<i Biacfio-

pd<; 7rpo9 rrjv irevKTjv Kal en rrjv irepl rrjv dji- <^av^iv, rjv Tvporepov etiroiiev.

X. '0^u>7 8' ovK e%e£ Biacf)opd<; dXX^ earl /lovo- y€ve<;' 6pOo(f>ve<; Be Kal Xelov Kal dvo^ov Kal 7ra;^o? Kal u-v/^o? e%oy a')(^eBov I'aov rfj eXdry Kal rdXXa Be TrapofxoLOv [te] to BevBpov ^vXov Be ev-)(povv l(T-)(ypov evLVOv Kal ^Xoiov Xelov Kal irayyv, <pvX- Xov 3' da')(i.B€<; rrpo/xrjKearepov dnLov Kal irra- KdvOi^ov e^ aKpov, pL^a<; ovre 7roXXd<; ovre Kard ^d6ov<;' 6 Be KapiTO<i Xelo<; ^aXavd)Br](; ev e^iv(£)

1 c/. Eur. /.^. 99 ; Hipp. 1254.

2 TO 5' conj. 8cal. ; koX Aid.

' 7r6u«7?s conj. Seal, from G ; ^Acittji Aid. ■• (Xdrris conj. Seal, from G ; irtvKrjs Aid.

220


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, III. ix. 7-x. i

called its white ' centre/ which answers, as it were, to the aigis of the fir, except that it is white, while the other is bright-coloured because it is glutted with pitch. It becomes close white and good in trees which are of some age, but it is seldom found in good condition, while the ordinary form of it is abundant and is used to make painters' boards and ordinary writing tablets,^ superior ones being 2 made of the better form.

However the Arcadians call both substances aigis, alike that of the fir ^ and the corresponding part of the silver-fir,* and say that, though the silver-fir produces more, that of the fir is better; for that, though that of the silver-fir is abundant ^ smooth and close, that of the fir, though scanty, is compacter stronger and fairer in general. The Arcadians then appear to differ as to the names which they give. Such are the differences in the silver-fir as com- pared with the fir, and there is also that of having the amphaiixis,^ which we mentioned before.

J beech, yew, hop-hornbeam, lime.

X. The beech presents no differences, there being but one kind. It is a straight-growing smooth and unbranched tree, and in thickness and height is about equal to the silver-fir, which it also resembles in other respects ; the wood is of a fair colour strong and of good grain, the bark smooth and thick, the leaf undivided, longer than a pear-leaf, spinous at the tip,*^ the roots neither numerous nor running deep ; the fruit is smooth like an acorn, enclosed in a shell,

" toAAV conj, Gesner ; o^X-nv UmBas.; SAtjv MVAId.

« c/. 3. 7. 1.

' i.e. mucroriate. cj. 3. 11. 3.


THEOPHRASTUS

ttXtjv [ovk] dvaKuvOfp koX Xeirp, kol oify^ co? rj SLoa/3d\avo<; uKavOcoSei, 7rpoa€fi(f)€p7]<i Se Koi Kara <y\vKVTr]ra koI Kara tov 'yyXov eKeivw. jLveraL Be Kal ev tw opei XevKij, f; Kal XprjcnpLOV €^(^€1 TO ^v\ov 7Tpo<; TToWd' KOL yap 7r/309 djxa^- ovpyiav Kal tt/jo? KXivoTryylap kol et? Sicfipovp- y'lav Kol et? rpairel^iav Kal 6t9 vavTrr^yiav' r) 8' iv Tot? TTtStoi? {Jbekaiva Kal cixp7](7T0<; Trpo? Tavra' TOV he Kapirov e^ovai irapaifKriaiov.

M.ovoy€vr]<^ Se Kal rj /xlXo^, opOocfivi]'^ Be Kal €vav^r)<i Kal op^ola rfj eXdrrj, TrXrjv ou^ v'^yjXov ovTco, 7ro\vp,dax(iXov Be fidWov. 6/xolov Be Kal TO ^vWov €)(€L rfi eXdrrj, XiTrapciTepov Be Kal p,a\aKct)Tepov. to Be ^vXov 7] fiev ef ^ApKaBla^i p,e\av Kal ^olvlkovv, i) B' eK tt}? "J St;? ^avdov cr(f)6Bpa Kal ofioiop Trj KeBprp, Bi o Kal tov<; ttco- kovvTdf; ^aaiv e^airaTav o)? KeBpov ircoXovPTa^' irdv yap elvat KapBiav, OTav 6 (f)XoLO<^ TrepiaipeOfj' op^OLOv Be Kal tov (pXoiov e)(ei.v Kal Trj TpaxuTrjTL Kal T(p ■)(^pd)p,aTL TTj KeBpu), pl^a^ Be p^iKpa^ Kal XevTTa? Kal eTniroXaiov^. airdvLov Be to BevBpov irepl Trjv "IBtjv, Trepl Be MaKeBovlav Kal ^ KpKaBiav TToXv- Kal Kapirov (pepcL aTpoyyvXov puKpCo /jLel^o) Kvdfiov, Tft) ')(pcop,aTL B' epvOpov Kal ptaXaKov (paal Be tcl pcev Xo^ovpa edv <f)dyr] tmv (pvXXcoi' diroOvrjaKeLV, tcl Be pLTjpvKd^ovTa ovBev Trda^^eiv. TOV Be KapTTov eaOlovcn Kal tcov dvdpcoirwv TLvh Kal ecTTLv r}Bv<; Kal daLvri<i.


^ ^-Xivos being otherwise used of a prickly case, such as that of the chestnut. ttAV avax. Koi Ae/oi conj. W.; itX^v ovK i.vaKdv6wi Kol Xiiwt U ; ttAV o^'K ^^ UKavd^ MVAld.

222


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, III. x. 1-2

which is however without prickles^ and smooth, not spinous,- like the chestnut, though in sweetness and flavour it resembles it. In mountain country it also grows white and has ^ timber which is useful for many purposes, for making carts beds chairs and tables, and for shipbuilding * ; while the tree of the plains is black and useless for these purposes ; but the fruit is much the same in both.

^ The yew has also but one kind, is straight- growing, grows readily, and is like the silver-fir, except that it is not so tall and is more branched. Its leaf is also like that of the silver-fir, but glossier and less stiff. As to the wood, in the Arcadian yew it is black or red, in that of Ida bright yellow and like prickly cedar ; wherefore they say that dealers practise deceit, selling it for that wood : for that it is all heart, when the bark is stripped off; its bark also resembles that of prickly cedar in roughness and colour, its roots are few slender and shallow. The tree is rare about Ida, but common in Macedonia and Arcadia ; it bears a round fruit a little larger than a bean, which is red in colour and soft; and they say that, if beasts of burden*' eat of the leaves they die, while ruminants take no hurt. Even men sometimes eat the fruit, which is sweet and harmless.

- aKaydwSei conj. R. Const.; aKavBwSri Ald.H.. ' XevK^] ^ Ka\ conj. W. ; Aeu/ci^ re koI Ald.H.

  • cf. 5. 6. 4 ; 5. 7. 2 and 6.

^ Plin. 16. 62. (description taken from this passage, but applied to fraxinus, apparently from confusion between iJAos and fxf\la).

• cf. 2. 7. 4 n.

223


THEOPHRASTUS

"EcTTi Se Koi 7] 6aTpv<; ixovoeLhy]'^, rjv KoKovcfi TLve^ oarpuau, 6/io(f)ve<; rrj o^va ttj re <f)VT€La kuI Tw (pXoLO)' (pvWa Se uTrLoeihi] tu) a-y^yj/xarL, ttXtjv 7Tpo/jLrjK6(TTepa TToWw Kol 6t9 o^v avvTjyfiiva Kol fiel^u), TToXvlva Be, airo Tri<i fiecrr)^ ev6eia<i kol fxeyakt]'; toop dWcov TrXevpoeiSco^ KaraTeivovaayv KOL ird'xo^ e')(ov(j(i)V' en he eppvTiScofieva Kara TO.? lva<i Kol 'X^apay/JLOV e^ovTa kvkKw Xctttop' to Se ^vXov aKXrjpov koI dxpovv, exXevKOP' Kapirov he fjLLKpov TTpofiaKpov o/ioiov KpiOf) ^avOov pi^a^ he exei /j.€Tefopov<;' evvhpov he kol (^apayyd)he<;. XeyeraL he ft)9 ovk i7riT7')heLOP eh OLKLap ela(^e- petP' hvaOaparecp yap <j>aaL koI huaroKetP ov dp y.

T?}? he (f)i,Xvpa<; i) fxep dpprjp earl rj he OifXeLW hcacpepovai he rfj /jLopcpfj rfj oXrj kol ttj rov ^vXov kol TO) TO /jL€P elpuL KdpirijJLOP TO h' aKapnop. to fiep yap T?}? dppepo^ ^vXop (TKXrjpop koI ^apOop Ka\ o^cohecTTepop Kal irvKPOTepop eaTL, eTi S' evcohe- arepop, to he t^? OrjXela^; Xev/coTepop. Kal 6 (f)Xoc6'^ T^9 /xep dppepo<^ Tta'xyTepos Kal TreptaipeOeU a/ca^TTr/? hid t7]P aKXifpoT-qTa, tt}? he 6r)Xeia^ Xeir- TOTepo^i Kal evKa/x7r7]<;, e^ ov Td<; KLaTa<; iroiovcnp- Kal 7/ fiep dKap7ro<; Kal dpap6r)<^, rj he 67'jXeia Kal dp9o<; e-)(eL Kal Kapirop' to fiep dpOo<; KaXv- Kcohe<; izapd top rod (l)vXXov fxia^op Kal irapd


1 cf. 1. 8. 2 {offrpvis), 3. 3. 1 ; C.P. 5. 12. 9 (oo-rpuTj) ; Plin. 13. 117.

^ fxiff7]s . . . KaraTeivovauv conj. Sell.; jxitrrji irXeupoeiSws Twv 6.\\cDV fvdfiwy Koi fieyd\rjv KaTareiyovawy Aid. cf. 1. 10. 2 ; 3. 17. 3.

224


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, III. x. 3-4

The ostrys (hop-hornbeam)/ which some call ostrya, has also but one kind : it is like the beech in growth and bark ; its leaves are in shape like a pear's, except that they are much longer, come to a sharp point, are larger, and have many fibres, which branch out like ribs from a large straight one 2 in the middle, and are thick ; also the leaves are wrinkled along the fibres and have a finely serrated edge ; the wood is hard colourless and whitish ; the fruit is small oblong and yellow like barley ; it has shallow roots ; it loves water and is found in ravines. It is said to be unlucky to bring it into the house, since, wherever it is, it is supposed to cause a painful death ^ or painful labour in giving birth.

^ The lime has both ^ male ' and ' female ' forms, which differ in their general appearance, in that ot the wood, and in being respectively fruit-bearing and sterile. The wood of the 'male' tree is hard yellow more branched closer, and also more fragrant ^ ; that of the 'female' is whiter. The bark of the ' male ' is thicker, and, when stripped off, is un- bending because of its hardness ; that of the 'female ' is thinner ^ and flexible ; men make their writing- cases "* out of it. The ' male ' has neither fruit nor flower, but the ' female ' has both flower and fruit ; the flower is cup-shaped, and appears alongside of the stalk of the leaf, or alongside of next year'i

^ ZvaBavaTftv I conj. ; Zvadavarov PgAld. ; ivaBavarav conj. Sch. , but hvaQavarav has a desiderative sense.

  • Plin. 16. 65.

^ 6T< 5' €ua)S. inserted here by Sch.; c/. Plin., I.e. In Aid. the words, with the addition tJ» t^s QriXdas, occur after iroiovaiv,

^ XeTTTSrepos conj. Sob ; KeuKSrepos Aid,

7 cf. 3. 13. 1 ; Ar. Vesp. 529.

225


THEOPHRASTUS

TTjv 6t9 vewra fcdy^pw e0' erepou ixicy)(0Vy yXoepov he orav rj koX-vkcoSc^;, eKKokvirToixevov he iiri^av- 5 Oov 77 he av6rjaL<; ajia Tot9 r}fiepoL<;, 6 he Kapiro^ arpoyyvXof; 7rp6jj.aKpo<; 7]Xlko<; Kua/iio<; ofiOLO<; tw Tov KLTTOv, jcovLa^i e%wi' o ahpo<; irevre olov Ivwv e^e)(ova(av /cat et? o^v avvayofiercov 6 he firf ahpo<; ahiapOp6repo<;' hiafcuL^6fievo<; he 6 dhpo^; e^^i ybiKp drra kol Xeirrd aTrep/xdrLa rfXiKa kol 6 t{]<; dhpa<pd^vo<;. ro he cfyvWov kol 6 (p^-oiof; t'jhea KoX yXvKea' rrjv he /lop^rjv /ciXTcoSe? to (j)vWov, TrXrjv eV it poa ay (oyy)<; jidWov tj irepi- (pepeia, Kara rb tt/jo? rro /jLia-)(fp Kvprorarov, dWd Kara fxecrov et? o^vrepov ttjv avvaycoyrjv €-)(ov Ka\ fjLaKporepov, eirovXov he kvkKm Kal Keya- payixevov. jjbrjrpav 5' e%e£ to ^vXov fiLfcpdv Kal ov TToXv fiaXaKcorepav rod dXXov fiaXaKov yap Kal ro dXXo ^vXop.

XI. T^9 he acfievhdfjLVOv, KaOdTrep etTTO/iev, hvo yevT] TTOiovatv, 01 he rpia' ev fiev hr] rw kolvw irpoaayopevovau acpevha/nvov, erepov he ^vyiav, rpirov he KXivorpoyov, w? ol rcepl l^rdyetpa. hia- (f)Opd 8' earl Tf;? ^vyLa<; Kal tT;? a(^>evhdfjLvov on 7] fjLev a(f)evha/ivo<^ XevKov e%et to ^vXov Kal evLvorepov, t) he ^vyla ^avOov Kal ovXov ro he (pvXXov ev/JLeyed6<i dfi^co, rfj Gylaeu ojioiov rm

» cf. 3. 5. 5. and 6.

"^ SiaKuiCnuspoi : Siaax^C'^f^^^os, 'when split open,' conj. W.

-■> cf. 1. 12 4; a P. 6. 12. 7. * 3. 3. 1.

' irpoaayopevovffi conj. VV. from G ; npoaayopeveTai Aid,

226


p:nquiry into plants, hi. x. 4x1. t

vv;nter-bud ^ on a separate stalk ; it is green, when in the cup-like stage, but brownish as it opens ; it appears at the same time as in the cultivated trees. The fruit is rounded oblong as large as a bean, resembling the fruit of the ivy ; when mature, it has five angular projections, as it were, made by projecting fibres which meet in a point ; the im- mature fruit is less articulated. When the mature fruit is pulled to pieces,^ it shows some small fine seeds of the same size as those of orach. The leaf and the bark ^ are well flavoured and sweet ; the loMf is like that of the ivy in shape, except that it rounds more gradually, being most curved at the part next the stalk, but in the middle contracting to a sharper and longer apex, and its edge is somewhat puckered and jagged. The timber contains little core, which is not much softer than the other part; for the rest of the wood is also soft.


OJ maple and ash.

XI. Of the maple, as we have said,^ some make ^ two kinds, some three ; one they call by the general name ' maple,' another zygia, the third klinotrokhos ^ ; this name, for instance, is used by the people of Stagira. The difference between zygia and maple proper is that the latter has white wood of finer fibre, while that of zygia is yellow and of compact texture. The leaf ^ in both trees is large, resem- bling that of the plane in the way in which it is

® kXiv6tpoxov KXd..', icXn'ScTTpoxov U ; iy6Tpoxov conj. Salm. from Plin. 16. 66 and 67, cursivenhim or crassivenium. Scli. thinks that the word conceals yXlvos ; c/. 3. 3. 1 ; 3. 11. 2.

' <pv\\ov conj. R. Const. ; fuAov UMVAld.H.G.


THEOPHRASTUS

tt}? nXardvov reravov XeirTorepop Be teal aaapKo- repov Kol fxaXaKonTepov Koi Trpo/iTjKearepov to, Be ay^iafiaO o\a t et? o^v crvvrjKOVTa koI ov^ ovtq) /j£croaxt'Bf] a)OC uKpoa'X^LSiaTepa' ov TroXviva he 0D<; Kara /neyeOof;. e^^t he Kal (f)XoLov fxiKpw rpa^vTepop rod tt}? (j)LXvpa<i, viroireXLov ira'^vv Kal irvKvoiepov rj 6 tt}? Trtrfo? Kal ciKafXTTTj' pi^aL S' oXlyai Kal /j-erewpoc Kal ovXai a')(ehov at TrXelarai,

2 Kal al tt}? ^av6r]<i Kal at t^? XevKrj<^. jiveraL Be /jLciXiara ev roL<i €(f)vBpoL<;, to? ol irepl ttjv "iBrjv Xe- yovaiyKal ecTTi aTrdviov. irepl dv6ov<^ Be ovk yBeaav Tov Be KapiTov ov Xiav fiev 7rpofn]Krj, Trapo/ioiov Be T(p iraXiovpcp rrXrjV TrpofiyjKearepov. ol B' ev rw 'OXv/jLtto) rrjv jxev ^vyiav opeiov fiaXXov, rrjv Be (Tc^evBapvov Kal ev TOL<i TreStot? (jyueaOar elvai Be rrjV piev ev tw opet (f)Vop,evrjv ^avOrjy Kal €V)(^povv Kal ovXrjv Kal arepedv, y Kal 7r/3o? ra TroXvreXrj TMV epywv -xpoiVTaiy ryv Be neBeLvijv XevKi^v re Kal piavorepav Kal rfrrov ovXrjv KaXovai 8' avrrjv evioL yXelvov, ov acf^evBapcvov. . . . Kal t^9 dppevo^ ovXorepa ra ^vXa (Tvve<JTpapip,eva, Kal ev rw TTeBiw ravTTjv (pveaOai fiaXXov Kal ^acrrdveiv Trpwtrepov.

8 "Ecrri. Be Kal p,eXLa<; yevt] Bvo. rovrcov 3' rj piev vyjrriXr) Kal evpLJjKTj^ €(ttl to ^vXov e^ovaa XevKov Kal evivov Kal pLaXaKMTepov Kal dvo^o-


1 reravhp : cf. 3. 12. 5 ; 3. 15. 6.

2 crx^'J'Ma^' conj. R. Const, from G; <rx^i"a^' Aid. Cam.; ffXVM-O'^' Bas., which W. reads.

3 gAa : ? Uws.

  • i.e. do not run back so far.

' TToAviya conj. R. Const.; iroKv' Ivait Aid.; vo\v- 'iva 5f M.

228


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, III. xi. 1-3

divided ; it is smooth,^ but more delicate, less fleshy, softer, longer in proportion to its breadth, and the divisions '^ all ^ tend to meet in a point, while they do not occur so much in the middle of the leaf,"* but rather at the tip ; and for their size the leaves have not many fibres.^ The bark too is somewhat rougher than that of the lime, of blackish colour thick closer^ than that of the Aleppo pine. and stiff; the roots are few shallow and compact for the most part, both those of the yellow and those of the white- wooded tree. This tree occurs chiefly in wet ground,^ as the people of Mount Ida say, and is rare. About its flower they did ^ not know, but the fruit, they said, is not very oblong, but like that of Christ's thorn,^ except that it is more oblong than that. But the people of Mount Olympus say that, while zygia is rather a mountain tree, the maple proper grows also in the plains ; and that the form which grows in the mountains has yellow wood of a bright colour, which is of compact texture and hard, and is used even for expensive work, while that of the plains has white Avood of looser make and less compact texture. And

some call it g/ei/ioir 10 instead of maple ^^ The

wood of the * male ' tree is of compacter texture and twisted ; this tree, it is said, grows rather in the plain and puts forth its leaves earlier.

12 There are also two kinds of ash. Of these one is lofty and of strong growth with white wood of good fibre, softer, with less knots, and of more compact

" irvKuSrepov conj. Seal, from G ; Trupwrepov UAld.

^ icpvSpois : iKpvSpois conj. Sch. cf. vcpa/jL/xos, viroirerpos,

8 c/. 3. 9. 6 n.; Intr. p. xx. » cf. 3. 18. 3.

'» cf. 3. 3. 1 ; Plin. 16. 67.

" W. marks a lacuna : the description of the * female ' tree seems to be missing. ^^ Plin. 16, 62-64.

229


THEOPHRASTUS

T€poi> fcal ovXoTepov i] 8e Taireivorepa kcu *J7tov €vav^7]<; Kai rpw^^vrepa Kal afcXijporepa /cal ^av- Oorepa. ra Be (f)vXka rco /lev cr^/;yu-aT£ SacfivoetS)), TrXarvcfivWov Bd(pvy]<;, et? o^vrepov 6e avvrjj/jieva, 'X^'pay/jiov Se tlv e-)(Ovra kvkXw koL eiraKavOi- ^ovra' TO Be oXov, oirep eliroL ri? av (pvWov tS> a/xa (pvWoppoelv, a4> evo^ /J.La')(^ov' Kal irepl fxiav olov Iva /cara joiw Kal avi^vylav ra (fivXXa Ka0' eKaarov TrecpvKe, (TV)(yo}v 8i€^ovaa)i> tcov av^vycMv, 6/zotw? Kal iirl t?}? ot?;?. ecm, Se tmv fi€V I3pa')(ea ra fyovara Kal at av^vylat to ttXtjOo^ iXdrrov^, tmv he t?}? XevKf]<i Kal jiaKpa Kal irXeiovi;' Kal ra KaB' eKaarov (f)vXXa /laKporepa Kal arevojepa, rrjv Be ')(^p6av TrpaaoyBtj. (pXoiov Be Xelov eysL, Karrvpov Be Kal Xeirrov Kal tF/ 4 %poa TTvppov. TruKi'oppL^ov Be Kal irax^ppi^oi' Kal fierewpov. Kapirov Be ol fiev vrepl rrjv lBi]v ovx VTreXdji^avov e)(eiv ouB' dv9o<i' ej(^eL B' ev Xo0M XeTTTcp KapiTov Kapvrjpbv w? rcou d/avyBa- Xcov inTOTTLKpov rf] yevcrei. (^kpei Be Kal erep' drra olov [Spva, KaOdirep rj Bdcpvi], TrXjjv aricfipo- T6pa' Kal eKacnov KaO^ avro a(f)aipoeLBe<;, coairep TO. Tcop TrXardvcov tovtcov Be ra /xev irepl rov KapiTov, ra 8' dirrjpTrj/jieva ttoXv, Kal ra irXelara ovTco. (^verai Be rj fiev Xeia irepl ra ^advdyKi] jjidXiara Kal ecpvBpa, rj Be rpaxela Kal irepl rd ^ypd Kal TrerpcoBrf. evLOi Be KaXovat ri^v jxev /leXlav

' ovXoTfpov : avovKSrepov W. from Sch.'s conj,; }i.vov\o% does not occur elsewhere, and T. uses ^lavSi as the opposite of ovKos.

2 i.e. instead of considering the leaflet as the unit. For the description c/. 3. 12. 5; 3. 15. 4.

230


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, III. xi. 3-4

texture ^ ; the other is shorter, less vigorous in growth, rougher harder and yellower. The leaves in shape are like those of the bay, that is, the broad-leaved bay, but they contract to a sharper point, and they have a sort of jagged outline with sharp points. The whole leaf (if one may consider this as'^ a Meaf ' because it is all shed at once) grows on a single stalk ; on either side of a single fibre, as it were, the leaflets grow at a joint in pairs, which are numerous and distinct, just as in the sorb. In some leaves the joints are short ^ and the pairs fewer in number, but in those of the white kind the joint is long and the pairs more numerous, while the leaflets are longer narrower and leek-green in colour. Also this tree has a smooth bark, whicli is dry thin and red in colour. The roots are matted stout and shallow.* As to the fruit, the people of Ida supposed it to have none, and no flower either ; liowever it has a nut-like fruit in a thin pod, like the fruit of tlie almond, and it is somewhat bitter in taste. And it also bears certain other things like winter-buds, as does the bay, but they are more solid, -^ and each separate one is globular, like those of the plane ; some of these occur around the fruit, some, in fact the greater number,^ are at a distance from it. The smooth kind grows mostly in deep ravines and damp places, the rough kind occurs also in dry and rocky parts. Some, for instance the Macedonians, call the


' ^paxea conj. Seal, from G ; rpaxea UAld.H.

  • Bod. inserts ov before ixeTewpov ; cf. 3. 6. 5. (Idaean

account.)

^ (TTKppoTcpa con]. Dalec. ; arputpyoTepa M8S.

• TTAeiffTa conj. R. Const.; irXe/cra UMVAld. 7 cf. Pliu., I.e.

231


THEOPHRASTUS

Ti]v Se /Sov/xeXLOv, coanep oi irepl MuKcSoi'Lav. 6 li6iL,ov ^e Kol ixavoTepov y /3ovfi6\io<;, Sl' o Kal rjrrov ovXov. (f>v<T€i Se rb fiev ireheivov Kal rpa^v, TO 3' opeivov Kal Xelov eart Se rj fiev iv roU opeai (jivofievr) ev)(pov<i Kal Xeua Kal arepea Kal yXiaxpci, t) 3' iv tco irehiw axpov<; Kal fxavrj Kal rpa-^^eta. (to S' oXov co? eliretv ra SevBpa oaa Kal iv TM ttcSlo) Kal iv ru) opei (jiverai, ra fiev opeLva ev^pod re Kal arepea Kal Xela ylverai, KaOoLTTep Q^vrj irreXea ra aXXa' ra Be TreSeiva fxavorepa Kal axpovarepa Kal ^(eipa), ttXtjv airlov Kal jjirfXea^ Kal a)(pd8o<;, o)? ol irepl rbv "OXvpurov (fiacrr ravra 8' iv tcS ireSicp KpeirTco Kal tw KapTTM Kal roL^ ^vXoi<;- iv /xev yap tw opei Tpa'X^el^ Kal dKavOcoBecf; Kal 6^(oBeL<; elaiv, iv Be tw TreBlcp XeLorepoL Kal /xeL^ov^ Kal rov Kapirov exovai ryXvKvrepov Kal aapKwBearepov p^eyeOei Be alel /iiei^co ra ireBeLvd.)

XII. KpaveLa<i Be to puev dppev to Be drjXv, rjv Brj Kal OrfXvKpavelav KaXovacv. exovcrc Be (f)vX\ov jiev d/xvyBaXfj opLoiov, irXyjv XcTTcoBearepov Kal Tra'xyrepov, (pXotbv 8' lvu>Brj Xeirrov to Be aTeXe')(o<^ ov irayy Xlav, dXXa irapa^vet pd^Bov<; Mairep dyvo<;' iXdrrov; Be 7] OrjXvKpaveia Kal OajivwBeaTepov iarLV. tou? Be 6^ov<; 6/jLolco<? e')(ovaLv dfi<p(o rfj ayvw Kal Kara Bvo Kal Kar

^ cj. Plin., I.e., and Index.

^ /xer^'oj' Se Koi fxav6Ttpov conj. W. from G ; ;u. Se «aJ navdrepa MVU {'! /xaySrepov) ; fiei^uu 5e Kal /xaKpoTtpa Ald.H.

232


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, III. xi. 4 xii. i

one 'ash' (manna-ash), the other * horse-ash i' (ash) The * horse-ash ' is a larger and more spreading ^ tree, wherefore it is of less compact appearance. It is naturally a tree of the plains and rough, while the other belongs to the mountains and is smooth ^ ; the one which grows on the mountains is fair-coloured smooth hard and stunted, while that of the plains is colourless spreading and rough. (In general one may say of trees that grow in the plain and on the mountain respectively, that the latter are of fair colour hard and smooth,"* as beech elm and the rest ; while those of the plain are more spreading, of less good colour and inferior, except the pear apple ^ and wild pear, according to the people of Mount Olympus. These when they grow in the plain are better both in fruit and in wood ; for on the mountain they are rough spinous and much branched, in the plain smoother larger and with sweeter and fleshier fruit. However the trees of the plain are always of larger size.)

Of corndian chemry, cornel, ^ cedars,^ medlar, thorns, sorb.

XII. Of the cornelian cherry there is a ' male' and a 'female' kind (cornel), and the latter bears a corre- sponding name. Both have a leaf like that of the almond, but oilier and thicker ; the bark is fibrous and thin, the stem is not very thick, but it puts out side- branches like the chaste-tree, those of the ' female ' tree, which is more shrubby, being fewer. Both kinds have branches like those of the chaste-tree,

' Kol Tpaxv . • . AeTo;/ conj. Sch.; Koi Xe7oy . . . rpaxv Aid.

^ Afio conj. Mold.; Aeu/ca Aid. G.

^ ^V^ias conj. Seal., cf. 3. 3. 2 ; fiehlas U:MAld.H.

233


THEOPHRASTUS

aWf]Xou<^' TO Se ^vXov to fxev Tr}<; Kpaveia^ aKciphiov icaX arepeov 6\ov, o/jloiov fcepari ri-jv TTVKVoTrjTa Kal r7]V lax^'^i to ^e tt}? 6yfKvKpaveia<^ ivr€pt(jov7]v €)(^ov Kol jLiaXaKcoTepou kol KoiXaivo-

2 fievov ^i o KoX ay^pelov et? la aKoviia. to 8' u-v/ro? Tov appevo<; hoohcKa fidXiaTa ir-q-^^wv, i)Xlki] TOiV aapiaaMV ?; fxeyiaTiy to yap oXov aTeXey^O'i £;i|ro9 ovK Xayei. ^aal S' oi jxev iv Tfj"lBr} ttj TpcodSi TO fiev dppev aKap-nov elvac to Be OPjXv KapT^Lfiov. TTvprjva S' Kap7ro<; e')(eL TrapajrXyaLou iXda, Kal iaOi6/jievo<; lyXuKix; Kal €va)Sr]<;- dv6o<; he bfioLOv tQ> rr)? eXda<;, Kal aTravOel he Kal Kapiro^opel

TOV avTOV TpOlTOV T(p ef €1^09 flL(TXOV 7rXeL0l"s

c^eiVy a')(6hov he Kal Tot9 %/^o^'ot9 irapaTrXi^aiw's. 01 S' ev MaKehovla Kapiroc^opelv /xev dficpco (f)a(7lv TOV he T7]<; OifKeia^; d/3pcoTov elvar Td<; pL^a<; 8' 6/.wLa<; eyei TaL<; dyvoL^; Icrxvpa^ Kal dvwXWpov^;. yuveTaL he Kal irepl tci €(j)vhpa Kal ovk iv Tot9 ^ypoL<; juLovov (PveTai he Kal aTro (T7repiiaTo<i Kal diTo TTapaairdho^;.

3 Y^ehpov he ol fxev (paaiv elvac Blttt^v, ttjv /lev AvKLav Trjv he ^0LviKf]V, ol he fiovoeihrj, KaOdirep ol iv TTj "\hr]. TrapofjLOLOv he ttj dpKeuOw, hiacpepei he jidXiaTa tw (f)vXX(p' to /lev yap T7]<i Kehpov aKXnjpov Kal o^v Kal dKav6a)he<;, to he T7)9 dpKevdov /laXaKcoTepov' hoKel he Kal v^riXo^vecTTepov elvau rj dpKev6o<^' ou firjv dX,V eviol ye ov hiaipovai

^ The Idaeans are evidently responsible for this statement. T. himself (3. 4. 3) says the fruit is inedible.

^ But (1. 11. 4) only certain varieties of the olive are said to have this character : the next statement seems also incon- sistent with 3. 4. 3. Perhaps T. is still reproducing his Idaean authority.


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, III. xii. 1-3

arranged in pairs opposite one another. The wood of the 'male' tree has no heart, but is hard tlirough- out, like horn in closeness and strength ; whereas that of the ' female ' tree has heart-wood and is softer and goes into holes ; wherefore it is useless for javelins. The height of the ' male ' tree is at most twelve cubits, the length of the longest Macedonian spear, the stem up to the point where it divides not being very tall. The people of Mount Ida in the Troad say that the ' male ' tree is barren, but that the ' female ' bears fruit. The fruit has a stone like an olive and is sweet to the taste and fragrant^ ; the flower is like that of the olive, and the tree produces its flowers and fruit in the same manner, inasmuch as it has several growing from one stalk,- and they are produced at almost the same time in both forms. However the people of Macedonia say that both trees bear fruit, though that of the ^ female ' is uneatable, and the roots are like those of the chaste-tree, strong and indestructible. This tree grows in wet ground and not only " in dry places ; and it comes from seed, and also can be propagated from a piece torn oft'.

^ The ' cedar,' some say, has two forms, the Lycian and the Phoenician ^ ; but some, as the people of Mount Ida, say that there is only one form. It resembles the arkeuthos (Phoenician cedar), differing chiefly in the leaf, that of ' cedar ' being hard sharp and spinous, while that of arkeuthos is softer : the latter tree also seems to be of taller growth. How- ever some do not give them distinct names, but call

^ n6vov ins. R. Const, from G.

  • Plin. 13. 52. See Index neSpos and a^KevBos.

' ^-oiyiKriy : ^oiuiKiKijy conj. W. cf. 9. 2. 3 ; Plin. I.e.


THEOPHRASTUS

T0t9 ovojiaaLV aXX cifKpco KaXovcri /ceSpov^, ttXtjv TrapaaTjfxco^; ttjv /ceSpov o^vKehpov. o^coBrj h' cifKpa) KOI TToXvfida-^aXa koI eTrearpafji/ieva e'xpv- ra TCL ^vXa- fi-^rpav 8' 7) fiev dp/cevOo^ e;^6t

flLKpaV Kol TTVKV-qV KOl OTUV KOTTrj Ta^v arjTTO-

pLevi]V' 7) he Kehpo<; to TrXelarov iyKapSiov Koi aaaizk'^, ipvOpoKaphta S* djK^a)' koI t) fiev t?)?

4 KcBpov eucoS?;? 77 Se t/)? erepa? ov. Kapiro'^ 8' 6 fiev rr^? KeSpov ^avOo<; pLvprov /ieyeOo<; e^cDv €va)Bi]<; 7)Sv<; iaOleaOaL. 6 he Trj<=; apKevOov ra fiev dXXa 6p,ot,o<i, yueXa? he kol arpvcfyvo^i Kal MaTrep d/3pcoTO'i' hiapievei 5' et? eviavjov, eW orav dXXo<; eiTLc^vfj 6 7r6pvaLvo<; dTroTTiTrrei. co? he ol ev ^ApKahla XeyovaL, Tyoet? d/ia Kapirou^i layei, rov re irepvaivov ovirw ireirova koX Tov TTpoirepvcnvov 77877 ireirova koi ihcohi/iov KOL rpiTov TOV veov vTrocfiaivei. €(f)7) he ^aTvpo^ Kal Kopiiaai tou? opeorvirov^ avTw dvavOel^ dfi(p(D. TOV he (pXoLov ofioiov e;^et KvrrapiTTw TpayvTepov he' pt^a? he p.avd<^ u/Kporepai kol eTrnroXalov^. (^vovTai Trepl tcl TreTpcohr] kol ^(^eLfiepLa fcal tovtov; T0v<; TOTTOV^; ^rjTOvai.

6 Mea7riXr)<i 8' earl Tpia <yevr], dv0r]hcbv aard- veio<^ dv6r}hovoei,hrj'^y o)? ol irepl Trjv "]hy]v hiai- povcn. (fyepei he ?; fiev aaTdveio^i tov Kapirov fiei^o) Kal XevKOTepov Kal X'^vvoTcpov Kal Tov<i irvprjva^ 6j(pvTa paXaKcoTepov^' at 6' eTepai


  • ■Kapaavfj.ws ttju KcSpou U; tt. rhp KfSpov M ; Aid. omits the

article ; Trapaa-nfiaala. iceSpov conj W.

2 uriTpav conj. Sch.; fiaWov UMVAld. Plin., 16. 198, sup- ports fxrirpav : he apparently read ixiirpav 8* t) fiev L ex*' fJ^aWov

236


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, III. xii. 3-5

them both 'cedar/ distinguishing them however as ' the cedar ' ^ and ' prickly cedar.' Both are branching trees with many joints and twisted wood. On the other hand arkeuthos has only a small amount of close core,2 which, when the tree is cut, soon rots, while the trunk of ' cedar ' consists mainly of heart and does not rot. The colour of the heart in each case is red : that of the ' cedar ' is fragrant, but not that of the other. The fruit of ' cedar ' is yellow, as large as the myrtle-berry, fragrant, and sweet to the taste. That of arkeuthos is like it in other respects, but black, of astringent taste and practically uneatable ; it remains on the tree for a year, and then, when another grows, last year's fruit falls off. According to the Arcadians it has three fruits on the tree at once, last year's, which is not yet ripe, that of the year before last which is now ripe and eatable, and it also shews the new fruit. Satyrus^ said that the wood-cutters gathered him specimens of both kinds which were flowerless. The bark is * like that of the cypress but rougher. Both '^ kinds have spreading shallow roots. These trees grow in rocky cold parts and seek out such districts. ^ There are three kinds of mespile, anthedon (oriental thorn), sataneios (medlar) and anthedonoeides (hawthorn), as the people of mount Ida distinguish them. "^ The fruit of the medlar is larger paler more spongy and contains softer stones ; in the other

TTvKvhv ; but the words /col Brav . . . ar}iroixhr)v (which P. does not render) seem inconsistent. ? ins. oh before raxu Sch.

3 ? An enquirer sent out by the Lyceum : see Intr. p. xxi.

  • ^X^' conj. W. ; eSJ/cei Aid.

^ aixrpSrepai conj. W. ; ap.(j)orepas U; a.fj.(pOTepovs Aid. H.

« Plin. 15. 84.

7 cf. C.P.2. 8. 2; 6. 14. 4; 6. 16. 1.

237


THEOPHRASTUS

eXdrro) re ri Kal evcoBiarepov Kal arpui^roTepoi, ware hvvaaOai TrXeUo -y^povov Orjaavpi^eadai. TTVKVorepou he koX to ^v\ov tovtcov kol ^avdorepov, ra 5' dWa o/ioiop. to S' civOo^ iraaoiv o/iolov d/jLvyBa\fj, TrXrjV ovk epvOpov wairep eKelvo aX,V

e<y)(\(x>p6T€pov fjLS'yeOeL peya to hevhpov

Kol irepiKopbov. <^vWov Be to fiev eVl

7roXu(T%i5e? Se kol ev citcpw (jekLvoeLhe<i, to h' €7rl TMV TraXaiOTepcov 7ro\vcr)(Lhe<; a^ohpa kol iyjo)vo€ih6<; jxei^oaL GylaixaaLy T€Tavov tVwSe'? XeiTTOTepov aeXivov kol 7rpop.7]Ke(jTepov kol to oXov KOL ra o-)(^ba-/jLaTa, 7reyo//<:e%a/3a7/ieVoi^ ^e oXov fii(T')(^ov S' e%et XeTrrop /Ma/cpov Tvpo tov (jivXXoppoelv S' ipvOpatperaL a(j)uBpa. TroXvppi^oi' Be TO hevBpov Kal /Badvppi^ov Sl o kol ')(p6vL0v Kal hvaayXeOpov. Kal to ^vXov e)(ei ttvkvov Kal 6 cTTepeov Kal acraTre?. (fyueTai Be Kal diro crirep- paT0<; Kal diro 7rapacr7rdBo<;. voaypa Be avTMV eaTLV 0)aT6 yrjpdaKovTa aK(o\7jK6/3pcoTa yiveaOar Kal 01 aK(oXT]K6<; fxeyaXoL Kal IBlol rj ol eK tS)v BevBpwv Twv dXXcov.

Twi' S' OLMV Bvo yhrj TroLOvat, to fiev Brj Kaprroc^opov OrjXv to Be dppev aKapirov' ov firjv dXXd Bcacpepovai, TOi? Kapirol^, tw Ta? jxev GT poyyvXov Ta? Be TTpo\i,r]Kr] Td<^ 8' cooetS?} <^epeLv. Bia(j)epova-i Be Kal TOt? ^fXot?* &)? yap eirl to

^ eXaTTw Tt Ti conj. W.; ikarTCi) flal UAld.

' W. suggests that some words are missing here, as it does not appear to which kind of ^ecnr/ATj the following descrip- tion belongs ; hence various difficulties. See Sch,

^ Probably a lacuna in the text. W. thus supplies the sense : he suggests criKvodSfs for af\ivoeiS4s.


PLNQUIRY INTO PLANTS, 111. xii. 5-b

kinds it is somewhat smaller,^ more fragrant and of more astringent taste, so that it can be stored for a longer time. The wood also of these kinds is closer and yellower, though in other respects it does not differ. The flower in all the kinds is like the almond flower, except that it is not pink, as that is, but

greenish ^ In stature the tree is large and it

has thick foliage. The leaf in the young tree is round ^ but much divided and like celery at the tip ; but the leaf of older trees is very much divided and forms angles with larger divisions ; it is smooth ^ fibrous thinner and more oblong than the celery leaf, both as a whole and in its divisions, and it has a jagged edge all round. ^ It has a long thin stalk, and the leaves turn bright red before they are shed. The tree has many roots, which run deep ; wherefore it lives a long time and is hard to kill. The wood is close and hard and does not rot. The tree grows from seed and also from a piece torn off. It is subject to a disease which causes it to become worm- eaten 6 in its old age, and the worms are large and different^ to those engendered by other trees.

8 Of the sorb they make two kinds, the 'female' which bears fruit and the ' male ' which is barren. There are moreover differences in the fruit of the ' female ' kind ; in some forms it is round, in others oblong and egg-shaped. There are also differences

  • Tejavhv: cj. 3. 11. 1; 3. 15. 6.

' TrepiKexapayp-^^ov conj. Seal.; TrepiKeOapfj.hou JJ ; irepiKeKap- pieuov MVAId. cf. allusions to the leaf of fieanik-n, 3. 13. 1 ; 3. 15. 6.

« cf. 4. 14. 10 ; Plin. 17. 221 ; Pall. 4. 10.

' UioL Aid. (for construction cf. Plat. Gorg. 481 c); idlovs UMV (the first i corrected in U). W. adopts Sch.'s conj., fj^iovs, in allusion to the edible cossria : cf. Plin. I.e.

e Plin. 15. 85.

239


THEOPHRASTUS

TTciv evcohearepa Kai jXvKvrepa ra arpoyyvXa, ra 8' (tioeiSri TToWa/c/? iarlv o^ea Kal i]ttov

7 evcohrj. (pvXXa 3' ufxcpolv Kara iii(j)(ov fiuKpov IvoeLhr) TrecpvKaaL aroi')(r)6ov i/c rcov TrXaylcov 7rr€pvyoei8a)<;, w? ivo'^ 6vto<; tov oXov Xo^ov^; Se 6XpvT0<i ia)(^i(T/ji€vov<; eo)<;rr]<; lv6<^' ttXtjv hieaTaaLV CKJ)* eavTMV v7T6av)(yov ra Kara iiepo<^' (jivXXo- ^oXel Be 01) Kara fiepo^ dXXa 6\ov ajiia to 7rTepvycoS€<;. elal Be irepX fiev ra iraXaiOTepa KOL /laKporepa TrXetou^ al avtvyiai, irepl Be ra veoorepa kcli ^payyrepa eXarrov^, TTavrcov Be eii axpov rou fiia^ov (pvXXov rrepirrov, ware Kal rrdvr elvai rrepLrrd. too Be ax^ij/xan Bacf^voeiBf] Tr}? Xe7rro(puXXov, irXr^v ^(^apaypLOV e^ovra Kal ^pa')(yrepa Kal ovk et? o^v ro aKpov avvrjKOv dXX^ 61? Treptcfyepearepov. dv6o<; Be e;^6t ^orpv- Q)Se9 diro fjLidf; Kopvprj<; gk ttoXXmv fiLKpcov Kal

8 XevKOiv (jvyKeifievov. Kal 6 Kap7ro<i orav evKapirfi ^orpvdiBri<^' rroXXa yap diro t?}? avT7]<; Kopvvq^, war elvai Kaddrrep Kijpiov. aKcoXrjKo/Sopo'^ errl rov BepBpov 6 KapTTo^ aTreTrro? cov en yiverai /jidXXov roiv ixeaTTiXwv Kal drciaiv Kal d'y^pdBcov KairoL TToXv arpvc^voraro'^. yiverai Be Kal avro TO BevBpov (TKcoXT^Ko^pcorov Kal ovrco^ avaiverai yy-jpdaKOV Kal 6 (TKOiXt)^ lBio<; epvOpo^ Baav<;. KapiTO^opel 8' emeLK(ti<^ vea' rpi.err]<; yap eu6v^ (pvei. TOV /JLeroTTcopov B' orav d-no^dXr] ro (jyvXXov, evdv^ ta')(eL rrjv KaxpvMBrj Kopvvrjv Xirrapdv Kal

^ (pvWa . . . aroixv^^^ conj, W. ; <pvK\ov 5' a/j.(po7p rh fttv fxlaxov fiuKphv luoei^rj- necp. [Se] (TtoixV^^^ UMVAld.

"^ a(p^ eavTup ( = aiT' a\\-n\wp) COnj. Seal.; air' avTaf U: 80 W., Mho however renders inter se.

240


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, III. xii. 6-8

ill taste ; the round fruits are generally more fragrant and sweeter, the oval ones are often sour and less fragrant. The leaves in both grow attached to a long fibrous stalk, and project on each side in a row ^ like the feathers of a bird's wing, the whole forming a single leaf but being divided into lobes with divisions which extend to the rib ; but each pair are some distance apart,'^ and, when the leaves fall,^ these divisions do not drop separately, but the whole wing-like structure drops at once. When the leaves are older and longer, tlie pairs are more numerous ; in the younger and shorter leaves they are fewer ; but in all at the end of the leaf-stalk there is an extra leaflet, so that the total number of leaflets is an odd number. In form the leaflets resemble^ the leaves of the ' fine-leaved ' bay, except that they are jagged and shorter and do not narrow to a sharp point but to a more rounded end. The flower ^ is clustering and made up of a number of small white blossoms from a single knob. The fruit too is clustering, when the tree fruits well ; for a number of fruits are formed from the same knob, giving an appearance like a honeycomb. The fruit gets eaten by worms on the tree before it is ripe to a greater extent than that of medlar pear or wild pear, and yet it is much more astringent than any of these. The tree itself also gets worm-eaten, and so withers away as it ages ; and the worm ^ which infests it is a peculiar one, red and hairy. This tree bears fruit when it is quite young, that is as soon as it is three years old. In autumn, when it has shed its leaves, it immediately produces its winter-bud-like knob,^


^ Plin. 16. 92. * For construction cf. 3. 11. 3.

^ t.c. inflorescence. * Plin. 17. 221. cj. 3. 5


0.

241


THEOPHRASTUS

e7ro}hi}Kvlav oyaav I'lhrj ^XaariKov, kol Bia/j.ev€t 9 TOP '^ei/.uova. avaKavOov Se ecm Kal rj otrj Kai T) /xeaTTiXr]' (l)\oi6i> 8' e;^et \elov viroKiTrapov, oaairep fit) jepdi'Bpva, rrjv Be ^poav ^avOov iTTiXev/caivovTa- ra Be jepdvBpva rpa'xyv fcai fieXava. to Be BeuBpov €v/j,ey€Oe<i opdocfyue^ evpvO/jiov TY) KO/JLT}' (Tj^eBov yap o)? eTrl to ttoXv crTpol3iX.oeLBe<; a-)(rjiJia Xap/Sdvei kuto, ttjv KOfitjp, eav fiij Ti ef-LiroBiar). to Be ^v\ov aTepeov ttvkvov la^vpov ev')(^povv, pL^a<; Be ov TToWd<^ p.ev ovBk KaTa ^(i0ov<;, la-xypa<i Be Kal ira')(eias Kal dvw- XeOpov; exei. (pueTat Be Kal drro pi^^]<^ kol diro TTapaanrdBo'^ Kal dirb aireppaTo^' tottov Be ^-yjTel y^v)(^p6v evLKpov, ^lXo^wov B' ev TOUTfo Kal BvadSXedpov ov /nrjp dXXd Kal (jiveTai, ev tow opeaLV.

XIII. "IBlov Be TTj (pvaei BevBpov 6 Kepacro's eaTL' peyeOec pev p.eya- Kal yap et? TeTTapa^ KOL eiKocTL 7r7])(^eL<i' ecTTt B' up9o(pve<i cr(f)6Bpa' 7rd')(^o<i Be wcrre Kal BiiTrj-)(^vv t)]v TveplpeTpov avro T^9 pL^ri<; eyeiv. (hvXXov S' opoLov T(p t?}? peuTTiXr}<^ o-KXrjpov Be a(pGdpa Kal TTa')(vTepov, wcrre ttj %poia iroppcoOev (pavepop etpai to BepBpov. (jiXoLov Be T7]p XeioT'ijTa Kal tt]v XP^^^ '^^^ '^^ irdxp^ ofioiop (piXvpa, Bi o Kal Ta<; KidTa^i e^ avTOv TToiovaiv axTTrep Kal eK tov tt}? (j)iXupa<i. 7T€pL7re(f)VKe Be outo? ovtc op6o^vrj<^ ovTe kvkXw KaT iaop, a\V eXiKrjBov 7re/)/etX-'>/</)6 KdTwOep dpco

' '6(rairep ij.r] coiij. Bod.; wairep ra Aid.; &ar€ to M.

' Ko^Tjt- Ald.H.; Kopv(pi]u conj. Sell.; vertice G.

^ I'lin. IG. 125 ; cf. 16. 74 ; 17. 2:U.

■• -nax^Ttpov : 80 quoted by Atheu. 2. 34; -nXarvytftov AJSS.

242


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, III. xii. 8-xin. i

which is glislening and swollen as though the tree were just about to burst into leaf, and this persists through the winter. The sorb, like the medlar, is thornless ; it has smooth rather shiny bark, (except when ^ the tree is old), which in colour is a whitish yellow ; but in old trees it is rough and black. The tree is of a good size, of erect growth and with well balanced foliage ; for in general it assumes a cone- like shape as to its foliage,'^ unless something inter- feres. The wood is hard close strong and of a good colour ; the roots are not numerous and do not run deep, but they are strong and thick and inde- structible. The tree grows from a root, from a piece torn oft", or from seed, and seeks a cold moist position ; in such a position it is tenacious of life and hard to kill : however it also grows on mountains.

Of hird-cherry, elder-, willow. XIII. 2 The kerasos (bird-cherry) is peculiar in character ; it is of great stature, growing as much as twenty-four cubits high ; and it is of very erect growth ; as to thickness, it is as much as two cubits in circumference at the base. The leaves are like those of the medlar, but very tough and thicker,* so that the tree is conspicuous by its colour from a distance. The bark ^ in smoothness colour and thick- ness is like that of the lime ; wherefore men make their writing-cases^ from it, as from the bark of that tree. " This bark does not grow straight nor evenly all round the tree, but runs round it ^ in a spiral

^ cj. 4. 15. 1 ; Hesych. s.v. Kfpaaos. 8 cf. 3. 10. 4 ; Ar. Vesp. 529.

' ■n6pnr4(pvK€ . . . irepnreipvKos : text as restored by Sell, and others, following U as closely as possible. 8 Trepiei\T)<p( conj. R. Const.

243


THEOPHRASTUS

TTpoadycvv, wairep rj Biaypacfir] rcou (pvWwv Kai koTTL^ofxevo^i ovTO<i ifSeperac, eK€Lvo<; 5' irriro/io^

2 jiperai kol ov hvvarar puepo^ 8' avTOv tl rov avTOV rpoTTOV acfyatpelrai, Kara ird')(o<^ (T-)(^L^6fjLevov XeiTTov Q)<; av cf^vWop, to Se Xolttov it poa jxeveLv re SvvaraL Kal aco^ec to SevSpov OLXjavrw^ nepi- ire^vKO'^. TTepiaipovp.evov he orav Xoira rov (fiXoiou avveKpaiv6L /cat rore rrjv vyporyjra' fcal oTau e^co ')(^ct(ov TrepiaLpeOfj, pLovov o V7ro\L7n]<; eTTLpLekaiveTai wairep piv^coSeL vypaaia, /cat ttoXlv uTTocjiveTaL rw Seurepcp erei ')(iT^v dWo<; dvr €K€Lvov TrXi-jv XeiTTOTepo'^. 7r6(f)VK6 Kal TO ^vXov opoLov rat^ lal tw c^Xolw crrpeTTTCt)^ eXtTTopevov Kal ol pd^hoL ^vovrai top avrov rpoirov ev6v<^' TOV<; 6^ov<; 8' av^avopevov avpi^aiveL rov<i puev

3 Kdrco del diroXXvaOai, tov? S' dico av^etv, to 8' oXov ov TToXvo^ov TO ScvSpov dX}C dvo^orepov TToXij T/}? alyeupov. TroXvppi^ov Be Kal iiri- TToXaioppL^ov ovK dyav he Tra^vppL^ov r) h' eTTiarpocpr] :al tt}? pi'^V'i i^^^^ '^^v (pXaov tov nrepl avrrjv i) avri]. dvOo'i he XevKov diriM Kal pLearriXi] opLOtop, €K pLLKpoiP dvOcop avyKelpepop K-qpLCdhe^. o he KapiTO'; epv9pb<; 6/j.oi,o<; hiocnrvpw to a^xfipa, TO he peyeOo<^ ifXiKOP Kvap,o<;, ttXijp tov hLoairvpov puep 6 TTvpyp (TKXypo^ TOV he Kepdaov paXaKo^. (pueTac 8' oTTOf Kal r) (f)LXvpa, to he oXop ottov TTOTapol Kal e(f)vhpa.

4 <t>v€TaL he Kal y dKTrj pLoXiGTa irap vhcop Kal

^ Which is an ellipse, the segment of a cylinder : so Sch. explains.

^ €/f6?j'os : i.e. lower down the trunk, where the spiral is less open. ^ iiriro/xos: cj. 5. 1. 12.

244


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, III. xiii. 1-4

(which becomes closer as it gets higher up the tree) like the outline of the leaves. ^ And this part of it can be stripped off by peeling, whereas with the other part ^ this is not possible and it has to be cut in short lengths."^ In the same manner part is removed by being split off in flakes as thin as a leaf, while the rest can be left and protects the tree, grow- ing about it as described. If the bark is stripped off when the tree is peeling, there is also at the time a discharge of the sap ; further, when only the outside coat is stripped off, what remains turns black with a kind* of mucus-like moisture; and in the second year another coat grows to replace what is lost, but this is thinner. The wood in its fibres is like the bark, twisting spirally,^ and the branches grow in the same manner from the first ; and, as the tree grows, it comes to pass that the lower branches keep on perishing, while the upper ones increase. How- ever the whole tree is not much branched, but has far fewer branches than the black poplar. Its roots are numerous and shallow and not very thick ; and there is a similar twisting of the root and of the bark which surrounds it. "^The flower is white, like that of the pear and medlar, composed of a number of small blossoms arranged like a honeycomb. The fruit is red, like that of diospyros in shape, and in size it is as large as a bean. However the stone of the diospyros fruit is hard, while that of the bird-cherry is soft. The tree grows where the lime grows, and in general where there are rivers and damp places. ^The elder also grows chiefly by water and in shady

  • wairep conj. Sch.; irep MV; ttus Ald.H.

^ (TTpeTTTUs eXirrSfxevov conj. Sch. ; arpcirT^ eKiTTOfievwi U ; ffrpeiTT^ eKiTTOfievcf, Aid. * cf. 3. 12. 7. ' Plin. 17. 151.

245


THEOPHRASTUS

eV TOis" (rKi€pol<;, ou /xijp dXXa koi iv rois- /ij) roiovrois' Oafxvoihe^; he pd/3Soi<; eVeTetoi? av^a- vofiepai<; /J-e-^pi' Tr]<; (f)vX\oppoLa<; ei9 jn^'j/co^, elra fiera ravra etV iTd)(^o^' to Se vylro<i roiv pd/SScov ov fieya \iav dXXa koi /udXiara co? e^aTrr/^f Twv he (JTe\6)(^Cov 7rd-^o<; tmv yepavhpvcov oaov irepiKec^dXaLa'^ , (^Xoib<i Se Xeto? XeTrro? Kaivvpo^' TO he ^liXov ')(avvov kol koix^ov ^i]pav6ev, ev- reptcovrju he e^ov /xa\aK7]V, Mare hi oXov kuI KOLXaiveadat Ta? pd(3hov<;, e^ mv fcal to.? /BaKT^]- pLa<; TTOiovcn Ta? KOLi(f)a<i. ^yjpavdeu he la-)(ypov KOL d'^p]p(DV lav ^peyy]Tai, kcLv y XeXoina fievov Xoiri^eraL he avrofiaTOv ^^jpaLPOfievop. pLta<i he ex^L fjieredipov; ov iroXXd<; he ovhe /j.ejdXa<;.

6 ^vXXov he TO fceu KaO^ eKaarov jxaXaKov, nrpo- pLrjKe^i ft)? TO tt}? TrXarvc^vXXov hd^vy-j^;, p^el^ov he KOL irXarvrepov Kal Trepicbepeartpov €k fiecrov /cat KarioOev, to 3' ciKpov ei? o^v fiCiXXou avinjKov Kv/cXo) 5' e^ov 'y^apaypov to he oXov, irepl eva fj.L(T)(^ov TTa'x^vu Kal Ivcoh}] dxrav kXwvlov rd pcev evOev rd he evOev Kara yovu Ka\ au^vylap Tvecpv- Kaai TMV (f)vXX(ov hiexovra dir dXX/jXcov, ev he fc'f cLKpov rod ptaxov. virepvOpa he rd (pvXXa eirieLKM'i kol \avva Kal aapKcohrj' (fivXXoppoei he rouro oXov, hioTrep (f)vXXov dv ri<; etrroi ro oXov. e)(ovaL he Kal ol KXo)ve<^ ol veoi ycovoeihrj riva.

6 TO 6 dvdo^ XeVKOV €K p,LKpo)v XeuKcov TToXXcoi' errl rj] rod p.la'^ov a'X^iaei KypLcohe'i' evcohlav


  • iTepiK€<pa\alas, some part of a ship's prow : so Pollux.

' Kairvp6s coiij. Sch.; Kal -nvpads U (?) ; koI nvpp6i V; ita] ■nuvpos M. ' Sc. pith,

246


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, III. xiii. 4-6

places, but likewise in places which are not of this character. It is shrubby, with annual branches which go on growing in lengtli till the fall of the leaf, after which they increase in thickness. The branches do not grow to a very great height, about six cubits at most. The thickness of the stem of old trees is about that of the ' helmet ' ^ of a ship ; the bark is smooth thin and brittle ^ ; the wood is porous and light when dried, and has a soft heart-wood,^ so that the boughs are hollow right through, and men make of them their light walking-sticks. When dried it is strong and durable if it is soaked, even if it is stripped of the bark; and it strips itself of its own accord as it dries. The roots are shallow and neither numerous nor large. The single leaflet is soft and oblong, like the leaf of the 'broad-leaved' bay, but larger broader and rounder at the middle and base, though the tip narrows more to a point and is jagged ■* all round. The whole leaf is composed of leaflets growing about a single thick fibrous stalk, as it were, to which they are attached at either side in pairs at each joint ; and they are separate from one another, while one is attached to the tip of the stalk. The leaves are somewhat reddish porous and fleshy : the whole is shed in one piece ; wherefore one may consider the whole structure as a*leaf'^ The young twigs too have certain crooks ^ in them. The flower '^ is white, made up of a number of small white blossoms attached to the point where the stalk divides, in form like a honeycomb, and it lias the heavy

  • x«P"7,"<^ conj. R. Const, from G ; irapayfiSv UMV;

(nraoayiMSv Aid. ^ cf. 3. 11. 3 n.

^ ycoyo€i5ri U; ? ywi^JoetSf/ ; G seems to have read yovaroeiSri; Sch. considers the text defective or mutilated.

7 cf. 3. 12. 7 n.

247


THEOPHRASTUS

Se e%6£ \€ipLci)Brj eTn^apeiav. €)(^€l 8e Kal rbv KapiTov 6/bL0L0)<; 7rpo9 em iJbia')((p irayjd ^orpvciihrj Be' 'ylverai Be KaTa7re7raLv6/iievo<; yueXa?, w/x-o? Be o)v 6pL(j)aK(i)Br]<;' fieyWei Be fitfcpco fiel^cov opo^ov rrjv vypaaiav Be oli'oyBtj rfj oyjret' Kal ra? 'xeipa'^ TeXeLOVfxevoL ^dirrovraL Kal ra? Ke(f)a\,d<;' e^et Be Kal ra eVro? aijaafioeiBi] rrju oyjnv. ' UdpvBpov Be Kal 77 Irea Kal iroXvecBe^i' r/ fiev fiekaiva KaXovjxevr} rw rov (f)\oibv ex^iv jiekava Kal (poLviKovv, T) Be XevKTj to5 XevKov. KaWiov^ Be e')(eL tA? pd^Bov; Kal ')(p7jcn^Q)Tepa<; 6t9 to TrXeKeiv rj jieKaiva, 7) Be XevKr] Kairvpwrepa^i. eari Be Kal T/}? fxe\aivr]<; Kal rrj(; Xef/c?}? evLOv yepo<; fiLKpov Kal ovK exov av^rja-iv €i9 u^/ro?, Mairep Kal eir dWwv touto BevBpoiv, olov KeBpov (pOLViKO<=;. KaXovcFL S' ol Trepl ^ ApKaBiav ovk Ireap dWd ekiKi^v TO BevBpov oiovrat Be, ioairep e\€')(0)], Kal KapTTOV e'xeLV avrrjv yovcfioi'.

XIV. "EcTTi Be rrjf; TrreXea? Bvo yepy, Kal to p.ev opeiTTTeXea KaXelrai to Be iTTeXea' Biacfyepet, Be to) 0a/MP(i)BeaTepop elpat ttjp irTsXeap evav^eaTepop Be Trjv opeiTTTeXeap. (pvWop Be acr^fSe? 7r€pi,Ke)(^apay- fxepov rjauxV' TrpopirjKeaTepop Be tov t/}9 diriov,

  • KarairiitaivSfJiivos conj. W. ; Koi ireir. VAld.
  • Kot . . . ^dnrovTai I conj., following Seal., W., etc., but

keeping closer to U : certain restoration perhaps impossible ; Kal ras x^^P^^ Te\eiovs avaBKoiffTei Se koI ras K€(pa\ds U ; x^^P^^ 5e reXeiovs' ava^Kaoe'i MV ; om. G.

» Plin. 16. 174 and 175.

248


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, III. xiii. 6-xiv. i

fragrance of lilies. The fruit is in like manner attached to a single thick stalk, but in a cluster : as it becomes quite ripe/ it turns black, but when unripe it is like unripe grapes ; in size the berry is a little larger than the seed of a vetch ; the juice is like wine in appearance, and in it men bathe ^ their hands and heads when they are being initiated into the mysteries. The seeds inside the berry arc like sesame,

^ The willow also grows by the water, and there are many kinds. There is that which is called the black willow* because its bark is black and red, and that which is called the white * from the colour of its bark. The black kind has boughs which are fairer and more serviceable for basket- work, while those of the white are more brittle.^ There is a form both of the black and of the white which is small and does not grow to a height, — ^just as there are dwarf forms of other trees, such as prickly cedar and palm. The people of Arcadia call the tree *^ not ' willow ' but helike : they believe, as was said,^ that it bears fruitful seed.

Of elm, poplars, alder, [semyda, bladder -senna'].

XIV. ^ Of the elm there are two kinds, of which one is called the ' mountain elm,' the other simply the 'elm': the difference is that the latter is shrubbier, while the mountain elm grows more vigorously. The leaf is undivided and slightly jagged, longer than that of the pear, but rough

  • See Index.
  • KairvpwTipai COnj. Sch.; Koi trvpuTepas U; Kol irvporipas

MVAld. c/. 3. 13. 4.

« Sc. treo generally. ' 3- 1. 2. » Plin. 16. 72.

249


THEOPHRASTUS

jpax^ ^^ "^^t ov Xelov. /leya Be to hevhpov Ka\ TO) yy^ei koI tm fie'^Wei. ttoXv 5' ouk earc irepl Tr)V "\hrjv aWa cnrdvLOV roirov he ecpvBpou ^tXet. TO Be ^vXov ^avOov koI layypov fcal evivov koI yXlaxpov airav yap KapBia- ^(^pwvraL 6' avrfo KOL 7rpo<; dupco/jLara TroXvTeXi), koI yXwpov [lev evTOjJiOV ^iipov Be Bva-roixov. aKapirov Be vojjli- ^ovcTiv, oKX ev rat? KwpvKicn to ko/jl/jli, Kal Orjo'C OLTTa KCOvcoTToeiBrj (fiepei. ra? Be KU'^pv'i t'Sta? ta^ei Tou fxeToiroopov TroXXa? kol /j,LKpa<i Kal lie\aLva<;, ev Be rat? d\Xat<; wpaL<; ovk eirk-

(TKeTTTaL.

2 'H Be XevKT) Kal r) alyeipc^ fiopoeLBt]<;, 6pdo(f)vfj Be dibi(f)Co, TrXrjv /jLaKporepov ttoXv Kal jiavoTepov Kal XeioTepov rj atyeipo<;, to Be a-)(riixa to)v (^vXXwv irapo/jLoiov. ojjlolov Be Kal to ^vXov Tejivofievov TJj XevKOTTjTL. Kapirov 5' ovBeTepov tovtwv ovBe dv6o<i e%eti/ BoKel.

'H KepKl<^ Be Tvapofioiov tt} XevKTj Kal tm /leyeOei Kal T(p TOi/? kXclBov; einXevKov^ eyeiv to Bk <f)vXXou KLTTcoBe'i fiev dycvvLov Be eV tov dXXov, t7)v Be jiiav 7rpo/jLT]K7] Kal et9 o^v a-wqKova-av tw Be 'X^pcoiiaTL ax^Bov ojjlolov to vtttlov Kal to TTpave<^' /jLLa^fp Be TrpoaijpTTj/ievov fiaKpfo Kal XeTTTW, Bl o Kal ovk opObv dXX eyKCKXi/jievov. <j>Xoiov Be Tpa-)(yTepov t?}? XevKr]<; Kal fidXXov viroXeirpov, wcrirep 6 t?}? dxpdBo^. dKapirov Be.

s y[ovoyeve<; Be Kal rj KXrjOpa' <f>v(jet, Be Kal


' y?^i<TXPov conj. St.; alffxp^v Ald.H. cf. 5. 3. 4.

' cf. 5. 5. 2.

3 cf. Th evXoKudts TovTo, 3. 7. 3 ; 2. 8. 3 n. ; 9. 1. 2.


250


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, III. xiv. 1-3

rather than smooth. The tree is large, being both tall and wide-spreading. It is not common about Ida, but rare, and likes wet ground. The wood is yellow strong fibrous and tough ^ ; for it is all heart. Men use it for expensive doors ^r it is easy to cut when it is green, but difficult when it is dry. The tree is thought to bear no fruit, but in the ' wallets ' ' it produces its gum and certain creatures like gnats ; and it has in autumn its peculiar * winter-buds ' ^ which are numerous small and black, but these have not been observed at other seasons.

The abele and the black poplar have each but a single kind : both are of erect growth, but the black j)oplar is much taller and of more open growth, and is smoother, while the shape of its leaves is similar to those of the other. The wood also of both, when cut, is much the same in whiteness. Neither of these trees appears to have fruit or flower.^

The aspen is a tree resembling the abele both in size and in having whitish branches, but the leaf is ivy-like : while however it is otherwise without angles, its one angular^ projection is long and narrows to a sharp point : in colour the upper and under sides are much alike. The leaf is attached to a long thin stalk : wherefore the leaf is not set straight, but has a droop.^ The bark of the abele is rougher and more scaly, like that of the wild pear, and it bears no fruit.

The alder also has but one form : in growth it is

^ Kaxpvs, here probably a gall, mistaken for winter-bud. ^ cj., however, 3. 3. 4 ; 4. 10. 2, where T. seems to follow a different authority.

^ Supply ywviav from ayJivioy.

' iyK^KXifxivov : Bc. is not in line with the stalk.


THEOPHRASTUS

6p0o(f)ve<;, ^v\ov 3' €)(ov /laXaKOV Kot ivrepLu>vi]i' puxXatcriv, cliare hi oXov KOiXaiveadai Ta<; Xevrra? pdfthov<^. (f)vWov S' ofiOLvv uTTLco, ttXtjv fiel^ov KOI Ivwcearepov. Tpa)(^v(p\oLov oe Kal o ^\o^O'^• eacoOev ipvOp6<;, St o Kal ^dirrei ra Bepfiara. pL^a<; Se eTnir oXaiov^ . . . rjXl/cov Bd(f)vr]<;. (pveTai he ev TOi? i(f)vSpoL<i dXkodi 8' ovSajxov.

[%7]/u.v8a Be TO fiev (f)vWov e)(^et> ofioiov t[] IlepaiKfj KoXovjievrj Kapva ttXtjv jJiiKpcp arevore- pov, Tov (f)Xoiov Be ttolklXov, ^vXop Be iXacppov ■)(p7](TL/jiOV Be 61? /3aKT7]pLa^ fiovov et? aXXo Be ovBev.

'H Be KoXvrea e-xei to /lev (f)vXXov eyyii'; tov Ti}? tTea?, TToXvo^ov Be /cat 7roXv(f>vXXov Kal to BevBpov oXft)? fieya' tov Be Kapirov eXXo^ov, KaOcLTrep to, 'x^eBpoird' Xo^oU yap TrXaTeai Kal ov (TT€vo2^ TO arrepiidTiov to evov fiiKpov Kal ov jjLeya' aKXrjpov Be fieTplco^ ovk dyav ovSe iroXv- KapiTOV CO? KaTa /leyeOo^. cnrdviov Be to ev Xo^OL<=; exeiv tov Kapirov oXiya yap rotavTa tmv BevBpcov.^

XV. 'H Be 'WpaKXewTLKr] Kapva — (pvcrei yap Kal tout' dypiov tw tc /jtrjBev rj /xr; ttoXv ^et/Oft) yivecrOai <^> tmv rjfiepojv tov Kapirov, Kai Tw BvvaaOai ■)(^eLfia)va<; v7ro(f)epeiv Kal toS ttoXv <f)veaOaL KaTa to, opt] Kal iroXvKapTTOV ev Tot? opeioL<i' €Ti Be tw fjirjBe crTeXex^Be^s dXXa Oa/i-

^ Part of the description of the flower, and perliapa of the fruit, seems to be missing. Sch.

2 cf. 4. 8. 1 ; but in 1. 4. 3 the alder is classed with ' am- phibious' trees, and in 3. 3. 1 with * trees of the plain.'

• Betulam, G from PHu. 16. 74.

252


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, III. xiv. 3-xv. i

also erect, and it has soft wood and a soft heart-wood, so that the slender boughs are hollow throughout. The leaf is like that of the pear, but larger and more fibrous. It has rough bark, which on the inner side is red : wherefore it is used for dyeing hides. It has shallow roots . . . ^ the fiower is as large as that of the bay. It grows in wet places ^ and nowhere else.

The semyda"^ has a leaf like that of the tree called the 'Persian nut'(walnut), but it is rather narrower: the bark is variegated and the wood light : it is only of use for making walking-sticks and for no other purpose.

The bladder-senna'* has a leaf near that of the willow, but is many-branched and has much foliage ; and the tree altogether is a large one. The fruit is in a pod, as in leguminous plants : the pods in fact are broad rather than narrow, and the seed in them is comparatively small, and is moderately hard, but not so very hard. For its size the tree does not bear much fruit. It is uncommon to have the fruit in a pod ; in fact there are few such trees.

Of Jilhert, Urebinth, box, krataigos.

XV. The filbert is also naturally a wild tree, in that its fruit is little, if at all, inferior to that of the tree in cultivation, that it can stand winter, that it grows commonly on the mountains, and that it bears abundance of fruit in mountain regions ^ ; also because it does not make a trunk, but is shrubby with

  • Sch. remarks that the description of koAutco is out of

place : c/. 3. 17. 2. W. thinks the whole section spurious. The antitheses in the latter part suggest a different context, in which /coAureo was described by comparison with some other tree. ' dpeiois couj.W.; (popais Aid.

253


THEOPHRASTUS

rwSe? elpai pa/3Sof? avev fjiaa^f^XoiV koI dv6^0L<: /xa/cpaU Be Kal 7ra;^eta£9 tvlat^' — ov firjv aXXa KOI i^yfiepovrai. Biacpopap Be eyet rat rov Kapirov uTToBtBovai ^eXrlo) koX fiel^ov to (f)vWov K€)(apa<yiievov S' a/jLcpolv ofwioTarov ro t?}? KX7]0pa<^, 7rX7]v TrXarvTepov Kal avro to BevBpov fxel^ov. KapirifjicoTepoi' B' alel 'ylverai KaTa-

2 KOiTTopievov ra^ f)d^Bov<;. yevr] Be Bvo d/it(pOLV' ai fiev yap arpoyyuXov at Be irpopiaKpov (pepouat ro Kcipvov i/cXevKorepov Be ro roiv i)/j,epcov. Kal KaXXLKaprrel /udXLard y iv rol<^ i(jivBpoL<;. e^?;- ULepovrai Be rd dypia ^erac^vrevo/xeva. (fiXoLOP S' €^€L Xelov eiTLiToXaiOP Xeirrop Xiirapov tStw? Triy/Lid'; XevKa^; eyovra ep avrto' rb Be ^uXop <T4)6Spa yXia')(pop, Mare Kal rd Xewrd rrdpv pa^- Bia TvepiXorTLaapre^ Kapea iroLOvcn, Kal rd Tra^ea Be Kara^vcrapre<i. e^ei Be kol eprepicopyjp Xeirrrjp ^apOrjP, y KOiXaiveraL. lBlop 8' avrcop ro irepl rop XovXop, warrep eiTTOfiep.

z T/}9 Be repfiipdov ro fiep dppep ro Be Oi'iXv. ro f.Lep ovp dppep aKapirop, Bt o Kal KaXovaiv dppeP' rcop Be dyjXeiMP rj fxep epvOpop evOix; (fyepei top Kapirop ifXiKOP ^aicop direTrroPy 77 Be 'xXoepov epeyKaaa fxerd ravra epvOpalvei, Kal d/xa rfj d/jLTreXa) rreiraipovaa ro ea)(arop rroiel fieXapa, fieye6o<i rfXiKOP Kvafiop, prjrLPCoBrj Be Kal 6vco- Becrrepop. ecrrt Be ro BepBpop rrepl fiep rrjp "IBrjp Kal IsiaKeBoi'iap ^pa')(y OafiPCoBe^ earpa/xfiepop, irepl Be ^afiaaKOP t?}9 XvpLa<; /xeya Kal iroXv Kal KaXop' opo(; yap ri (paaLV elpai Trd/i/iearop


» cf. a P. 2. 12. 6. 2 c/. Geop. 10. 68.

' Xdov conj. W. ; irKfov UMVAld.


254


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, III. xv. 1-3

imbranched stems without knots ; though some of these are long and stout. Nevertheless it also submits to cultivation. The cultivated form differs in produc- ing better fruit and larger leaves ; in both forms the leaf has a jagged edge : the leaf of the alder most closely resembles it, but is broader, and the tree itself is bigger. ^ The filbert is always more fruitful if it lias its slender boughs cut off". ^ There are two kinds of each sort; some have a round, others an oblong nut ; that of the cultivated tree is paler, and it fruits best in damp places. The wild tree becomes cultivated by being transplanted. Its bark is smooth,' consisting of one layer, thin glossy and with peculiar white blotches on it. The wood is extremely tough, so that men make baskets even of the quite thin twigs, having stripped them of their bark, and ot the stout ones when they have whittled them. Also it has a small amount of yellow heart-wood, which makes ^ the branches hollow. Peculiar to these trees is the matter of the catkin, as we mentioned.^

6 The terebinth has a ' male ' and a * female ' form. The ' male ' is barren, which is why it is called ' male ' ; the fruit of one of the ' female ' forms is red from the first and as large as an unripe ^ lentil ; the other produces a green fruit which subsequently turns red, and, ripening at the same time as the grapes, becomes eventually black and is as large as a bean, but resinous and somewhat aromatic. About Ida and in Macedonia the tree is low shrubby and twisted, but in the Syrian Damascus, where it abounds, it is tall and handsome ; indeed they say

  •  ?) Ald.H.; i, W. with U. cj. 3. 13. 4.

5 3. 7. 3. « Plin. 13. 54.

' Koi before iiniTTov om. St,


THEOPHRASTUS

4 t€P/jliv9q)v, aXXo 8' ovSev TrecfyuKevai. ^vXov he €)(€L yXiCT'y^^pop Koi pi^a^ layypci'; Kara /3d0ov<;, Kol TO oXov avodXeO pov av6o<; he 6/xoiov tm Tri<^ iXda^, T(p ')(^p(o/xaTL he epvOpov. (fyvXXov, Trepl eva iJiLa-)(ov TrXeuo) hacpvoeihrj Kara av^vylav, ciiairep kol to t^? oh]<;' kol to i^ uKpov irepLTTov TrXrjp iyyoyvLcoTcpov t/}? ot/;? kol hacpvoeihecTTepov he kukXo) kol XiTTapov dirav ajxa tm KapTrw. (f)€pei he Koi KcopvKcohr] tlvcl KolXa, KaOdirep t) TTTeXea, ev ol<; 07]pLhia iyylyveTaL Kcovwiroeih))' eyyiyveT at he tl kol pi)TLV(iihe<; ev TovTOi<; kol yXia-^^pov ov pbyv evdevTev ye t] prjTivyi avXXe- yeTau dXX' drro tov ^vXov. 6 he Kapiro^; ovk d<j)Lr]at p7]TLVT]<; 7rX.^(9o?, dXXd TTpoae-^^eTai fiev rat? xepai, kclv fir] ttXvOJ) /xeTCL ttjv avXXoyr)v avvex^Tai' rrXvp6fievo<! he 6 fiev XevKo^ kol aireTTTO^ eTrnrXel, 6 he fieXa<; vc^iaTaTai.

5 'H he TTv^o^ fieyeOev fiev ov jieydXri, to he (^vXXov ofxoLov e^Gt jxyppivw. (jiveTai 8' ev tol<=; '>^rvxpo'l'i TOTTOi? KoX Tpax^ar koi yap tcl l^vTwpa TOLOVTOV, ov rj irXeiaTTj yuveTar -yjrvxpo'^ he /cal 6 "OXfyLtTTO? 6 ^laKehovLKo^i' kol yap evTavOa yiveTai 7rX7]V ov peydXiy /leylaTy] he kuI KaX- XicTTT] ev Yivpvcp' Kal yap €vfn]Kei<i Kal 7ra;^o? exovaat ttoXv irapd Ta<i dXXa<;. ht' o Kal to /leXt ovx vhv o^ov tT;? ttv^ov.


^ nXeiw : BC. (pvWa, in loose apposiLion to (pvWov. Ap- parently the leaf is said to resemble that of ot-rj in its compo- site structure, but that of the bay in shape : cf. 3. 12. 7.

2 airav a/xa conj.iW. ; a/xa airav UAld.

' cf. 2. 8. 3 ; 3. 7. 3; 3. 14. 1. KupvKuS-n conj. R. Const.; KopvdSr} Aid.; kwpuwStj H. ; KapvuSr] mBas.

256


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, III. xv. 3-5

that there is a certain hill which is covered with terebinths, though nothing else grows on it. It has tough wood and strong roots which run deep, and the tree as a whole is impossible to destroy. The flower is like that of the olive, but red in colour. The leaf is made up of a number of leaflets,^ like bay leaves, attached in pairs to a single leaf-stalk. So far it resembles the leaf of the sorb ; there is also the extra leaflet at the tip : but the leaf is more angular than that of the sorb, and the edge resembles more the leaf of the bay ; the leaf is glossy all over,2 as is the fruit. It bears also some hollow bag-like ^ growths, like the elm, in which are found little creatures like gnats ; and resinous sticky matter is found also in these bags ; but the resin is gathered from the wood and not from these. The fruit does not discharge much resin, but it clings to the hands, and, if it is not washed after gathering, it all sticks together ; if it is washed, the part which is white and unripe floats,^ but the black part sinks.

The box is not a large tree, and it has a leaf like that of the myrtle. It grows in cold rough places ; for of this character is Cytora,^ where it is most abundant. The Macedonian Olympus is also a cold region; ^for there too it grows, though not to a great size. It is largest and fairest in Corsica,^ where the tree grows taller and stouter than anywhere else ; wherefore the honey there is not sweet, as it smells of the box.

^ firnr\(7 conj. R. Const, from G ; iirl ttK^Iov Aid.; eVl irAei (erased) U.

» c/. Gytore huxifer, Catull. 4. 13 ; Plin. 16. 70.

« c/. 5. 7. 7.

^ Kvpvcf conj. R. Const, from PHn. I.e.; Kvoriyui U; Kvp-nvn Aid.

257


THEOPHRASTUS

6 TiXyjOei he ttoXv KpdTaLy6<i icrriv, ol he Kpa- Taiyova KoXovaiv e%ei Be to fxev (pvWop ofioLov fieairiXy reravoVjTrXrjv fxel^ov eKeivov kch irXarv- repov Tj Trpo/nrjKecTTepov, rbv 8e ')(^apayp,bv ovk e^ov Mairep i/celvo. yiperat Se to Sei'Bpov ovt€ /jeya Xlav ovTe rraxv' to Be ^vXov itolkLXov la)(ypov ^avOov e%6t Be (f)Xoibi> Xelov o/xolov /xeaTTiXr]' /loroppi^ou 8' ei? ^clOo<^ co? eirl to ttoXv. KapiTOV S' e;)^et aTpoyyvXov 7)Xikov 6 kotlvo'^' ireTraivofiepo'; Be ^avOvveTaL koI einpLeXaiveTaL' KaTa Be Trjv yeuair koI tov ^yXov fieaTTiXcoBe^;' Btoirep olov aypla /jueaTTiXri Bo^eiev av elvai. /xovoeiBe^; Be Kal ovk e^ov BLa(^opd'^.

XVI. O Be TTplvo'^ (f)vXXop /xeu e^ei Spv(oBe<;, eXaTTOV Be /cat erraKavOil^oi', tov Be ^Xolov Xclo- Tepov Bpv6<i. avTO Be to BevBpov p^eya, KaOdirep i) Bpv<i, eav €)(7) Toirov Kal eBa(f)0<i' ^vXov Be rrvKVOv Kal la^vpov jSaOvppL^ov Be eTTieiKcb'^ Kal TToXvppL^ov. KapTTOv Be e^ei /SaXavcoBy]- piKpd Be 1) j3dXavo<^' irepLKaTaXaplSdvei, Be 6 veo^ tov evov oyjre yap rrenTaivei, Bl o Kal BL(f)opelv TLve<i (padL. (pepec Be irapd ttjv fSdXavov Kal kokkov TLva (poLVLKOvv Xayei Be Kal l^iav Kal vcpeap- wcTTe eviOTS avpL^aivei TeTTapa<; dpa Kapirov'^ eycLv avTov, Bvo fiev tou? eavTov Bug B* dXXov<i TOV T€ tt)? f^ta? Kal tov tov v(j)eapo(;. Kal ttjv

» Quoted by Athen. 2. 34; cf. Plin. 16. 120; 26. 99; 27. 62 and 63.

« T(Tav6y: cf. 3. 11. 1; 3. 12. 5. Allien., I.e., baa rtra-

fxfvov.

• iKuvo Athen. I.e.; kolkuvo Aid.

  • ^avQhv before lax^P^" Athen. l.€.

258


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, III. xv. 6-xvi. i

^ The kraiaigos is a very coinmon tree ; some call it kraiaigon. It has a smooth '^ leaf like that of the medlar, but longer^ and its breadth is greater than its length, while the edge is not jagged like that^ of the medlar. The tree does not grow very tall or thick; its wood is mottled strong and brown ^; it has a smooth bark like that of the medlar ; it has generally a single root, which runs deep. The fruit is round and as large as that of the wild olive ^ ; as it ripens it turns brown and black ; in taste and flavour it is like that of the medlar ; wherefore this might seem to be a sort of wild form of that tree.*^ There is only one form of it and it shews no variation.

Of certain other oaks, arhiitus, andrachne, wig-tree.

XVI. The kermes-oak " has a leaf like that of the oak, but smaller and spinous,^ while its bark is smoother than that of the oak. The tree itself is large, like the oak, if it has space and root-room ; the wood is close and strong ; it roots fairly deep and it has many roots. The fruit is like an acorn, but the kermes- oak's acorn is small ; the new one overtakes that of last year, for it ripens late.^ Wherefore some say that it bears twice. Besides the acorn it bears a kind of scarlet berry ^'^ ; it also has oak-mistletoe ^^ and mistletoe ; so that sometimes it happens that it has four fruits on it at once, two which are its own and two others, namely those of the oak-mistletoe ^^ and

  • K6rivoi Athen. I.e.; kS^i/hos UMVAld.

' fxeaitiXri added from Athen. I.e.

f cf. 3. 7. 3. 8 cf. 3. 16. 'J. 9 cf. .3. 4. 1, 4 and 6. »<» Plin. 16. 32 ; Simon, ap. Plut. Theseus 17. »» cf. a P. 2. 17. 1.


THEOPHRASTUS

jxev l^iav (pepet i/c tmv Trpo^ ^oppav, to 8e v^eap €K TMV 7r/30? fX€arjfi^pLav.

Ot Be Trepl ^Ap/caBiav heuhpov ri afiiXaKa

KoXovaiV, 6 eCTTLV OflOLOV T(p TTpLVW, TO, he (f)vX\a

ovK aKavOcoSrj e%efc aW' airaXcoTepa fcal ^aOvrepa Koi Bia(f)opa<i e^ovra irkelov^' ovhe rb ^vkov McjTTep eKelvo arepeov koX ttvkvov, aWa kuI jxaXaKov iv ralf ipyaalai^.

'^O Be KoXovaLV ol ^ApKdSe<i (peWoBpvv roicivBe e'xei TYjV (pvaiv ct)9 p^ev aTrXw? eLTvelv dva fiecrov TTpivov KoX Bpv6<; eariv koI evLoi ye vTroXapc^d- vovaiv elvai OrfXyv irplvov Bl o kclI ottov fir) (pverac 7TpLvo<; tovtm ^(pcovTat tt/oo? rd<; up,d^as /cat ra roiavra, KaOdirep ol irepl AaKeBalfiova koX ^WXeiav. KaXovai Be oi ye AcopLel's kol dplav to BevBpov eari Be pcaXaKcorepov p.ev kol jxavorepop Tov irpivov, GK\ripoTepov Be kol irvKvorepov t^? Bpv6<;' KoX ro '^(^pcop^a <pXola6evTO<^ rod ^vXov XevKorepov p,ev tov Trpivov, oLvcoirorepou Be Tr}? Bpv6<;' rd Be (j)vXXa irpoaeoLKe /xeu djJLcj^olv, ey^ei Be pel^w [xev r) o)? 7rp2vo(; iXdrrco Be rj co? Bpv<;' KoX TOV Kapirov tov p.ev TTpivov Kara fieyedo^ eXaTTCt) Tal<; eXa')(iaTai<i Be /3aXdvoi<; lctov, koX yXvKVTcpov pev tov irplvov iriKpoTepov Be tt}? Bpv6<;. KaXovcn, Be Tive<; tov jiev tov Trpivov koI TOV TavTrj^ KupTTov ciKvXov, TOV Be tt}? Bpvo<; ^dXavov. fi7]Tpav Be e^ec ^avepcoTepav rj 6 TTplvo^' KOL Tf fiev <f)eXX6Bpv<; ToiavTrjv TLvd e%€i (^vatv.

» Plin. 16. 19. See Index.

^ PaOvrepa MSS. ; evdurepa conj. Dalec.

" I'lin. I.e. See Index.

260


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, III. xvi. 1-3

of the mistletoe. It produces the oak -mistletoe on the north side and the mistletoe on the south.

The Arcadians have a tree which they call smilax ^ (holm-oak), which resembles the kermes-oak, but has not spinous leaves, its leaves being softer and longer ^ and differing in several other ways. Nor is the wood hard and close like that of the kermes- oak, but quite soft to Avork.

The tree which the Arcadians call * cork-oak ' ^ (holm-oak) has this character : — to put it generally, it is between the kermes-oak and the oak ; and some suppose it to be the ' female ' kermes-oak ; wherefore, where the kermes-oak does not grow, they use this tree for their carts and such-like purposes; for instance it is so used by the peoples of Lacedaemon and Elis. The Dorians also call the tree aria.^ Its wood is softer and less compact than that of the kermes-oak, but harder and closer than that of the oak. When it is barked,^ the colour of the wood is paler than that of the kermes-oak, but redder than that of the oak. The leaves resemble those of both trees, but they are somewhat large, if we consider the tree as a kermes-oak, and somewhat small if we regard it as an oak. The fruit is smaller in size than that of the kermes-oak, and equal to the smallest acorns ; it is sweeter than that of the kermes-oak, bitterer than that of the oak. Some call the fruit of the kermes- oak and of the aria ' mast,' ^ keeping the ijame ' acorn ' for the fruit of the oak. It has a core which is more obvious than in kermes-oak. Such is the character of the ' cork-oak.'

  • Already described ; cj. 3. 4. 2 ; 3. 1^. 1.
  • c/. Pans. Arcadia, 8. 12.

' &Kv\ov : c/. Horn. Od. 10. 242.

261


THEOPHRASTUS

'H Se K6/j,apo<;, rj to ixefiaiKvXov ^epovaa to eScoBi/jLOv, earl fiev ovk ciyav fieya, tov he (f)\otov e')(€L XeTTTOP fi€v TrapofiOLOV pivpiKr), to he (f)vWov fieTa^v irpivov koI hd(^vrj<;. dvOel he tov TLvave- '^iOi)Vo<;- TCL he civOrj 7Te(f)VKev drro jiid^ Kpe/xdaTpa^; eir OLKpcov /SoTpvhov Tyv he /iop<j)7]i^ e/caa-Tov ecFTLV 0/jLolov fivpT(p 7rpo/jL^K€t, Kul TO) fieyedci he o"^ehbv TrfkLKovTov a<pvWov he koI kolXov wairep MOV eKKeKoXafifievov to aTo/ia he dvecpyfievov oTav 3' uTravO/jar], kol r) Trp6a(^vcn^ TeTpvrrtjTai, TO 8* cnravOrjcrav XeiTTOv koI Mcnrep a(j)6vhvXo<; irepX aTpaKTOV rj KupveiO'^ AcopiKo^i' 6 he Kapno^ eviavTM ireTTaiveTai, (oaff" afia crv/jL/Saivei tovtov

T eX^iV KOL TOV €T€pOV (IvOelv.

Hapojioiov he to (pvXXov kol t) dvhpdxXyj e;^e/ TM KOfidpcp, iieye6o<i ovk dyav fieya' tov he (pXoiov Xelov e%et kuI TrepLpprjryvvpievov' Kapirov S' e^^t

OfJiOlOV TTj Ko/idpw.

"OfioLov 5' eaT\ TOVTOi<i to (pvXXov kol to rr^? KOKKvyea^' to he hevhpov puKpov. thiov he e^^i TO eKiraiTirovaOai tov Kapirov tovto yap ovh' e<^' €Vo<; aK^jKoafiev dXXov hevhpov. TavTa fiev

ovv KOivoTcpa TrXeloaL ^coyoat? koX tottol^;.


» Plin. 15. 98 and 99 ; Diosc. 1. 122. ' October.

' iKK^KoXaaiiivQV MV, cf. Arist. H.A. 6. 3 ; iyKtKoKa^ixfvoi' UAld. * cJ.l.U. 3.

^ Kapveios, an unknown word, probably corrupt ; kiovos ^wpiKov conj. Sell., 'drum of a Doric column.' cf. Athen. 5. 39.

262


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, III. xvi. 4-6

1 The arbutus, which produces the edible fruit called memaikylon, is not a very large tree ; its bark is thin and like that of the tamarisk, the leaf is between that of the kermes-oak and that of the bay. It blooms in the month Pyanepsion - ; the flowers grow in clusters at the end of the boughs from a single attachment ; in shape each of them is like an oblong myrtle flower and it is of about the same size ; it has no petals, but forms a cup like an empty eggshell,^ and the mouth is open : when the flower drops off, there is a hole * also through the part by which it is attached, and the fallen flower is delicate and Hke a whorl on a spindle or a Doric knrneios.^ The fruit takes a year to ripen, so that it comes to pass that this and the new flower are on the tree together.

^ The andrachne has a leaf like that of the arbutus and is not a very large tree ; the bark is smooth "^ and cracked,^ the fruit is like that of the arbutus.

The leaf of the wig-tree ^ is also like that of the last named tree, but it is a small tree. Peculiar to it is the fact that the fruit passes into down ^^ : we have not heard of such a thing in any other tree. These trees are found in a good many positions and regions.

« Plin. 13. 120.

' \f1ov conj. Sch.; X^vkIv UAld. In Pletho's excerpt the passage has K^'iov, and Plin., I.e., evidently read \elov.

® Trepipprtyyufxeyov. Plin., I.e., seems to have read irfpnrr]- yvv^ievov. c/. 1. 5. 2; 9. 4. 3.

' Plin. 13. 121. K0KKvy4as conj. Sch. after Plin. I.e., cf. Hesych. S.v. KeKKOKvycofievTiv; K0KK0fxr]\4as U ; KOKKufi-qKeas PgAld.

^'* iKiraiTTTovadai : fruetum amittere lanugine Plin. I.e. cf. 6. 8. 4.

263


THEOPHRASTUS

XVII. "Kvia Be lBio)T€pa, KaOairep koX 6 </)eX,Xos • ytveraL [lev iv TvpprfVLa, to Be B^vBpov ccttI are- X.e;^&>Se9 yw-ei/ koX oXtyoKXaSov, eu/jLTjKe^ S' iineiKm Kol euaf^e?* ^vXov la'y^upov' rov Be ^Xoiov'n-a')(yv (T(j)6Bpa KOL Karapprjyvv/ievoVy wairep 6 rrj<; ttltuo^, nrXrji/ Kara /xet^w. to Be (j)vXXov ofioiov rat? fieXiai^ TTaj^y 7rpo/jbr]KeaT€pov' ovk aei^vXXov aXXa ^vXXojBoXovv. Kapirov Be [aleX] (fyepei /3aXavi]pov ofioiov ttj apia. Trepiaipovac Be tov (fiXoLov Kal (paat, Betv iravTa a(^aLpelv, el Be fit) ^(elpov ylveTat to BevBpov e^avairXrjpovTai Be TTuXiV (JXeBov iv TpL(T\v cTeatv.

"JBlov Be Kal i) KoXouTea irepl Aindpav BevBpov fxev ev/xeyeOe^, tov Be Kapirov (f)€p€i, iv Xo/SoU rjXUov ^aKov, o? Tnaivec to, irpo^aTa OavfiaaTcj^;. (f)veTaL Be awo airepfiaTO'i Kal iK t>)9 twv irpo^d- Twv Koirpov KoXXiaTa. wpa Be t/}? <^VTeia^ apua

  • ApKTovp(p BvopLev(p' Bel Be (pvTeveiv 7rpo^pe^ovTa<;

OTav i'lBrj Bia^vriTai iv tw vBaTt. (f)vXXov 8' e^^i irapopiOLOv T)]Xei. ^XaaTavei Be to irpMTov pbovo(f)U€<; iirl eTij pLuXitTTa Tpia iv ol^; kol Ta<i ^aKTrjpla'^ Tepvovar Bokovctl yap elvai KaXai- Kal idv Ti? KoXovarj d7ro6vr](TKeL' Kal yap dira- pd/BXacTTov iaTiv etra ax^'^^Tai Kal diroBev- BpovTai T(p TeTapTrp eTei.

I Plin. 16. 34.

^ Tvppi)vla conj. R. Const.; iruppr]vlai UMV; Trvppr)vla. Aid.

' aU\ must be corrupt : probably repeated from ail<pv\\ov.

■* ^aXav-qphv conj. Sch. ; 0a\avT}(popov UM VAld.

  • apia conj. R. Const, from G ; 07^(0 PjM VAld. ; 07^/01 U.

264


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, III. xvii. 1-2

Of corlc-oak, kolutea, koloitia, and of certain other trees peculiar to particular localities.

XVII, ^ Some however are more local, such as the cork-oak : this occurs in Tyrrhenia ^ ; it is a tree with a distinct trunk and few branches, and is fairly tall and of vigorous growth. The wood is strong, the bark very thick and cracked, like that of the Aleppo pine, save that the cracks are larger. The leaf is like that of the manna-ash, thick and somewhat oblong. The tree is not evergreen but deciduous. It has always ^ an acorn-like ^ fruit like that of the aria^ (holm-oak). They strip off the bark,® and they say that it should all be removed, otherwise the tree deteriorates : it is renewed again in about three years.

The kolutea^ too is a local tree, occurring in the Lipari islands. It is a tree of good size, and bears its fruit, which is as large as a lentil, in pods ; this fattens sheep wonderfully. It grows from seed, and also grows very well from sheep-droppings. The time for sowing it is the setting of Arcturus ; and one should first soak the seed and sow it when it is already sprouting in the water. It has a leaf like telis^ (fenugreek). At first it grows for about three years with a single stem, and in this period men cut their walking-sticks from it ; for it seems that it makes excellent ones. And, if the top is cut off during this period, it dies, for it makes no side- shoots. After this period it divides, and in the fourth year develops into a tree.

8 cf. 1. 5. 2 ; 4. 15. 1 ; Plin. 17. 234. ' a<paipe7v conj. Coraes ; Siatpe7v PjAld. 8 cf. 1. 11. 2; 3. 17. 3.

' T^Aet conj. R. Const, from G, faeno graeco ; rl\^i UMV; TuAp Aid.

265


THEOPHRASTUS

'H Be rrrepl t'))v "IBrjp, rjv KoXovai KoXoirlav, erepov eI86? iartp, Oafxvoeihh Be /cal o^wSe? Kal 7ro\vfida^a\ov, (TTrdvLov Be, ov ttoXv- e-)(eL Be (PvWov Ba(j)voeLBe<; TrXarvcfivWov Sac^i^/;?, ttXtjv arpoyyuXwrepov Kol /lel^ov coa6^ 6/xoiov (palveaOai TO) T>}? 7rTeXea<;, irpoin^Kearepov Be, rrjv XP^^^' €7rl Odrepa ^(Xoepov oiriaOev Be einXevKalvov, Kal TToXmi'OP i/c T(bv OTTcaOev ral'^ XeTrrat? Icrl eK re T?}? pd^ew^ Kal fiera^v rcov irXevpoeiBfov uTrb Tr)<i piear)<i Karareivovcrcov' (f)XoLov 8' ov Xelop d\X* oXov TOP rrj<; d/jLTTeXov to ^e ^vXov (tkXtjpov Kal irvKvov f)L^a<; Be errrLiToXaLOVf; Kal XeTrrd'i Kal iiavd<^ ovXa^ S' evlore, Kal ^avdd<; a(f>6Bpa. Kapirov Be ovk ex^iv (f)aalv ovBe dv6o<^' tt]v Be KopvvcoBrj Kd^pvp Kal tov<; 6^6aXiiov<; tou? rrapd rd (fivXXa XeLOu<; acpoBpa Kal Xiirapov'^ Kal XevKOV'i TM ax^j/jbaTL Be Ka^pydiBei^;' uTroKOTrev Be Kal eiTLKavOev irapac^veTai koI dua^Xaardvei.

"iBia Be Kal rdBe rd irepl rrju "IBrjv earlv, olov ■}] T€ ^AXe^dvBpeia KaXovfievrj Bd^vrj Kal avKy) ti<; Kal dfJLTreXo^. Trj<i fiep ovv Bdcf)vr]<; ev tovtw to lBiov, on, eTTLcpvXXoKapTrov eariv, Mairep Kal y KevTpo/ivppLi>r)- dfKpOTepai yap rov Kapirov ex- ovdLV eK Tr]<; pdx^co'i tov (fyvXXou.

'H Be avKp] Oap,vcoBe<; fiev Kal ov^ vy\ryX6v, ird^o^ 5' e^ov coare Kal tttj^vcilov elvat t7]v irepi- fierpov TO Be ^vXov eTrearpa/ifievov yXiaxpov KarcoOev fj,ev Xelov Kal dvo^ov dvcodev Be rrepi-


» KoKoiTiav {'>. KoKoirUv) U. cf. 1. 11. 2; 3. 17. 2. Which- ever spelling is correct should probably be adopted in all three places. ^^ c/. 3. 11. 3.

266


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, III. xvir. 3-5

The tree found about Mount Ida, called koloitia,^ is a distinct kind and is shrubby and branching with many boughs ; but it is rather rare. It has a leaf like that of the ' broad-leaved ' bay,^ but rounder and larger, so that it looks like that of the elm, but it is more oblong : the colour on both sides is green, but the base is whitish ; in this part it is very fibrous, because of its fine fibres which spring partly from the midrib,^ partly between the ribs^ (so to call them) which run out from the midrib. The bark is not smooth but like that of the vine ; the wood is hard and close, the roots are shallow slender and spreading, (though sometimes they are compact), and they are very yellow. They say that this shrub has no fruit nor flower, but has its knobby winter-bud and its ' eyes ' ; these grow alongside of the leaves, and are very smooth glossy and white, and in shape are like a winter-bud. When the tree is cut or burnt down, it grows from the side and springs up again.

There are also three trees peculiar to Mount Ida, the tree called Alexandrian laurel, a sort of fig, and a ' vine ' (currant grape). The peculiarity of the laurel is that it bears fruit on its leaves, like the ' prickly myrtle ' (butcher's broom) : both have their fruit on the midrib of the leaf.

The ' fig ' ^ is shrubby and not tall, but so thick that the stem is a cubit in circumference. The wood is twisted and tough ; below it is smooth and un- branched, above it has thick foliage : the colour both


^ Ik t6 Tr\s ^axfoos /col conj. W. ; koI ra'is ^/^^ais koI Aid. cf. 3. 10. 3, and e/c ttjs pax^oss below, 3. 17. 4.

267


  • TrAei/poezSwf : irXfvpofiSMS COnj. St.

» See Index. Plin. 15. 68 ; cf. Athen. 3. 11.


THEOPHRASTUS

KOfiov ')(pa)fjia Be kol (f>vXXov koI

Trj<; (pikvpa^ Kol fiaXuKov KoX TrXarv kol ro fieyeOo'; irapa- TrXyjaiov avOo^ jjieairiXMBe'^ Kal av6el afia rfj fieairlXr). 6 Be Kapiro'^, ov koKovctl avKOv, epv6po<i rfkiKO^ e\da^ irX'iiv cyrpoyyvXaoTepo^, iaOi6/jL€Vo<; Be fieainXcoBy]^' pl^a^ Be e^^c Tra^j^eta? uxrav <TVKr]<; t'^fiepov kol Y^ucr^pa?. acraive^ Be iari to BevBpov KOL KapBiav 6%a arepeav ovk ivrepccovijv. 'H Be ayuTreXo? ^verat fiev tt)? "\Brj<; irepl Ta<; ^d\dKpa<; Ka\ovfieva<;' earc Be 6a/j,v(j!)Be<i pa^- Bloifi fiLKpol^i' reli'OVTat, Be ol K\a)ve<; &)? TTfYw- vialoL, 7rp6<; oI? pd'ye<; elaiv €K irXaylov fieXaivai TO fieyeOo^ r)XLKO<; Kiia/jLo<; yXv/ceiar e^ovai Be ivTO'^ yijaprcoBe^; TC fiaXaKov (f>vXXov ar poyyvSov daxi'Bh piLKpov. XVIII. E;^e£ Be Kal raXXa g^gBov op-q ^vaet^ riva<i tSta? rd piev BevBpwv to, Be 6dp,vo)v tu B' dXXoov vXijp.dTcop. dXXd yap irepl piev t?}? IBlo- rr)TO<=; e'lprjraL TrXeovdfci^ on yiveTat Ka6^ eKdarov^ TOTTOf?. 77 Be ev avTOL<i toT? opLoyeveaiv Bia<l)opd, KaOdirep t) tmv BevBpwv Kal twv Odpivwv, opboico^i earl Kal twv dXXcov, wairep etprjrai, rcov TrXeiarcov, wairep Kal pdpbvov Kal TraXiovpov Kal ol'aov [Kal otTOu] Kal pov Kal klttov Kal ^drov Kal erepcov ttoXXmv. ' I^it. grape-stone. "^ I omit ri before 5ia<popd with Sch. 268 ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, III. xvii. 5-xviii. i of leaf and bark is a dull green, the shape of the leaf is like that of the lime ; it is soft and broad, and in size it also corresponds ; the flower is like that of the medlar, and the tree blooms at the same time as that tree. The fruit, which they call a 'fig,' is red, and as larore as an olive, but it is rounder and is like the medlar in taste ; the roots are thick like those of the cultivated fig, and tough. The tree does not rot, and it has a solid heart, instead of ordinary heart-wood. The 'vine' (currant grape) grows about the place called Phalakrai in the district of Ida ; it is shrubby with small twigs ; the branches are about a cubit long, and attached to them at the side are black berries, which are the size of a bean and sweet ; inside they have a sort of soft stone ^ ; the leaf is round undivided and small 0/ the differences in variotts shrubs — huchthom, ivithy, Christ's thorn, bramble, sumach, ivy, smilaz, [spindle-tree]. XVIII. Most other mountains too have certain peculiar products, whether trees shrubs or other woody plants. However we have several times remarked as to such peculiarities that they occur in all regions. Moreover the variation ^ between things of the same kind which we find in trees obtains also among shrubs and most other things, as has been said : for instance, we find it in buckthorn Christ's thorn withy ^ sumach ivy bramble and many others. ' [koI oXtov] bracketed by W. ; koI laov Aid. ; ku) Itrov Ka\ oXtov MVP ; Koi oXaov Koi oTtoi U. Only olaoi \a mentioned in the following descriptions. 269 THEOPHRASTUS

  • Pa/Ai'o? re yap iarip rj fxev fxeXaiva 7) Se \evKrj,
Kal 6 Kap7ro<; Sidcjiopo^, uKavdocpupoL Be ap(j)co. Tou re oLaov ro pev Xevfcov ro Be pekav kol to dvOo<i e/carepov kol 6 Kapiro^ Kara Xoyov p,€v XevKO^; 6 Be /ueXa?* evLOi Be Kal axrirep dva p,eaov, oiv Kal ro dv6o<; eiTLrropcpvpi^eL Kal ovre olvwrrov ovre eKXevKov eartv oyarrep rcov erepwv. e;^et Be Kal rd (f)vWa Xerrrorepa Kal Xeiorepa Kal rd<; pd/3Bov(; ro XeuKov. "O re rrdXiovpo'^ e^^et BLa(f)opd<i . . . drravra Be ravra Kap7ro<p6pa. Kal 6 ye 7ra\iovpo<; ev Xo^m riVL rov Kap-Kov e%ei KaOairepel (f)vX\(p, ev c5 rpua 7] rerrapa yLverat. ypcovraL 8' avrw tt/jo? rd<; /3>};\;a? 01 iarpoX Korrrovre^' e%et yap nva y\LcrxporT]ra Kal \L7ro<;, wairep ro rov Xivov (TTreppia. cpverai Be Kal errl ro2<; i(f3vBpoL<; Kal ev roL<; ^7]pol<=;, ioarrep 6 /3dro<;. [ov)( yrrov Be eon ro BevBpov 'jrdpvBpov.'l (f)vXXo(36Xov Be Kal ov\ uicjirep 7) pdpvo<^ deL(l)vXXov. "Et£ Be Kal rov ^drov irXeiu) yevr), p^eyiar-qv Be €')(Ovre<i Bia(f)opdv on o p,ev 6p0o(f)V7]<; Kal u-v|ro? e^wv, 6 8' errl rP]^ 7^? Kal ev6v<^ Kdrco veiuov Kal orav crvvdrrrr} rrj yfj f)L^ovp,evo<i irdXiv, ov 87; KoXovai nv€<; yapiaifBarov. ro Be Kvvoa^arov rov Kapirov vrrepvOpov e^et Kal 7rapa7rX7j(Tiov ray rrj^ p6a<;' ean Be 6dp.vov Kal BevBpov p,era^v Ka\ rrapopoLOV Tat? p6ai<i, rb Be (jivXXov aKavOcoBa. 1 c/. 1. 9. 4; 3. 18. 12; C.P. I. 10. 7. '^ .Some words are missing, wliich described various forms of naKiovpos, alluded to in irdi'Ta ravTa (!Sch.)- c/. 4. 8. 3, where an African naKiovpos is described. 2 Kaeanepd (puWcf^ conj. W., cf. 3. 11. 2 ; Kaednep rh (pvWop UMV. 270 ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, III. xviii. 2-4 ^ Thus of buckthorn there is the black and the white form, and there is difference in the fruit, though both bear thorns. Of the withy there is a black and a white form ; the flower and fruit of each respectively correspond in colour to tlie name ; but some specimens are, as it were, intermediate, the flower being purplish, and neither wine-coloured nor whitish as in the others. The leaves in the white kind are also slenderer and smoother, as also are the branches. There is variation also in the Christ's thorn . . . ^ all these forms are fruit-bearing. Christ's thorn has its fruit in a sort of pod, resembling a leaf,^ which contains three or four seeds. Doctors bruise ^ them and use them against coughs ; for they have a certain viscous and oily character, like linseed. The shrub grows in wet and dry places alike, like the bramble.^ But it is deciduous, and not evergreen like buckthorn. Of the bramble again there are several kinds, shewing very great variation ; one is erect and tall, another runs along the ground and from the first bends downwards, and, when it touches the earth, it roots again ; this some call the ' ground bramble.' The ' dog's bramble ' (wild rose) has a reddish fruit, like that of the pomegranate '° ; and, like the pome- granate, it is intermediate between a shrub and a tree ; but the leaf is spinous.
  • KSnrovTes : for the tense cf. 3. 17. 2, npoBpexoi'Tas.
^ ovx ■ • • -irdpvSpoy probably a gloss, W. 6 pSaii UMV (?) Aid.; h^als conj. Sch. from Plin. 16. 180. Athen. (2. 82) cites the passage with irapair. tt? ^oia. The Schol. on Theocr. 5. 92 seems to have traces of both readings. ' oLKavewSfs conj. Sch. from Schol. on Theocr. (see last note), which quotes the passage with aKayduSei ; ayva^ts UAld.; so also Athen. I.e. Plin. (24. 121) seems to have read ix»'w5€j {vestiyio hominis simile). 271 THEOPHRASTLIS Tt)? Be pov TO jiev appev rb Se OrjXv KoXovcn T(f TO fiev cLKapTTOv elvaL to Se KapTTi/Jiov. ovk ey^et Se ovSe tol'^ pd^Sovf; {'■v/rT^Xa? ovBe Tra')(^eia<; , (pvWov 8' 6/jLOLOv TTTeXea ttXtjp jjuiKpov TrpofiTj- KecTTepov Kol iTrlSaau. tmv he /cXwvlwi' twv vewv e^ laov tA (f)uWa et? Svo, kut aXXyXa Se eK twv TrXayicov wcrre aToc^elv. ^drrTOvai Be tovtw kol 01 aKVToBeyjraL to, BepfiaTa to, XevKa. avdo^ XevKov ^0Tpv6)Be<;, tw ax^fJ'CLTL Be to oXocr^e^e? 6(TTXLyya<; eyov wairep kol 6 /36Tpv<;- aTravdrj- (javTO<; Be o Kapiro^ dfia r^ aTa(^vXrj epvOpaiveTai, KaX yivovTat olov cf>aKol XeirTol auyKeifievoL' ^OT/JfwSe? Be TO (T)(rjiia kcll tovtwv. e^^c Be to (f)ap/jLaKMBe<i tovto o KaXecTai poO? ip avTw ocTTcoBe^, o KOL T^? pov Bn]TTy]/jLev7]'i e')(^ec 7roXXdfCL<;' pi^a S* €7n7r6XaL0<; kol iiovo<^vr]^ wo-re dva- Ka/jLTTTeadaL paBico^ oXoppc^a' to Be ^vXov eWe- pLoivrjv e^ei, ev(p6apT0v Be /cat KoiTTofievov. Iv 7rd<TL Be yiyveTai toI<; tottol'^, evOevel Be /idXiaTa ev T0t9 dpyiXcoBeac. TloXveiBrji; Be 6 kltto';' kol yap eiriyeLO^;, 6 Be et? yy^o'i aLp6fxevo<;' kol TOiv ev vyjreL TrXeico yevrj. Tpla S' ovv (^aiveTai to, fieyiGTa 6 t€ X€VKo<i kol 6 yLteXa? Kal TpiTOv 7] eXi^. etBrj Be koX eKdaTOv TOVTwv irXeico. XevKo<; yap 6 fiev tw Kapirw p^ovov, 6 Be Kal rot? (f)vXXoi<; eVrt. rrdXiv Be to)v XevKOKdpTTwv jiovov 6 fjLeu dBpov Kal ttvkvov Kal avvecTTTjKOTa top Kapirop e;\;ei KaOairepel acpalpap, > Plin. 13. 55; 24. 91. 2 (TTOix^iu: cf. 3. 5. 3; Plin. 13.55. ' $0Tpvui5es con']. W. ; ^orpvrjdSy \J ; $0Tpvd6y Aid.
  • 6 ^ovs masc. cf. Diosc. 1. 108.
272 ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, III. xviii. 5-6 ^ Of the sumach they recognise a ' male ' and a
  • female ' form, the former being barren, the latter
fruit-bearing. The branches are not lofty nor stout, the leaf is like that of the elm, but small more oblong and hairy. On the young shoots the leaves grow in pairs at equal distances apart, corresponding to each other on the two sides, so that they are in regular rows.^ Tanners use this tree for dyeing white leather. The flower is white and grows in clusters ; the general form of it, with branchlets, is like that of the grape-bunch ; when the flowering is over, the fruit reddens like tlie grape, and the appearance of it is like small lentils set close together; the form of these too is clustering. ^ The fruit contains the drug called by the same name,* which is a bony substance ; it is often still found even when the fruit has been put through a sieve. The root is shallow and single, so that these trees are easily bent right over,^ root and all. The wood has heart-wood, and it readily perishes and gets worm-eaten. 6 The tree occurs in all regions, but flourishes most in clayey soils. "^ The ivy also has many forms ; one kind grows on the ground, another grows tall, and of the tall- growing ivies there are several kinds. However the three most important seem to be the white the black and the helix. And of each of these there are several forms. Of the ' white ' one is white only in its fruit, another in its leaves also. Again to take only white-fruited sorts, one of these has its fruit well formed close and compact like a ball ; and this ^ i.e. nearly uprooted by wind.
  • KotTT6,u€vov : cf. 8. 11. 2, 3 and 5.
' Plin. 16. 144-U7. THEOPHRASTUS ov Srj KoXovai rive^i KopvjijBiav, ol 5' *A6)']vrjaiv ^ X')(apviK6v. 6 he iXaTTcov BiaKe^vfieuo'^ Mcnrep Kol 6 fieka^' e')(€i' ^e kol 6 fie\a<^ Sia(f)opa<i aXX ov^ 6/JL0LC0<; (f)av€pd<i. 7 'H Se eXi^ iv /jL€yLaTai,<; BLa(j)opaL<;' kol yap TOt? <j)vX\oL^ ifXelcrrov htac^epei rfj re /xiKpoTTjrt, KOL Tw ycovoeiSr] kol eupvO/xorepa elvat' ra Be rov KiTTOv rrepK^epearepa kol dirXa' kol tw pn^KGL Tcov kXtj/icitcov kol en tw cLKapTVO'^ elvai. Sia- reivovrai, yap nve^ tw /xt) diroKLTTOvaOai rfj (fyvaei rr]v eXiKU dWd ttjv ck tov kittou reXeiov- lievrjv. (el Be irdcra diroKLTTOVTai, Kaddirep Ttve<; (^acriv, rj\iKia<; dv eitj Kal BLaOeaecd<; ovk etSou? Bia<popd, KaOdirep /cal r?}? diriov 7rpo<; ttjv dxpdBa.) irXrjv ro ye (j)vWov Kal ravTr)<; ttoXv Bia(f)epei, Trpo? rov klttov. cnrdvLOv Be tovto Kal iv 6\iyoL<; ecnlv ware TraXaiovfievov [xera^dWeiv, 8 wGirep iirl r^? \evKr}<i Kal rod KpoTcovof;. eiBr] 5' eVrl TrXetct) r?}? e\iKO<;, co? /lev ra 7rpo(Pave- (Trara Kal [leyLcrra XajSelv rpia, i] re ^(Xoepd Kal ttolcoBtj'^ riTTep Kal TrXeiarT], Kal erepa rj XevKt], koI Tplry T) TTOiKiXr}, Yjv Brj KaXovai Tive<; SpaKiav. ' cf. Theocr. 11. 46. « Plin. 16. 145 foil. ' i.e. is the most * distinct ' of the ivies.
  • c/. 1. 10. 1 ; Diosc. 2. 179.
  • i.e. as an explanation of the barrenness of helix.
' i.e. and so becomes fertile. SiaTfivovTai : cf. C.P. 4. 6. 1. 5toT. Ttf . . . apparently = " insist on the view that," . . . but the dative is strange. The sentence, which is highly elliptical, is freely emended by most editors. 274 ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, III. xvin. 6-8 kind some call korymhias, but the Athenians call it the ' Acharnian ' ivy. Another kind is smaller and loose in growth like the black ivy.^ There are also vari- ations in the black kind, but they are not so well marked. ^ The helix presents the greatest differences ^ ; the principal difference is in the leaves/ which are small cngular and of more graceful proportions, while those of the ivy proper are rounder and simple; there is also difference in the length of the twigs, and further in the fact that this tree is barren. For,^ as to the view that the helix by natural development turns into the ivy, some insist "^ that this is not so, the only true ivy according to these being that which was ivy from the first^; (whereas if, as some say, the helix invariably ° turns into ivy, the difference would be merely one of age and condition, and not of kind, like the difference between the cultivated and the wild pear). However the leaf even of the full- grown helix is very different from that of the ivy, and it happens but rarely and in a few specimens that in this plant a change in the leaf occurs as it grows older, as it does in the abele and the castor-oil plant. 1° ^^ There are several forms of the helix, of which the three most conspicuous and important are the green ' herbaceous ' kind (which is the common- est), the white, and the variegated, which some call the ^Thracian' helix. Each of these appears to ' i.e. and helix being a distinct plant which is always barren.
  • iraffa COnj. Sch.; iras Aid.
1° So. as well as in ivy; cf. 1. 10. 1, where this change is said to be characteristic of these three trees, (The rendering attempted of this obscure section is mainly from W.'s note.) " Plin. 16. 148 folU 275 THEOPHRASTUS eKaarr} Be rovToav Bokci Sia^Spetw Kal yap lyj^: '^\o(dBov<; 7} fiev Xeirrorepa /cal ra^K^vWorepa Koi en iTVKVO(pvWoTepa, rj 3' '^ttov iravra tuvt €)(Ovaa. Kal rfj^; 7roiKL\r]<; rj fiev [lel^ov 7) 8' eXaTTOv TO <^vXKov, Kal ttjv iroLKiXiav hta- <f)6povaa. (i)(javTO}<i Be Kal ra t?}? Xcvkt]'; tw /xeyeOeL Kal rfj XP^^ Sia(f)epovaiv. evav^eardri] Be T} 7roio)B7]<; Kal eirl irXelarov nrpolovaa. (pavepav B^ elvai (^acLV rrjv cLTTOKLTTOVfievrjv ov fiovov rot? (^vXkoL^i on jiel^o) Kal irXarvrepa 6;^et aXKa Kal rols ^XaaTOL<i' €v0u<; yap 6pOov<; e;^et, Kal ovx cjairep rj erepa KaraKeKafifievT], Kal Blcl t^ju XeTTTorrjTa Kal Bia ro /jLT]ko<;' t?)? Be kittcoBou^; Kal ^pax^T^poL Kal Tra^vrepoi. Kal 6 Kcrrbf; orav apxvrat, aTrep/iovaOat /jberecopov e^^L Kal opOov rov /SXaarov. 9 Ilo\vppi^o<; /JL€V ovv aira'^ kltto<; Kal irvKvoppi- ^o? (T wear pap, fievo<i ral^ pii^ai<^ Kal ^vXajBeat Kal TTay^eiai^ Kal ovk ayav /Sadvppi^of;, pdXiara 8' /jieXa<;, Kal rov XevKOV 6 Tpaxv'raro'^ Kal dypico- TaTO<j* Bl o Kal ^j^aXeTTO? '7rapa(^vea6aL Trdai Tol<i BevBpoL<;- diToXXvcn yap iravra Kal d^avaivei 'napaLpovp,evo'^ ttjv rpocfirjv. Xapb^dveL Be [idXtaja 7ra%o? ovTO<i Kal uTroBevBpouTai, Kal yiverai avro KaO' avTo KLTTOv BevBpov. o)? 3' eirl to irXelov elvai 7rpo<; erepw (piXel Kal ^tjtcl Kal wairep 10 eiraXXoKavXov iariv. e;^et 8' €v6v<i Kal r?}?
  • Ta^i<pv\\oT€pa conj. W. from Plin. 16. 149, folia in
ordinem digesta ; ixaKpo<pvX\oT(pa MSS. cf. 1. 10. 8. ^ KaraKfKajJLfjifVT] con}. W. ; Kara/f eKau/ieVTj UAld. ; KaTaKtKafi- /nifovs conj. Sch. ' KtTTwSovs MSS.; irowSovs conj. St. * cf. C.P. 1. 16. 4. 276 ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, III. xviii. 8-10 present variations ; of the green one form is slenderer and has more regular ^ and also closer leaves, the other has all these characteristics in a less degree. Of the variegated kind again one sort has a larger, one a smaller leaf, and the variegation is variable. In like manner the various forms of the white helix differ in size and colour. The ' herbaceous ' kind is tlie most vigorous and covers most space. They say that the form which is supposed to turn into ivy is clearly marked not only by its leaves, because they are larger and broader, but also by its shoots ; for these are straight from the first, and this form does not bend over^ like the other; also because the shoots are slenderer and larger, while those of the ivy-like^ form are shorter and stouter. ^ The ivy too, when it begins to seed, has its shoots upward- growing and erect. All ivies have numerous close roots, which are tangled together woody and stout, and do not run very deep ; but this is specially true of the black kind and of the roughest and wildest forms of the white. Wherefore it is mischievous to plant this against any tree ; for it destroys and starves any tree by withdrawing the moisture. This form also more than the others grows stout and becomes tree- like, and in fact becomes itself an independent ivy tree, though in general it likes and seeks to be ^ against another tree, and is, as it were, parasitic.^ "^ Moreover from the first it has also this natural • iivat conj. W. ; aU\ UM ; del Aid.
  • i.e. depends on another tree ; not, of course, in the
strict botanical sense, c/. 3. 18, 11. inaWSKauXov conj. Seal.; inavXoKaKov MVAld.U (with v corrected), cf. vfpt- aWSKavXos, 7. 8. 1 ; CP. 2. 18. 2. f Plin. 16. 152. 277 THEOPHRASTUS (f)V(7€a)'^ Ti TOLOVTOV CK yap Twv ^Xaarcbv dcplyaiv del pt^a? dva fieaov tmv <f)vWa)i/, alairep evhveraL Tot? hevhpoL'i Kai TOt? Tei')(LOi<; olov i^eTrirrjhe^ 7r€7roirjp€vai<; vtto t/}? (f)V(T€a)<;' Sl o Kal i^aipov- pevo<^ T7)p vypoTJjra koX cXkcov cKpavaivei, kol idv cnroKOTTTJ fcdroiOev hvvarai hiapueveLv kol ^rjv. eyei he kol erepav BLUcfyopdv Kara tov Kapirov ov fjLLKpdv 6 /lev <ydp eTTLyXvKu^; eanv 6 he a(f)6Spa 'TTLKpo<; Kal TOV XeuKov Kal rod yu.eXai^o?- arj/xeiov S' OTV TOV fiev eaOiovaiv ol 6pvi0e<; rov B' ov. TO, jiev ovv irepl rov klttov oi/tw? €)(^ei. 'H Be afilXd^ ecTTL /xev eTraWoKavXov, 6 Be KavXo^ dKav6(jiBri<i Kal Mairep 6pOdKav0o<;, ro Be (f)vXXov KLTTa)Be<; fxiKpov dyooviov, Kara rrjv fiicrxov 7rp6a(f)va-iv rvXTjpov. iBlov B^ otl ti'-jv re Bid jieaov ravryv coanep 'pdxi-v Xeirryjv ex^i Kal ra? (TT7jpoi>iov<; 8iaA,7;-\/r6i9 ovk diro TavT7]<;, wcrirep rd tmv dWcov, dWd Trepl avT)]v 7repi(f)€peL<^ 7)yp.eva<; drro t?}? 7rpoa(f)vaea)<; rov fiLcy^ov tw (f)vW(p. irapd Be tov KavXov rd yovara Kal irapd rd<i BLa\ei^eLs rd^ cf)vWiKd'i eK tmv avTwv p,i<j')(CL>v Tot? (f)vWoi<; 7rapa7re(pvKev iov\o<; XeTrro? Kal €\lkt6<;' dvdo<; Be XevKOV kol eva)Be<; XeipLvov aixlKa^: ? iTiKa^ W. c/. 1. 10. 5; Plin. 16. 153-155. iira\x6Kav\ov con]. Sch. ; iiravX6KavXov Y, cf. 3. 18. 10. KavXhs cony R. Const.; Kapnhs UMVAld. TuXrjpov conj. W. ; vor-qpov Ald.U (corrected). TavTf)v: c/. tJ) flfAa/cciSev tovto, 3. 7. 3. Is the pronoun ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, III. xviii. io~ii characteristic, that it regularly puts forth roots from the shoots between the leaves, by means of which it gets a hold of trees and walls, as if these roots were made by nature on purpose. Wherefore also by withdrawing and drinking up the moisture it starves its host, while, if it is cut off below, it is able to survive and live. There are also other not incon- siderable differences in the fruit ; both in the white and in the black kind it is in some cases rather sweet, in others extremely bitter ; in proof whereof birds eat one but not the other. Such are the facts about ivy. The smilaxi jg parasitic,^ but its stem^ is thorny and has, as it were, straight thorns ; the leaf is ivy- bke small and without angles, and makes a callus* at the junction with the stalk. A peculiarity of it is its conspicuous ^ slender midrib, so to call it, which divides it in two ; also the fact that the thread-like branchings ^ do not start from this, as in other leaves, but are carried in circles round it, starting from the junction of the leaflet with the leaf. And at the joints of the stem ^ and the spaces between the leaves there grows from the same stalk as the leaves a fine spiral tendril.^ The flower is white and fragrant like a lily ^ The fruit deictic, referring to an actual specimen shewn in lecture ? c/. also 4. 7. 1. " 5ta\T)ii/€ts Aid.; SiaXelipeis UMV. A mistake probably due to diaXflypiis below, where it is right. Sid\r)\pis is the Aristotelian word for a 'division.' ' rov KavXov to. yovaTu conj. Sch. ; rhv KavXhvrhv 6,t ovov Aid. ' This must be the meaning of iovAus here, qualified by (AiktSs; but elsewhere it = catkin, cf. 3. 5. 5. ^ \eipivov conj. R. Const, from Plin. I.e. oltnte lilium ; Tr]piv6v UAld. 279 THEOPHRASTUS TOP Se fcapTTov e;^6i TrpoaefKJ^eprj tcS aTpvxi^fp fcal TOO fjbr)\(i)Opo) Kol fiaXiara rrj KaXov/ievy GTa<^v\fi 12 aypta' KaraKpefxaaroL 5' ol /3oTpve<; klttov rpo- TTOV nrape'yyi^ei 8* 6 TrapadpLyKca/jLO'i Trpo? rrjv <Tra(j)v\i']V' UTTO yap €Vo<; arjfietov ol /jLia-^oi ol payiKoL 6 he Kapiro'; epvOpo^, e^cov TTupi]va<; to fiev eVl TTCLV hvo, ev to?? //.et^ocrt rpel^ ev he TOt? fjLiKpoL<; eva' a-K\r]po^ 8' o irvprjv ev /xaXa kol tco '^(^pco/xaTi /xeXa? e^coOev. iSlov Se to tmv (Sorpvwv, on eK TrXayLwv re rov KavXov irapaO piyKi^ovaiv, KOL Kar aKpov 6 fMeyiaro^ (Borpv^ rov KavXov, (oairep eirl t^9 pdfivov kol tov ^drov. rovro he hrjXov ft)? KaX iLKpoKapiTOV koX irXayioKapiTOV. 13 [To 8' evciivvixo^ KaXovfievov hevhpov (pverai ptev dXXoOi re /cat Tr}? Aecr^ov ev rw opei tw 'Ophvv- V(p KaXovfievui' eart he 7]Xikov poa kol ro (jivXXov e%et powSe?, /xel^ov he rj ')(apLai,hd^vri<i, kol fiaXa- Kov he oiairep rj poa. r] he p\dar'rjcn<; dp^eraL fiev avrrp rrepX tov TioaeLheoiva' dvOel he tov 7)po<;' TO he dvOo^ ofiocov TrjV ')(^p6av tw XevKco Lfp' o^ei he heivov axrirep <j)6vov. 6 he Kap7ro<i €pL(f)epr)(; tyjv /iiop<f)T)v fieTa tov KeXv(f)Ov<; tm tov o-rjad/JLOV Xo^w' evhoOev he aTepeov ttXtjv htDpij- puevov KaTCi Trjv TeT paaTOL'xlav. tovto eaOio- ^ Presumably <r. b ^SwSi^uos. See Index. "^ -irapeyyiCei 8' 6 irapadpiyKiffnhs I conj., cf. irapadpiyKlCouffi below; irapwyyvCfi^ Se napa9pivaKl(fi Se dis U; irapayyi^fi St Tapadpr}yaKl(ft 5« «s MV; irapaBpiyKi^ei St i)S conj. W. 280 ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, III. xviii. 11-13 is like the sLrykJmos^ and the melothron (bryony), and most of all like the berry which is called the ' wild grape ' (bryony). The clusters hang down as in the ivy, but the regular setting - of the berries resembles the grape-cluster more closely ; for the stalks which bear the berries start from a single point. The fruit is red, having generally two stones, the larger ones three and the smaller one ; the stone is very hard and in eolour black outside. A peculiarity of the clusters is that they make a row ^ along the sides of the stalk, and the longest cluster is at the end of the stalk, as in the buckthorn and the bramble. It is clear that the fruit is produced both at the end and at the sides. ■* The tree called the spindle-tree ^ grows, among other places, in Lesbos, on the mountain called Ordynnos.^ It is as large as the pomegranate and has a leaf like that of that tree, but larger than that of the periwinkle,^ and soft, like the pomegranate leaf It begins to shoot about the month Poseideon,^ and flowers in the spring ; the flower in colour is like the gilliflower, but it has a horrible smell, like shed blood. ^ The fruit, with its case, is like the pod of sesame ^° ; inside it is hard, but it splits easily according to its four divisions. This tree, if eaten ' "napaQpiyKi^ovffiv conj. Sch. ; irapa.QpvyKiCovcrav U (cor- rected) ; irapadpvyyiCova-t M.
  • This section down to the word auoxv is clearly out of
place : €vwpv/j.os was not one of the plants proposed for dis- cussion 3. 18. 1. It should come somewhere among the descriptions of trees characteristic of special localities. 6 Plin. 13. 118. « cf. Plin. 5. 140. ' This irrelevant comparison probably indicates confusion in the text, as is shewn also by Pletho's excerpt of part of this section : see Sch. » January. » <p6yoy: cf. 6. 4. 6. ^^ cf. 8. 5. 2. 281 THEOPHRASTUS fievov VTTO TO}v Trpo/BuTcov arroKTivvveL, kol to (fivWov /cat 6 Kap7r6<;, kol fidkiaTa ra<; alyas iav fjLTj KaOdpa€(o<; tvxd- KaOaiperai he av- oX^p-] rrepl /xev ovv hevhpwv koX Odfxvcov €Lpr]TaL' ev he roU e^P/^; irepl jdv \ei7ro/jLevo)i> XeKjeou. 2S2 ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, III. xviii. 13 by sheep, is fatal ^ to them, both the leaf and the fruit, and it is especially fatal to goats unless they are purged by it ; and the purging is effected by diarrhoea.2 So we have spoken of trees and shrubs ; in what follows we must speak of the plants which remain. 1 In Pletho's excerpt (see above) this is said of periwinkle. 2 i.e. and not by vomiting. 283 BOOK IV I. At fxev ovv SiacJiopaL rcou ofxoyercoi' TeOeoo- prjuTUL irporepov. airavTa S' iv roU ol/celoi^ TOTTot? koWlq) yiveraL kol fidWov evaOevel- kuI yap T04? ayploL^ elalv eKaaroi^; olfcetOL, KuOdirep T0t9 r}/uLepoi<;' ra fikv yap (piXel tov<; icfivSpov^ Ka\ k\oL>hei^, OLOV atyeipo^ XevKrj Irea Kal oXw? ra irapa tol/? 7rorafiov<=; <^v6p,eva, to. he tou? evaKe- 7reL<; Kal evrjXiov^, ra Se /jLoWov rov<; 7ra\La/CLov^. irevKi] jxev yap iv roh irpoaeiKoL^ KaWiarr) Kal /xeytari], iv Be roi? iraXLaKioL's oXro? ov (pveraL- iXuTT] Be avunaXiv iv rot? 7ra\iaKioi<; KaWiart] TOt? 5' eV€L\OL<; 0V)(^ 6flOLM<;. 'Ef ^ApKaSla yovv irepl Ttjv Kpcimjv KaXov- fieVTJV TOTTO? i(TTL Tt? ATOiXo? Kul dlTVOVi, ftf OV ovheiroO^ 6\a)^ tjXlov i/x^dXXeiv (paatv iv tovtm Be TToXv Bia(f)epovaiv al iXdrai, Kal tm p^/jKet Kal T(p 7rd')(^et,, ov p,i]v op,oiu)<^ ye irvKval ovB' copalai aX-V TjKLGTa, KaOdirep Kal at TrevKai al iv rots" iraXiaKioL^' Bt o Kal Trpo^ rd rroXuTeXi} tcov epywv, olov dvpcofULTa Kal et rt dXXo airovBalov, ov '^pcovTat T0VT0i<; dXXd 7rpo<; ta? vavTrfjyia'^ pLoXXov Kal rd^ olKoBop,d<i' Kal yap BokoI KdXXi- 286 BOOK IV Of the Trees and Plants special to particulak Districts and Positions. Of the importance of position and climate. I. The differences between trees of the same kind have ah-eady been considered. Now all grow fairer and are more vigorous in their proper positions ; for wild, no less than cultivated trees, have each their own positions : some love wet and marshy ground, as black poplar abele willow, and in general those that grow by rivers ; some love exposed ^ and sunny positions ; some prefer a shady place. The fir is fairest and tallest in a sunny position, and does not grow at all in a shady one ; the silver-fir on the contrary is fairest in a shady place, and not so vigorous in a sunny one. Thus there is in Arcadia near the place called Krane a low-lying district sheltered from wind, into which they say that the sun never strikes ; and in this district the silver-firs excel greatly in height and stoutness, though they have not such close grain nor such comely wood, but quite the reverse, — like the fir when it grows in a shady place. Where- fore men do not use these for expensive work, such as doors or other choice articles, but rather for ship-building and house-building. For excellent
  • evaKeirf7s should mean 'sheltered,' but cannot in this
context, nor in G.P. 1. 13. 11 and 12: the word seems to have been confused with eUffKowos. 287 THEOPHUASTUS arat kol ravelaL koX Kepacat at ck tovtcov, en S' icTTol Tw fjiy]K€L hiaj)epovT6<; aXX ovx 6/jLOL(o<i la-^vpoi' Kol €K TMV TTpoaeLXwv cifjLa rfj ^pa)(yTT]Ti TTVKvoTepoi re eKeivoiV kol la')(yp6T€poi yivovTai. Xatpec Se a(f)6Spa koI y /it\o? tol<; TraXtaKLOi'^ KOL }) TraSo? Kal rj 6pav7ra\o^. rrrepl Se Ta<; Kopvcpa^ rcov opecov kol toi)? '\\rv)(^pov<=; roirov^; Ovla fiev (pverai Kal et? u-v^o?, iXaTt] Be Kal dpKevOo<; (pverac fiev ovk eh vylro<; Se, Kaddirep Kal irepl ttjv ciKpav K.vWi]vi]v' (fiverac Se Kal rj KrjXaaTpos eirl tS)v aKpoiv Kal 'xeifiepLOirdrwv. ravra p,ev ovv av ri<; Oeir] ^i\6-^v')(^pa' rd S' aXXa iravra a)<i elirelv [ou] /xdXkov ')(aipeL tol<; 7rpoaeLX,oi<;. ov /jlt]v dWd Kal rovro av/jb/SaiveL Kara rrjv ')((j)pav rr)v olKelav eKdarw tmv hevhpwv. ev Kpi]Ty yovv (f)acnv ev roh 'lSaLOL<; opeai Kal eV roh AevKOL<; Ka\ou/jievoL<; eirl rcov aKpcov odev ovheiTOT eirikelTTeL X'-^^ KVirdpiTrov eluar irXeiarr] yap avrr) t/}? i/Xt?? Kal oX.w? eV TJ} v/jaw Kal ev Tot<i 6 pea IV. "EcTTt Be, waTrep Kal irporepov eipTjrai, Kal twv dypioyv Kal tmv jjfiepcov rd fiev opeivd rd Be ireBeLvd fidWov. dvaXoyla Be Kal ev avToh TOts opeai rd fiev ev to4? vTroKaTco rd Be rrepl ras Kopv<f>d<;, Mare Kal KaWiO) ylverau Kal evaOevrj navraxov Be Kal irdai^'i ry)<; vXt]^; tt/do? ^oppdi rd ^v\a TTVKvurepa Kal ovXorepa Kal dirXoi^^ KaXXioi' Kal oXo)? Be rrXeio) ev roh irpoa^opeloLs (pveraL. av^dverau Be Kal iTriBuBwaL rd irvKvd
  • I omit al before Kepatat with P.
^ afia I conj. ; ciAXa Aid.; om. W. after Sch.; iAA' ufxa conj. St. ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IV. i. 2-4 rafters beams and yard-arms ^ are made from these, and also masts of great length which are not however equally strong ; while masts made of trees grown in a sunny place are necessarily ^ short but of closer grain and stronger than the others. Yew pados and joint-fir rejoice exceedingly in shade. On mountain tops and in cold positions odorous cedar grows even to a height, while silver-fir and Phoenician cedar grow, but not to a height,^ — for instance on the top of Mount Cyllene ; and holly also grows in high and very wintry positions. These trees then we may reckon as cold-loving ; all others, one may say in general, prefer a sunny position. However this too depends partly on the soil appro- priate to each tree ; thus they say that in Crete on the mountains of Ida and on those called the White Mountains the cypress is found on the peaks whence the snow never disappears ; for this is the principal tree both in the island generally and in the moun- tains. Again, as has been said ^ already, both of wild and of cultivated trees some belong more to the moun- tains, some to the plains. And on the mountains themselves in proportion to the height some grow fairer ^ and more vigorous in the lower regions, some about the peaks. However it is true of all trees anywhere that with a north aspect the wood is closer and more compact^ and better generally; and, generally speaking, more trees grow in positions facing the north. Again trees which are close ' 3. 2. 4.
  • Something seems to have dropped out before uxttc.
"^ ov\6r(pa conj. W. from mutilated word in U; KaWiwrepa MV: KaWlw Aid. THEOPHRASTUS fjiei^ ovra fiaWov ft? /ir]Ko<>, 5t' o Kal dvo^a Kal evOea kol 6pOo(f)vrj jLverai, Kal Kwireoive^ eV TOVTCov KoXXLcrroL' <ra Be /jLava> fxaWov et9 l3d0o<; Kal 7ra;!^o?, Sl o Kal aKoXicoTepa Kal o^foBecrrepa Kal ro okov arepecorepa Kal irvKvoTepa ^verai. 5 ^^(ehov he ra? avra^ e^^L Biacfyopaf; rovTOi<i Kal ev Tol<; iraXiaKLOL^ Kal ev TOL<i ev€iXoi<; Kal ev roL<; airvooi^ Kal ev7rv6oL<;- o^wSeaTepa yap Kal ^pa'X^urepa Kal rjrTOV evOea ra ev rols evelXoLt; r) Tol^ irpoa-rjve/JLOL^. on Be eKaarov ^rjrel Kal ')(^u>pav OLKeiav Kal Kpdaiv depo<; (pavepov tm tcl fiev ^epeiv evLOV<; tottov^ to, Be /nrj <f)ep€iv fi-qre avTCi yLyvofieva /iijre (pvrevo/ieva pahi(o<^, eav Be Kal avTcXd/Syrai fir) Kapiro^opelv, wdTTep eirl tov (f)OLViKO<; eXex^V ^^^^^ '^')'> AiyvTTTLa'i avKafiivov Kal dXXcov elalydp irXeiw Kal ev TrXeiocn ')((jopaL^ ra fxev oXo)? ov ^vofieva rd Be (^vofieva jiev dvav^i] Be Kal aKapira Kal to oXov (pavXa. irepl MV L(rco<i XeKreov e^' oaov exofiev laTopia^. II. 'Ei/ Alyvirra) ydp ecrrLV tBta BevBpa irXeio), Tj re (TVKd/Jiivo(i Kal y irepaea KaXovfxevr] Kal t) ^dXavo<i Kal rj aKavOa Kal erep* ciTra. "EcTTfc Be r; fiev (TVKdfiivo<; TrapairXTjaLa ttw? rfj evravda avKafilvo)' Kal ydp to <pvXXov nrapo/ioiov ^ KuTreccves : cf. 5. 1. 7. ' to. St fxava add. W. » cf. 5. 1. 8. " 2. 2. 10. ' o\wj . . . juevconj. W. ; ohws ou (pvTfvSfifyaU ; oAws <pvT(v6- ^ifva MVPAld. 290 ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IV. i. 4-11. i together grow and increase more in height, and so become unbranched straight and erect, and the best oar-spars ^ are made from these, while those that grow far apart- are of greater bulk and denser habit ' ; wherefore they grow less straight and with more branches, and in general have harder wood and a closer grain. Such trees exhibit nearly the same differences, whether the position be shady or sunny, windless or windy ; for trees growing in a sunny or windy position are more branched shorter and less straight. P'urther that each tree seeks an appropriate position and climate is plain from the fact that some districts bear some trees but not others ; (the latter do not grow there of their own accord, nor can they easily be made to grow), and that, even if they obtain a hold, they do not bear fruit — as was said of the date-palm the sycamore and others ; for there are many trees which in many places either do not grow at all, or,^ if they do, do not thrive nor bear fruit, but are in general of inferior quality. And perhaps we should discuss this matter, so far as our enquiries go. Of the trees special to Egypt, and of the caroh. II. ^ Thus in Egypt there are a number of trees which are peculiar to that country, the sycamore the tree called persea the balanos the acacia and some others. Now the sycamore to a certain extent resembles the tree which bears that name ^ in our country ; its « Plin. 13. 56 and 57. fSta conj. R. Const. ; evia Aid. " i.e. mulberry. See Index. 291 THEOPHRASTUS €)(€L KOI TO /jL€'ye6o<; Kal rrjv oXrjv Trpoaoyjnv, rov Be /capirov I'Stci)? cf)€p€L irapa ra ciWa, KaOdnep iXe^dr] Kal iv TOi? i^ "PX'}?* ov yap diro rcov ^Xaaroiv ovK diro tcop aKpepLovwv aXX ck tov (TT6\6Xov<;, /leyeOo^ fiev tjXlkov gvkov koX rfj oyjrei Be irapaiTXrjcnov, tm X^^V ^^ '^^^^ '^V yXvKvrrjrt T0t9 6XvvOoL<;, TrXrjv yXv/cvrepov ttoXv Kal Key- XpcL/jLiBa^; oXo)? ovk exovra, irXi^Oei Be iroXvv. Kal TTerreiv ov Buvarac firj eTriKviaOevra' aW' exovTe<i ovvxa'i cnBrjpov^ eiTLKvii^ovaLV' a 5' dv eiriKviadrj rerapraLa TreTreraL' rovrcov 8' d(f)ai- peOevTOiv irdXiv dXXa (jyverai Kal aXXa Kal €k TOV avTOV TOTTOV fir)Bev irapaXXaTTOPra' Kal Tov6* ol /lev rpl<? ol Be irXeovaKL^ (f)aal ylveadai. 2 TToXvoirov Be to BevBpov (T(j)6Bpa IgtI Kal to ^vXov avTOv el's TToXXd XPW^/^^^' 'lBlov Be ex^iv BoKel irapd TaXXa' T/irjOep yap €v6v<; xXoipov ecTTi' avaiveTai Be e/x^vOwp' et? ^66pov Be ifx/SaXXovac Kal €19 Ta? XifjLva<; ev6v^ Kal Tapix^vovcn' ^pexofievov S' iv tm ^v6w ^i^paiveTai- Kal OTav reXect)? ^r/pov yevrjTai, tot6 dva<^epeTai Kal einvel Kal BoK€t t6t€ KaXcof; reTa/Pi^eucr^ai- yivcTai yap Kov(jioi> Kal fiavov. t) fiev ovv avKUfxivo^ exa TavTa<; Td<; lBLOTrjTa<i. 3 "Eoi/ce Be Tt? TrapairXyaia i) ^i^cri? elvai Kai T^9 eV Kp-t]T7j KaXovpievi]<^ KfTrpta? avKr}<^' Kal yap eKeivrj (pepec tov Kaprrov €k tov crreXe^oi;? Kal €K TMV irax^TaTOdv dKpejiovojVy irXrjV otl pXaGTOv Tiva d^urjat /iiKpou d(f)vXXov wcrirep pL^iov, 7r/309 M ye 6 Kap7r6<i. to Be aTeXexo<i fieya M. 1. 7; cf. 1. 14 2. 2 cf. G.F. 1. 17. 9; Diosc. 1. 127; Athen. 2. 36. This 292 ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IV. ii. 1-3 leaf Is similar, its size, and its general appearance ; but it bears its fruit in a quite peculiar manner, as was said at the very outset ^ ; it is borne not on the shoots or branches, but on the stem ; in size it is as large as a fig, which it resembles also in appearance, but in flavour and sweetness it is like the ^immature figs,' except that it is much sweeter and contains absolutely no seeds, and it is produced in large numbers. It cannot ripen unless it is scraped ; but they scrape it with iron ' claws ' '^ ; the fruits thus scraped ripen in four days. If these are removed, others and others again grow from exactly the same point, and this some say occurs three times over, others say it can happen more times than that. Again the tree is very full of sap, and its wood is useful for many purposes. There is another peculiar property which it appears to possess ; when it is cut, it is at first green, but it dries in deep water ^ ; they put it at once in a hole or in pools and so season it ; and it becomes dry by being soaked in the deep water, and when it is completely dry, it is fetched up and floats and is then thought to be duly seasoned ; for it is now light and porous. Such are the peculiarities of the sycamore. Somewhat similar appears to be the character of the tree which in Crete is called the *^ Cyprian fig '* (sycamore). For this also bears its fruit on the stem and on the thickest branches ; but in this case there is a small leafless shoot, like a root, to which the fruit is attached. The stem is large and like the scraping was the prophet Amos' occupation : cf. Amos 7. 14. comm. ' i/jL^vOiov conj. W.; els ^vBov UMVPAld. ? iv iSufly %v. « See Index, cf. Athen. 3. 11 ; Plin. 13. 58 ; Diosc. 1. 127. 3. 293 THEOPHRASTUS Kol TTapoiioiov jfi Xev/crj, (pvXXov Se rfj TrreXea. ireiraiveL Se Terrapa? napiTov'^, oaanrep avrou /cal al ^XaaTr](T€i<i' ovSeva Se TreiraLveL firj iimjiti- 6evT0<; rov epLvov koX eKpvevro^ rou oirov. 7) Be yXvKVT7]<; 7rpoa€/x(j)€pi]<i tm avK(p kol to, eacoOei Tot? eptvoW fieyeOo<; i)\lkov KOKKvpLtiXov. (^Vavrr] he TrapaTrXijaLa kol r)v 01 "Iwi^e? Kepw- viav KaXovaLV etc rov aTeXe)(ov<^ yap kol avrrj <f>ep€L rov irXelaTOV /capiTov, utto he twv aKpefxavcdv, (0(J7rep etiTopev, oXlyov. he Kapiro^ eXXo/3o<i, op KaXovai Tive<; AlyvTrriov ctvkov hLr}p,apT)]K6re^' ov yLvejai yap 6X(t)<i Trepl Aiyuirrov aXX' ev ^vpla KOL ev ^loivla he /cal irepl K^vuhov Kal 'Vuhov. delcpvXXov he /cal dv6o^ eKXeu/cov e^ov /cat tl ^apvT7)T0<^, fit] [lerecopil^ov he a(f>6hpa /cal oXo)? eK ra)V kutco 7rapal3XaaT7]TLKoi> civwOev he vTTO^rjpaLVOfievov. ex^t- he cifia Kal rov evov Kal rov veov Kapirov dcpaLpov/jievov yap Oarepov /nerd Kvva Kal 6 er€po<; evOv^ ^avepo<; Kvovp^evo^- Kverai yap wairep ^6rpv<i ofioaxij/jicov' elr av^ij- Oel^ dvOel Trepl ApKrovpov Kal larjixepiav diro TOVTOV hi) hiap,€V€L Tov yeip.wva p^e^^pi Kuj^o?. ;; p.ev ovv ofioLorr]^ on areXe)(^0KapTTa Kal ravra- hia(f)opal he al elpripievaL iTpo<=; ti]v avKafiivov.) 'Ef KlyviTTM 8' early erepov i) irepaea KaXov- fxevov, rfj fiev TrpoaoyjreL fieya Kal KaXov, irapa- 7rXj]aiov he /xaXiara rfj oLTTLfp Kal (I)uXXol<; Kal dvBecn Kal aKpe/xoac Kal tw oXro axy/xarr irXrjv
  • opatnef) conj. R. Const., etc., cf. Athen, I.e.; Haa vntp
aiiTov U (corrected) ; tiaa vn^p avrhv M ; ocra virtQ avTov Aid. •^ Plin. 13. 59. * 1. U. 2. ^94 ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IV. ii. 3-5 abele, but the leaf is like that of tlie elm. It ripens its fruit four times a year, haviiior also 1 four periods of growth ; but it ri])ens no fruit unless the 'fig' is split and the juice let out. The sweet taste resembles that of the fig, and the inside of the fruit is like that of wild figs : it is as large as a plum. 2 (Like this too is the tree which the lonians call carob ; for this too bears most of its fruit on the sitem, though it bears a little also on the branches, as we said.^ The fruit is in a pod ; some call it the 'Egyptian fig' — erroneously; for it does not occur at all in Egy})t, but in Syria and Ionia and also in Cnidos and Rhodes. It is evergreen and has a whitish flower and is somewhat acrid ; it does not attain to a great height, and it sends out side-shoots entirely from its lower parts, while it withers above. It has on it at the same time both last year's fruit and the new fruit ; for if the one is removed after the rising of the dog-star, immediately the other is seen swelling up; for there swells ^ up as it were another similar cluster. This then increases and flowers about the rising of Arcturus and the equinox ; and thenceforward it ^ persists through the winter to the rising of the dog-star. The likeness then consists in the fact that these trees too bear fruit on their stems, and the differences between them and the sycamore are as has been said.) ^ In Egypt there is another tree called the persea, which in appearance is large and fair, and it most resembles the pear in leaves flowers branches and general form, but it is evergreen, while the other is
  • Kverai conj. W. from G ; Kvei MSS,
^ i.e. the cluster, now in the fruit stage. ^' Plin. 13. 60 and 61. 295 THEOPHRASTUS TO /ia' u6L(f)vWop TO Se (l)v\Xo/36Xou. Kapirov he (pepei TToXvv kuI irciaav wpav TrepLKaraXa/u/Sdvei yap 6 z'eo? del tov evov irerreu he viro rov<i €T7](TLa<i' TOP 8' dXXov (jojjiorepov dcfiaipovai koX diroTiOeaaLv. ecm he to fieyeOo'^ r^XiKov dmo^, r(p a')(^y]p.aTL he TrpofiaKpo^ d/jLvyhaXcohr]!;, y^poifxa he avTOV TTOtcoSf?. €')(^et he eVro? icdpvov, oiairep ro KOKKvixrfXov, rrX-r-jv eXarrov iroXv koX /xaXaKco- Tepov TYjV he crdpKa yXvKelau a<j)6hpa Koi i]helav Kol evTTeirTOV' ovhev yap evo')(Xel iroXv irpoa- eveyKajievwv. evpi^ov he ro hevhpov Kal fiyKec Kal ird^ei kol irXyjOet ttoXv' e)(ev he Kal ^vXov IcT'xypov Kal KoXov rfj o-^jret /jueXav, coairep 6 X&)T09, e^ 01) Kal rd dydX/jLara Kal rd KXivia kol Tpaire^ia Kal rdXXa rd roiavra iroLovaLV. 'H he ^dXavo<; e;^ei fiev ttjv Trpoarjyopiav diro TOV KapiTov' (^vXXov 8' avTTj TrapaTrXijcrLOP to) T/}? /jLvppLvrjt; ttXtjp Trpo/jirjKeaTepop. eaTL he to hevhpov eviraxh JJ-ev Kal ev/ieyeOe'i, ovk evcpve^ he dXXd TrapeaTpafi/LLevop. tov KapTrov he Tot? KeXiKpeat 'X^pSivrai ol fivpeyjrol KOTTTOPTd' euwSe? ydp e^et top he Kapirop avrop d')(p€LOP. eaTL he Kal TM fieyeOet Kal ry oyjrei TrapairXrjcno's tu) tt}? KaTTTrdpLo^i' ^vXop he lay^vpop Kal et? dXXa Te ')(^prj(Ti/iiov Kal et? Ta? paviTr)yla<;. To he KaXovpLSPOP KovKLocpopop eaTLP ojjloiov to) ^oivLKL' rrjp he ofiOLOTtjTa Kara to aTeXe')(0'i 6X€i Kal Ta (fyvXXa' hia^epec he otl 6 peep (f)olpi^ /jLovo(fiV€<; Kal dirXovp eaTL, tovto he 7rpoaav^r]6ep axi'^erat Kal yiveTaL hiKpovp, elra ndXiv eKdrepop 1 aiT0Ti6eaaiv conj. R. Const, from G {recondunt) ; Ttdtaai UMVAld. 296 ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IV. ii. 5-7 deciduous. It bears abundant fruit and at every season, for the new fruit always overtakes that of last year. It ripens its fruit at the season of the etesian winds : the other fruit they gather somewhat unripe and store ^ it. In size it is as large as a pear, but in shape it is oblong, almond-shaped, and its colour is grass-green. It has inside a stone like the plum, but much smaller and softer; the flesh is sweet and luscious and easily digested ; for it does no hurt if one eats it in quantity. The tree has good roots as to length thickness and number. Moreover its wood is strong and fair in appearance, black like the nettle-tree : out of it men make their images beds tables and other such things. 2 The balanos gets its name from its fruit ^ ; its leaf is like that of the myrtle * but it is longer. The tree is of a good stoutness ^ and stature, but not of a good shape, being crooked. The perfumers use the husks of the fruit, which they bruise ; for this is fragrant, though the fruit itself is useless. In size and appearance it is like the fruit of the caper ; the wood is strong and useful for shipbuilding and other purposes. ^ The tree called the doum-palm is like the date- palm ; the resemblance is in the stem and the leaves, but it differs in that the date-palm is a tree with a single undivided stem, while the other, as it increases, splits and becomes forked, and then each of the two ^ Plin. 13. 61. ' i.t. it is like an acorn {BdXavos).
  • fjivppivvs MVPAld.; nvpUris U.
  • (vTraxfS con]. Sch.; euTra^es U; OTro^ej Ald.H.
« Plin. 13. 62. ^ cf. 2. 6. 9, where the same tree is evidently indicated. SlKpovy conj. Salm., Seal., etc.; iKpov UAld.H. 297 THEOPHRASTUS rovTcov 6fioici)<;' en Se ra<; pd^Sov^ iSpay^eia^; e)(€i acpoSpa Koi ov ttoWu^. ')(^pwvrai Be tw (^v\\w, KaOdirep rfo (})Olvikl, irpb^ rd TrXeyp.ara. Kapirov he I'Blov e')(ei rroXv hiac^epovra kol /leyedet Kal (T')(i]ijLarL Kal ^l'A.w- /xey€Oo<i jxev yap e-)(eL a'x^ehov XGcpo7r\7]6e<^' arpoyyvXov 8e /cal ov -rrpo/iyJKt]- y^pwpia eiTi^avOov' 'xyXov SeyXv/cvv Kal evarofiov ovK dOpoov he, ojcnrep 6 ^olvi^, dWd Kexd^pi-cr/^evov KaO^ eva' rrrvprjva he fieyav Kal crc^ohpa crKXrjpov, e^ ov Tou? KpiKov<i Topvevovat tov^ eh rov^ (TTpay/jLareh rov<; htaTrotKiXovf;' hia^epei he irokv ro ^vXov Tov ^0LViK0s' TO piev yap piavov Kal ip(bhe<; Kal ')(javvov, to he ttvkvov Kal ^apv Kal (TapK(ohe<; Kal hiarpL^jOev ovXov a^ohpa Kal cTKXrjpov ecTTiv. Kal oX ye hrj Uepcrat irdw eTLpLwu avro Kal Ik tovtov tmv kXlvwv eiroiovvTo T0L/9 TToha';. 'H he uKavOa KaXelrai puev hid to aKavOwhe^ oXov TO hevhpov elvai irXyjv tov crT€X€^ov<;' Kal ydp eVt Twv aKpepiovwv Kal enl to)v jSXacrTMv Kal eVt TMV (f)vXXo)v exec pieyeOei he p^eya, Kal ydp hcdheKdiTiiX}'^ i^ avTr]<; epe-^if.Lo<; vXi] TeptveTai. hiTTov he TO yevo'^ cruT/}?, 7; piev ydp eaTi XevK7] 77 he pieXaiva' kol 1) piev XevKTj daOevrj^; re Kal evar)7rT0<i' rj he pueXaLva ia\ypOTepa tc Kal darfTTTOfi, hi o Kal ev rat? vavTTr]yiaL<; ^/awi^raf irpo^ Td eyKOiXia avTrj. to hevhpov he ovk dyav 6pOo(pve<i. 6 he Kapiro'i eXXoySo?, Kaddirep tmv y^ehpoTVMV, (p ^j^pwi^rat 01 eyxdtpioi 7rpo<; Td hepp.aTa dvTL Kr}KLho<;. to 5' dv6o<i Kal ttj o-yjreL KaXov, ware Kal aTe<pdvov<i iroielv ef avTOv, Kal ^ap/^a- 298 ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IV. ii. 7-8 branches forks again : moreover the twigs are very short and not numerous. They use the leaf, Hkc the palm-leaf, for plaiting. It has a peculiar fruit, very different from that of the date-palm in size form and taste ; for in size it is nearly big enough to fill the hand, but it is round rather than long ; the colour is yellowish, the flavour sweet and palatable. It does not grow bunched together, like the fruit of the date- palm, but each fruit grows separately ; it has a large and very hard stone, out of which they turn the rings for embroidered bed-hangings.^ The wood is very different to that of the date-palm ; whereas the latter is of loose texture fibrous and porous,^ that of the doum-palm is close heavy and fleshy, and when split is exceedingly compact and hard. The Persians -^ used to esteem it highly and made the feet of their couches out of it.
  • The akaniha (acacia) is so called because the
whole tree is spinous {akanthodes) except the stem ; for it has spines on the branches shoots and leaves. It is of large stature, since lengths of timber for roofing of twelve cubits are cut from it. There are two kinds, the white and the black ; the white is weak and easily decays, the black is stronger and less liable to decay ; wherefore they use it in shipbuilding for the ribs.^ The tree is not very erect in growth. The fruit is in a pod, like that of leguminous plants, and the natives use it for tanning hides instead of gall. ^ The flower is very beautiful in appearance, so that they make garlands of it, and it has medicinal ^ Plin. I.e., vdares annulos ; cf. Athen. 12. 71, ad Jin. '^ Xavvov con j. Sch.; x^'^P^ Aid. ^ i.e. during their occupation of Egypt.
  • Plin 13. 63 ; Athen. 15. 25.
  • cf. Hdt. 2. 9G. « cf. Athen. I.e.
299 THEOPHRASTUS K(t)Se<;, Bl KOL avWeyovcriv ol larpoL 'yiverai Be eK ravrrj(; koI to KOfxiiL' koI piei kuI ttXtj- y€Lcrr)<; koI avrofiaTOV avev cr^T^acreo)?. orav Be Koirrj, fiera rplroi' eVo? €vdu<; dpa/Se/SXaaTTj/ce- TToXv Be TO BevBpov earri, Kal Bpvfib<; fieya'; irepl Tov Sjj/SaiKov vofiovy ovTvep Kal rj Bpu<; Kal rj irepaea TrXelarTj Kal rj iXda. 9 Kal yap rj eXda irepl tovtov tov tottov iari, T(p TTorap-u) fiev ovk apBevofievrj, irXeiw yap yj rpiaKoaia ardBia direyei, vaiiaTLaioL<^ 8' vBacnv elal yap Kprjvat TToXXaL to 8' eXaiov ovBev ■)(elpov TOV evOdBe, ttXjjv KaKcoBeaTcpov Bid to airavLOL'^ tol<; dXal ')(^py]a6aL' (pvaec Be to ^vXov TOV BevBpov Kal aKXrjpov kul irapairXricnov Te/jLvo/xevov ttjv ^(^poav tCo Xcotlvw. 10 "AXXo Be Ti BefBpov ?; KOKKv/jLrjXea, fieya fxev Tft) fieyWei Kal ttjv <pvaiv tov Kapirov ofioiov rot? fiearrlXoL^;, Kal to /xeye^o? TrapairXyjaiov ttXtjv exovTa TTvpTjva (jTpoyyvXov apx^Tat Be dvOelv firjvo^ Uvaveylna)vo<;, tov Be Kapirov ireTraivei irepl TjXlov T/307ra? ')(eLiiepLvd<;' dei^ivXXov S* eaTiv. ol Be irepl ttjv SrjlSatBa KaT0LK0VVTe<; Btd T7]V dcpOovlav TOV BevBpov ^rjpaivovaL tov Kapirov Kal TOV 7rvpf]va e^ai.povvTe<i KoiTTOvcn Kal iroLovai TraXdOa^. 11 "TX7] fia Be lBcov tl (pveTaL irepl MefJL(f)Lv, ov KaTa (f)vXXa Kal ySXacrroi)? Kal t^i^ oXrjv /lopipjjv 1 cf. Hdt. Ic. ^ (Tx'io'ewJ conj. R. Const.; crxfcreois Aid. ^ Tr\(l(TTri conj. R. Const.; irXeKTi] UMVAld.
  • cf. C.P. 6. 8. 7, where this olive is said to produce no oil.
••> cj. Strabo, 17. 1. 35. 300 ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IV. ii. S-ii properties, wherefore physicians gather it. ^ Gum is also produced from it, which flows both when the tree is wounded and also of its own accord without any incision " being made. When the tree is cut down, after the third year it immediately shoots up again ; it is a common tree, and there is a great wood of it in the Thebaid, where grow the oak, the persea in great abundance,^ and the olive. ^ For the olive also grows in that district, though it is not watered by the river, being more than 300 furlongs distant from it, but by brooks ; for there are many springs. The oil produced is not inferior to that of our country, except that it has a less pleasing smell,^ because it has not a sufficient natural supply of salt.^ The wood of the tree is hard in character, and, when split, is like in colour ^ to that of the nettle-tree. ^ There is another tree, the (Egyptian) plum (sebesten), which is of great stature, and the character of its fruit ^ is like the medlar (which it resembles in size), except that it has a round stone. It begins to flower in the month Pyanepsion,!^ and ripens its fruit about the winter solstice, and it is evergreen.i^ The inhabitants of the Thebaid, because of the abundance of the tree, dry the fruit ; they take out the stones, bruise it, and make cakes of it. There is a peculiar bush ^^ which grows about Memphis, whose peculiarity does not lie in its leaves ' (Tiravlois . . . (pvffei conj. W. ; ffiraviws ro7s a.\cr\ XP- ^V (pvffei Aid.; 80 U, but omitting ttj. 7 i.e. black, cf. 4. 3. 1. » Plin. 13. 64 and 65. • Tov Kapnov add. Seal, from G and Plin. I.e. ^^ October. ^^ ae/c^uWorconj. Seal, from G and Plin. ^.c.;^yX\oi'UM V Aid, ^2 Mimosa asperata ; see Index, App. (2). £;A7;;ua conj. Seal, from G {materia) ; otSTj/xa M Aid. U (corrected). 301 THEOPHRASTUS e^ov TO iSlov aXX' et? to av/x/Salvov irepl avro Tra^o?" T) /j.€V yap 7rp6aoyp-L<i d/cavOoySrji; eariv avTov, fcai to (f)vX\oi> TTcipoixoiov Tal<i irTep- icTLV OTav he ti<; ciyjrrjTat tojv kXwvlwv, oxjirep a(f)avaiv6/jL6va ra (f)vWa (yvpuTmrTeLv (paalv ecTa peTo. Tiva y^povov ava^iooaKecrOaL ttuXlv Ka\ OdWeiv. Kal to. p^ev iSia Tr]<; ')(o)pa^,. ocra 7' av hevhpa rt? ?; 6dp,i'0v<i cittol, rd y iirKpave- araTa ravT icTTL. ire pi yap tcov ev T(o iroTap^ui Kal T0t9 eXecTLv vaTepov ipovp.€v, oTav KaX Trepl TMV dWoov evvhpwv. [" AiravTa Be ev Trj %w/3a to, BevSpa to, TOiavTa fieydXa Kal roi? p-y'-jKeau Kal' toI<^ Trdyeatv ev yovv ^\ep.(^ihL TrfXiKOVTO hevBpov elvai XeyeTai TO 7rdyo<;, Tpel^ dv6pe<^ ou hvvavTai TrepiXap^/Sd- vetv. eaTL Be Kal Tp.7]0ev to ^vXov KaXov ttvkvov re yap a(f)6Bpa Kal to) ypodpLaTL XwroetSe?.] III. 'E^* Al^vt] Be \&)To? TrXelaTOf; Kal koX- XiaTO^ Kal 6 TTaXiovpo'^ Kal ev tl<jl ptepeai ttj t€ ^aaap,(i)viKfj Kal irap* "' Kpipnovi Kal aXXoi<; 6 (^olvL^' ev Be Trj Kvpr^vata KvirdpLa(TO<; Kal eXdai re KoXXtcTTaL kov eXaiov irXelaTOV. IBicoTaTov Be TrdvTcov to aLX(f)ioi €TL KpoKov ttoXvv 77 %a)/3a <f)epeL Kal euocrp.ov. eaTi Be tou Xwtov to p.ev oXov BevBpov IBiov evp.eye6e^ tjXlkov a7rLo<; 7) pLiKpov eXaTTov (pvXXov Be ivT0fj.d<; e')(^ov Kal irpLvoiBe'^' TO p.ev ^vXov pLeXav yevq Be avTov TrXeLO) BLa(^opa<; eyovTa tol<; KapTTol's' 6 Be KapTTo^ 1 Ttdeos : cf. 1. 1. 1 n. ^ cf. Schol. ad Nic. Ther. 683 of a sensitive plant called <TKopir'iovt}os or Itrx^ovffa. a<pavaa'6ueya conj, Seal. ; a<pav\iy6- ^eya UMVP^Ald. 302 ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IV. ii. n-m. i shoots and general form, but in the strange property ^ which belongs to it. Its appearance is spinous and the leaf is like ferns, but, when one touches tlie twigs, they say that the leaves as it were wither up ^ and collapse and then after a time come to life again and flourish. Such are the most conspicuous things peculiar to the country, to speak only of trees or shrubs. For we will speak later of the things which grow in the river and the marshes, when we come to speak of the other water plants. 3 All the trees of this kind in that country are large, both in height and stoutness ; thus at Memphis there is said to be a tree of such girth that three men cannot embrace it. The wood too, when split, is good, being of extremely close grain and in colour like the nettle-tree. Of the trees and shrubs special to Libya. III. ^ In Libya the lotos is most abundant and fairest ; so also is the Christ's thorn, and in some parts, such as the Nasamonian district and near the temple of Zeus iVmmon, the date-palm. In the Cyrenaica the cypress grows and the olives are fairest and the oil most abundant. Most special of all to this district is the silphium, and the land also bears abundant fragrant saffron-crocus. As to the lotos — the whole tree is peculiar, of good stature, as tall as a pear-tree, or nearly so ; the leaf is divided and like that of the kermes-oak, and the wood is black. There are several sorts, which differ in their fruits ; the fruit 3 This section is evidently out of place ; its probable place is at the end of § 10, so that the description will belong to the ' Egvptian plum.' < See "Index. Plin. 13. 104-106. THEOPHRASTUS r)\LKO<; Kvaiio<;, TreiraiveTai he, uiarrep ol iBorpve^;, fiera^dWcov ra? 'X^poid^;' <j)V6TaL Se, KaOdirep ra fMvpra, Trap' dX\y\a 7rvKv6<; eVl rwi' (BXaaToyv icrOiofiei'O'; S' o iv rol<; Acorocj) ay oi<; Ka\ov/j,evoi<; <y\vKu<; KoX rjSv^ koX daivrj^i fcal en Trpo? t7ji> KoCklav dyaOo^i' rjSicov S* 6 dirvprjvo'^, eari yap Kal TOLOVTov Tt yipos' TTOiovai, Be Kal olvov e^ avTOv. 2 rioXi' he TO BepSpov Kal TToXvKapirov' to y ovv 'OcjieWov aTpaTOirehov, yvi/ca e(3dBi^ev eh Kapxv^ova, Kal tovtm ^aal Tpa^rjvai TrXeiov^ r}/iiepa^ eTTLkiTrovTcov tow eiTLTy^heUov. ecTTc fiev ovv Kai iv TTj vrj(7(p ttj AcoTocpayLTiBi KaXovfiev-q TToXu?' avTT) K eiTLKeLTai Kal dizeyei puKpov oh IJbr)V ovOev ye /jL€po<; dWa ttoWm TrXelov iv ttj rjireipfp' irXelaTOv yap 6Xo)<; iv tj} Ai^vrj, KaOdirep etprjTaL, tovto Kal 6 iraXiovpo'^ iaTiv iv yap KveaTTepLCTL tovtol<; KavcrL/jLOL<; ')(pa)PTa(. BiacpepeL Be ouTO? 6 XcoTo? Tov Trapd rot? AcoTO(})dyoi<i. 3 'O Be iraXiovpo^ 6afiva)BeaT€po<? tov Xcotov' (})vXXov Be Trapofioiov e^^et tw ivTovOa, tov Be KapiTov Bid(l)opov ov yap irXaTvv dXXd GTpoyyv- Xov Kal ipvOpov, /jLeyedo<; Be jjXlkov t/}? KeBpov t) fjLiKpo) fjcel^ov irvpriva Be e^^i ov avvea-diofievov KaOdirep Tal<^ poai<;' rjBvv Be tov Kapirov Kal idv Tt9 olvov iTTLX^rj Kal avTOV tjBlco yiveaOai (fjaat Kal TOV olvov tjBlo) iroietv. 1 cf. Hdt. 4. 177; Athen. 14. 651; Scyl. Peripl. Lotophagi. ^ A ruler of Cyrene, who invaded Carthaginian territory in conjunction with Agathocles, B.C. 308. ^ TTJ XcoTOcpayiTl^i conj. W. ; rfj A.a<TO(payia. ^apiZi UMAld.
  • /j.(pos : fielcvv conj. Sch. (non minor G).
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IV. iii. 1-3 is as large as a bean, and in ri})ening like grapes it changes its colour : it grows, like myrtle-berries, close together on the shoots ; to eat, that which grows among the people called the Lotus-eaters ^ is sweet pleasant and harmless, and even good for the stomach ; but that which has no stone is pleasanter (for there is also such a sort), and they also make wine from it. The tree is abundant and produces much fruit ; thus the army of Ophelias,^ when it was marching on Carthage, was fed, they say, on this alone for several days, when the provisions ran short. It is abundant also in the island called the island of the Lotus-eaters ; ^ this lies off the mainland at no great distance : it grows however in no less quantity,^ but even more abundantly ^ on the main- land ; for, as has been said,^ this tree is common in Libya generally as well as the Christ's thorn ; for in the islands called Euesperides "^ they use these trees as fuel. However this lotos ^ differs from that found in the land of the Lotus-eaters. ^ The (Egyptian) ' Christ's thorn ' is more shrubby than the lotos ; it has a leaf like the tree of the same name of our country, but the fruit is different ; for it is not flat, but round and red, and in size as large as the fruit of the prickly cedar or a little larger ; it has a stone which is not eaten with the fruit, as in the case of the pomegranate, but the fruit is sweet, and, if one pours wine over it, they say that it becomes sweeter and that it makes the wine sweeter 5 TrAeroJ' U ; ? TrAefwi/ with MV. « 4. 3. 1. 7 cf. Hdt. 4. 191. 8 cf. Hdt. 2. 96. "See Index. Plia. 13. 111. THEOPHRASTUS "EviOL Be TO rod Xcotov hevhpov 6afxvo)he^ elvai Kol TToXvKXaSoi', T(p (n€\€)(€i Se ev7ra^6<;' top he KapiTOv ^e'ya to Kupvov e-^ecv to 8' 6a:to9 ov <7apKa)Se<i aWa hepfiaTwheai-epov iaOiofiepov Be ov^ ovTO) yXvKVP CO? euarofxov kol top olvov ov i^ avTOu TToiovaiv ov Biap-eveiv a\V rj Suo y T/36i9 7]/jLepa^ elr o^vveiv. i)hiw fiev ovv top KapTTov Tov ev T0t9 AcoTO(f)dyoi<;, ^vXov Be KoXkiov TO ev K.vpi]vaLa' Oep/xoTepai^ Be elvai TYjV 'X^copav T-i)v TOiv Aa)TO(f)d'yu)V' tov ^vXov Be Ti]V pl^av elvciL /leXavTepav fiev ttoXu ttvkvijv Be riTTOV Kal et? iXuTTco ')(p7]cnpyv' et? yap tcl iyX^ipiBia Kal tcl i7nKoXX/]paTa ■)(py']odai, tu> ^vXo) Be €69 Te Tou(; avXov<i Kal et? ciXXa rrXeLOi. 'Ei^ Be TTj /JL7J vo/jLevrj tt}? AtySv?;? dXXa Te TrXelco (fiveaOat Kal (f)0LviKas [leydXov^ Kal KaXov<i' ov firjv aX.V OTTOf fiev (f)0LVL^ dX/ivplBa Te elvat Kal €(f)vBpov TOV TOTTOv, ovK iv TToXXo) Be ^dOet dXXd fidXicTTa eV opyvlat^ Tpiaiv. to S' vBwp evOa fiev yXvKv crcpuBpa ev9a Be dXvKov TrXtjatov optcov dXX'^XoL<;' 077 ov Be tcl dXXa (pverac ^)]pov Kal dvvBpov evia\ov Be Kal Ta (ppeara elvai eKaTov opyvLMV, wcrre vTro^vyloi^ dnb Tpo')(TfKi.a^ dvifiav Bi o Kal 6 av p.aaTOP ttw? ttotg 6ipv-)(6ii TTjXiKavTa ^dOrj' TO 6' ovv TMV vBdTCDV TMV VTTO TOU? ^OLViKa<; Kal ev "AfifiCL>po<i elvai, Bia(popdv e)(^ov T'i]v €lpr]fiev)]v. (pvecrOaL Be ev tt} fiij vofievrj to OvfLOV ttoXv Kal dXXa iBcd Te Kal TrXelco yipeaOat
  • Sell, after Seal, places this section before § 3, making tlie
iccount of tin's tree consecutive. ^ Plin. 13. 17. 104-100. ^ ff^TToxes conj. li. Const.; ciiffTaxe's U; «£?o-tox«i MPgAld.
  • cf. Hdt. 2. 90.
306 ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IV. m. 4-5 ^ Some say that the lotos- is shrubby and much branched, tliough it has a stout ^ stem; and that the stone in the fruit is large, while the outside is not fleshy but somewhat leathery ; and that to eat it is not so much sweet as palatable ; and that the wine which they make out of it does not keep more than two or three days, after which it gets sour ; and so that the fruit ■* found in the Lotus-eaters' country is sweeter, while the wood in the Cyrenaica is better ; and that the country of the Lotus-eaters is hotter ; and that the root is much blacker than the wood, but of less close grain, and of use for fewer purposes ; for they use it only for dagger-handles and tessellated work/ while the wood is used for pipes and many other things. In the })art of Libya where no rain falls they say that, besides many other trees, there grow tall and fine date-palms ; however they add that, where the date-palm is found, the soil "^ is salt and contains water, and that at no great dc})th, not more than three fathoms. They say also that the water is in some places quite sweet, but in others quite close by it is brackish ; that where however other things grow, the soil is dry and waterless ; and that in places even the wells are a hundred fathoms deep, so that they draw water by means of a windlass worked by beasts. Wherefore it is wonderful how at any time digging to such depths was carried out. Such, they say, is the special character of the w^ater supply which feeds the date-palms in the district also of the temple of Zeus Amnion. Further it is said that in the land where no rain falls thyme "^ is ^ iTTiKoW-nnaTa: lit. 'pieces glued on'; cf. Plin. I.e. 6 cf. Hdt. 3. 183. ' e/i/xov niBas.H.; edixvoy UMV^Ald. cf. 6. 2. 3. THEOPHRASTUS epravOa, koX irrMKa /cal Sop/cdSa koI arpovOov 6 Kol erepa tcov Oi-jpioyv. uXkci Tavra fxev a8)]\ov el eKTOTri^eL irov irioixeva- (Sia yap to rd')(o<^ hvvajaL p^arcpdv re koI Ta')(y TrapayepiaOac), ttWoj? T€ /eel Bl i)ixep6}v tlvcov Trivovai, KaOdirep /cal rd i]/jLepa irapd rpiryju r} rerdpTrjv TroTL^eraL ravra- to 8e twv dX\coi> ^wcoi', olov o(f)e(oi> aavpcov kol tmv roiourcov, (^avepov on aTTora. T0v<; Be At/Sfa? Xeyeiv otl tov ovov eaOlei Tavra 09 KOL Trap" i)p.lv yiveTai, iroXyTTOvv re koX pLeXav avaireipooixevov et? eavTO' tovtov he iroXvv re yiveaOai acpoBpa /cal vypov Trjv (j)vatv elvau. 7 Apoaov Be del TTLTrreip ev rfj jmy vofievr) iroWr'jv, ware BrfKov otl tov [xev (poLVL/ca /cal et re dWo (Pverai ev dvvBpoi^; to Te e/c t tj^; yT]<; dviov eKTpe^eL Kal TT/OO? TOVTU) 7] Bpoao^i. i/cav)] yap co? /card fieyeOr] Kal ttjv (pvcriv avrwv ^rjpdv ovaav Kal €k TOLOVTcov avveaTTjKviav. Kal Bei'Bpa fiev ravTa TrXelaTa Kal IBicoTaTa. irepl Be rod atXcplov XeKTeov vcTTepov ttolov tl T'z-jv ^vaiv. IV. 'Ei^ Be TTj ^Aala Trap' eKddTOL^ lBl drTa Tvy')(^dveL' rd fiev yap (j)€povaLV al ')(oypai rd S' ^ Lepus Aegyptiacus. cf. Arist. H.A. 8. 28. '^ ij Kara conj. Seal, from G ; fitrxe rk Ald.H. 308 ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IV. m. 5-iv. i abundant, and that there are various other peculiar plants there, and that there are found the hare ^ gazelle ostrich and other animals. However it is uncertain whether these do not migrate in order to find drink somewhere, (for by reason of their fleet- ness they are able to appear at a distant place in a short space of time), especially if they can go for several days without drinking, even as these animals, when domesticated, are only given drink every third or fourth day. While as to other animals, such as snakes lizards and the like, it is plain that they go without drink. And we are told that according to the Libyans, these animals eat the wood-louse, which is of the same kind that is found also in our country, being black, with many feet, and rolling itself into a ball ; this, they say, is extremely common and is juicy by nature. They say also that dew always falls abundantly in the land in which no rain falls, so that it is plain that the date-palm, as well as anything else which grows in waterless places, is kept alive by the moisture which rises from the ground, and also by the dew. For the latter is sufficient, considering ^ the size of such trees and their natural character, which is dry and formed of dry components. And trees of that character are most abundant in, and most specially belong to such country. The character of the silphium we must discuss later. Of the trees and herbs sjoecial to Asia. IV. In different parts of Asia also there are special trees, for the soil of the various regions produces some but not others. ^Thus they say that » Plin. 16. 144. THEOPHRASTUS ov (pvouaiv olov klttov zeal eXdav ou (paaiv elvai T/}? ' Acrla^ iv roL<=; avco t?}? Sfpta? cnro 0a\drTri<^ irev6' r)/jLepct)V' dX-V ev 'Ii^Soi? (^avrfvat kltt6i> iv T(h opei Tw ]\I>/pa) Kakovfievfo, 66ev hr] koX top L^Lovvaov elvai /xuOoXoyouai. Bl o kol ^AXe^av- Bpo'i dir e^ohia^ Xeyerat dmrnv €crT€(f)ava>/iei>o<; KLTTfp elvai Kal avTO<; kol t) arpaTid' roiv he dWdiV ev ^h^Bia fiovov TrepLicXeieLV yap avrr] BoKel KoX avvdrrTeiv itco<^ tw Wovtco. kultol je Bi€(j)i\oTi/jL7]d7] " ApnaXo^; iv roU TrapaBeiaoL^ Tot9 TTcpl Vta^vXwva (pureixov TToWa/ct? fcal irpay- /iaT€v6p,€V0<;, aXk' ovBev iiroUL irXeov ov yap iBuvaro ^7]v coairep raWa to, iK rr}? 'EXXaSo?. Tovro fiev ovv ov Beyerai rj %ot)/3a Bia ryjv rov dipo^ Kpaaiv dvayKaio.)<; Be Bex^erat kol ttv^ov Kal (fiiXvpav Kal yap vrepl ravra rrovovaiv ol iv Tol<i TrapaBeiaoL'^. erepa Be iBia (^epei Kal BevBpa 2 Kal vXyfiaTa' Kal eoiKev oXw? o totto? o irpc^; dvaro\a<i Kal iie(Ti]p.^piav wairep Kal ^wa Kal <f)VTa (pepeiv tBia irapd tou? aWov<i' olov rj re Mi]Bia %co/3a Kal TlepaU ciWa re e;^et ifkeia) Kal TO fJLr}\ov TO MijBiKov Tj TO IlcpaLKOv KaXovfievoi'. €^61 Be TO Bei'Bpov tovto (f)vX\ov fiev 6/xolov Ka\ a)(eBbv I'crov tw t>5? dvBpd)(X')]<;, dKdv6a<; Be om? aTTiO'i rj 6^vdKav6o<^, \eia<^ Be Kal o^eia^ a<p6Bpa Kal la')(ypd'i' to Be p,r}Xov ovk iaOieTai fiev, ^ i\dau conj. Spr.; AaTTjf MSS. cf. Hdt, 1. 193; Xen. Anab. 4. 4. 13 ; Air. Ind. 40. •^ luTrhv conj. W. , cf. Air. Anab. 5. 1.6; Kai tV UMV; Kal tQ AUl.H. 8 Kiy^rai add. W. ^ i^oUas UMVP; 'Ivhias W. with Aid. ' Ki.TT(f eivai conj.W.; ilra jxuvai U; eZra ^ir] ilvai MVPAld. 310 ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IV. iv. 1-2 ivy and olive ^ do not grow in Asia in the parts of Syria which are five days' journey from the sea ; but that in India ivy 2 appears on the mountain called Meros, whence, according to the tale, Dionysus came. Wherefore it is said^ that Alexander, when he came back from an expedition/ was crowned with ivy,^ himself and his army. But elsewhere in Asia it is said to grow only in Media, for that country seems in a way to surround and join on to the Euxine Sea.*^ However/ when Harpalus took great pains over and over again to plant it in the gardens of Babylon, and made a special point of it, he failed: since it could not live like the other things intro- duced from Hellas. The country then does not ^ admit this plant on account of the climate, and it grudgingly admits the box and the lime ; for even these give much trouble to those engaged in the gardens. It also produces some peculiar trees and shrubs. And in general the lands of the East and South appear to have peculiar plants, as they have peculiar animals ; for instance, Media and Persia have, among many others, that which is called the ' Median ' or ' Persian apple ' (citron).^ This tree ^^ has a leaf like to and almost identical with that of the andrachne, but it has thorns like those of the pear 11 or white-thorn, which however are smooth and very sharp and strong. The ' apple ' is not ^ i.e. and so Greek plants may be expected to grow there. But the text is probably defective ; cf. the citation of this passage, Plut. Qiiaest. Conv. 3. 2. 1, ^ Kairoi ye. This sentence does not connect properly with the preceding. " ov add. Sch. " Plin. 12. 15 and 16; cited also Athen. 3. 26. »» cf. Verg. O. 2. 131-135. " Hirios: ? here=oxf>as R. Const, cf. G.P. 1. 15. 2. THEOPHRASTUS evocTfxop Be ttclvv koI to ^vXkov tov SevSpov Kav et? IfJLCLTLa reOrj to /ifjXov ciKoira SLarrjpel. XP^~ (TLfioi' S' eireLhav T\)~)(rj <Ti?> ireirwKod'^ (pap/iaKov <9avdaL/xov Sodev 'yap iv olpm BtaKOTnet tt]V KOiXiav Kol i^dyei, to (^dpiiaKov> koI TTyoo? ctto- /jLaTO<; evoihiav eav '^/dp tl<; e'^jr/jar] iv ^(o/jlo), rj ev aXkw TLv\ TO eawOev tov firfKov iKiriear) et? to aTOjxa Kul KaTapo(f>/]ar), iroiel rrjv oafxr^v rjBelap. 3 aireiperaL Se tov rjpo^ et? 7rpa(Tia<; e^aipedev to a-TTep/xa Sieipyaa-p.6va<; i7ri/x€\(Ji)<;, ecTa dpSeveTai Blol TeTupTT]^ 7/ TrefiTTTT]^ i)p.epa<^' oTav Be dBpov rj, BLa(f)VT€veTaL irdXiv tov eapo<; et? 'X^wplov fia- XaKov KOI €(j)vBpop KOL ov Xiav XeiTTOv (piXel yap tcl ToiavTa. (pipec Be tci p,rjXa iraaav wpav TO, jiev yap d(f)ypr)Tat to, Be dvOel tcl Be CKTreTTei. TMv Be dv66)v ocra, wairep ecTTOfiev, eyet KaOdirep rfXaKdTi^v eK /leaov tip e^ej^ovaav, TavTd ecTTL yovLjxa, ocra Be /X7] ayova. ajreipeTaL Be teal et? oaTpaKa BiareTprj/ieva, KaOdirep Ka\ ol ^oivLKe<^. TOVTO jiev ovv, oicnrep eLprjTat, irepl t7]V UepalBa Kal Trjv lSih)Biav eaTiv. 4 'H Be 'IvBifcr] %copa t/jv tc KaXovjJbev^-jV ex^t- (TVKrjVy i) Kadlijaiv e/c tmp KXdBcov to.? pL^a<; dv eKaaTov eVo?, wairep elpr^Tai TvpoTepov dcpLijac Be ovK €K tS)v vewv aXV eK twv epcov Kal ctl iraXaioTepwv avTUL Be awdTTTOvaau tj} yjj iroLOvaLv oyairep BpixpaKTOP kvkXw irepl to Bev- Bpov, oiGTe yivedOai KaOdirep aKrjvrjV, ov Br] Kal ' Tis add. W. from Athen. I.e.; eaviciixov . . . <papixaKov add. Sch. from Athen. I.e. ^ Plin. 11. 278 ; 12. 16. ' ahphv jT W. from Athen. I.e., whence Zia<pvrivirai W. etc. fur 5jo(;)i/Teii7Tai Ald.H. a.bp6v t» UMVAld. 312 ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IV. iv. 2-4 eaten, but it is very fragrant, as also is the leaf of the tree. And if the ' apple ' is placed among clothes, it keeps them from being moth-eaten. It is also useful when one^ has drunk deadly poison ; for being given in wine it upsets the stomach and brings up the poison ; also for producing sweetness of breath ; ^ for, if one boils the inner part of the ' apple ' in a sauce, or squeezes it into the mouth in some other medium, and then inhales it, it makes the breath sweet. The seed is taken from the fruit and sown in spring in carefully tilled beds, and is then watered every fourth or fifth day. And, when it is growing vigorously ,2 it is transplanted, also in spring, to a soft well-watered place, where the soil is not too fine ; for such places it loves. And it bears its ' apples ' at all seasons ; for when some have been gathered, the flower of others is on the tree and it is ripening others. Of the flowers, as we have said,^ those which have, as it were, a distaff^ projecting in the middle are fertile, while those that have it not are infertile. It is also sown, like date-palms, in pots ^ with a hole in them. This tree, as has been said, grows in Persia and Media. '^ The Indian land has its so-called ' fig-tree ' (banyan), which drops its roots from its branches every year, as has been said above ^ ; and it drops them, not from the new branches, but from those of last year or even from older ones ; these take hold of the earth and make, as it were, a fence about the tree, so that it becomes like a tent, in
  • 1. 13. 4. » i.e. the pistil.
^ Plin. 12. 16, fictilibus in vasis, dato per cavernas radicibus spiramento : the object, as Plin. explains, was to export it for medical use. ' Plin. 12. 22 and 23. « 1. 7. 3. 3^3 THEOPHRASTUS eloiOacn Biarpi^eLv. etVl Se at pu^ac (pvofievai hidhr]\oL 7rpo9 tou? /SXaaroix;' XeuKorepai yap Koi Saaecat koI aKoXial /cal acfyvWoi. fc';\^ei 8e fcal ri-jv av(o ko/jLtjv ttoWijv, koI to oXov hevhpov evKv/cXov Koi tm fieyeOeL /leya acpoSpa' /cal yap iirl hvo aTcihia iroielv <^aai rrjv cTKidv fcal to 7rdxo<i Tov (TTeX€^(ov<; evta irXeiovwv rj e^)]KOVTa ^tlpbuTcov, TO, he iroXXa reTTapuKOVTa. to Be ye ^vXXov ovK eXaTTOv e%efc TreXr?^?, Kapirov he ofpohpa jxLKpov ijXifcov epe^LvOov o/jLOLov he ctvkm' hi o Kal eKiiXovv avTO ol "EXX,?/i'69 avKrjv oXlyov he davfiaaTO)^ tov Kapirov ov')(^ on KaTa to tov hevhpov /jLeyeOo<^ dXXd Kal to oXov. (pveTai he Kal TO hevhpov irepl tov ^ KKeaivrjv iroTajJiov. 5 "E<jTfc he Kal 6Tepov hevhpov Kal tm fxeyeOet fieya Kal rjhvKapirov OavfiacrTcb<; Kal fieyaXo- Kapirov Kal y^pMVTai rpo^fi to3V 'Ivhcov ol ao<f)ol Kal firj ayLtTT e^o/xez^ot. '^F^Tepov he ov to (puXXov ttjv fiev /jLOp<pr]v 7rp6/j,7]Ke<; rot? twi^ CTTpovOoiv iTTepol'; o/llolov, a TrapuTiOevTaL nrapa to, Kpavq, fxrjKO^ he &)? hL7T'i-i')(yalov. "KXXo Te eaTiv ov 6 Kaprro^ p.aKp6<i koI ovk ev6v<; dXXa aKoXib<; ea0i6/j,€vo<; he yXvKv<i. ovto<; ev TT) KGiX'ia hrjy/iov efnroLel Kal hvaevTepiav, ht ^AX€^avhpo<i uTreKjjpv^e fir} eaOietv. eaTt he Kal cTepov ov 6 Kapirov 6/iolo<; toU KpaveoL<;. ' oSconj. W.; aTj UMVAld. 2 a(pv\\ui conj. Dalec. ; 5i(pv\\oi UVAld. ; so also MH., omitting koL •' ^^^-jKovra . , . TfTTupaKovra MSS.; ef . . TfTTdpuv COnj. fc?ali)i. cf. Plin. I.e.; Strabo 15. 1. 21. ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IV. iv. 4-5 s\ hich ^ men sometimes even live. The roots as they grow are easily distinguished from the branches, being whiter hairy crooked and leafless. ^ The foliage above is also abundant, and the whole tree is round and exceedingly large. They say that it extends its shade for as much as two furlongs ; and the thickness of the stem is in some instances more than sixty ^ paces, while many specimens are as much as forty ^ paces through. The leaf is quite as large as a shield,'^ but the fruit is very small,^ o»ly as large as a chick-pea, and it resembles a fig. And this is why the Greeks^ named this tree a ^ fig-tree.' The fruit is curiously scanty, not only relatively to the size of the tree, but absolutely. The tree also grows near the river Akesines.^ There is also another tree^ which is very large and has wonderfully sweet and large fruit ; it is used for food by the sages of India who wear no clothes. There is another tree^ whose leaf is oblong in shape, like the feathers of the ostrich ; this they fasten on to their helmets, and it is about two cubits long. There is also another ^^ whose fruit is long and not straight, but crooked, and it is sweet to the taste. This causes griping in the stomach and dysentery ; wherefore Alexander ordered that it should not be eaten. There is also another ^^ whose fruit is like the fruit of the cornelian cherry.
  • TTt'XTTj : a small round shield. ^' cf. C. P. 2. 10. 2.
"" i.e. in Alexander's expedition. ' Ciienab. » Jack-fruit. See Index App. (3). Plin. 12. 24. ■' Banana. See Index App. (4). 10 Mango. See Index App. (5). Plin. 12. 24. " Jujube. See Index App. (6). THEOPHRASTUS Kal ere pa Be -nXeioi kol SiacfyepovTa rcov ev Tol<; "KXXrjcnv d\V avoovvfia. Oavfiaarov h' ovBev tt}? tSfOTT^To?* a')(ehov ""/dp, w? 76 87; TLve<; (paaiv, ov6ev o\(i)<; rcov hevBpwu ovhe rcov vXr)- /jidrcov ovSe tujv ttoicoScov opoiov iari tol<; ev rf] 'FjWdBi 7r\r]V oXiywv. 6 "\Biov Be Koi 1) e^evrjTrj^; 'y^Q3pa<^TavTr]<;- ravr^ji; Be Bvo yevr], to jucev ev^vXop kol koXov to Be (f)av\ov. a-irdvLov Be to koKov ddrepov Be iroXv. TTjv Be XP^^^ ^^ Or-jaavpL^ofievT] \a/ji/3dveL tvjv evxpovv dX)C evdv<; tj} (pvaei. eari Be to BevBpov Oa/jLi'(bBe<;, cocnrep 6 kvtlgo^. 7 tl^acrl 8' elvai kol TeppavOov, ol B' ofjLotov T€pijiLvO(p, O TO fieV (f)vW0V KOL TOU? K\oiVa<^ KOl ToXKa TrdvTa ofioLa e%ei ttj Tep/iLpdfp rov Be KapiTov Bidcf)opov' opoLov yap Tal<; dp.v<yBaXal<;. elvai yap Kal ev BdxTpoL^; tyjv TeppivOov ravrrjv Kal Kdpva (jiepeiv rfKiKa dpivyBaXa Blcl to p,r) fieydXa' Kal ttj oy^eu Be 7rap6p,oia, ttXtjv to KeXvcjiOf; ov Tpa^Vt tj} S* evGTopia Kal rjBovij KpeiTTW Twv dpivyBdXcjdV. Bi o Kal ^^/^/Jcr^at tov^ eKel p,dXXov. 8 *E^ a)V Be Ta Ipdria Troiovai to pbev <f)vXXoi' opLOLOV e^^ei ttj avKaplvcp, to Be oXov (pvTov Tot? KvvopoBoL'^ opoiov. (f)VT€uovaL Be ev tol<=; TreBioL^ avTo Kar op^ov^, 3i' o Kal iroppwOev dcpopMai dpLTreXoL (^aivovTaL. e^ei Be Kal (poLviKa^i evia 1 Plin. 12. 25. « See Index. Plin. 12. 17-19. ^ Pistachio-nut. See Index App. (7). Plin. 12. 25. Nic. rher. 894. 316 ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IV. iv. 5-8 There are also many more ^ wliicli are different to those found among the Hellenes, but they have no names. There is nothing surprising in the fact that these trees have so special a character ; indeed, as some say, there is hardly a single tree or shrub or herbaceous plant, except quite a few, like those in Hellas. The ebony 2 is also peculiar to this country ; of this there are two kinds, one with good handsome wood, the other inferior. The better sort is rare, but the inferior one is common. It does not acquire its good colour by being kept, but it is natural to it from the first. The tree is bushy, like laburnum. Some say that a ' terebinth ' ^ grows there also, others that it is a tree like the terebinth ; this in leaf twigs and all other respects resembles that tree, but the fruit is different, being like almonds. In fact they say that this sort of terebinth grows also in Bactna and bears nuts only as big as almonds, inasmuch as they are not large for the size of the tree ^ ; and they closely resemble almonds in appear- ance, except that the shell is not rough ; and in palatableness and sweetness they are superior to almonds ; wherefore the people of the country use them in preference to almonds. ^The trees from which they make their clothes have a leaf like the mulberry, but the whole tree resembles the wild rose. They plant them in the plains in rows, wherefore, when seen from a distance, they look like vines. Some parts also have many
  • Zih. . . . fieyaXa : Sch. omits these words, and W. con-
siders them corrupt ; but G seems to have had them in his text. The translation is tentative,
  • Cotton-plant, qf. 4. 7. 7 and 8. Plin. 12. 25.
IHEOPHUASTUS ^epr) TToXXou?. koX ravra fxev iv SevBpoi 9 ^^epet Se koI a-Trepfiara tSia, ra fiev roU XeBpo7roL<^ ofioia ra Be roi? 7Tvpol<; koI raU Kpida2<^. epe(3iv6o'^ pep yap kol (paKo<i kol raXka ra Trap* ijplu ov/c eaTLV erepa S' iarlv Mare TrapaTrXijcrca iroLelv ra e^jryjpara koI /xy 8ia- jLyvdocTfceiv, W9 (paaiv, civ py t£? cLKOvar]. Kpidai Be Kol TTupol fcal ciXXo tl y€vo<; aypucov KpiOoiv, e^ oiv Kal aprot 'r)Bel<i kol ')(^6vBpo<i KaX6<i. ravra^; 01 'lttttol iaOlovTe'i to rrpcorov SieipdelpouTO, Kara pLiicpov Be ovv e6La0€i>Te<; ev a')(ypoL<^ ovBev eiraayov. 10 WaKiGTa Be airelpovcn to Kokovpevov opv^ov, e^ ov TO eyjrrjpa. rovro Be opoiov tt) ^eid Kai irepiirTLaOev olov y^ovopo'^ evTreTrrov Be, Tr)v oyjrir Tre^u/co? opoiop tol's aipai<; kol tcv ttoXvp 'xpovov ep vBari, uTrox^lTaL Be ovk et? a-Tdy(yp aX>C olov c})6/3j]p, Mdirep 6 KeyxP^^ '^^^^ ^ eXfyao?. aWo Be o eKoXovp 01 "\LWripe<; c^aKOP' tovto Be opoi'v p.ep rfi o-^ei Kal to ^ovicepa<^, Oepi^eTac Be Trepl Tl\euiBo<; Buaiv. 11 AiacpepeL Be Kal avrrj rj %wpa tm ti-jv pev (f)epeiP epia rrjv Be pbr] ^epeiP' rj yap opeiprj Ka\ apbireXop e;^et Kal ekdap Kal rd dWa aKpoBpva' 7r\i]P aKapiTOP rrjp eXdap, Kal ax^Bov Kal t;);- (pvaLP oiairep piera^u kotlpov Kal eXaa? €o-Tt Kai ^ cf. 8. 4. 2. Avhence it appears that the original text here contained a fuller account. Plin. 18. 71. ^ ^orrjhiDH halcpense. ^ Sc. of Alexander.
  • The verb seems to have dropped out (W.).
318 ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IV. iv. S-ii date-palms. So much for what come under the heading of Hrees.' These lands bear also peculiar grains, some like those of leguminous plants, some like wheat and barley. For the chick-pea lentil and other such plants found in our country do not occur ; but there are others, so that they make similar mashes, and one cannot, they say, tell the difference, unless one has been told. They have however barley wheat ^ and another kind of wild barley,' which makes sweet bread and good porridge. VVhen the horses^ ate this, at first it proved fatal to them, but by degrees tiiey became accustomed to it mixed with bran and took no hurt. But above all they sow the cereal called rice, of which they make their mash. This is like rice-wheat, and when bruised makes a sort of porridge, which is easily digested ; in its appearance as it grows it is like darnel, and for most of its time of growth it is * in water ; however it shoots ^ up not into an ear, but as it were into a plume,*^ like the millet and Italian millet. There was another plant '^ w^hich the Hel- lenes ^ called lentil ; this is like in appearance to ' ox-horn ' (fenugreek), but it is reaped about the setting of the Pleiad. Moreover this country shews differences in that j)art of it bears certain things which another part does not ; thus the mountain country has the vine and olive and the other fruit-trees ; but the olive is barren,^ and in its character it is as it were almost between a wild and a cultivated olive, and so it « airox^'irai : cf. 8. 8. 1. « cf. 8. 3. 4. ' Phastolus Muu'jo ; see Index App. (8).
  • i.e. of Alexander's expedition. ^ Plin. 12. 14.
THEOPHRASTUS rrj oXr) /jLop(})f}' Kol to (pvWov rou fiev TrXaTv- repov Tov Be ojevoTepov. ravra p.ev ovv Kara 12 'El' Se Tj} ^ Apia %ft>/?a KaXovpievr) aKavOci iariv, i4> ^9 jLveraL Sd/cpvov op-oiov i-fj afxvpvr) koI rfj oyjrei, Koi rfj oafif)' tovto he orav iTri\dp,-\lrr) 6 ^Xto? Karappel. iroWa Se kol dXXa irapa rd ivravOa koi ev rfj X'^P^ '^^ ^^ '^^'^^ Trora/iol^ ylveTai, ev erepoi^ Be tottol^ earlv aKavOa Xevfcrj rpLo^o^, i^ 77? Kal aKvrdXia koX ^aKT7jpLa<; ttol- ovaiv 67rd)B7]<; Be Kal fxavrj' ravrijv Be KaXovatv 'WpatcXeov^. "AXXo Be vXy]/jia /iieye6o<; fiev yXcKov pd^avo^, TO Be (jyvXXov o/xolou Bdcf)V]] Kal ru) fieyeOeL Kal rfj jiopcfifj, TOVTO B' et tl ^dyoL evairoOvrjaKei. Bi Kal OTTOV 'iirTTOL TOUTOU? e4>vXaTTov Bid 13 'Ei; Be TTJ VeBpwala %wpa irecpVKevaL ^aalv ev fiev OfjiOLOv Tij Bd(f)vr) ^uXXov e^pv, ov Ta viro^vyta Kal oTLovv el cfidyoi fxiKpov eirtayovTa Bie^Qei- povTo 'jrapa7rX7]aLco<; BiariOepLeva Kal (nrdifieva o/xot&}9 Tot<^ eTnXijTTTOi';. "FjTepop Be aKavOdv riva elvar Tavrrjv Be (f)vXXov /JL€V ovBev ex^w 'TTe<^vKevai 8' e'/c /zfa? pit,r]<;' e(f eKuaTO) Be rcov o^wv aKavOav ex^iv o^elav a<j)6Bpa, Kal tovtoov Be KaTayvvpLevcov y) 7rpoCrTpLj3opL€V(OV OTTOV €Kp6LV TTOXvV, 0? d'TTOTV^Xol ^ KoX (TxeSbi' . . . lJ-op<p^ conj. W. ; (rxeS^v Se koI t^v (pvaiv wrnrfp fifT. kot. Ka\ i\. (<tti 5e tt) '6\t) fJ.op<p^ Ka\ rh (p. Aid. ; so also U, omitting tlie I7i.st Kai. "^ Balsamodendroii Mukul ; see Index App. (9). Plin. 12 320 ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IV. iv. 11-13 is also in its general appearance,^ and the leaf is broader than that of the one and narrower than that of the other. So much for the Indian land. In the country called Aria there is a ' thorn ' ^ on which is found a gum resembling myrrh ^ in appearance and smell, and this drops wlien the sun shines on it. There are also many other plants besides those of our land, both in the country and in its rivers. In other parts there is a white * thorn '^ which branches in three, of which they make batons and sticks ; its wood is sappy and of loose texture, and they call it the thorn '^of Herakles.' There is another shrub ^ as large as a cabbage, whose leaf is like that of the bay in size and shape. And if any animal should eat this, it is certain to die of it. Wherefore, wherever there were horses,^ they kept them under control. In Gedrosia they say that there grows one tree ^ with a leaf like that of the bay, of which if the beasts or anything else ate, they very shortly died with the same convulsive symptoms as in epilepsy. And they say that another tree ^ there is a sort of Hhorn' (spurge), and that this has no leaf and grows from a single root ; and on each of its branches it has a very sharp spine, and if these are broken or bruised a quantity of juice flows out, which blinds animals or ' (Xfivpvri conj. Sch. from 9. 1. 2 ; Plin. I.e.', rp IWvpia Ald.H.
  • See Index.
  • Asafoetida ; see Index App. (10). Plin. 12. 33.
' i.e. in Alexander's expedition. Probably a verb, such as u)(T<ppa.lvovTo, has dropped out after 'litiroi (Sch.). Odort equoH invitans Plin. I.e. ' Nerium odorum ; see Index App. (11). cf. 4. 4. 13 ; Strabo 15. 2. 7; PHn. I.e. 8 T'lin. I.e.; Arrian, Anab. 6. 22, 7. 321 THEOPHRASTUS TciWa ^(ba iravra Kal 7rp09 tol/? avOpaiiTOV^ e/' Tf? irpoapaiveiev avrol'^. iv Be roTrot? rial Trecpv- Kevat TLi'CL ^oravi^v, icf fj avv6a7r€ipu>iJ.evov<; o<^6i? elvuL /jLiJcpov<; acpoSpa' tovtoi<; 3' et Ti? eyUySa? 'irXy'l'ye'ni 6vi]aKeiv. cirroTn'LyeadaL Se kol utto T03V (^OlVLKCdV TOiV COpLMl' €L T£9 cf)dyOL, Kul TOVTO varepov KaTapo7]6r]uaL. Tocavrai fiev ovv hvvd- pLSi^ Kal ^(jowv koX <^vto)v Tcrci)? kol Trap dWoi^ elai. 14 JlepLTTorepa he twv ^vopevwv kol TrXecarov i^TjWayfieva irpo^ ra dWa rd evoap^a rd irepl ^Apa^lav Kal %vpiav Kal 'Ii^Sou?, olov 6 re \i^avo)T6<; Kal ?/ ajxypva Kal t) Kaala kol to OTTO^dXaap.ov Kal rd Kivap^wpiov Kal oaa dXXa roLavra- irepl o)v iv dWot-^ eiprjrai Bid 7r\ei6vo}i>. ev piev ovv roL<; tt/jo? eo) re Kal pLeafjpil^piav Kal ravr tBia Kal erepa Be rovrcov irXeio) earlv. V. 'Ei Be roL<i 7r/?09 dpKrov ov)(^ op-olco'i' ovOev ydp on d^iov \6yov Xeyerac irapd rd KOtvd rcov BevBpcov a Kal (piXo^lrvxpa re rvy^uvei Kal eari Kal Trap' 7)puv, olov TrevKt] Bpv<i eXdrrj ttu^o? BLoa/3dXavo'; <^iXvpa Kal rd dXXa Be rd roiavra' a')(eBov ydp ouBev erepov rrapd ravrd iariv, dXXd TMV dXXayv vXrjpidrcov evia d rov<; '\\rv)(^pov<; fidXXov ^rjrel tottoi;?, KaOdirep Kerravpiov dyfrivOcov, en Be rd ^apptaKOiBrj ral^ pl^aL^; Kal rols oTTol'^, olov eXXej^opo'i iXaryjpiov aKapipLwvLa, a^^eBov rrdvra rd pt^oropLovpieva. 2 '\d pLev ydp ev rw Wovrw Kal rfj @pdKr) yiverai, ^ TU a,\Aa 5t : ? oin. rck ; St uiii. Sell. 322 ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IV. iv. 13-v. 2 even a man, if any drops of it should fall on him. Also they say that in some parts grows a herb under which very small snakes lie coiled up, and that, if anyone treads on these and is bitten, he dies. They also say that, if anyone should eat of unripe dates, he chokes to death, and that this fact was not discovered at first. Now it may be that animals and plants have such properties elsewhere also. Among the plants that grow in Arabia Syria and India the aromatic plants are somewhat exceptional and distinct from the plants of other lands ; for instance, frankincense myrrh cassia balsam of Mecca cinnamon and all other such plants, about which we have spoken at greater length elsewhere. So in the parts towards the east and south there are these special plants and many others besides. Of the plants special to northern regions. V. In the northern regions it is not so, for nothing- worthy of record is mentioned except the ordinary trees which love the cold and are found also in our country, as fir oak silver-fir box chestnut lime, as well as other similar trees. There is hardly any other 1 besides these ; but of shrubs there are some which for choice ^ seek cold regions, as centaury and wormwood, and further those that have medicinal properties in their roots and juices, such as hellebore squirting cucumber scammony, and nearly all those whose roots are gathered.^ Some of these grow in Pontus and Thrace, some 2 I have moved fxaWov, which in the MSS. comes before 7 wv 6,Wwy.
  • i.e. which have medicinal uses.
323 THEOPHRASTUS TOL Be Trepl rrjv Otrrjv Kal rov Ylapvaaov kol to Il7]\iov Kal Ti]v "Oaaap Kal to TeXeOptov Kal iv rovTOLf; Se TLve<^ (paai, irXelaTov' ttoWcl Be Kal ev rfi ^ KpKaBia Kal ev rfj AaKcoviKj}' ^ap/xaKcoBeL^; yap Kal avTac. rcov Be €uu>Bmv ovBev ev raurai.<i, ttXtjv JpL<; ev rrj ^IWvplBi Kal Trepl top ^ABpiav ravrrj yap %/O'^crT^ Kal ttoXu Biacpepovaa tmp aXkcov dXX' ev tol<^ akeeLvol<i Kal Tot? tt/jo? /j,ea7]fx^pLav coairep dvTLKei/ieva to, evcoBrj. exovai Be Kal KvirdpLTTOv ol ciKeeivol jxaWov, coarrep Kprjrrj AvKLa 'Po^o?, KeBpov Be Kal rd SpaKta 6p7) Kal rd ^pvyia. T6)v Be '))/J-epoufievu)V rjKLard <f)aaiv iv tow '\^V')(^pol<i V7TO/jL6VeLV Bd(f)V7]V Kal jJLVppivi'jV, Kal rovTwv Be tJttov en rrjv fxvppivqv' arjixelov Be Xeyovaiv ore iv rw ^OXv/jLirrp Bd^vrj fxev ttoWj], p,vppivo(; Be 6X(o<i ovk eariv. iv Be tw TLovto) irepl YlavTiKairaLov ovB' erepov Kaiirep airovBa- ^ovTcov Kal Tvdvra /juy] ■^avco/jLevcov tt/oo? Ta? lepo- avva<;' avKal he iroXXal Kal ev/jLeyedei'i Kal poial Be TrepiaKeTra^ofievar dinoL Be Kal pufXiai TrXeLarat Kal iravroBairdiTaraL Kal y^py^aral- avTac 8' iapival ttXtjv el dpa o^^iar t/)? Be dypLa<; vXy^; iarl Bpv^ TrreXea fieXia Kal oaa TOiavTa' nevKrj Be Kal iXdrt] Kal rrLTV<; ovk earn ovBe oXo)? ovBev evBaBov vypd Be avrrj Ka) ')(eipwv TToXv Tr}? X(VQ)7nKr]<;, wcrr ovBe iroXi ')(^p(hvTat, avTrj 7rXr)v tt/jo? rd viraiOpia. ravra ^ Te\edpiov conj. Sch. (in Euboea), cf. 9. 15, 4 ; UeXtdpioi UMVP; UapOfPiop Ald.G. ^ Whose rhizome was used for perfumes; cf. 1. 7. 2; dt odor. 22. 23. 28. 32 ; Dykes, The Genus Iris, p. 237, gives an interesting account of the modern uses of ' orris-root.' 324 ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IV. v. 2-3 about Oeta Parnassus Pelion Ossa and Telethrion,^ and in these parts some say that there is great abund- ance ; so also is there in Arcadia and Laconia, for these districts too produce medicinal plants. But of the aromatic plants none grows in these lands, except the iris^ in Illyria on the shores of the Adriatic ; for here it is excellent and far superior to that which grows elsewhere ; but in hot places and those which face the south the fragrant plants grow, as if by con- trast to the medicinal plants. And the warm places have also the cypress in greater abundance ; for in- stance, Crete Lycia Rhodes, while the prickly cedar grows in the Thracian and the Phrygian mountains. Of cultivated plants they say that those least able to thrive in cold regions are the bay and myrtle, especially the myrtle, and they give for proof ^ that on Mount Olympus the bay is abundant, but the myrtle does not occur at all. In Pontus about Panticapaeum neither grows, though they are anxious to grow them and take special pains ^ to do so for religious purposes. But there are many well grown fig-trees and pomegranates, which are given shelter ; pears and apples are abundant in a great variety of forms and are excellent. These are spring- fruiting trees, except that they may fruit later here than elsewhere. Of wild trees there are oak elm manna-ash and the like (while there is no fir silver- fir nor Aleppo pine, nor indeed any resinous tree). But the wood of such trees ^ in this country is damp and much inferior to that of Sinope, so that they do not much use it except for outdoor purposes. These » Plin. 16. 137.
  • Plin., I.e., says that Mithridates made this attempt.
• t.6. oak, etc. TMEOPHRASTUS /.lev ovv irepl rov Hovtov r} ev riai je T07ro/<» avTOV. 'Rv Be rfi YipoTTOVTihi yiverai koX /ivppLvo<; kol Bdxjivr} 7r6Wa')(ov iv toI's opeaiv. icr(o<; 8' evia KCLi Tcop TOTTcov iBia Oereov eKaaroL yap e^ovaL TO, SiacfyepovTa, coairep etprjjai, Kara Ta<; vXas ov p,6vov TM jSeXTLco Kal 'X,€ip(o Ti-jV avrrjv e-)(eiv aWa Koi r(p <f)€p€tV T) yLtr; cf)ep€lV' oloV 6 fl€V T/jLM\o<i e')(ei KOL 6 Mucrf09 "OXuyLtTro? ttoXv to Kapvov KOL rr]V BiocT^aXavov, en Be afXTreXov kol firfKeav fcal poav 7] Be "\By] ra puev ovk ey^u rovrwv ra Be cnrdvia' irepl Be MaKeBovtav koI tov UiepiKov "OXv/jlttoi' ra fxev ean ra K ovtc eaii rovrcov ev Be rfj Eul3oLa kol irepl ri/v ^layvrjaiav ra fxev Kv/Soi/ca TToXXd tmv Be dWcov ovOev ovBe By irepl TO \le\LOV ovBe ra dXka ra evravOa oprj. Bpa^u? B' earl roiro'; o? e^et Kal oA-w? rrju vauTrrjy/jcrL/jLOV vXr/v rrj<; /xev yap Et'pcoTr?;? Bo/cel ra irepl ri-jv ^laKeBoviav Kal oaa rrj<; &paKr](; Kal irepl ^IraXiav rrj<; Be ^Aaia^ rd re ev l^iXtKia Kal rh ev Xivcoirr) Kal ^A/iiaay, ere Be 6 Mi/crto? "OXuyLtTTO? Kal ?} "IBt] ttXtjv OV TToWrjv T) yap '^vpla KeBpov ex^t Kal ravrrj ^P^^'^^^ 7rpo<; rd<; rpn]p6i^. 'AWa Kal ra (piXvBpa Kal ra TrapaTTord^ta ravO^ 6fioi(o<i' ev fiev yap rw W^Bpla irXdravov ov (f)aaiv elvai ttXtjv irepl ro Aio/jirjBov<; lepov arravlav Be Kal ev 'IraXla irdar}' Kairoi iroXXol KOL fieydXoi irora/JLol rrap ajK^olv' dXX^ ovk ^ See Imlcx. ^ Kal oaa: text probably defective, but sense clear. IkuI iaa TTJs 0. €X«« Kal ra irepl 'I. 326 ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IV. v. 3-6 are the trees of Pontus, or at least of certain districts of that country. In the land of Propontis myrtle and bay are found in many places on the mountains. Perhaps however some trees should be put down as special to particular places. For each district, as has been said, has diflerent trees^ differing not only in that the same trees occur but of variable quality, but also as to producing or not producing some particular tree. For instance, Tmolus and the Mysian Olympus have the hazel and chestnut ^ in abundance, and also the vine apple and pomegranate ; while Mount Ida has some of these not at all and others only in small (juantity ; and in Macedonia and on the Pierian Olympus some of these occur, but not others ; and in Euboea and Magnesia the sweet chestnut ^ is com- mon, but none of the others is found ; nor yet on Pelion or the other mountains of that region. Again it is only a narrow extent of country which produces wood fit for shipbuilding at all, namely in Europe the Macedonian region, and certain parts" of Thrace and Italy ; in Asia Cilicia Sinope and Amisus, and also the Mysian Olympus, and Mount Ida ; but in these parts it is not abundant. For Syria has Syrian cedar, and they use this for their galleys. The like is true of trees which love water and the riverside ; in the Adriatic region they say that the plane is not found, except near the Shrine of Diomedes,^ and that it is scarce throughout Italy * ; yet there are many large rivers in both countries, in spite of which the localities do not seem to ' On one of the islands of I)iomedes, off the coast of Apulia ; now called Isole di Treniiti. c/. Plin. 12. 6.
  • cf. 2. 8. 1 n.
327 THEOPHRASTUS €OiK€ ^epeiv TOTTO?" iv FyjLO) jouv a<; ^lovvaiOH 7rpea/3vr€po<; 6 rvpavvo<; e^vrevaev iv tw irapa- he'iaw, ai elai vvv iv tw jv/ivacrLM, (fiiXoTi/irjOecaat ou BeSvvrjvrat Xa^elv fxeyeOo^;. "Kvwc Se TrXcLaryv e^ovai irXdravov, oi Be ineXeav koX Iriav, ol he fivpLKrjv, (oairep 6 Al/io^. ware ra jiev roiavra, KaOdirep iXe^xPrj, rcov tottcov iBia Oereov 6/jL0iu><; ev re toI<; dypioif; koI toU y/iepoi'i' ov firjv dXXa Ta^ dv ecrj kol tovtcov iiri TLVwv ware SiaKoafi'ijOevTayv SvvacrOaL ttjv X^p(^^ (pcpeiv, o KOL vvv ^v/j,l3aivov opw/xev Ka\ eirl ^(owv ivLCOv kol (j)vrMv. VI. MeylaTrjv he 8ia(j)opdv avrrj'; rrj<; (jivaeoy^ row hevhpwv koI dirXo)'; tmv vXij/ndrcov vttoXt]- TTriov i)v KOI irporepov etirojxev, on rd /lev eyyaia rd 5' evvhpa TV<y)(^dv6L, KaOdirep rcov ^cowv, kol rcov <f)vrci)v' ov fiovov iv rot? eXeat fcal ral'; Xi/j^vai^ fcal roL<; Trora/jLol^ yap dXXa koi iv rfj OaXdrrrj <j)verat koI vXrjjxara evia ev re rfj e^co /cat SevSpa' iv jiev yap rfj irepl t)fiaf; fiiKpd irdvra rd cf)v6fieva, Kal ovSev vTTepe')(ov w^ elirelv rr)<; OaXdrr^j^;' iv iKelvr) Be Kal rd roiavra Kal virepexovra, Kal ere pa Be yitet^a) BevBpa. Ta fiev ovv irepl r]ixd<i icrri rdBe' cpavepwrara /lev Kal Koivorara irdaiv ro re <^vko^ kol ro fipvov Kal daa dXXa roiavra' (j)av€pd)rara Be Kal ^ (/)i\oTi^iTj0€?fra( conj. St.; (pt\oTi/^-n9e\s MF>^ ; Plin. 12. 7. ■^ Pa.\aTT7;y coiij. Seal, from G ; eAarTjs Akl.H. 32i ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IV. v. 6-vi. 2 produce this tree. At any rate those Avhich King Dionysius the Elder planted at Rhegiiim in the park, and which are now in the grounds of the wrestling school and are thought much of/ have not been able to attain any size. Some of these regions however have the plane in abundance, and others the elm and willow, others the tamarisk, such as the district of Mount Haemus. Wherefore such trees we must, as was said, take to be peculiar to their districts, whether they are Avild or cultivated. However it might well be that the country should be able to produce some of these trees, if they were carefully cultivated : this we do in fact find to be the case with some plants, as with some animals. Of the. aquatic plants of the Mediterranean. VI. However the greatest difference in the natural character itself of trees and of tree-like plants gener- ally we must take to be that mentioned already, namely, that of plants, as of animals, some belong to the earth, some to water. Not only in swamps, lakes and rivers, but even in the sea there are some tree-like growths, and in the ocean there are even trees. In our own sea all the things that grow are small, and hardly any of them rise above the sur- face ^ ; but in the ocean we find the same kinds rising above the surface, and also other larger trees. Those found in our oAvn waters are as follows : most conspicuous of those which are of general occurrence are seaweed ^ oyster-green and the like ; most obvious of those peculiar to certain parts are the ' Plin. 13. 135. 329 THEOPHRASTUS ISLcoTara Kara rov<; tottov^; ekdrr) avKrj Bpv<; au7T6\o'i (poli'i^. rovrcov Se ra fxev irpoa'yeia Tu Se TTOvrta ra S' u/xfpoTepayi/ tmv tottwv kolvcl. Kol ra ixev iroXveih?], KaOdirep ro (f>vfco<;, ra Be fjLiav iSiav e^ovra. rov yap cf)VKou<; rb fjuev earu 7r\arv(f)v\\ov rati/ioefSe? ')(pMfia TrowSe? e;^o^', o St) fcal TTpdaou KaXovai rLve^, ol he ^coarrjpa' pi^av he €)(^et haaelav e^coOev evhoOev Be XeirupLcoBy), paicpdv Be eirieLKw^; /cal evnax^) rrapop^olav rol'^ Kpop.vo'yr}r€LOi<;. 3 To Be rpi^o^vWov, codTrep ro pupaOov, ov TTOcoSe? aXX' e^co)^pov ovBe e)(ov /cauXov aXX' 6p66v 7ra>9 ev avrw- (pverat Be rovro iirl roiv oarpuKuyv Kal rwv XlOcdv, ovx Mcnrep Odrepov 7rpo<i rfi fyfj' irpoayeia 8' dpcpo), Kal rb fiev r pL-)(^6<^vXXov irpb's avrfj ry <yf/, 7roXXdKL<; Be wairep eTTiKXv^erai povov vrrb t/}? 6aXdrri]<^, Odrepov Be avoir epo). 4 Tiverai Be ev p,ev rfj e^o) rfj ire pi 'HpaxXeovi (Tr7]Xa<; Oavpaarov n rb p,eyeOo<i, w? cpaaL, Kal rb irXdra pLel^ov 6i<^ iraXaiarLalov. cjieperai Be rovro 6t9 rrjv eao) SdXarrav dpa ro) pu> rw e^wOev Kal KaXovauv avrb irpdaov ev ravrrj B> ev rial r6iroL<i war eirdvw rov 6p(paXov. Xeyerai Be eirereiov elvau Kal (pueaOai, pev rov r]po<^ X7]jovro<;, uKp-d^eiv Be rod 6epov<^, rov pberorrcopov Be (f)6iveiv, Kara Be rbv yeipuwva diroXXvaOat Kal eKTTLTrreLv. drravra Be Kal rdXXa rd (f)u6peva X'^'^P^ K^CLi dp^avpbrepa yiveadat rov x^ipcovof;. ^ See Index : (tv/ct), Spvs, etc. ^ raiPioeiSfS conj. Dalec. ; Teraj/oeiSes UP., Aid. H.; t<1 revo- fiSfs MV. » c/. Diosc. 4. 99 ; Plin. 136. ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IV. vi. 2-4 sea-plants called ^ fir ' 'fig' 'oak' 'vine' 'palm.'^ Of these some are found close to land_, others in the deep sea, others equally in both positions. And some have many forms, as seaweed, some but one. Thus of seaweed there is the broad-leaved kind, riband-like - and green in colour, which some call 'green-weed' and others 'girdle-weed.' This has a root which on the outside is shaggy, but the inner part is made of several coats, and it is fairly long and stout, like krojnyogeteion (a kind of onion). ^ Another kind has hair-like leaves like fennel, and is not green but pale yellow ; nor has it a stalk, but it is, as it were, erect in itself; this grows on oyster-shells and stones, not, like the other, attached to the bottom ; but both are plants of the shore, and the hair-leaved kind grows close to land, and sometimes is merely w^ished over by the sea^ ; while the other is found further out. Again in the ocean about the pillars of Heracles there is a kind ^ of marvellous size, they say, which is larger, about a palmsbreadth.** This is carried into the inner sea along with the current from the outer sea, and they call it ' sea-leek ' (riband-weed) ; and in this sea in some parts it grows higher than a man's waist. It is said to be annual and to come up at the end of spring, and to be at its best in summer, and to wither in autumn, while in winter it perishes and is thrown up on shore. Also, they say, all the other plants of the sea become weaker and feebler in winter. These then are, one may say, the
  • i.e. grows above low water mark.
5 See Index : <pvKos (2). " i.e. the 'leaf: the comparison is doubtless with tI TTAaru, §2 ; is UMVAld.; % VV. after Sch.'s conj. THEOPHRASTUS ravra fiev ovv olov irpoayeia irepi ye rr^v OdXarrav. ro he ttovtiov (f)VKO<; o ol aTToyyiel^ dfaKoXv/x/SMai 7re\(iyiov. Kal ev Kp}]TTj Se (pveTai, 7rpo<^ rrj jfj eVt tmv irerpcdv irXelaTOv Kal KoXktarov w ^dirrovcnv ov I^Lovov Ta<; TaLvia<; dXXa Kal epia Kal i/idrLa' Kal e&)? dv 7) 7rp6(T(paTO<; rj /3a^?;, ttoXv KaWicov i) XpocL rrjf; 7rop(f)vpa<;' yiverai S' ev ttj Trpoa^oppo) Kal irXelov Kal koWiov, coairep at Giroyyial Kal dWa Toiavra. "AXXo 8' earlv ofioiov rfj dypocxjTef Kal yap to (jivWov TrapairXyaiop e^ec Kal rrjv pi^av yova- tcoBtj Kal fxaKpav Kal ire^vKvlav irXaylav, Mcnrep i) tt}? dypoocFTLho^' e^ec Be Kal KavXov KaXafidihi], KaOdirep t) dypw(jTi<i' fieyeOei he eXarrov ttoXv TOV (fiVKOV<;. "A Wo Be TO ^pvoVy o (pvXXov fiev e;^et TrowSe? rfj y^poa, irXaTV Be Kal ouk dpo/xotov rat? OpiBa- KLvaL<^, irXr]v pvTLBwBecn-epov Kal Mcrirep avv- ecTTTaajievov. KavXov Be ovk e%et, dXX^ diro /jLid<; dpYi}<i TrXetft) rd roiavTa Kal TrdXiv dir aXXtji;- (pveraL Be errl tmv XlOcov rd roiavra irpb^ rfj yfi Kal Tcov oaTpuKcov. Kal rd fieu eXdrTco a)(^eB6v lavT eariv. 'fl Be Bpv<i Kal 7) eXdrr] irapdyeLOi fiev dfi^xo' (^vovrai S' eirl XlOol^ Kal ocrrpaKOLf; pL^a<; fiev ovk exovaai, Tvpoaire^vKvlai Be wcTTrep at XeirdBe<i. dp,<p6Tepai ixev olov aapKoc^vXXa' TrpofiTjKeaTepov Be TO (f)vXXov TToXv Kal ira'X^vTepov t/}? eXdri]<i 1 riin. 13. 136, cf. 32. 22; Diosc. 4. 99.
  • litmus ; see Index, (pvKos (5).
^ Plin. I.e. ; grass-wrack, see Index, <pvKos (G). 332 ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IV. vi. 4-7 sea-plants which are found near the shore. But the ' seaweed of ocean/ whicli is dived for by the sponge-fishers, belongs to the open sea. 1 In Crete there is an abundant and luxuriant growth 2 on the rocks close to land, with which they dye not only their ribbons, but also wool and clothes. And, as long as the dye is fresh, the colour is far more beautiful than the purple dye ; it occurs on the north coast in greater abundance and fairer, as do the sponges and other such things. 2 There is another kind like dog's-tooth grass ; the leaf is very like, the root is jointed and long, and grows out sideways, like that of that plant ; it has also a reedy stalk like the same plant, and in size it is much smaller than ordinary seaweed.
  • Another kind is the oyster-green, which has a
leaf green in colour, but broad and not unlike lettuce leaves ; but it is more wrinkled ^ and as it were crumpled. It has no stalk, but from a single starting-point grow many of the kind, and again from another starting-point. These things grow on stones close to land and on oyster-shells. These are about all the smaller kinds. ^ The ' sea-oak ' and ^sea-fir' both belong to the sliore ; they grow on stones and oyster-shells, having no roots, but being attached to them like limpets.^ Both have more or less fleshy leaves ; but the leaf of the ' fir ' grows much longer and stouter, and is ^
  • Plin. 13. 137 ; 27. 56 ; fipiov conj. Seal, from G and Plin.
I.e.; fioTpvov UAld.H. 5 pvTtSu^iaTepou conj. Seal, from G and Plin. I.e.; xpfO'^^Se- aTepov Aid.; ^uctwSeVrepoy mBas. 8 Plin. I.e. ' A€7ro5€s Aid.; XoiraSes W. with UMV. ^ TrpofirjKfffTepov . . . ire<pvKe koI conj. W. ; irpofj,, 5e rb (pvWov naxv Koi iraxvTepov ttjs eXarTjy iroAu 5e /col Aid. 333 THEOPHRASTUS 7re<^VK6 Kol ovK. avofiOLov roL<; rcou oairpiwv \o/3ol<;, KolXov K evhoOev kol ovhev e')(ov ev avTol<i' to he rf;? hpv6<^ XeiTTOV koX [iv pLKwhearepov ')(pM/xa 8' iimTopc^vpov cifMcfiOiv. t) he 6\rj /xopcpr) tt)? /j.€v eXcLTii^ opOi] Koi avTr}<^ kol tmv uKpefjLovcov, t/}? he hpv6<; aKoXiwrepa koi fidWov e^ovaa 7r\dro<;' jLveraL he dficpco kol iroXvKavXa kol </iiov6Kav\a,> fxovoKavXoTepov he i) ixdrr)- ra? ^e dKpep.opL/cd<i diTo^vaeL'^ rj fiev iXuTrj /iaKpa<i e^ei kol evdela^ KoX jiavd'^, r) he hpv<i /3pax^'T€pa<; fcai (jKoXiwrepa^ Kol 7ru/cvoTepa<i. to 8' oXop fxeyedo^; dpLc^OTepwv o)<i TTvycovLalov i) puKpov virepalpov, fiet^ov he a)9 ttTrXw? eiTTelv to tt}? eXdrt'j'i. ')(p7]aifxov he ?; hpv'^ €t? ^a(j)r)v eptcov tol^ ^vvai^iv. eVl jiev rcov aKpefiovoiV TrpoaijpTijfieua tmv oarpaKohepficdv ^oowv evia' kol /cdrco he irpo<; avTU> t5> KavXo) TrepiTrecpVKOTCov tivcov y oXo), ev rovroL'i hehvKore^i ovivvoi re kol aXV aTTa fcal to ojxolov TroXvirohi. Tavra fxev ovv irpdd'^eia KaX pahia dewprjdrivar (jiaal he Tive<; kol ciXXifv hpvv elvac TTOvriav i) kol KapiTtv (pepei, Koi, i) ^dXavo^ avT7]<; ')(prjaL/i'i]- Tou? he aKivOov^ kol KoXvfji^riTa<; Xeyetv otl kol €T€pai fieydXat Tive<i roL<; fieyeOeaiv elrjaav. 'H he dfi7reXo<; dfKporepwae jiperar koX yap Trpo? TTj yfj KOL TTovria' fiei^w 8' e^^ei Kal to, (PvXXa Kal TO, KXy/xara Kal tov Kapirov t) irovTia.
  • PI he (tvkP] d(puXXo<i fiev tu> he fieyeOei ov
jjieydXr], '^pcj/JLa he tov (f)\oLov (fyoiviKovv. ^ avroLS Ald.H. ; aur^ conj. W, ' I have inserted /xoroVauAa. 334 ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IV. vi. 7-9 not unlike the pods of pulses, but is hollow inside and contains nothing in the 'pods.'^ 'Jhat of the ' oak ' is slender and more like the tamarisk ; the colour of both is purplish. The whole shape of the ^ fir ' is erect, both as to the stem and the branches, but that of the ' oak ' is less straight and the plant is broader, l^oth are found both with many stems and with one,2 but the ' fir ' is more apt to have a single stem. The branchlike outgrowths in the ^fir' are long straight and spreading, while in the 'oak' they are shorter less straight and closer. The whole size of either is about a cubit or rather more, but in general that of the 'fir* is the longer. The 'oak' is useful to women for dyeing wool. To the branches are attached certain creatures with shells, and below they are also found attached to the stem itself, which in some cases they completely cover ; ^ and among these are found millepedes and other such creatures, including the one which resembles a cuttlefish. These plants occur close to land and are easy to observe ; but some report * that there is another ' sea oak' which even bears fruit and has a useful 'acorn,' and that the sponge fishers ^ and divers told them that there were other large kinds. ^The 'sea-vine' grows under both conditions, both close to land and in the deep sea ; but the deep sea form has larger leaves branches and fruit. 7 The ' sea-fig ' is leafless and not of large size, and the colour of the bark is red. 3 rivwv 7' '6Xa) conj. W. ; tivS)v HXcov Aid.; rivSiv ye '6\(i}v U; text uncertain : the next clause has no connecting particle. ■• Plin. 13. 137.
  • (TKivdovs, a vox nihili : perhaps conceals a proper name,
t.g. liiceXiKovs ; CTToyYets conj. St. '« Plin. 13. 138. » Plin. U, 335 THEOPHUASTUS 10 'O Be (f)OLi'i^ ean y.ev iruvriov ^paxvareXey^e^ Be acfioSpa, koI cx^ehov evOelai at €K(f)V(T€i^ roiv pdjShMV KOi KuTwOev ou KVK\rp avrai, KaOdirep TMV pd^Scov al iiKpep^ovei;, dW axrap iv TrXdret /card fiiav Gvve)(e'i';, oXiyay^ov he koX diraX- Xdrrovaai. rcov he pd^hwv rj tmv dirocpvaecov Tovrcov ofiola rpoirov rivd 7/ (f)vaL<i TOt"? tcov uKavOcov (f)vXXoi<; t6)v uKaviKMV, olov croyKOii; KOi rot? TOiovrcL'i, irXrjV opdal kol ou;^, cocnrep eKelva, TrepL/ceKXaap-evaL kol to (pvXXov e)(ov(TaL hia/Se/Spcopevov vtto T)]<; dXpir)<;' eirel to 76 hi oXov rjKeiv tov piecrov ye KavXov Kal t) uXXt] o'-v/r^? 7rapa7rX^](jLa. to he ')(pct)pa /cat tovtcov kol tcop KavXoiv Kal oXov tov (fiVTOv e^epvOpov re cr(p6Spa Kal (pOll'lKOVl'. Kal Ta pev iv TrjSe tj} OaXaTTrj ToaavTd ecTTLV. T) <ydp anoyyid Kat at dirXvaiai KaXovpevai Kal el TL TOLOvTov eTepav e;^et ^vcnv. VII. *Er he TTj e^co T]] irepl 'HpaKXeov<; crT?;Xa9 TO Te TTpdcrov, wcnrep e\'py]Tai, cjiveTai Kal Ta diroXiOovpeva TavTa, olov dvpa Kal Ta hac^voeihP) Kal Ta dXXa. tT;? he epvOpd<; KaXovp€inj<; iv TJj 'Apa/3ta piKpov iirdvco Kotttov iv p,ev ttj yfj
  • Ka.T<»9ev . . , airaWaTT ova at probably beyond certain re-
storation : I have added koX before KaTwdiv (from G), altered KVKXwQfv to kvk\ci), put a stop before kuI KaruOev, and restored a-iraWdrrovaai (Ald.H.). ^ cf. 6. 4. 8 ; 7. 8. 3. ^ irepiKfKXaaixfva, i.e. towards the ground, c/. Diosc. 3. 68 and 69, where Plin. (27. 13) renders {(pvKKa) vnoir(piK\aTai ad terrani infracta. ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IV. vi. lo-vii. i The ' sea-palm ' is a deep-sea plant, but with a very short stem, and the branches which spring from it are almost straight ; and these under water are not set all round the stem, like the twigs which grow from the branches, but extend, as it were, quite flat in one direction, and are uniform ; though occasionally they are irregular.^ The character of these branches or outgrowths to some extent re- sembles the leaves of thistle-like spinous plants, such as the sow-thistles ^ and the like, except that they are straight and not bent over ^ like these, and have their leaves eaten away by the brine ; in the fact that the central stalk ^ at least runs through the whole, they resemble these, and so does the general appearance. The colour both of the branches and of the stalks and of the plant as a whole is a deep red or scarlet. Such are the plants found in this sea. For sponges and what are called aplysiai ^ and such-like growths are of a different character. Of the aquatic plants of the ' outer sea ' (i.e. Atlantic, Persian Gulf etc.). VII. In the outer sea near the pillars of Heracles grows the ^sea-leek,' as has been said ^ ; also the well known '^ plants which turn to stone, as thipna, the plants like the bay and others. And in the sea called the Red Sea^ a little above Coptos^
  • i.e. midrib.
  • Some kind of sponge. airXvaiai conj. R. Const.; irKvaiai
UAld. ; irXvcriai M ; irKovalai V, ^ 4. 6. 4. 7 raCra: c/. 3. 7. 3 ; 3. 18. 11. 8 Plin. 13. 139. 3 Ko-KTov conj. Seal.; K6irov MV; kSktvou UAld.; Capto G and Plin. I.e. 337 'I'llEOPllRASrUS (^^a'Spoi' ovctv (f)VtT(U 7r\))i' rTyv oKui'Otjs tt/v^ ci\lr<i<'(>^ /I'rtXoi'/uD/s" rnr(ti'ia oe k(h avT)] dm ra Kdi'fuiTd Kal T)ji' uvvcpiav ovy^ vei yap aW^ i) 6/ tT(i)V TtTT(t prOV i] TTtl'TC KCU TUTG \(lfjp(i)\; KCXl eiT ()\iyOJ' ■^f)UVO]'. '!'>;' (^t' if] 0(i\((TT)/ (pvtrat, KCiXovrri o avra C(nj)V}jv Km tiXitai'. t(TTi Ct >/ pti' ('((cjji')} OfiOLa T)j (ipia {/ ft tXdti ■-t;/ t\(in ■ Top <.j)vW(i)' Kdprror Ci- ty^ti )) eX(i(i 7Tapa7T\)'j(Tioi' rais e\(iai<;- acfyiyjai ()fc K(U C('iKpi'ov, t'^ ov ot iarpo] (happaKOv h'atpni' oin'Tiihacjiv o yu'erai (j(bo<f)a ayaOuv. orav he voara irXeiO) yemjTdi, pvK)jTts^ (pvovrai Trpix; rp 0(t\(irT)j K(iT(i run Toiror, ovtol he uiroXiOovvrai vTTu rov ))\i()V. p 6e t-^iiXarra (h]pi(oC')]<;- 7r\tL- arov-i ()e ep\^ei tol's" KapyapLcf^, cocrre fip eliai Ko\vpi3?jaai. 'E/' ce TU) KoXrrcp tm KdXovpevfp 'Wpcorov, t(/)' uv Kaiafjaivovai}' oi e^ AtyvTrrov, (Pverai pei^ Cdcf)!')] re Kcil eXaa Kai Ovpor, ov p)]i' \X(opd ye aXXn XiOoeiSp ra virepey^ovra r?js OaXdm]<;, op.oia he h'al Tol'^ (pvXXoi'i Kal roZs" ljXaaro?<; ro2<; y^Xopo?^. er Oe rep Ovpcp kg) ro rov dvOoi'^ \po)na CKiOjXor ('f)(jav fo'/TTdy TtAtY()s' t',^//r^/;A.'o9. /^V-^'V ^t" twi' (' ei>hpi'if)L(iU' (KTor e/v rpei<; rr)'/yei<;. ()i he, ore di'ciTrXoV'i ijv ron' e^ \i'hd)v airoard- Xerrcov vrro AXe^avhpov, ra ev rf; OaXdrrp (i)V('ipevd, pe)(pi ov per dv p ev ro) v-/p(p, ■ypo)nd (Paaiv eyeti' opotov rais^ cPvklov^, oirurav S' e^- ^ cf. StralK) l(i. 1. 147. - Str IiMlrx. » 'i'li<- name- of ;i liv.> scniis (o ]\:\yo ilioppcd ciut : I Iiavo iii'--ii till T]] iXda: rf. tcus tAann livlow. JJicl/.l SilLT^csfs (5ea fill' a, II. ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IV. vii. 1-3 in Arabia there grows on the land no tree except that called the ^thirsty' acacia, and even this is scarce by reason of the heat and the lack of water ; for it never rains except at intervals of four or five years, and then the rain comes down heavily and is soon over. 1 But there are plants in the sea, which they call
  • bay ' and ^ olive' (white mangrove 2). In foliage
the ' bay ' is like the aria (holm-oak), the ' olive ' like the real olive.^ The latter has a fruit like olives, and it also discharges a gum,* from which the physicians * compound a drug ^ for stanching blood, which is extremely effective. And when there is more rain than usual, mushrooms grow in a certain place close to the sea, which are turned to stone by the sun. The sea is full of beasts, and produces sharks ^ in great numbers, so that diving is impossible. In the gulf called nhe Gulf of the Heroes,' ^ to which the Egyptians go down, there grow a ' bay/ an ' olive,' and a ' thyme ' ; these however are not green, but like stones so far as they project above the sea, but in leaves and shoots they are like their green namesakes. In the ' thyme ' the colour of the flower is also conspicuous, looking as though the flower had not yet completely developed. These treelike growths are about three cubits in height. ^ Now some, referring to the occasion when there was an expedition of those returning from India sent out by Alexander, report that the plants which grow in the sea, so long as they are kept damp, have a colour
  • cf. Diosc. 1. 105 and 106.
6 cf. Athen. 4. 83 ; Plin. 12. 77. 6 Plin. 13. 139. ' c/. 9. 4. 4. » Plin. 13. 140. 339 THEOPHRASTUS eveyOevra reOfj 7rpo<; rov i'fK.LOV, ev oXcyrp ')(povo) i^ofjLOLovaOai tu) dXl. (^veadau he Koi cr^^otfou? XlOLvov^ irap avTrjv rrjv OdXarrav, ou? ovSeU dv BiaypoL^] rfj oyjrei irpo^ tou? dXy]Otvov<;. Oav/xa- aiMTepov Se ri toutov Xeyovar (jiveaOai yap BevSptxpi' drra to fiev y^pwp-a e^ovra o/jlolov KepajL ^00^ Tol<; Be o^oi^ rpax^a, fcal dir aKpov TTvppd' Taura Be OpaveaOai jxev el avyxXwy] t£9* €K Be TOVTcop TTvpl ifi/SaXXo/iei'a, KaOdirep rov alBrjpov, Bidirvpa yLvopteva irdXiv orav dTroyjrv- -^OLTO KaOia-TacrOat Koi tyjv avrjjv XP^^^ Xafi- $dveLv. 'Et* Be rat? vr)aoL<; ral<^ viro t>}? TrXrj/jL/jLupiBo'i KaTaXa/jL/3avo/j,euaL'; BevBpa [leydXa irecjiVKevaL yXiKaL nrXdravoL koi alyetpoL al p^eyiaTar au/i- ^aivetv Be, '60* rj irX'^fJipLvpl^ iireXOoi, ra /xev dXXa KaTaKpvineaOai oXa, tcov Be fieyiarcdv hirepeyeiv rov<; KXdBov^;, i^ mv rd 7rpv/j,vr]aia dvaTneiv, elO' ore nrdXiv d/xTrcori's yivoiro €k roiv pi^MV. e^^iv Be TO BevBpov (pvXXov fiev ofioiov ttj Bdcjyvr), dvdo<i Be TOt? t'oi? KOi TOO p^y9c6/XaT£ KoX Tfl 6(T/J,fj, KapiTOV Be ijXiKov eXda koI tovtov evcoBi] acjyoBpw Kal Ta fiev cpvXXa ovk diro^dXXeLV, to Be dvOo^ kol tov KapiTOV dfxa tm cf)6ivo7r(opw yiveaOaL, tov Be eapo^ diToppelv. "AXXa 8' ev avTjj ttj OaXdTTrj ire^vKevai, dei- cf)vXXa fiev tov Be fcapirov o/jlolov e^eLv rot? 6epiJL0i<;. \lep\ Be Tr)V HepauBa Tr]V KaTa T7]V Kap/iaviav, KaO' o T) nX'ij/jifJLVpU y'iveTaL, BevBpa eciTlv eu/ieyeOt] 6/jLOia Ty dvBpd'xXrj Kal tjj fiop(f)fj Kal rot? (f)vXXoL<;' KapiTOV Be e%et ttoXvv ofioiov tw ;\^pftj/i.aTt Tat? 340 ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IV. vii. 3-5 like sea-weeds, but that when they are taken out and put in the sun, they shortly become like salt. They also say that rushes of stone grow close to the sea, which none could distinguish at sight from real rushes. They also report a more marvellous thing than this ; they say that there are certain tree-like growths which in colour resemble an ox-horn, but whose branches are rough, and red at the tip ; these break if they are doubled up, and some of them, if Ihey are cast on a fire, become red-hot like iron, but recover when they cool and assume their original colour. ^ On the islands which get covered by the tide they say that great trees ^ grow, as big as planes or the tallest poplars, and that it came to pass that, when the tide ^ came up, while the other things were entirely buried, the branches of the biggest trees projected and they fastened the stern cables to them, and then, when the tide ebbed again, fastened them to the roots. And that the tree has a leaf like that of the bay, and a flower like gilliflowers in colour and smell, and a fruit the size of that of the olive, which is also very fragrant. And that it does not shed its leaves, and that the flower and the fruit form to- gether in autumn and are shed in spring. ^ Also they say there are plants which actually grow in the sea, which are evergreen and have a fruit like lupins. ^In Persia in the Carmanian district, where the tide is felt, there are trees*' of fair size like the andrachne in shape and in leaves ; and they bear much fruit like 1 Plin. 13. 141. ^ Mangroves. See Index App. (12). 3 cf. Arr. Anab. 6. 22. 6.
  • Plin. I.e. Index App. (13). * Plin. 12. 37.
^ White mangroves. Index App. (14). ^^I THEOPHRASTUS d/ivySaXai^ e^wOev, to S' €vr6<; avveXiTreTaL KaOd-rrep avv^jpTTj/nevov ttcktlv. viroQe^poiTai he ravra ra hevhpa ircivra Kara /leaov vtto t>}v ddXcLTTr]^ Koi eaTrjKev vrrb tmv pi^wv, oxjirep TToXvTTOV^. orav yap rj a/nrrcoTi'^ yevrjTai Oewpelv e iariv. vScop Be 6X(o<; ovk eariv ev T(p tottw* Kara- XetTTOVTaL Be rive<^ Sicopv)(e<; Bl mv BLaifXeovatv avrai 3' elal daXdrrTj^;- rp Koi BPjXov otoinal rive^ on rpe^ovrat, ravrrj koI ov toG vBart, irXi^v el ri rat? pi^ai^ eK ri}<; yrj<; eXfcovaiv. evXoyov Be koi TOvO' dXfiupov elvai' koi yap ovBe Kara ^dOov^ at pl^aL. TO Be oXov ev to yevo<; elvai tmv t ev Ttj OaXdTTTj (jivop^evcov kol tcov ev Ty yjj vtto t'^*? TrXrjfifjLvpiBo<^ KaTaXa/jL^avo/jLei'cov Ka\ to, /xev ev TT) OaXaTTrj jjnicpd Kal (puKcoBi] cpaivo/ieva, to, B' ev TT) yfj fieydXa Kal ')(Xo)pa Kal dvdo^ evoBfiov €)(0VTa, Kap-TTOV Be olov 6eppo<;. 7 'El/ TvXw Be Ti] vi](j(p, KetTac 5' avTi] ev tm ^Apa/Siw KoXirrp, tol jxev 7rpo<^ ew toctovto ttXyjOo^ elvai <paac BevBpcov 6t eK^aivei rj 7rXri/j./jLvpl<; wctt' d7rco')(^vpcba6aL. ndvTa Be Tav-ra fieyeO^] /xev ex^iv ifXiKa avKi}, to Be dv6o<; virep^dXXov ttj evoiBla, KapTTov Be ajSptoTov 6/jLOiov ttj o-^ei tw Oep/JLM. cf)epeLV Be tijv vPjaov Kal to, BevBpa Ta ipio(f)6pa TToXXd. Tavra Be (jivXXov fiev e^etv napop'Oiov ttj dfiireXM irXrjv p^iKpov, Kapirov Be ovBeva ^epetv ev c5 Be to epiov rfXiKov fxrfXov eapivov avjji/jLefivKo^' OTav Be oDpalop rj, eKireTdv-
  • Plin. I.e. Sicco litort radicihus nudis polyponnn modo
cowpfexae, steriles arenas aspectanlur : he appears to have had a fuller text. 342 ENQUIRY INTO PLAN'i'S, IV. vii. 5-7 in colour to almonds on the outside, but the inside is coiled up as though the kernels were all united. ^ These trees are all eaten away up to the middle by the sea and are held up by their roots, so that they look like a cuttle-fish. For one may see this at ebb-tide. And there is no rain at all in the district, but certain channels are left, along which they sail, and which are part of the sea. Which, some think, makes it plain that the trees derive nourishment from the sea and not from fresh water, except what they draw up with their roots from the land. And it is reasonable to suppose that this too is brackish ; for the roots do not run to any depth. In general they say that the trees which grow in the sea and those which grow on the land and are overtaken by the tide are of the same kind, and that those which grow in the sea are small and look like seaweed, while those that grow ^ on land are large and green and have a fragrant flower and a fruit like a lupin. In the island of Tylos,^ which is situated in the Arabian gulf,-* they say that on the east side there is such a number of trees when the tide goes out that they make a regular fence. All these are in size as large as a fig-tree, the flower is exceedingly fragrant, and the fruit, which is not edible, is like in appearance to the lupin. They say that the island also produces the ' wool-bearing ' tree (cotton-plant) in abundance. This has a leaf like that of the vine, but small, and bears no fruit ; but the vessel in which the ' wool ' is contained is as large as a spring apple, ' <pvKw^r} (paiv6ij.ei'a ra 5' iu conj. W. ; (pvK. <pv. S' cj/ MVAld.; U has <p(p6iJ.€Pa (?). ' c/. 5. 4. 6 ; Plin. 12. 38 and 39 ; modern name Bahrein.
  • i.e. Persian Gulf.
343 THEOPHRASTUS vvadai Kol i^elpeiv to epiov, i^ ov to.? (TivS6va<; vcjiaLvovcn, ra? /lev eureXei? ra<; Se TroXureXe- arciTa^;. TlveTaL Se touto koX iv '1 1/80 1?, coairep eXe;^^/;, Kal iv ^Apa/Bla. elvau Se aXXa Sei'Spa to av9o^ c^ovTa opoLOV Tft) XevKoiu), 7r\r]v cioBpov Kal rw peyiOei TSTpairXdaLOV tmv icov. kol €T€pov Be tl SevSpov TToXixpvXXov oicnrep to poSov tovto Se TTjV piev vvKTa avp,pveiv cipa he tCo ijXicp aviovTi hioiyvvadai, pear/p^^pLa^ Se reXew? hLe'rTTv-)(6ai, ttuXlv he T?}? SetX?7? avvdyeaOai KaTCu pn/cpov Kal TYjv vvKTa (jvppveiv Xeyeiv Se Kal tou? eVx^' pLOV<; OTi KaOevSei. yiveaOai Se Kal (poLVLKa<; iv TTj V7](Tq) Kal dpL7TeXov<; Kal TaXXa iiKpohpva Kal crvKa^ ov (^vXXoppoovaa^. vhwp he ovpdvLov yive- aOai pev, ov pijv y^prjaOai ye 7rpo<; tou? Kap7rov<i' aXX' elvai Kpi'jva'^ iv tjj vjjcrcp TroXXa?, «^' ojv TvdvTa Ppex^eiv, o Kal avpcpepeiv pdXXov tw wItco Kal Tot? hevhpeaiv. he Kal oTav varj tovto eV- a(f)ieraL KaOarrepel KaTa7rXvvovTa<; iKelvo. Kal Ta pev iv ttj e^co OaXdTTij hevhpa Td ye vvv TeOewprjpieva cF-)(ehov ToaavTd idTiv. VIII. "Tirep he tmv iv toU iroTapioh Kal toU eXecn Kal Tal<^ Xipvai^ p,eTd TavTa XeKTeov. Tpia he icTTiv el'hr] tcov iv tovtol<;, Ta pev hevhpa Ta h' ^ i^fipdv conj. W.; 4^(iaipeiv F^ ; i^alpeiv Aid. ^ 4. 5. 8. ' T.imarind. See Index App. (15). Plin. 12. 40.
  • ttAV do^noP conj. H. Steph.; TrXeiova oSfxov UMAld.
^ rcf ;ue7606j Kal I con j. ; Ka\ t^ /xeyiOei UMVP; Kal om. Aid.
  • Tamarind also. See Index App. (16). ' i.e. leaflets.
  • Ficns lacci/era. See Index App. (17). ov (pvWoppooixras
conj. W., cf. G and Plin. I.e.; ai (pvWoppoovaiv Ald.H. 344 ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IV. vii. 7-viii. 1 and closed^ but Avhen it is ripe, it unfolds and puts forth ^ the ' wool/ of which they weave their fabrics, some of which are cheap and some very expensive. This tree is also found, as was said,'- in India as well as in Arabia. They say that there are other trees ^ with a flower like the gilliflower, but scent- less"* and in size ^ four times as large as that flower. And that there is another tree ^ with many leaves " like the rose, and that this closes at night, but opens at sunrise, and by noon is completely unfolded ; and at evening- again it closes by degrees and remains shut at night, and the natives say that it goes to sleep. Also that there are date-palms on the island and vines and other fruit-trees, including evergreen ^ figs. Also that there is water from heaven, but that they do not use it for the fruits, but that there are many springs on the island, from which they water everything, and that this is more beneficial ^ to the corn and the trees. Wherefore, even when it rains, they let this water over the fields,^'^ as though they were washing away the rain water. Such are the trees as so far observed which grow in the outer sea. Of the plants of rivers, marshes, and lakes, tsperially in Egypt. VIII. Next we must speak of plants which live in rivers marshes and lakes. Of these there are three classes, trees, plants of ' herbaceous ' ^^ character, and ^ h KoX (TD/.tcpipeii' conj. Sch.; & koI avfKpepei Aid.; U has (Tv/j-cpepeiy. ^° c/. G.P. 2. 5. 5, where Androsthenes, one of Alexander's admirals, is given as the authority for this statement. ^^ The term to. iroiuiSr] seems to be given here a narrower connotation than usual, in order that to Aoxm^Stj may be distinguished. 345 THEOPHRASTUS Mairep ttokoSt) ra 8e Xo^^/ioihr]. Xeyw 8e TrotcoS?/ /-Lev olov TO creXwov ro eXeiov kol ocra aWa tol- avTW \o)(/icoSij Se KoXafxov Kvireipov 0\eaj (^X^^' vov ^ovTOfiop, airep a)(^€hov kolvcl Trdvrwv tmv TTOTa/Xcbv Kol TWV TOIOVTWV TOTTWV. ^Kvia')(^ov Be kuI ^droi ical naXiOvpoL kol rd dXXa SeuSpa, KaOdirep Irea XevKrj irXdravo^;. rd fxev ovv p^ey^pi tov KaTaKpvTTreaOaL, rd Se wcrrc fiLKpov viTepe)(eiv, roov he at pev pi^ai kol piKpov rov crTeXt'^j^of? iv rw vyp(p, to Se dXXo awpa irdv e^o). Tovro jdp kol Irea /cal kXi']6 pa kol irXaTavcp Kol (fnXvpa KOL '/Taai. tol^ (f)tXvSpoL<; avp^alvei. %),^€Sov Be KOL raura Kowd Travrcov twv TTora- p^oiv eariv iirel kol ev tco Net\w 7re(f)v/cev' ov prjv iToXKrj ye rj irXdravo^, dXXd airavLwrepa en TavT7]<; rj Xevfcrj, TrXetcrr?; Se /xeXua /cat ^oupe\to<i. rcov yovv ev AlyvTrroy (fivopevcov to pev oXov TToXv 7rXf]06<i eariv tt/oo? to dpiOp,)']aaadai, KaO e/cacTTOV' ov prjv aXX' W9 ye d7r\(o<i elirelv diravTa iScoBip,a Kal p^v^oi)? €')(ovra yXvKel<;. Sia(f)epetv he BoKel Tjj yXvKUTtjTL Kal tw rpoc^Lpa p,d\iaTa elvai rpia TavTa, 6 re irdirvpo^ Kal to KaXov- pevov adpu Kal TpuTOV o pvdaiov KaXovau. ^^veTaL Be 6 Trdirvpo^; ovk ev ^dOeu tov vBaTO<; dXX' oaov iv Bvo 7r>/%ecrii/, evia^pv Be Kal ev eXuTTOVL. TTa^o^ pev ovv Tri<^ pi'^V'^ rjXvKOV Kap- TTO? ')(eipo'^ uvBpo^ evpdxTTov, pP]KO<i Be vTcep re- Tpdrrt]')(y' (f)veTai, Be virep tt)? y}]<; avTi)<i, irXayia^ pi^a<^ et? TOV irrfkov Kadielaa X67rTd<; Kal 7rvKvd<;, dvco Be Tou? TraiTvpov^ KaXovp,evov<; rpiycovov^;, 1 Twi/ yovv K.T.\.: text probably defective; what follows appears to relate to rh. ttoiwStj. ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IV. viii. 1-3 plants growing in clumps. By ' herbaceous ' I mean here such plants as the marsh celery and the like ; by ^plants growing in clumps' I mean reeds galin- gale phleo rush sedge — which are common to almost all rivers and such situations. And in some such places are found brambles Christ's thorn and other trees, such as willow abele plane. Some of these are water plants to the extent of being submerged, while some project a little from the water ; of some again the roots and a small part of the stem are under water, but the rest of the body is altogether above it. This is the case with willow alder plane lime, and all water-loving trees. These too are common to almost all rivers, for they grow even in the Nile. However the plane is not abundant by rivers, while the abele is even more scarce, and the manna-ash and ash are commonest. At any rate of those ^ that grow in Egypt the list is too long to enumerate separately ; however, to speak generally, they are all edible and have sweet flavours. But they differ in sweetness, and we may distinguish also three as the most useful for food, namely the papyrus, the plant called sari, and the plant which they call mnasion. 2 The papyrus does not grow in deep water, but only in a depth of about two cubits, and sometimes shallower. The thickness of the root is that of the wrist of a stalwart man, and the length above four cubits 2 ; it grows above the ground itself, throwing down slender matted roots into the mud, and producing above the stalks which give it its name ' papyrus ' ; these are three-cornered and about ten » Plin. 13. 71-73. Je'/ca TTTJxfts MSS. See next note. 347 THEOPHRASTUS fieyeOo^; co? BcKa rrrj-^ei^;, KOfx^iv e^ovTa<; a')(^peiov aadevrj Kapirov he oXw? ovBerw rovTOV<; 8' dvaSl- 4 SuxTL Kara ttoWo, fiepr]. y^ponnai he Ta2<; fxev pit,aL<^ dvrl ^vkwv ov fiovov tw Kaetv dWa koI tw aKewf dWa iroielv i^ avrcov iravTohaTrd- ttoXv <yap e')(€i to ^v\ov Kal koXov. avro'^ Se 6 ird- TTvpo'^ TT/^o? TrXelara ')(p)'}cri/jLO<i' koX 'yap rrXola TTOiovcnv i^ avTov, kol eK tt}? ^l^Xov laTia re ifKeKOvat kol 'ylndOov; /cal eaOfjTa riva kol arpcofivd^; kol axotvla re Kal erepa TrXeto). Ka\ e/jL(f)avearara Srj rol^; e^co rd ^i/SXla' /jidXicrra Be Kal TrXeiari] /SoijOeia Trpo? rr]V rpocprjv di? avrov yiverai. /xaawvrai <ydp diravre'^ ol ev rfj %a>pa rov TTaTTvpov Kal wfiov Kal €(f)Oov Kal oirrov Kal rov [xev ^(yXov KaraTTLPovcri, rb Be fidat-j/ia CK^dX- Xovaiv. o fxev ovv irdirvpo'; rowyro<; re Kal rav- ra<; rrape')(eraL rd(; ')(^peia<^. yiverac Be Kal ev Xvpta irepl ri]v Xlfivijv ev fj Kal 6 KuXa/no^ 6 €V(t)By]<;' 66ev Kal 'Avriyovo<i et? rd<; vav<; eiroielro rd (xxoLvla. 6 To Be adpi (f)veraL /aev ev rw vBari irepl rd eXy] Kal rd TreBua, iireiBdv 6 irorapo^ direXOr], pl^av Be ex^L aKXripdv Kal avvearpaju/jLevyjv, Kal e^ avri]<; <f)veraL rd aapia KaXovfieva' ravra Be firJKO'^ piev o)? Bvo rrrjx^i^y 7ra;^o? Se i)XiKov 6 BdKrvXo<i 6 p.e'ya^ t>}? x^ipo^' rplycovov Be Kal rovro, KaOdrrep 6 irdrrvpo^, Kal Kopirjv e^ov TrapaTrXyacov. fia- adifievoi Be eK^dXXovai Kal rovro ro /j,dar}fia, rfj pil^rj Be ol aLBrjpovpyol ;;^/oa)7'Taf rov yap dvOpaKa TTOiel XPV^'^ov Bid ro aKXrjpov elvai, ro ^vXov. To Be fivdaiov TroicoSe? eariv, war ovBep-iav rrapexerai ;!^/36i'ay rrXijv rtjv et? rpocptjv. 348 ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IV. viii. 3-6 cubits ^ long, having a plume which is useless and weak, and no fruit whatever; and these stalks the plant sends up at many points. They use the roots instead of wood, not only for burning, but also for making a great variety of articles ; for the wood is abundant and good. The ^papyrus' itself- is useful for many purposes ; for they make boats from it, and from the rind they weave sails mats ^ kind of raiment coverlets ropes and many other things. Most familiar to foreigners are the papyrus-rolls made of it ; but above all the plant also is of very great use in the way of food.^ For all the natives chew the papyrus both raw boiled and roasted ; they swallow the juice and spit out the quid. Such is the papyrus and such its uses. It grows also in Syria about the lake in which grows also sweet- flag ; and Antigonus made of it the cables for his ships. ^ The sari grows in the water in marshes and plains, when the river has left them ; it has a hard twisted root, and from it grow what they call the xaiia^; these are about two cubits long and as thick as a man's thumb ; this stalk too is three- cornered, like the papyrus, and has similar foliage. This also they chew, spitting out the quid ; and smiths use the root, for it makes excellent charcoal, because the wood is hard. Mnasion is herbaceous, so that it has no use except for food. 1 8e/ca vT]xeis : TerpaTrTjxe's MSS. The two numbers seem to have changed places (Bartels ap. Sch.). cj. PUn. I.e. - i.e. the stalk. s cJ. Diod. 1. 80. * Plin. 13. 128.
  • i.e. stalks, like those of the papyrus.
349 THEOPHRASTUS Kat TO, fjLev y'XvKVTTjTi hia^epovra ravrd eari. <f)V€Tac Be Kal erepov ev TOi<i eXeai kol rat's Xtyu- vai<i ov avvd-mei rfj yf], ti]v jxev (pvacv ofxoior TOL<; Kpivoi<^, 7ro\v(f)v\X6r€poi' Se kol nrap dWifka rd (fyvWa KaOc'nrep ev hiaroL^LCi' 'y^poojia he %Xft)- pov e)(eL ac^ohpa. ^(^pCiVTai he ol luTpol tt/do? Te rd yvvaLKeta avrco kol tt^o? rd Kardjfiara. [Tavra he yiperai ev t&> Trora/JLW el /jltj 6 povs e^e^epev avfi/SaLvet Be coare Kal dnocpepeaOai' ere pa S* drr avrcov TrXeio).] 'O Be Kvap.o<=; (f)verat fiev ev rot^ eXecrt Kal Xl/x- vaL^, KavXo<; Be avrou /j,i}Ko<i fiev 6 /laKporaro^ 6i? rerrapa<i mjx^c^, 7ra;^09 ^e BaKrv\iaio^\ 6/iioio<; Be KaXd/j^M /xaXaKcp ayovdrqy. Biacf^vaei^ Be evBoOev e^^L Bl oXov Bi€i\7]/ji/jieva<; OfioLa^; roL<i Kr)pioL^- irrl rovrw Be ?'/ KwBva, rrapo/jLOLa a^iiKiw rrepi^epel, Kal ev eKaarw rtov Kvrrdpcov Kva/xo^ jiLKpov vTTepaipcdv avr7]<i, ttXt}^©? Be ol rrXelaroi rpiuKovra. ro Be dvOo^ BirrXdcnov rj fjL7JKcovo<;, y^poifia Be 6/jlolov puhcp KaraKope^' eirdvco Be rov vBaro'^ T) KOiBva. rrapacpveraL Be ^vWa /xeyiiXa Trap* GKaarov royv Kvdp,(ov, cov taa rd p.eyeOi] rreruao) ^erraXiKrj rov avrov ey^ovra KavXov rep ra)v KVupLWV. avvrpL'^jravri B' eKuarov ro)v Kvd- fxcov (pavepov earu ro rriKpov avvearpa/iip-erov, e^
  • Ottelia alismoeides. See Index App. (18).
  • Tavra. . . irXflw conj. W. after 8ch.; I have also trans-
posed the two sentences, after Sch. Tlie whole passage in [ ] (whicli is omitted by G) is apparently eitlier an interpolation or defective. arjiu-aiva Se wcrTrep Ka\ airotpfpfadar irepa be aTr' avTwv ra TrAeTa- ravra Se yiyfrai iv rep noTa/j.^- el /xt] 6 pois (^((fjipfv Aid. ; SO also U, but avruv nXflw. ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IV. viii. 6-7 Such are the plants wliicli excel in sweetness of taste. There is also another plant ^ which grows in the marshes and lakes, but which does not take hold of the ground ; in character it is like a lily, but it is more leafy, and has its leaves op})osite to one another, as it were in a double row ; the colour is a deep green. Physicians use it for the complaints of women and for fractures. Now these plants grow in the river, unless the stream has thrown them up on land ; it sometimes happens that they are borne down the stream, and that then other plants grow from them.^ ^ But the ' Egyptian bean ' grows in the marshes and lakes ; the length of its stalk at longest is four cubits, it is as thick as a man's finger, and resembles a pliant^ reed without joints. Inside it has tubes which run distinct from one another right through, like a honey-comb : on this is set the ' head,' which is like a round wasps' nest, and in each of the cells is a 'bean,' which slightly projects from it; at most there are thirty of these. The flower is twice as large as a poppy's, and the colour is like a rose, of a deep shade; the Miead ' is above the water. Large leaves grow at the side of each plant, equal ^ in size to a Thessalian hat^ ; these have a stalk exactly like that of the plant. If one of the ' beans ' is crushed, you find the bitter substance coiled up, of which the » Plin. 18. 121 antl 122.
  • p.a\aK(2 Ald.H.G Plin. I.e. Athen. 3. 2 cites the passage
with /j.aKp(f). 5 "((Ta conj. W. ; kuI Aid.
  • irerd(T(j) conj. Sch. from Diosc. 2. 106; iriKw Ald.H. ; ol
■nhaaoi are mentioned below (§ 9) without explanation. The comparison is omitted by G and Plin. I.e. ' i.t. that which carries the KuSva. 351 THEOPHRASTUS 8 ov fyii>6Tai 6 TTtXo?. ra ^ev ovv irepl top Kapirov roiavra. rj Se pi^a 'jra')(yrepa rou KaXdpov rov va-^vraTOV kol SiacfyvaeLf; opoia)<; €)(^ovaa tm KavXw. eadiovcFi S' avTtjV kol m/jlijv kol ecpOrjv KOL OTTTi'lV, fCal OL TTCpl TO. eXr] TOVTM (JtTft) XP^^' rai. cf)i>€TaL pev ovv 6 7ro\v<; avr6paro<;' ov pr]v aWa Koi fcara/SdWovaiv iv irrfKui cix^pcjoaavre^i €v pd\a Trpo? to KaT6re)(9y)vai re kol pelvau Kal pi] Biacf)0apfivaL' Kal ovtco KaracrKevd^ovcn tol/? Kvapoiva'^' av 5' dwa^ dvTLXd/SrjTai, pevei Bid reXof?. la"xi^pd jdp rj pi^a Kal ov Troppco tt)? TMV KaXdpcDV ttXtjp eTraKavOl^ovaa' St' o Kal 6 KpoKoBeiXo^ (f)€vyei prj TrpoaKoyjrr] tw 6(})6aXp(p Tw pyj o^v KaOopav yiferaL Se ovro^ Kal ev '^vpia Kal Kara KiXiKuav, aXV ovk iKTrerrovaiv al yoypai' Kal irepl Topcovrjv tt}? XaX/ctSt/t/)? iv \ipvr] TLvl perpia tw peyeOer Kal avrov Trerrerai reXeo)? Kal reXeoKaprrei. 9 'O he XcoTO? KaXovpevo^ (pverat, pev 6 TrXelaTa iv TOt? TreStoi?, orav i) x^P^ KaraKXvaOfj. rov- Tov Be y pev rov KavXov (f)V(7i<; opo'ia tjj tov Kvdpov, Kal ol TreraaoL Be wcraurco?, ttXtjv iXdr- T0v<i Kal XeTTTOTepoL. iTTicpveraL Be opoiax; 6 Kap7r6<; iw rov Kvdpov. rb dvdo<; avrov XevKOv ip(f)epe<i rfj arevonin rcov (I)vXXq)v rol<; rov KpLvov, TToXXd Be Kal irvKvd iir dXXrjXoL^; (pverai. ravra Be orav pev 6 T/Xto? Bvr) avppvec Kal avy- KuXvTrrei rr)v K(oBvav, dpu oe rfj dvaroXfj Blol- 1 6 TT^Kos UMV; T] mKos Ald.H.; t^germen Sch, 2 c/. Diosc. 2. 107. ' Koi Kara0. conj. \V. ; Karafi. Aid. ; /caTo)3. 5' UMV.
  • riin. 13. 1U7 aud 108.
352 ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IV. vm. 7-9 pilos^ is made. So much for the fruit. The root is thicker than the thickest reed, and is made up of distinct tubes, like the stalk. ^They eat it both raw boiled and roasted, and the people of the marshes make this their food. It mostly grows of its own accord ; however they also sow '-^ it in the mud, having first well mixed the seed with chaff, so that it may be carried down and remain in the ground without being rotted ; and so they prepare the ' bean ' fields, and if the plant once takes hold it is permanent. For the root is strong and not unlike that of reeds, except that it is prickly on the surface. Wherefore the crocodile avoids it, lest he may strike his eye on it, since he has not sharp sight. This plant also grows in Syria and in parts of Cilicia, but these countries cannot ripen it; also about Torone in Chalcidice in a certain lake of small size ; and this lake ripens it perfectly and matures its fruit.
  • The plant called the lotos (Nile water-lily) grows
chiefly in the plains when the land is inundated. The character of the stalk of this plant is like that of the * Egyptian bean,' and so are the 'hat-like' leaves,^ except that they are smaller and slenderer. And the fruit ^ grows on the stalk in the same way as that of the ' bean.' The flower is white, resem- bling in the narrowness of its petals those of the lily,'^ but there are many petals growing close one upon another. When the sun sets, these close ^ and cover up the ' head,' but with sunrise they open and
  • cf. 4. 8. 7.
« Kapnhs conj. W.; Xccrhs MSS. Possibly the fruit was specially called \wt6s. 7 cf. Hdt. 2. 92; Diosc. 4. 113. ^ 5vT?, avix^ivii conj. St.; a-v/x/xvei MV; avfifivT) U; av^ixvri (omitting koI) Ald.H. 353 THEOPHRASTUS <y€7ai Kol virep rov vBaTO<; yiverai. rovro Se TTOLel jJi^XP^ ^^ ^7 KcoBva iKTeXewOfj kuI ra avOi] iO irepLppvfi. T/}? he KcoBva<i to /ji€yeOo<; tjXCkoi' fiiJKcovo'^ t/)? /j,€ylaTr}<i, koI Sie^warai, raif; Kara- rofial^ Tov avTOv rpoirov rfj fn'j/crovi' ttXtjv ttvkvo- repo's ev TavTaL<; 6 Kapiro^;. ean Be Trapofioio^; TU) Key')(p(p. ev Se tw Eu^yoaxT; t^z^ fccoSvav ^aai Nral ra avOrj hvveiv koI vrrofcara^abveLV tt}? 6\ffLa<i p^XP^ yuecrwz^ vvKTWv Koi tw ^dOei Troppco' ovBe yap Kadievra ttjv X^'^P^ \a^elv elvai. pLera Be ravra orav 6p6po<; y ttoXlv erravievai kol rrpof; rjpepav en pidWov, cipa tw yjXiw (f)avep6v <ov> virep rov vBaTO<i koi avoiyetv to avOo<;, dvoix^ev- TO? Be en dva^aiveiv avx^'ov Be to vTrepalpov 11 elvai TO vBcop. rd<; Be KwBva<^ ravra^ ol Alyu- TTTtoi avvOevTe<; eh ro avro ar^nrovaLV eirav Be (TaTTTJ ro Ke\v(l)0<;, ev rro rrorapw KXv^ovre^; e^ai- povai rov Kaprrov, ^7]pdvavre<; Be Kal irrlcravre^ aprov<; iroLovaL Kal rovrw ^pcoz^TOt (nrlw. rj Be pi^a rov Xcorov KuXelrat pev Kopaiov, earl Be arpoyyvXrj, ro peyeOa 7]\Uov pirfKov K.vB(ovtov (l)\oi6<; Be rrepLKeLrai rrepl avrrjv /xeXa? ep<^epr}(; rCp KaaravaiKM Kapvw' ro Be evro^ \evfc6v, e^Jro- pevov Be Kal oTrraypLevov yiverat, \€Ki0coBe<;y rjBv Be ev rfj 7rpoa(f)opa' eaOierai Be Kal oopi], dpiarri Be ev \rw] vBari e(f)dj] Kal oirrr). Kal ra puev ev Tot? vBacFLv ax^Bov ravrd eortv. 12 'Ei^ Be TOi? dppcoBeai p^&)/9tot?, a ecrrLV oil iroppo) 1 c/. Diosc. I.e. 2 cf. C.P. 2. 19. 1 ; Tlin. 13. 109. ' dil/j'as conj. W. from Plin. l.c, ? o\\/ias wpas.
  • <hu> add. W.
' Ke\v<poi i.e. fruit : KapTr6v i.e. seeds. 354 ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IV. viii. 9-12 appear above the water. This the plant does until the ' head ' is matured and the flowers have fallen off". ^ The size of the ' head ' is that of the largest poppy, and it has grooves all round it in the same way as tlie poppy, but the fruit is set closer in these. This is like millet. ^ In the Euphrates they say that the ' head ' and the flowers sink and go under water in the evening 3 till midnight, and sink to a consider- able depth ; for one can not even reach them by plunging one's hand in ; and that after this, when dawn comes round, they rise and go on rising towards day-break, being * visible above the water when the sun appears ; and that then the plant opens its flower, and, after it is open, it still rises ; and that it is a considerable part which projects above the water. These *^ heads' the Egyptians heap together and leave to decay, and when the "^pod ' ^ has decayed, they wash the ' head ' in the river and take out the ' fruit,' ^ and, having dried and pounded ^ it, they make loaves of it, which they use for food. The root of the lotos is called korsion," and it is round and about the size of a quince ; it is enclosed in a black '^bark,' like the shell of a chestnut. The inside is white ; but when it is boiled or roasted, it becomes of the colour of the yolk of an egg and is sweet to taste. The root is also eaten raw, though it is best when boiled in water or roasted.^ Such are the plants found in water. In sandy places which are not ^ far from the river s TTTiVavTes : cf. Hdt. 2. 92. ' cf. Strabo 17. 2. 4. 8 iaOifTai . . . oirrr) conj. Sch. from Plin. I.e. and G ; 4a0. be Kal wjxSv apltni] Se iv ro7s vSaffiv avrr] w/xri Aid. ; aplarr] hi Kal Tois vdaaiy avr^v UMV, then o/xr} U, ti/tTj V, wfXT] M ; apiaTT] he iV T(f USOTI k<p6)l ^ KOi OTTTT) H. " ov was apparently not in Pliny's text ; (21. 88.) 355 THEOPHRASTUS Tov TTora/jLOv, (puerat Kara 77}? Kokelrai fiaXip- adaXkr], crrpoyyuXov tw ayji'-jiiaTL /j,eyeOo<; Se rjXiKOV fieaTTiXov airvprjvov he (i^Xoiov (f)vWa 8e d(pL')]aiu aiT avrov o/ioia Kvirelpw' ravra avvdyovr€<; ol Kara Ttjv ')(^u>pav e^ovauv ev /3pvra) 'TM aTTO TMV Kpidoiv KOL yiverai yXvKea a(f)6Spa' XP^vTUL Be TTavre^ wairep rpayyjfjLaat, 13 Toi? Be ^oval KuX toI<^ 7r/3o/3aTOt9 diravra filv rd (^vofieva iBcoSif-id eaTiv, ev Be n yevo<; ev raU Xifxvai^ Kol TOL<^ eXeat (fyuerai Bia<^epov, kui ')(Xo)pdv veixovrai koI ^i]paLvovT€<; Trapexovai Kara X^t/jLcova TOA? ^ovalv orav epydawvTaL' /cal rd aM/iara exovaiv ev oirov dXXo XajJL^dvovTe's ovOev. 14 "E(JTt Be KOI dXXo '7rapa(f)v6/i€vov avrofiarov ev Tcp cTLTfp' rovTO Be, orav 6 alro'^ 77 Ka6ap6<^, v7ro'7TTi(TavTe<; Kara^dXXovat tov ')(,^ip.Mvo<; vy- pdv €69 yrjv /SXaaTijaavro^ Be Tefi6vre<; koi ^7]pdvavr€<; Trapexovcn kol tovto jSoval Kal rTTTTOf? Kal To2<; V7T0^VyL0L<; aVV TW KapiTU) TO) €771- yivo/iev(p' 6 Be Kap7ro<; ixeye9o<; p,ev ijXiKov ai]- aafjLov, (TrpoyyvXo<; Be Kal tw ^/Jco/zaTt ^Xwyao?, drya6o<i Be Biacfyepovrco'^. ev Alyvirrw jiev ovv rd TrepLTrd a^^Bov ravTa dv ti<; Xd^oL. TX. "^KaaToi Be twj> TroTafiMV eoiKacnv IBiov Ti (jyepeiv, tocriTep Kal rcov ;^6/3cratft)r. eirel ovBe 6 rpL/3oXo<i ev diracnv ovBe iravray^ov (^verai, dXX' ev TOt? eXd)Be(Tt, tmv Trora/iMV ev fxeyiarw Be ^dOei TrevTaTT^JX^t' rj fJiiKpw fiei^ovL, KaOdrcep ' Plin. I.e. anthalium, whence Salm. conj. avQiWiov. - Saccharum hijlorniv. 8ee Index App. (19). ' «u ffirov &\\o conj. W.; evcriTovi'Ta Aid. ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IV. viii. 12-ix. i there grows under ground the thing called malina- Ihalle ^ ; this is round in shape and as large as a medlar, but has no stone and no bark. It sends out leaves like those of galingale. These the people of the country collect and boil in beer made from barley, and they become extremely sweet, and all men use them as sweetmeats. All the things that grow in such places may be eaten by oxen and sheep, but there is one kind of plant ^ which grows in the lakes and marshes which is specially good for food : they graze their cattle on it when it is green, and also dry it and give it in the winter to the oxen after their v/ork ; and these keep in good condition when they have no other ^ kind of food. There is also another plant ^ which comes up of its own accord among the corn ; this, when the harvest is cleared, they crush slightly ^ and lay during the winter on '^ moist ground ; when it shoots, they cut and dry it and give this also to the cattle and horses and beasts of burden with the fruit which forms on it. The fruit in size is as large as sesame, but round and green in colour, and exceedingly good. Sucli one might take to be specially remarkable plants of Egypt. IX. Every river seems to bear some peculiar plant, just as does each part of the dr}^ land. ^ For not even the water-chestnut grows in all rivers nor everywhere, but only in marshy rivers, and only in those whose depth is not more or not much more than five cubits,
  • Corchorus trilocularis. See Index App. (20).
' G seems to have read viroTriiaavTis {leviter pinsentes) ; vnoTtrrjaapres W. with Ald.H. 8 els conj. W. ; rijv Aid. ' Plin. 21. 98 ; Diosc. 4. 15. 357 THEOPHRASTUS irepl Tov ^rpv/ii6va' a)(6hov he iv Toaovrcp kul 6 Kd\a/jLO<; KOI ra ciWa. virepex^i' he ovOev avTov 7r\i]v avra tcl (pvWa Moirep iTTLveovra Kol KpviTTOVTa TOV Tpu/Sokov, 6 he T/it/3o\o? ai'ro? iv TO) vhart vevcov et? ^vOov. to he (f)vWoy earl irXarv 7rpoa€/ii(f)epe<i rw tt)? irre\ea<;, fjula^ov he 2 e-^eu a(f)6hpa fia/cpov 6 he Kav\o<; i^ ciKpov TTa'xyTCLTo^;, 06 ev ra (f)vWa koI 6 Kapiro'^, ra he KuTO) XcTTTOTe/Jo? del pey^pi tt)? pi^y]<;' e^^L he cLTTOTrec^vKOTa dir avrov TpL-)(oihri ra fxev irXeiCTTa irapdW'rfKa ra he kuI rrapaWdrrovra, ndrcdOev diro r/y? pi^V^ fieydXa ra he dvco del e\dr- TO) rrpoLovaiv, coare rd reXeurala /xL/cpd rrdinrav elvai fcal rrjv hia(f)Opdv p.eydXr]v rrjv diro Tr}v pL^tj'i 7r/50? rbv Kaprrov. e;^6t he eK rov ei^o? KavXov Kal rrapa^Xaaryp-ara rrXeid)' Kal yap rpla Kal rerrapa, p^eycarov 3' alel ro TrXTjaiai- repov T/}? /Jt'^^;?, elra ro p.erd rovro /cal rd ciXXa Kara Xoyov. to he rrapa^Xdarrjpid eariv Marrep kuvXo'^ ciXXo^ X€7rrorepo<; /xev rov Trpcorov, rd he (fyvXXa Kal rbv Kapnov e')(03V 6p.ol(o<;. 6 he KapTTO^i p,eXa<; Kal aKXrjpo^; acpohpa. pit,av he '))Xlk7]v Kal iroiav e')(ei (iKerrreov. rj pLev ovv (f)vaL<; roiavrr}. (pverac piev diro rov Kapirov rov 7TL7rrovro<; Kal dcpL^cTL /SXaarov rov r/po<;' 3 (jiaal he ol pLev elvat eireraov ol he hLapueveiv r7]v piev pi^av eh XP^^^^* ^^ V'^ '^^ '^V^ /SXa- arrjcTLv elvat rov KavXov. rovro piev ovv GKe- rrreov. ihiov he rrapd rdXXa ro rcov 7rapa(j)vop.evcov eK rov KavXov rpcxfohcov ovre yap <^vXXa ravra ovre KavX6<;' eirel ro ye rP]<i irapa^Xaar^'jaeoj^ KOLvuv KaXu/.LOv Kal dXXcov. 358 ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IV. ix. 1-3 as tlie Strymon. (In rivers oC sucli a depth grow also reeds and other plants.) No part of it projects from the water except just the leaves ; these float as it were and conceal the ' cliestnut/ which is itself under water and bends down towards the bottom. The leaf is broad, like that of the elm^ and has a very long stalk. The stem is thickest at the top, whence spring the leaves and the fruit ; below it gets thinner down to the root. It has springing from it hair-like growths, most of which are parallel to each other, but some are irregular; below, starting from the root, they are large, but, as one gets higher up the plant, they become smaller, so that tliose at the top are quite small and there is a great contrast between the root and the top where the fruit grows. The plant also has on the same stalk several side- growths ; of these there are three or four, and the largest is always that which is nearer to the root, the next largest is the one next above it, and so on in proportion : this sidegrowth is like another stalk, but slenderer tlian the original one, though like that it has leaves and fruit. The fruit is black and extremely hard. The size and character of the root are matter for further enquiry. Such is the character of this plant. It grows from the fruit which falls, and begins to grow in spring. Some say that it is annual, others that the root persists for a time, and that from it grows the new stalk. This then is matter for enquiry. However quite peculiar to this plant is the hair-like character of the growths which spring from the stalk ; for these are neither leaves nor stalk ; though reeds and other things have also sidegrowths. 359 THROPHRASTUS X. Ta iJiev ovv iSia Oeoiprjreov tSto)? hrjXov on, ra Be kolvcl kolvm^. Bcaipelv 8e y^pr] Kal ravra Kara tou? tottol'?, olov el ra fiev eXeia ra he Xifivala ra Se Trord/xia fidWov rj Kal KOiva irdv- T(07' TCxiv TOTrrov Siaipetp Se Kal irola ravra ev tm vypo) Kal TO) ^ijpcp (pverac, Kal rrola ev rw v'ypu) fiouou, o)? a7rXw9 elirelv irpo^; ra Koivorara elpr]- fieva irporepov.
  • Ei; 8' ovv rfj \lfivj] rf] irepX 'Op)(0fievov tciB'
iarl ra (pvo/xeva SevSpa Kal vXjjfiaTa, Irea €\aiayvo<; alSr] KdXa/j.o^ 6 re av\r)TiKo<; Kal 6 erepc; Kvireipov (^Xeco? tv(})tj, en ye /jL7]vav0o'=; Ilk fir] Kal to KaXovpevov lttvov. o yap vpoaayo- pevovai \e/j,va tovtov ra TrXetco Kad' vharo^ ean. 2 Tovrcov Be ra fjcev aWa yvcopifia' 6 3' e\aiayvo<i Kal 7) alByj Kal 7) ixrjvavOo^ Kal 7) iKfit] Kal to LTTVov Lcra)<; fiev (pveraL Kal erepcoOi, rrpoaayopeve- rai 8e aXX.OL<; 6v6/j.aat,' XeKreov Be rrepl avrcov. can Be 6 jxev e\aiayvo<i cfyvaet jxev OapuvoiBe^ Kal Trapofioiov roL<i dyvoL<i, (f)vWov Be e'xeu too piev cxrjpan TrapaTrXyjcTLov pcaXaKov Be, Manep ai /irjXeat, Kal ^(yoMBe^. dvOo^ Be ru) Tf;? XevKT]<; 6/ioLov eXarrov Kapirov Be ovBeva cf)ep€i. (pverai Be 6 TrXetcTTo? p.ev eVl rcov rrXodBcov vijo-cov elal ydp nve^i Kal evravOa rrXodBe^, Mairep ev AlyvTrro) ^ TO. 5e Koti'o. Koivws conj. Sch. from G ; ra St koivCos AIJ.H.
  • rav-ra conj. Sell.: ravra Aid.
^ Trpos Ttt Koiv. (J p. IT p. conj. W. supported by G ; Koiv6rara irpoano-qixfva. trporfpov Ald.H, 360 ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IV. x. 1-2 Of the plants peculiar to the lake of Orchomenos (Lake Copais), especially its reeds; and of reeds in general. X. Plants peculiar to particular places must be considered separately, while a general account may be given of those which are generally distributed.^ But even the latter must be classified according to locality ; thus some belong to marshes, others to lakes, others to rivers, or again others may be common to all kinds of locality : we must also distinguisli which occur alike ^ in wet and in dry ground, and which only in wet ground, marking these off in a general way from those mentioned above as being most impartial.^ Now in the lake near Orchomenos grow the following trees and woody plants : willow goat-willow water-lily reeds (both that used for making pipes and the other kind) galingale phleos bulrush ; and also ' moon-flower ' duckweed and the plant called marestail : as for the plant called water-chickweed the greater part of it grows under water.* Now of these most are familiar : the goat-willow water-lily ' moon-flower ' duckweed and marestail probably grow also elsewhere, but are called by different names. Of these we must speak. The goat-willow is of shrubby habit and like the chaste- tree : its leaf resembles that leaf in shape, but it is soft like that of the apple,^ and downy. The bloom ^ is like that of the abele, but smaller, and it bears no fruit. It grows chiefly on the floating islands ; (for here too there are floating islands, as in the marshes
  • TovTOv TO. vXeiw KuO' vS. conj. Sch. ; rovro TrAeico to KaQ^ vS.
UM ; rovTO TrXe'iov rh Kad' v8. Aid.
  • lj.y}\4at perhaps here = quince (yuTjXe'a Kudcvvla).
  • &vdos here = catkin.
361 thp:ophrastus TTcpl TO, eA.7; Kal ev i*^)ecnTpwTihL koX ev a\\aL<; \l/i- vaL<;' iXdrTMv he KaO^ vSaro's' o fxev ovv i\aia<yvo<^ TOLOVTOV. 'H 8e aih) rrjv fikv /jLop(p7]P ecrriv ofioua rrj fi/jKcovr Kal yap to dvco /curivwSe<=; rotovrov e^et, nrXrjv /lel^ov o)? kuto, \6yov fieyeOei Se 6\o<i 6 oyKO^ rfKiKOV firjXov ean he ov yvjxvov, aWa v/xeves irepl avrrjv XevKoi, Kal iirl rovTOL<^ e^cdOev cf)vWa ttomSt) TrapairX'ijcna toZ? tcop poScov orav ev KoXv^iV a)ai, rerrapa rov apiOfiov dvoLX^eiaa he rov^ k6kkov<; epvOpov^ jxev e')(6i rw (T')(j))i.LaTL he ou^ ofjLOLOv^ ral^ puat<; dWaiTepL(\>epel'^ jxiKpov'^ he Kal ov ttoWm /aei^ov^ Key)(pov' top he 'X^vXov vhaTcohr] TLvd, KaOdirep 6 to)v irvpoiv. dhpvverai he rod Oepov^, ix'iay(ov he exec /xaKpov. to he av6o<i ofJbOLOV pohou KdXuKC, fxelt^ov he Kal a')(ehov hiTrXdcTLov T(p /xeyedeo. tovto /jl€V ovv Kal to (pvWou €7rl rov vharo^' jxerd he ravra, orav diravOrjar} Kal avarrj to TcepLKapiriov, KaTaKXive- aOal (f)acrtv eh to vhcop pdWov, TeXo? he avvdirreiv Tjj yf) Kal rov Kapirov eK')(elv. K.ap7ro(f)op€iu he tmv ev rjj \ipLvr] tovto Kal to ^ovTOfjiov Kal Tov (fiXecov. elvac he tov /Sovto/xov IxeXava, tm he /leyiOeL TrapaTrXijaiov tw t?}? <TLh7)<;. tov he (f)Xeco ttjv KaXovpLevrjv dj'0}]Xt]v, ^ €\a.TTccv . . . i/'Saros : sense doubtful. G. seems to render a different reading. '■* i.e. the flower-head, which, as well as tlie plant, was: called aiSTj. .■? " cf. Athen. 14. 64. ■' i.e. petals. 362 ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IV^ x. 2-4 of Egypt, in Thesprotia, and in other lakes). When it grows under water, it is small er.^ Such is the goat-willow. The Avater-lily2 is in shape like the poppy. ^ For the top of it has this character, being shaped like the pomegranate flower/ but it is longer in propor- tion to the size of the plant. Its size in fact as a whole is that of an apple ; but it is not bare, having round it white membranes,^ and attached to these on the outside are grass-green * leaves,'^ like those of roses when they are still in bud, and of these there are four ; when it is opened it shews its seeds, which are red ; in shape however they are not like pomegranate ^ seeds, but round small and not much longer than millet seeds ; the taste is insipid, like that of wheat-grains. It ripens in summer and has a long stalk. The flower is like a rose-bud, but larger, almost twice as large. Now this and the leaf float on the water ; but later, when the bloom is over and the fruit-case ^ has formed, they say that it sinks deeper into the water, and finally reaches the bottom and sheds its fruit. Of the plants of the lake they say that water-lily sedge and •phleos bear fruit, and that that of the sedge is black, and in size like that of the water-lily. The fruit of phleos is what is called the ' plume,' '-• ® i.e. sepals. ' p6ais conj. Bod. from Nic. Ther. 887 and Schol.; pl^ais UMVAldH.
  • TTcpiKapiTiov conj. W.; KaTaicdpTTLov MSS. Kara- probably
due to KaTaK\(peadai. ^ cf. Diosc. 3, 118. ave-i]Kf]v, sc. Kap-rrhu e'ivai. But Sch. suggests that further description of the fruit has dropped out, and that the clause | . . . Kovias does not refer to the fruit. THEOPHRASTUS u> 'x^pcovrat irpo<; ra? Kovia^. tovto 5' earlv olov 7r\aKovvrcoS6<; re /laXaKOV iirlTTvppov. en he fcal Tov (p<,€ci> Kol rou ^ovto/llou to fiev Brfkv a/capTTOv, ')(^pri(jiiJbov Be tt/jo? tu TrXo/cava, to Se appev axp^Lov. Hepl Se tt}? ik/jLt]^ kol fi-qvdvOov^ fcal tov ittvov (TK€7rT€0V. ^IBlCOTaTOV Be TOVTQ)V €(TtIv 7] TV^l^ KOL TW dipvWov elvac fcal tw fir) TroXvppL^ov rot? aWoi<; 6fioL(o<i' €7rel ToXXa ovy^ rjTTOv eh to, kcltw Trjv opfxrjv e^ei koI tyjv hvvafxiv ixuXidTa he to KVTretpov, axTirep /cat 7) aypo)aTt.<i, Bl kol Bvaoi- \edpa KOI TavTa fcal oXw? airav to jevot; to tolov- Tov. ■}] Be pi^a TOV Kvirelpov ttoXv tl tmv aWwv TrapaWaTTec t^ dvco/jLaXla, tm to fiev elvai Trayy Tl Kca aapK(iiBe<i avTrj^ to Be XeirTov koI (vXcoBe^;' KaX TTJ /SXaaTTjaei kol t?} yeveaer (pveTac jap ttTTO TOV TTpepLVOiBovi CTcpa Xe7rT7] KaTCL irXdyLov, euT ev TavTjj avvlaTaTai ttoXlv to crapKcoBe^, ev m KOL 6 /9Xa(TT09 a(^' ov 6 fcavXo^' d(f)Lrj<Ti Be koX €t9 ^dOo^ TOV avTOv TpoTTOv pL^a<;, Bi* o Kul irdvTWv fidXicTTa BvaoSXeOpov kol epyov i^eXelv. C^X^Bov Be irapairXriaio}^ cpveTac 77 dypcoaTi^ eK Tcbu yovdTwv' at yap pi^ac yovaTci)Bei<;, e^ e/cd- GTOV B' d(pL7-}aiv dvw ^XaaTov kqX KdTcoOev pl^av. waavTW^ Be Kal rj aKavOa 77 aKavdiBrj^, aX,V ov KaXajidiBr)^ ovBe yovard}Br)<; 7) pl^a Tav- ^ Kovias I ? Kovidaeis (plastering), a conjecture mentioned by Sell. 364 ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IV. x. 4-6 and it is used as a soap -powder.^ It is something like a cake, soft and reddish. Moreover the 'female ' plant both of pkleos and sedge is barren, but useful for basket-work,2 while the 'male' is useless. Duckweed ' moon-flower ' and marestail require further investigation. Most peculiar of these plants is the bulrush, both in being leafless and in not having so many roots as the others ; for the others tend downwards quite as much as upwards, and shew their strength in that direction ; and especially is this true of galingale, and also of dog's-tooth grass ; wherefore these plants too and all others like them are hard to destroy. The root of galingale exceeds all the others in the diversity of characters which it shews, in that part of it is stout and fleshy, part slender and woody. So also is this plant peculiar in its way of shooting and originating ; for from the trunk-like stock ^ grows another slender roof* sideways, and on this again forms the fleshy part which contains the shoot from which the stalk springs.^ In like manner it also sends out roots downwards ; wherefore of all plants it is hardest to kill, and troublesome to get rid of. (Dog's-tooth grass grows in almost the same way from the joints ; for the roots are jointed, and from each joint it sends a shoot upwards and a root down- wards. The growth of the spinous plant called corn -thistle •' is similar, but it is not reedy and its 2 cf. Hdt. 3. 98. 3 i.e. rhizome.
  • i.e. stolon ; c/. 1. 6. 8.
' o(^' ov 6 Kav\6s transposed by W, ; in Aid, these words come before iv <^.
  • 7) aKavaiSrjs I conj.; Kedvwvos UMV; Kedvccdos Aid.; ^
Kedvwdos most edd. ; G omits the word. THEOPHRASTUS Tr}<;. ravra /lev ovv iirl irXelov Bca rrjv ofioioTyra etprjTai.) <t>v€Tai 8' ev afx^olv koI iv rrj yfj kol ev TO) vSaTL Irea Kd\afio<;, 7r\7]v rod av\r)TiKov, Kvireipov TvcpT] (^Xeco? ^ovTo/jio<i' iv Be tm vSan [jLovov acSrj. irepl yap t)}? rv(pr]<i afi(f)Lcr07]rovai. KaWid) Be Kol /jL€l^(o tmv iv a[i(^olv (pvo/xevcov alel ra iv tm vBari yiveaOai (paai. ^veaOau 8' evLa TovTwv koX iiri tcdv TrXoaBcov, olov to kv- Treipov Koi TO ^ovto/xov kol tov (f)\ecov, waTe irdvTa TCL fJiipii TavTa tcaTkyeiv. ^EBcoBipa 8' ecTTfc TMV iv TJ) Xi/jLvr) TciBe' rj fxev (TlBtj kol avTrj koi to, (f)vWa rot? Trpo^/iTOL^, 6 Be ^XacTTO's TOt? valv, 6 Be KapiTo<^ rot? dvOpcoTrot^;. TOV Be (fyXect) kol t?}? TV(f)r]<; koI tov ^ovto/jLOV to TT/oo? Tat9 pi^aL<i diraXov, o fidXtaTa iaBieL tcl TraiBla. pi^a 8' iBd)BL/jL0<i 7) tov (f)Xe(o povr] tol<; l3oaK7]paaLV. OTav B' av)(^po<^ r) kol p,i] yevi-jTai TO KaTci K€<paX7]v vBcop, diravTa av)(^/j.eL tcl iv tj} XipLvrj, /xdXiaTa Be 6 KdXap,o^, virep ov kuI Xolttov elirelv virep yap tcov dXXcov a)/eBov etp^jTai. XI. Tov Bt) KaXdpov Bvo (paaiv elvcn 761^77, tov T€ avXrjTLKov Kol TOV eTepov ev yap eivac to yevo^ tov eTepov, BLa<jiepeLv Be dXXrjXwv 1(T')(^vl <Kal Tra')(yTriTL> koi XeiVTOTriTi /cal dadeveia' KaXoiKTi Be TOV fiev lax^pov Kal iraxyv yapaKiav TOV S' eTepov rrXoKifiov Kal ^veaOat, tov pev ^ i.e. wo have gone beyond the list of t3-pical plants of Orcliomenus giv^en 4. 10. 1, because we have found others of whicli much the same may be said. 2 cj. 4. 10. 2. 3 avr'r] : cJ. 4. 10. 3 n. 366 ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IV. x. 6-xi. i root is not jointed. We have enlarged on these matters^ because of the resemblance.) The willow and tlie reed (not however the reed used for pipes) galingale bulrush phleos sedge grow both on land and in the water, water-lily only in the water. (As to bulrush indeed there is a difference of opinion.) However they say that those plants which grow in the water are always finer and larger than those that grow in both positions ; also that some of these })lants grow also on the floating islands,^ for instance galingale sedge and phleos ; thus all parts of the lake contain these plants. Of the plants of the lake the parts good for food are as follows : of the water-lily both the flower ^ and the leaves are good for sheep, the young shoots for pigs, and the fruit for men. Of pJiJeos galingale and sedge the part next the roots is tender, and is mostly eaten by children. The root of phleos is the only part which is edible by cattle. When there is a drought and there is no water from overhead,* all the plants of the lake are dried up, but especially the reed ; of this it remains to speak, since we have said almost enough about the rest. XI. ^ Of the reed there are said to be two kinds, the one used for making pipes and the other kind. For that of the latter there is only one kind, though individual plants differ in being strong and stout, or on the other hand slender and weak. The strong stout one they call the '^ stake-reed,' the other the ' weaving reed.' The latter they say grows on the
  • Kf<pa\r]v UMVAld.; for the case cf. Xen. Hell. 7. 2. 8
and 11 ; KfcpaXvs conj. W. 6 Plin. 16. 168 and 169.
  • /col TTax^TTjTi add. Dalec. from G.
THEOPHRASTUS TrXoKLfiov eVt tmv irXodhwv tov he y^apaKiav eirl TOt»> Kcofivaf K(o/jLvOa<i Be KoXovai, ov av rj avv- r]Opoia/jievo<=; Kd\a/io<; fcal av/uL7re7r\€y/jLepos tol^ pL^aL<;' rovjo he yuveraL rcaO' oi)? ap tottov^ tt}? \ifxvT]<; evyeiov rj ^copLov yiveaOaL he Trore TOV ')(^apaKiav koI ov 6 au\r]TLK6<i, fiaKporepov fxev TOV aWov x^paKiov a/ccoXrjKo^pcoTov he. TOVTOV fiev ovv TavTa<i Xejovac ra? hia<f)opd<i. 2 Uepl he TOV avXrjTiKov to jxev (pveaOac hi' ev- veaTripiho'^, odairep TLve<i (^aau, koI TavTi^v eiuai Ttjv Ta^Lv ovfc dXr]6e<;, dWd to piev 6\ov av^rj- 6eia7}<; yiveTai T779 Xlp^py'j'i' otl he tovt eho/cei (Tvpi^aiveLv ev toI<; irpuTepov ')(^p6voL<i fidXiaTa hi €vveaTtipiho<^, KoX ttjv yeveaiv tov KaXdfiov Tav- Trjv eiroiovv to avpL^e^i^K0<; o)? Td^iv XapL^dvov- 3 re?. <yLveTat he OTav eTropLJSpta'^ <yevopLevri<^ epLpceinj TO vhwp hv eTTj TovXd^iaTOV, av he TrXeiw Kal KaXXicov TOVTOv he pLuXiaTa pLvtipiovevovaL yeyov- OTO? Tcov vcTTepov y^povctiv 6t6 avve^t] to, irepl ^aipdiveiav irpo tovtojv yap e(f)aaav eTij TrXeLO) ^aOuvOijvai Tr)v Xl/jLI'tjv pcerd he TavTa vcTTepov, ft)9 o Xot/jLO<i iyevsTO (j(pohp6<=;, TrXrjaOijvai pbev avTrjv, ov pL6ivavT0<; he tov vhaTO<i dXX' cKXiTTov- T09 ')(eLpLoyvo^ oil yeveaOai tov KoXapLov (paal yap Kal hoKel ^aOvvo/xevr}<; tT^? Xl/jLvrj^ av^dveaOai TOV KdXa/jiov el<i /x7]ko<;, /leivavTa he tov eirLovTa eviavTov dhpvveaOai' Kal yivecrOaL tov p.ev dhpv- OevTa ^evyLTrjv, u> 8' av /jlt) avfiTrapap^elvrj to ^ KwjJLvffi : lit * bundles.' 2 5u' ir-n conj. W. ; 5<€t^ UiM VAld. 3 B.C. 33S. 368 ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IV. xi. 1-3 Moating islands, the stout form in the ' reed-beds ' ^ ; this name they give to the places where there is a thick mass of reed with its roots entangled together. This occurs in any part of the lake where there is rich soil. It is said that the ' stake-reed ' is also sometimes found in the same places as the reed used for pipes, in which places it is longer than the ^stake- reed' found elsewhere, but gets worm-eaten. These then are the differences in reeds of which they tell. As to the reed used for pipes, it is not true, as some say, that it only grows once in nine years and that this is its regular rule of growth ; it grows in general whenever the lake is full : but, because in former days this was supposed to happen generally once in nine years, they made the growth of the reed to correspond, taking what was really an accident to be a regular principle. As a matter of fact it grows whenever after a rainy season the water remains in the lake for at least two years,^ and it is finer if the water remains longer ; this is specially remembered to have happened in recent times at the time of the battle of Chaeronea.* For before that period they told me that the lake was for several years deep * ; and, at a time later than that, when there was a severe visitation of the plague, it filled up ; but, as the water did not remain but failed in winter, the reed did not grow ; for they say, apparently with good reason, that, when the lake is deep, the reed increases in height, and, persisting for the next year, matures its growth ; and that the reed which thus matures is suitable for making a reed mouthpiece,^ while that for which the water has not remained is
  • €T7; irKiioo conj. Seal, from G ; iri irAeiw UMV; eri irKuov
Aid. ^ See n. on rb aTo/xa rwu yKuTTuy, § 4. 369 THEOPHRASTUS vScop ^0/ji^vKiav. rrjv jxev ovv ^eveaiv elvai roiavTrjv. 4 Aiacpepeiv Se tcov aXXcov Ka\d/x(ou &)? KaO^ oXov Xa^elv evrpocpla tlvI tt}? (jivcrew^;- einrXrjOeaTepov yap elvai kol evaapKorepov icai 6\o)<i he Oi]\vv rf/ irpoao-^ei. kol yap rb (pvWov irXarvTepov €)(^€tv Kal XevKorepop tt]v Be uvOifk'iiv eXdrro) rcoi' aXkcdv, rivd<i Be 6\co<; ovk e)(eiv, ov^ Kal irpoa- ayopevovaiv evvovyia<^' i^ mv apiara p,ev ^aai TLve^ ylvecrdai to, t^evyrf, KaropOovv Be oXiya nrapa rrjv epyaaiav. Tr/zv Be TOfiyv oypalav elvai irpo ^AvrtyevtBov pev, 'i]ViK r\vXovv dTrXdarco'^, vtt^ "ApKTOvpov Bor/- BpopiMvo^ p,r}v6<;' tov yap ovto) Tp,r]6epra av)(yol^ fxev erecTLv varepov yiveaOaL ')(P'f]cn^pov Kal irpo- KaravXrjaecof; BelaOac ttoWt}?, avppLveLv Be ru (TTupa Twv yXwTTwVy o TTpo? rrjv BiaKryjpiav elvai 6 '^p/jcripov. eirel Be ei? rrjv irXdaiv pere/Brjaav, Kal i) Top.7) pereKivijOr}' repvovai yap By vvv tov '^KLppo(f)opL(x)PO^ Kal 'KKarofi/SaLcovo'i loairep irpo TpoTTOiv piKpov i) VTTU T^OTTa?. yiveaOaL Be (paai Tpievov re '^^^pyaifxov Kal KaravXyaeco^ ^paxela^; ^ ^oix^vKiav. In one kind of pipe the performer blew, not directly on to the 'reed,' but into a cap in which it was enclosed ; this cap, from the resemblance in shape to a cocoon, was called ^ou-iiv^. ' dvai add. W. 3 Plin. 16. loO 172. ■* September. ^ i.e. between the free end of the vibrating 'tongue' and ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IV. xr. 3-5 suitable for making a ^cap.' ^ Such then, it is said, is "^ tlie reed's way of growth. 2 Also it is said to differ from other reeds, to speak generally, in a certain luxuriance of growth, being of a fuller and more fleshy character, and, one may say, ' female ' in appearance. For it is said that even the leaf is broader and whiter, though the plume is smaller than that of other reeds, and some liave no plume at all ; these they call ' eunuch-reeds.' From these they say that the best mouthpieces are made, though many are spoiled in the making. Till the time of Antigenidas, before which men played the pipe in the simple style, they say that the proper season for cutting the reeds was the month Boedromion ^ about the rising of Arcturus ; for, although the reed so cut did not become fit for use for many years after and needed a great deal of preliminary playing upon, yet the opening ^ of the reed-tongues is well closed, which is a good thing for the purpose of accompaniment.*^ But when a change was made to the more elaborate style of playing, the time of cutting the reeds was also altered ; for in our own time they cut them in the months Skirro- phorion ^ or Hekatombaion ^ about the solstice or a little earlier.^ And they say that the reed becomes fit for use in three years and needs but little preliminary playing upon, and that the reed-tongues the body or ' lay ' of the reed mouthpiece : the instrument implied throughout is apparently one with a single vibrating ' tongue' (reed) like the modern clarinet.
    • hiaKTTjpiav UMV; hiaicropiav Aid. ? irphs rh aKpoarrfptov,
' for the concert-room ' ; quod erat illis theatrorum moribus uliiius riin. I.e. ' June. 8 July-
  • • uiorirep conj. W. ; wtTTrepel UH.; us vepl MVAld.
THEOPHRASTUS Beladat koI Karaair da jiara ra<; y\a)TTa<; Xa-j^eLV Tovro Se avayKalov rot? fxerci 7r\dafiaT0<^ av \ovaL. rou fiev ovv ^evyiTOv TavTa<; elvaL ra? (Spa? T?}? TO/A/}?. 'H S' ipyaaia yLverat tovtov tov Tpoirov orav avWe^coai, nOeaaiv viraWpLov rod %6t^wj'o? iv Tft) XefM/iiarr rod S* ^po<; 'neptKaOdpavre^^ kcll eKTpLy^avT6<^ 669 TOV i]\lov eOeaav. tov Oepov^ Se /jL€Ta TavTa avpTefi6pTe<i eh to, fiea-oyovdTLa ttoXlv vrraiOpiov TideaaL ')(^p6vov tlvu. irpoaXeiirovai he T(p fieaoyovaTLOi to tt/jo? tou? ^\aaTOv<! yovv TO. Be p.rjKri ra tovtwv ov yiveTai ScTraXaLaTcoi' iXuTTco. (^eXriOTa fiev ovv elvai tmv fxeaoyova- TLcov Trpo? Ttjv ^evyoTTOuav oXov tov /caXd/iov tu jxeaa' /xaXaKcoTaTCi Be la-^etv ^evyr-j ra 7rp6? tov<; ^XaaT0v<i, aKXt^poTara Be to, tt/jo? tt} pl^r)- av/x- (f)a)V€LV Be Ta<; yXcoTTa<i Ta<; e'/c tov avrov jxeaoyo- varlov, ra? Be dXXa<; ov av/xcfiaiveLV kol Tt]v jxev 7rpo<; TYj pL^j] dpiCTTepdv elvat, Trjv Be tt/jo? tou? l3XaaTov<i Be^idv. Tpb^fOevTO^ Be BL)(^a tov pteao- yovarlov to aTOfia tt}? yXcoTTij^; e/caT6pa<i yive- aOuL Kara ttjv tov /caXd/xov to/xtjv edv Be dXXov rpoTTOv epyaaOwcnv al yXcoTTai, TavTa<; ov irdvv avfKfyayvelv rj /xev ovv epyaaia TOLavrrj. ^ KaTaffTria-^iaTa : lit. 'convulsions'; i.e. the strong vibra- tions of a ' tongue,' the free end of which is kept away from tlie body or ' lay ' of the mouthpiece. Such a ' reed ' would have the effect of giving to the pipes a fuller and louder tone. ^ i.e. so as to make a closed end. ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IV. xr. 5-7 have ample vibration/ which is essential for those who play in the elaborate style. Such, they tell us, are the proper seasons for cutting the reed used for the reed mouthpiece. The manufacture is carried out in the following manner. Having collected the reed-stems they lay them in the open air during the winter, leaving on the rind ; in the spring they strip this off, and, liaving rubbed the reeds thoroughly_, put them in the sun. Later on, in the summer, they cut the sections from knot to knot into lengths and again put them for some time in the open air. They leave the upper knot on this internodal section ^ ; and the lengths thus obtained are not less than two palmsbreadths long. Now they say that for making mouthpieces the best lengths are those of the middle of the reed, whereas the lengths towards the upper growths make very soft mouthpieces and those next to the root very hard ones. They say too that the reed-tongues made out of the same length are of the same quality, while those made from different lengths are not ; also that the one from the length next to the root forms a left-hand ^ reed-tongue, and that from the length towards the upper growths a right- hand^ reed-tongue. Moreover, when the length is slit, the opening of the reed-tongues in either case is made towards the point at which the reed was cut*; and, if the reed-tongues are made in any other manner, they are not quite of the same quality. Such then is the method of manufacture. ' i.e. the vibrating 'tongues' (reeds) for the left-hand and the right-hand pipe of the Double Pipe respectively.
  • i.e. not at the closed end, but at the end which was
' lower' when the cane was growing : cf. §6, irpoffXeiirovffi Se /C.T.A. 373 THEOPHRASTUS s ^^verai Se TrXetcrro? fieu /xera^v tov Ky(f)Laov Koi TOV MeXai^o?- ovro'^ he 6 totto? Trpoaayo- peverat fiev WeXeKavia' Tovrov 8' eornv drra KvTpoi KaXoufievoL /3a6va/j.ara r?}? \i/jLVT]<;, ev qI<; KaWicrrov c^aai yU'edOac <'yiv6a6ai> he teal KaO' rj Ylpo/Sarla KaXovfievt] Kara^eperar tovto S' earl iroTaixo<; pecov etc Ae^^aSeta?. /cdWiaTo<; Be S0K6L irdvTwv y'lveaOat, irepl Typ 'O^etaz^ koXov- ixevyjv K.a/ji7r7]V' 6 Be totto? ol'to? eartv t'/xySoX^ TOV Kyipicrov. jeLTVui 8' avTW rrehiov evyetov, 9 TTpoaayopevovai '\iT7nav. irpuajBoppo^ Be t6tto<^ aXko<^ Ti)<i 'O^eta? Ka/X7ri}s" eaTLv, ov koXovctl ^orjBpiav' (f)veaOaL Be (fyaac Koi KaTCU TavTrjv evyevP] tov KoKapov. to Be oXop, ov av y jSaOv- yeiov Kol evyetov ')(^o)pLov fcal t'XuwSe? Kal K7](f)i(To<i uvapiayeTaL Kal tt/jo? TovTOL<i fSdOuapa tt}? \ip.vi]<=;, /cdWicTTov yiveaOai KoXapov. rrepl yap T7)v \)^eLav Kap^rrrjv Kal ti^v lio7]BpLav Truvra TavTa vTrdpxeLV. otl Be 6 Kt]cl)icr6<; peyd\y]v e;^et poTrtjv eh TO TTOieiv KaXov tov KdXapbOv ar^p.elov exovar kuO^ ov yap tottov 6 MeXa? KaXovpevo<; i/jb^dXXei ^aOeua^ ova7]<; tt}? XL/jLvr]<; Kal tov iBd(bov<; evyeiov kol lXvd>Bov<^, rj oXa)<; p,>) yiveaOai rj (pavXov. 7) fxev ovv yeveo-L<i Kal (^v(tl<; tov avXi^TLKOv Kal r) KaTepyaaia kol TLva<; ex^i' Bca- <j)opd<i 7r/oo9 Tov<; dX\ov(; iKavoi<^ elp/jaOu). 10 VevTj Be ov TavTa povov dXXd irXelco tov KaXd- pov Tvy^dvei (f)avepd<i e^ovTa Ttj alaOi^aet Bia- (f)opd<i' 6 p,ev yap irvKvo^; Kal ttj aapKL Kal toZ? 1 c/. Plut. Sidla, 20. 2 i.e. the so-called ' Lake ' Copais. » «c«l add. W. 374 ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IV. xi. 8 lo This reed grows in greatest abundance between the Kephisos and the Black River ^ ; this district is called Pelekania, and in it are certain ' pots/ as they are called, which are deep holes in the marsh,^ and in these holes they say that it grows fairest ; it is also ^ said to be found * where the river called the * Sheep River ' comes down, which is a stream that flows from Lebadeia. But it appears to grow fairest of all near ^the Sharp Bend' ; this place is the mouth of the Kephisos ; near it is a rich plain called Hippias. There is another region north of the Sharp Bend called Boedrias ; and here too they say that the reed grows fine, and in general that it is fairest wherever there is a piece of land with deep rich alluvial soil, where also Kephisos mingles ^ his waters with the soil, and where there is further a deep hole in the marsh ; for that about the Sharp Bend and Boedrias all these conditions are found. As })roof that the Kephisos has a great effect in producing the reed of good quality they have the fact that, where the river called the ^ Black River ' flows into the marsh, though the marsh is there deep and the bottom of good alluvial soil, it either does not grow at all or at best but of poor quality. Let this suffice for an account of the growth and character of the reed used for pipes, of the manufacture, and of its distinctive features as compared with other reeds. But these are not the only kinds of reed ; there are several others *^ with distinctive characters which are easily recognised ; there is one that is of compact growth in flesh and has its joints close together ;
  • yivicQai add. Sch.; (paar yiveadat Se kuO' t UAJ VP ; so
Aid., but Kad' hu. ^ avafxlayeTui : ? ai'afj.iayr]Tai ; cf. Pint. Sull. I.e. 6 Plin. 16. 164-167 ; Diosc. 1. 85. 375 THEOPHRASTUS '^ovaaiVy o Se iiav6<i kol 6\Lyoy6vaTO<i' kuI o fxev KolXo'i, ov KokovcL Tive<; avpiyyiav, ovhev yap o)? elireiv cyei ^v\ov koI aapKo^i' 6 he arepeo^ Kai av/jL7r\i]pi]<; /xiKpov. kol 6 fiev ^paxvs, 6 Be evav^T]^ KOL v\fn]\6<; kol 7ra;)^i;?. o he Xeirrcx; kul 7ro\v(f)vX\o<;, 6 he 6\Lyo(f)vWo<^ kol /xovo(f>vWo^. oXo)? he TToXXal TLve<; elat hca(f)opal Kara ra? 'X^pelat;' eKaaro<i yap irpo'^ eKaara xpw^/^o<;. 11 ^Ovofiacn he ciWoL dWoL<i irpoaayopevovcn- KOLvo-rarov he ttw? 6 hova^, ov Koi Xo^/jicoheaTaTOV ye (^aaiv elvai kol p^dXicrra (fiveadac irapd tov^ TTOTa/jLOVf; Kal ra? XlpLva'^. hiacpepeiv 3' 6/jLCt)<; Trai^Tos* KaXdfiov ttoXv top re ev tw ^VP^ '^'^^ "^ov iv TOt? vhacn (pvo/ievov. tSio? he koI 6 to^lk6<;, op hr) }^pr]TLK6p TLve^ KaXovaiv 6XLyoy6vaTO<i fiev (TapKCDhe(TT6po<; he Trdvrwv Kal fidXiara fcdfiy^Lv he')(oiievo^, Kai oXw^ d<yea6aL hvpdfi6vo<; o)? di> 6eXrj Tt? Oep/iaivo/xevo^. 12 "E^ovcn, he, wairep iXex^rj, Kal Kara rd (j)vXXa /ieydXa<; hia(f)opd<; ov TrXijOet Kal peyeOei pLovov dXXd Kal %pota- TTOiKiXo^ yap 6 AaK(0VLK6<i KaXovp,evo<^. en he rrj Oeaec Kal irpoai^vaeL' Kdrcodev yap evLOi irXelara (fyepovcri rcop (pvXXcop, auTO? he Mcrirep eK Odpvov 7r€(f)VK€. ^^(^ehov he rive^ (f)acn Kal tmv Xi/xvatcov ravTrjv elvai rrjv hia(Popdp, TO 7roXv<pvXXov Kal irapopLOLOv e')(eLv TpUTTOV TLvd TO (^vXXoV TO) TOV KVlTCipOV Kai Zl^ ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IV. xi. 10-12 another that is of open growth, with few joints \ there is the hollow reed called by some the ' tube- reed,' 1 inasmuch as it has hardly any wood or flesh ; there is another which is solid and almost entirely filled with substance ; there is another which is short, and another which is of strong growth tall and stout ; there is one which is slender and has many leaves, another which has few leaves or only one. And in general there are many differences in natural character and in usefulness, each kind being useful for some particular purpose. Some distinguish the various kinds by different names ; commonest perhaps is the pole-reed, which is said to be of very bushy habit, and to grow chiefly by rivers and lakes. And it is said that there is a wide difference in reeds in general between those that grow on dry land and those that grow in the water. Quite distinct again is the ' archer's ' reed, which some call the ' Cretan ' : this has few joints and is fleshier than any of the others ; it can also be most freely bent, and in general, when warmed, may be turned about as one pleases. The various kinds have also, as was said, great differences in the leaves, not only in number and size, but also in colour. That called the ' Laconian ' reed is parti-coloured. They also differ in the position and attachment of the leaves ; some have most of their leaves low down, and the reed itself grows out of a sort of a bush. Indeed some say that this may be taken as the distinctive character of those which grow in lakes, namely, that these have many leaves, and that their foliage in a manner ^ avpiyyiav conj. Sch. from Plin. I.e., syringiam; cf. Diosc. l.c.y Geop. 2. 6. 23. avpiyi U; avpiyyi MV; avpiyya, Ald.H. 377 THEOPHRASTUS (f)\€(o /cal Opvov Kal ^ovto/xov cjKe'^aaOaL he hel rouTO. 13 reVo9Se Ti KaXdfMOV (jiveraL Kal inlyeiou, o ov/c 61? opOov dXX! €7rl <yP)<; cKpi^jai top KavXov, wairep 1] dyp(i)(TTi<;, KoX ourco<; Troielrai, rrjv av^rjaiv. e<7TL Se 6 fjiev dpprjv crTeyoeo?, KoXelrai he viro TLvwv elXeria^i. . . . 'O he ^IvhiKo^ ev /leyiaTf] hia(f)opa /cal wairep erepov 6X(o<; to y€i'o<;' ecm he 6 fxev dpprjv crrepeo^, 6 he 6}]\v<; ATotXo?- hiaipoucTL yap Kal tovtov tw dppevL Kal O/jXei. (^vovrai 8' e^ evo<^ 7Tvd/jL€vo<; TToXXol Kal ov Xoxf^(*^hei<;' ro he (f)vXXov ov /j,aK- pov dXX! ofioLov rfi Irea' tm he fieye6ei fieydXoc Kal evirayel'^, waTe aKovrloi^; j^prjaOai. (j^vovrai he ovroL irepl rou 'AKeaivrjv TTorafiov. dira'^ he KdXa/j,o<; eu^wo? Kal T€/jLv6fieuo<; Kal eiriKaLOfievo^; KaXXiwv /SXacrrtweL' en he ira^yppil^o'^ Kal iro- \vppL^o<^, hi Kal hvaa)Xe6po<i. rj he pi^a yova- Tcohr]<i, oiairep rj t/}9 dypcoarlho'^, itXtjv ov Trai^ro? 6/ioLCL><i. dXXa irepl fiev KaXdficov lKav(o<^ elpijaOco. XII. KaraXoLTTOv he elirelv waav e/c tov yevov<i TOVTOV Trepl cr^^oLvov Kal yap Kal tovto twv evvhpcov OeTeov. eaTi he avTOu Tpia eihrj, Kaddirep TLve^ hiaipovcnv, 6 re o^u? Kal dKapiro^, ov hrj KaXovcnv dppeva, Kal 6 Kapiri/jLO'^, ov p-eXayKpavlv ^ epvoi/, a kind of grass (see Index ; cf. Horn. //. 21, 351), conj. Soh. ; Bpvoy MSS. ; however Plat. Nat. Quaest. 2 gives 0pvov along willi Tvcpr] and <p\€u>s in a list of marsh plants, ^ Se 5eT TOVTO conj.W. ; 5« tovto UMVAld. 378 ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IV. xi. 12-xii. i resembles that of galingale phleos thryon ^ and sedge ; but this needs ^ furtlier enquiry. There is also a kind of reed (bush-grass) which grows on land, and which is not erect, but sends out its stem over the ground, like the dog's-tooth grass, and so makes its growth. The ^male' reed is solid : some call it eileiias ^ The Indian reed (bamboo) is very distinct, and as it were a totally different kind ; the ' male ' is solid and the ' female ' hollow (for in this kind too they distinguish a ^male' and a ^female' form); a number of reeds of this kind grow from one base and they do not form a bush ; the leaf is not long, but resembles the willow leaf ; these reeds are of great size and of good substance, so that they are used for javelins. They grow by the river Akesines.^ All reeds are tenacious of life, and, if cut or burnt down, grow up again more vigorously ; also their roots are stout and numerous, so that the plant is hard to destroy. The root is jointed, like that of the dog's- tooth grass, but this is not equally so in all kinds. However let this suffice for an account of reeds. Of rushes. XII. It remains to speak of the rush,^ as though it belonged to this class of plants, inasmuch as we must reckon this also among water plants. Of this there are three kinds ^ as some distinguish, the ^ sharp ' rush, whicli is barren and is called the 'male'; the 'fruiting' kind which we call the ^black- ^ Sell, marks a lacuna ; there is nothing to correspond to 6 juev &ppr]v. ^ Chenab. 5 c/. 1. 5. 3 ; 1. 8. 1 ; Piin. 21. 112-115 ; Diosc. 4. 52. See Index. 379 THEOPHRASTUS KuXovfiev Sia to fieXava tov Kapirou e')(eLV, ira'yy- T€po<; Be OL'TO? fcal aapfca)heaT€po<;' koI TpcTO<; t(o fieyeOeL koI rfj iraxyrrfTL koI evaapKia hia^epwv 6 Kokov iJL€Vo<; 6\6a')(OLVo<;. 2 'H ixev ovv /jL€\a<yKpavl<; avT6<i rt? KaO' avrov 6 5' 6^v<i KoX o\6a')(OLvo<; e/c rov avrov (pvovrar o KoX droTTOV (jyaLverac, Kal Oavfiaarou <y -qv ISelv 0X779 KOiiKjOeiarjf; t?}? a^otvLd<;' ol ttoWol yap rjaav aKapiroL 7re(f)VK6r€(; €k tov avrov, KapirLpiOL he oXljoi. rovro /xev ovv eTTiaKeTrreov. iXdr- TOL'? Be oX&)9 ol KapTTifioL' 7r/309 yap ra ifkeyfiara '^(prjaLfjLcorepo*; 6 6\6(7Xoivo<i Blo, ro aapKwBeq /cal fxcCKaKov. Kopvva 8' oXw? KapTTi/xof; i^ avrov rov ypa/jL/jL(oBov<; e^oiBi^aa^;, Karretra ifcriKret KaOdirep oid. rrph<i fjna yap dpXf] ypapLpbOiBei e%et Tou? rreptara'xyaiBeL's /ulct'^ov';, ecf)' mv ciKpwv rrapairXaylov^ rd<i rSiv dyyeiwv e%et arpoyyvXo- TrjTa<; viro'xacrKOvcra^- iv rovroa Be ro airepfid- nov aKiBoiBe^; ean jieXav eKdarw rrpoaefKpeph 3 ru) rov darepiaKov nXrjv dfievijvorepov. pi^av Be ex^f' fJLaKpdv Kal rraxyrepav ttoXv rov axoivov avrrj B' avaiverai Ka6' eKaarov evLavrov, eW^ erepa rrdXiv drro t?}? /ce^aXr}? rod axoLvov KaOle- rar rovro Be Kal ev rfj oyjrei (f)av€pov IBelv rd^ fiev ava^ rd<; Be %Xa)/3a9 Kadiefieva^' rj Be Ke(j)aXr} ofioia rfi r(bi> Kpo/ivcov Kal rfj rcov yrjreiwv, av/x- ^ 6. 7' ^v ISelv conj. W. from G ; 6. iv y fiSe'iu JJ ; B. ev yt lS(7u MVP ; e. ii'iSe:i' Aid. ^ ol KapTTiiioi conj. R. Const.; ot Kapirol Ald.H. ^ yap seems meaningless ; G has autem.
  • KopQvq. ; cf. 3. 5. 1.
^ ypa/jLfiwdti conj. R, Const.; yoa/xfj.a>Sets Ald.H. 380 ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IV. xii. 1-3 head ' because it has black fruit ; this is stouter and fleshier : and third the ' entire rush/ as it is called, which is distinguished by its size stoutness and fleshiness. Now the ' black-head ' grows by itself, but the • sharp ' rush and the ' entire ' rush grow from the same stock, which seems extraordinary, and indeed it was strange to see it^ when the whole clump of rushes was brought before me ; for from the same stock there were growing ^ barren ' rushes, which were the most numerous, and also a few 'fruiting' ones. This then is a matter for further enquiry. The * fruiting' '-^ ones are in general scarcer, for^ the ' entire rush ' is more useful for wicker-work because of its fleshiness and pliancy. The ' fruiting ' rush in general produces a club-like ^ head which swells straight from the wiry stem, and then bears egg-like bodies ; for attached to a single wiry ^ base it has its very spike-like ^ branches all round it, and on the ends of these it has its round vessels borne laterally and gaping "^ ; in each of these is the small seed, which is pointed and black, and like that of the Michaelmas daisy, except that it is less solid. It has a long root, which is stouter than that of the ordinary rush ; this withers every year, and then another strikes down again from the ' head ' ^ of the plant. And it is easy to observe that some of the roots as they are let down are withered, some green. The ' head ' is like that of an onion or long onion, ^ ■7repio'Toxi"i5€jj seems an impossible word ; ? Trepi avrhv Tovs (TTaxvwBets. ' vTToxacTKovffas con]. Sch.; in iffxc^C^vcas Aid. Jl.
  • i.e. the part above ground ; cf. Plin. I.e. Sch. has dis-
posed of the idea that kc^oAtj is here a * bulbous ' root. 381 THEOPHRASrUS 'Tre(f>vicvl(i tto)'; lk 7r\ei6i'a)i> £6? ravro Koi irXarela KCLTcoOev e)(^ovaa KeXvcfyrj v-rrepvOpa. GVfjb^aiveL K ovv lSiov eirX rwv pL^MV el avalvovTai Kar evtavrov Kol €K rod avwdev ttoKiv rj yepeai';. rwv jxev ovv ayoivwv roiavrr] ri<; (})vai<i. Et Be KOL 6 l3dro^ /cal 6 TraKiovpo<; evvhpd ttcoc ecTTLV rj TrdpvBpa, KaOdirep ivia^^ov, (pavepal o-^e- Bou KOi at TOVTWv Bia(f)opaL' irepl d/ji(f)OLV yap el'py]Tai Trporepov. [Tcbv Be P7]acov tmv irXodBcDV tmv ev ^Op-^o/xevrp rd fiev fieyeOr] TravToBaird Tvyyjdvei, rd Be fie- yiGTa avroiv ianv oaov rpiMV crraBicov rrji' Trepl- fierpov. iv AlyvTrrco Be fidXtaTa fxeydXa a^oBpa (jvvLaraTaL, cocrre koI v<; ev avrati; eyy iveaO at TToXXoi)'^, ou? KoX KvvTjyeTovcn Bia^aivovre^.] /cal rrepl pcev ivuBpcov ravr elprjaOo). XIII. Uepl Be ^paj(yl3L6T7]ro<; ^vrcov Kal Bev- Bpcov TMV ivvBpcov eVt roaovrov e^o/jLev &)9 civ Kad' oXov Xeyovr€<;, on ^paxvBidirepa rwv 'x^epaaiwv earl, KaOdirep Kal rd ^wa. tou? Be KaO' cKaarov /3lov<; laroprjcrai Bel tmv ')(^epaaioov. ra jxev ovv dypid cf)aaiv ovBe/xlav e^ew o)? elireZv ol opeoTviroL Btacf)opdv, dXXd irdvra elvau jxaKpo^ia Kal ovOev ^pax^^t'OV avTO puev tovto iaco<; dXr]Oe<=; Xeyov- re?* diravra yap vTrepTelvei ttoXv rrjv tmv uXXmv ^MYjv. ov /jLtjv dXX^ o/x&)9 earl rd fxev /xdXXov Ta B^ i]TT0v fiaKpoftia, Kaddirep ev tol<; '))[xepoL<^' irola 1 3. 1^. 3 and 4 ; 4. 8. 1. ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IV. xn. 3-xiii. i being, as it were, made up of several united together ;. it is broad, and underneath it has reddish scales. Now it is a peculiar fact about the roots of this plant that they wither every year and that the fresh growth of roots comes from the part of the plant which is above ground. Such is the character of rushes. Bramble and Christ's thorn may be considered to some extent plants of the water or the waterside, as they are in some districts ; but the distinctive characters of these plants are fairly clear, for we have spoken of both already.^ The floating islands of Orchomenos ^ are of various sizes, the largest being about three furlongs in cir- cumference. But in Egypt very large ones form, so that even a number of boars are found in them, and men go across to the islands to hunt them. Let this account of water-plants suffice. Of the length or shortness of the life of plants, and the caxises. XIIL As to the comparative shortness of life of plants and trees of the water we may say thus much as a general account, that, like the water-animals, they are shorter-lived than those of the dry land. But we must enquire into the lives of those of the dry land severally. Now the woodmen say that the wild kinds are almost '-^ without exception long- lived, and none of them is short-lived : so far they may be speaking the truth ; all such plants do live far longer than others. However, just as in the case of cultivated plants, some are longer-lived than other?, ■^ cf. 4. 10. 2, to which § this note perhaps belongs. •* ws eliruif conj. Sell. ; ws etTret U^; is e^irot MV; us tt.p ^Xnoiei' Ald.H. 383 THEOPHRASTUS Be ravra aKCTrreov. ra Be ■yjfiepa (f)av€pa)<i Bia- (f)€peL Tw ra /xev elvai fiaKpo/Sia ra Se ^pa^v^ia- ct)9 S' airXoi'^ elTrelv ra dypLa tmv rj/iepcov fiaxpo- ^Loirepa koX 6\w^ tm <yevei kclI ra avriSirjpr}/i€va K.aB eKacrrov, olov Korivo^ iXda^ Koi dxpd<; drriov iptv€o<; crvKris' layyporepa yap kuI irvKvorepa Kul dyovcorepa ro2^ TrepLKaprrioL';, 2 T^i; Be ixafcpo^Lorrjra /laprvpovcriv eirl ye rivoiv Kal rjfiepcov Kol dypiwv Kal al irapaBeBopLevai (f)7]jjLaL Trapd rwv fivdoXoycov ekdav fiev yap \eyov(TL rr)v 'AOijvrjai,, <f)OiviKa Be rov ev ArjXw, KorLvov Be rov ev ^OXv/jLTTia, dcf)^ ov 6 crre^avo<^' (jiTfyoix; Be rd<; ev ^IXUo rd<i eVt rov "iXou fivrj/xa- T09* rive<; Be <paaL Kal rrjv ev AeXc^ot? rrXdravov ^KyafiefjLVova (pvrevaat Kal rrjv ev Ka(f)vaL<i rrjq ^KpKaBia^. ravra fiev ovv oirco'^ e^ei rd^^ dv erepo^ eirj X6yo<;' ore Be eart /leydXr} Bia<f)opd rcov BevBpcov (pavepov ptaKpo^ca p.ev yap rd re TrpoeiprjpLeva Kal erepa irXeLO)- ^pa')(y^La Be Kal rd roiavra ojioXoyov fiev(o<^, olov poid avKr) /xrjXea, Kal rovTCOv r] rjpLvr] fidXkov Kal 77 yXvKeta rrj^s 6^eia<^, wairep rwv pocov r] diTvpr]vo<;. /Spaxv^ia Be Kal dfiTreXcov evia yevrj Kal /idXiara rd ttoXv- Kaprra' BoKel Be Kal rd irdpvBpa ^pa'xy^Loorepa ^ KoX TO. avT. conj. W. ; kotA avr. UMV; ra avr. Ald.H. 2 iTfpiKapiriois : cf. C. P. 1. 17. 5. ' On the Acropolis : cf. Hdt. 8. 55 ; ISoph. O.G. 694 foil. ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IV. xiii. 1-2 and we must consider wliich these are. Cultivated plants plainly differ as to the length of their lives, but, to speak generally, wild plants are longer-lived than cultivated ones, both taken as classes, and also when one compares ^ the wild and cultivated forms of particular plants : thus the wild olive pear and fig- are longer-lived than the corresponding cultivated trees ; for the wild forms of these are stronger and of closer growth, and they do not produce such well- developed fruit-pulp.2 To the long-lived character of some plants, both cultivated and wild, witness is borne also by the tales handed down in mythology, as of the olive at Athens/ the palm in Delos,^ and the wild olive at Olympia, from which the wreaths for the games are made ; or again of the Valonia oaks at Ilium, planted on the tomb of Ilos. Again some say that Agamemnon planted the plane at Delphi, and the one at Kaphyai ^ in Arcadia. Now how this is may perhaps be another story, but anyhow it is plain that there is a great difference between trees in this respect ; the kinds that have been mentioned, and many others besides, are long-lived, while the following are ad- mittedly short-lived — pomegranate fig apple : and among apples the ' spring ' sort and the ' sweet ' apple are shorter-lived than the 'sour' apple, even as the ' stoneless ' pomegranate is shorter-lived than the other kinds. Also some kinds of vine are short- lived, especially those which bear much fruit ; and it appears that trees which grow by water are shorter-
  • Under which Leto gave birth to Artemis and Apollo : c/.
Paus. 8. 48. 8; Cic. de Leg. 1. 1.; Plin. 16. 238. ' Its planting is ascribed to Menelaus by Paus. 8. 23. 3. I 385 THEOPHRASTUS Twv fcV TOfc? ^ripoL^ elvat, olov Irea Xevfcrf afci /; aiyetpo^i. 3 "Evia Be jrjpa(TKec fjbev kol ci'jTrerai rax^w^, TTapa^Xaardvei Se ttoXlv i.r. twv avTMv, wairep at Bdcjivai Kal ai jxifKeaL re /cal ai poai kol tcop (pLkvSpwv rd TToWd' irepl cop kol cr/cei/^atT* dp Ti9 TTorepa Tuvrd Set Xeyeiv i) ere pa' KaOdirep et Ti<; TO areXexo^i dTroKoyj/a^, coairep Troiovaiv oi 'yecopyoL, TTokip dpaOeparrevoL rni)^ ^Xaarov^, tj el Kal 6\ci)<i eKKoyjreiep d-^^pi tcop pt^ayp Kal iiriKav- aeuep' Kal yap TavTa iroLOvaiv, ore Be Kal aTTo Tov avTOfidTOV av/x^aipei,- iroTepa By tovto TavTo Bel \eyeLV i) eTepop; y /xep yap del rd /Jbeprj ras av^7jcreL<i Kal <^6LaeL<^ (palpeTai irapaWuTTOPTa Kal 6Ti Td<i BtaKaOdpaei<i ra? utt' avTMP, TavTij fiep dp Bo^ete tuvtov eipar tL yap dp eirl tovtwi' 4 ?} eKeiPCdP Bia<f>epOL; y 8' Mairep ovala Kal (pvais TOV BepBpov pd\L(TT dp (^aipoLTO to crreA-e^o?, OTap Ix&TaWdTTrj TOVTO, Kap to oXop eTepov v7roXd/3ot Tt9, et /JLT) dpa Bid to diro tcjp avTWP dpywp elpat TavTo OeiT}- KaiTot TToXXuKif; avfi^aipei Kal ras" pi^a^ eTepa^ ehai Kal /leTa/SdXXecp TOiv fiep arjTro- fiepcdv Twp B' e^ dpxr]<i BXaaTapovaoip. eVet, edp dXr]6h 97, C09 ye Tive^; (jiaai, Ta^ dfiireXovi; fiaKpo- ^ cf.G.I\'2.U. 5. • auadepairevui coiij. W. ; afa6eijaireuei Aid. ' ^ et Kal '6\ws coiij. W. ; & «» Kal kuAws U; ael Kal KaAt JMV; Kal €( KaKws Ald.H.
  • So. and then encourage new growth.
386 ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IV. xiii. 2-4 lived than tliose which live in dry places : this is true of willow abele elder and black })o])lar. Some trees, though they grow old and decay quickly, shoot up again from the same stock,i as bay ap})le pomegranate and most of the water- loving trees. About these one might enquire whether one should call the new growth the same tree or a new one ; to take a similar case, if, after cutting down the trunk, one should, as the husband- men do, encourage - the new shoots to grow again, or if^ one should cut the tree right down to the roots and burn the stump,^ (for these things are commonly done, and they also sometimes occur naturally) ; are we then here too, to call the new growth the same tree, or another one ? In so far as it is always the parts of the tree which appear to alternate their })eriods of growth and decay and also the prunings which they themselves thus make, so far the new and the old growth might seem to be the same tree ; for what difference can there be in the one as compared witli the other ? ^ On the other hand, in so far as the trunk would seem to be above all the essential part of the tree, which gives it its special character, when this changes, one might suppose that the whole tree becomes something dilferent — unless indeed one should lay down that to have the same starting-point constitutes identity ; whereas it often ^ happens that the roots too are different and undergo a change, since some decay and others grow afresh. ^ For if it be true, as some assert, that the reason why the vine is the longest 8 i.e. how can the substitution of one set of 'parts' for another destroy the identity of the tree as a whole? ^ TToWoLKts conj. 8ch. from G ; iroWa Ka\ Ald.H. ' And so the ' starting-point ' too is not constant. 387 THEOPHRASTUS ^LCoTaraf; elvai rw firj (^veiv €T€pa<; a\X' e^ avrm aei o'vvavaTrXrjpovadai, yeXotov av tVo)? Sokoltj tol- avTT] (TvyKpia-i<; iav <;"'?;> fjievj] rb areXexo'^' avry] yap olov vTToOeai^; fcal (f)vai^ BevSpcov. rovro /lev ovv OTTorepax; irore XcKTeou ovOev av BieveyKai 5 7r/309 ra vvv. Taya, S' av etr) fiaKpo^LcoTarov to 7rai/T6)? Svvd/Mevov avrapKeiv, axrirep rj iXda Ka\ TO) areXix^t fcal rrj irapa^Xacrrrjaei kuI tw BvdcoXiOpovf; ex^iv Ta? pil^a<;. ho/cel 8e o /9/os' T^9 y€ fiLds elvai, Ka6' ov to <JTe\exo'^ Bel tj]v dpxw TiOevra perpov dvaperpelv rov xpovov, paXiara irepl err] BiaKocna. el 5' oirep eirl tcoi^ dp.irikwv \eyovai Tive<;, co? irapaipovpevcov ro)v pL^cbv Kara /^epo? Bvvarai Biaptveiv to areXexo^i, fcal 7} oXr) (^vaL<^ opoia Kal 6p,oio(j)6po<i ottoctovovv Xpovov, paKpo^icorarov av eir) irdvjwv. (f)aal B^ Belv ovTco TToielv orav yBrj Bokj} KaracfitpeaOai- KX'^fiard Te iiri/SaXXeiv Kal KapirovaOaL rov ivcavTov perd Be ravra KaraaKd^^avra eVl Odrepa t^9 dpireXov irepiKaOdpaL irdaa'^ Ta? pl^a^, euT ipTrXijaaL cfypvydvcov /cal eirapi^aaaOai 8 Tr)v yrjv tovtco pev ovv tw eret KaKa)<; (f)€peii a(f)6Bpa, T(p 5' varepw ^eXnov, tw Be rpirw Ka\ ^ i^ avrwv Aid., 8C. rwv fuC^v ; (k rS>v avrwv conj. W. ' i.e. such an argument practically assumes the permanence of the trunk, which in the case of the vine can hardly be considered apart from the root. doKolri roiavTri avyKpiais I conj. from G ; ZiKaioTarit] avyKpiais MVAld. ; ZiKaioT(LTj]i avyKpiatis U; ioKoiri cJpai r/ avyKpiais conj. Sch.; so W. in his earlier edition : in his later editions he emends wildly. 388 ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IV. xiii. 4-6 lived of trees, is that, instead of producing new roots, it always renews itself from the existing ones,^ such an illustration must surely lead to an absurd con- clusion,"^ unless ^ we assume that the stock persists, as it must do, since it is, as it were, the fundamental and essential part of a tree. However it cannot matter much for our present purpose which account is the right one. Perhaps we may say that the longest-lived tree is that which in all ways is able to })ersist,^ as does the olive by its trunk, by its power of developing sidegrowth, and by the fact that its roots are so hard to destroy. It appears that tnc life of the individual olive (in regard to which one should make the trunk the essential part and standard^ in estimating the time), lasts for about two hundred years.^ But if it is true of the vine, as some say, that, if the roots are partly removed, the trunk is able to survive, and the whole character of the tree remains the same and produces like fruits for any period, however long, then the vine will be the longest-lived of all trees. They say that, when the vine seems to be deteriorating, this is what one should do :— one should encourage the growth of branches and gather the fruit that year ; and after that one should dig on one side of the vine and prune away all the roots on that side, and then fill the hole with brushwood and heap up the soil. In that year, they say, the vine bears very badly, but better in the next, while in the ' I have inserted /irj, which G seems to have read.
  • avTapKcIv U, cf. Ar. Eq. 540 ; avTapKetv Aid.
  • KaQ^ %v tJ) (TTeAexos Sei t)]v apxw TiOevra I conj. ; 80 G ;
Kad' tp areXexos ^Stj ttjj' apxh^ Ttdeyra /xerpov Ald.H. ; fi Set for ^5rj U; nad^ h tov areXexovs SeZ rhv ojkov Tidevra jxirpov conj. W. ; Kud' %v rh ar. ^5t7 apxV Koi fitrpov xph conj. Sch. c/. end of §4. » Plin. 16. 241. THEOPHRASTUS TerdpTG) KadidTaadat /cal <f>€peLP ttoXXol/? kul Ka\ov<;, ware firjSep Siac^epeiv rj ore riKjia^ev eTreihau Be ttoXlv a7ro7rXi]yf}, Odrepov iJLepo<; irapa- aKCLTTTeiv Kol OepaireveLV o/^oto)?, koX ovrco^ alel Bia/ji€V€LV' iroielv Be rovro fidXiara Bt irMv Beica- BC o Kol KOTTreiv ovBeiroTe rov<; rovro iroiovvra'^, d\X eirl ryeved^i TroWa? ravrd rd crreXexv Bia- fieveiVy ware ixrjBe /jL€fiv7]a6aL rov<; <f)vr€V(Tapra<;' rovro fiev ovv Laco<; rcov ireTreipaiJLevcov aKovovra Bel TTicrreveiv. rd Be paKpo^ia kol ^pa^v^ia Bid roiv elprjiievwv Oewprjreov. XIV. Nocn]/iiara Be rol<i /lev dypLOL<; ov ^aai ^vjjL^aii'eiv vcj) wv dvaipovvrai, <^av\w<; Bl Bia- rWeaOai koX pdXiara eTriBrjXco^; orav ydXal^oKo- TTTjOfj rj ^Xaardveiv fieWovra rj dp'y^o/iieva rj dvOovvra, kol orav rj Trvevfia y^rvj^pov rj Oepfiov eTTiyevrirai Kard rovrov<; rov<i Katpov^. vrro Be rcov wpaiwv 'X^eificovcov ovBe dv v7rep/3dX\ovre<; coaiv ovBev 7rd(7X€iv, dXXd kol ^vfjL(f)6peLV rrdcn ')(eLiJLaa6rjvaL' fir) '^ei/jiaadevra ydp KUKo^Xaaro- 2 repa yiveaOai. rot<; Be -qfiepoL'i earl TrXeico voarj- fiara, kol rd /lev loarrep Koivd rrdaiv rj rol^ 7rXeL(rrot,<i rd 5' iBia Kard yevrj. KOivd Brj ro re (TKcoXrjKovaOai Kal dxrrpo^oXelcrOaL kol 6 <j^a- KeXiapLO'i. diravra yap &)? elirelv kol aKcoXrjKa^; ^ airoTrXTTyfi : airoX'fiyr] conj. Sch. « Plin. 17.' 216. * » cf. O.P. 5. 8. 3.
  • Karh yiVT} conj. W.; koI rh. yhi\ UMV; Koi Karh ytpr] Aid.
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IV. xiii. 6-xiv. 2 third and fourth it becomes normal again and bears many fair clusters, so that it is quite as good as when it was in its prime. And when it goes off again/ they say one should dig on the other side and apply the same treatment ; and that so treated the tree lasts for ever ; and this should be done at intervals of about ten years. And this is why those who adopt this treatment never cut down the vine, but the same stems remain for many generations, so that even those who planted the trees cannot remember doing so. However perhaps one should enquire of those who have had experience before accepting this state- ment. These examples may serve for considering which trees are long-lived and which short-lived. Of diseases and injuries done by weather conditions. XIV. 2 As to diseases— they say that wild trees are not liable to diseases which destroy them, but that they get into poor condition, and that most obviously when tliey are smitten with hail when either they are about to bud or are just budding or are in bloom ; also when either a cold or a hot wind comes at such seasons : but that from season- able storms, even if they be violent, they take no hurt,2 but rather that it is good for them all to be exposed to weather : for, unless they are, they do not grow so well. Cultivated kinds however, they say, are subject to various diseases, some of which are, one may say, common to all or to most, while others are special to particular kinds.* General diseases are those ^ of being worm-eaten, of being sun-scorched, and rot.^ All trees, it may be said, ' Koiva d^ t6 re conj. W. ; koivu kuI rS-rf UMV; Koiyd- olov to't€ Ald.H. « c/. 8. 10. 1. THEOPHRASTUS t<7')(ei rrXrjv ra fiev ekdrrov^ ra Be TrXetou?, KaOd- vep (TVKri fjLrfkka kol diTio<;. Q)<i Be dirXw^ eiTrelv rjKKJTa CTKcoXrjKOVvraL rd hpifxla kol OTTcoBrj, Kai darpo/SoXelraL d)(TavT(o<;' fiaXXov 8e rot? veoL<; rj TOt? eV aKfifj TOVTO avjjL^aivei, irdvTwv Be fidXiara rfj re av/cf] koX rfj dfiirlXoi. 'H S' iXda 7r/)o? rw tov(; (TK(oXrjKa<i La')(^6iv, o'i Bt] Kol T'qv (TVKrjv Biacpdeupovaiv ivTiKTOvre^;, (f)veL KOL TjXov ol Be jivKrjra KaXovaiv, evLoi Be XoirdBa- TOVTO S* ecTTLV olov 7]Xiov Kavai<;. Bia^delpovTai 8' evioTe koi al veat iXdat Bid ti]v vTrep^oXrjv tt}? TToXvKapTrla^. rj Be -y^wpa kol ol irpoac^voixevoi K0')(\.iaL (TVKr)<i elcnv ov iravTaxov Be tovto (jvp^jBaiveL tol^ crvKah, dXV eoLKC xal rd vocrrjpbaTa yiveaOai KaTd tou<; tottov;, Mcrirep tol<; ^(ji)ot<i' eVel Trap' €vioL<^ ov yjrcopiwat, KaOdrrep ovBe ire pi TTjv Alvetav. 'AXi(TKeTaL Be (tvkt) fidXiaTa kol a^aKsXiap^w Kol KpdBw. KaXeLTUL Be a^aKeXi(Tpi,o<; fiev OTav al pL^ai peXavOoiai, KpdBo<; 5' otuv ol KXdBor kol ydp KaXovai Ttve<; KpdBov<i, 66ev Kai Tovvojia ttj v6a(p- 6 S* epiveo<i ovt€ /cpaBa ovTe acf)aKeXL^€i OVTe yjrcopia ovt6 aKoyXrjKovTai Tal<; pi^aL<; 6fj,oia)<^' ovBe Brj ra epivd Tive<; aTro^dXXovaiv ovB' edv €p(f)VTev0Maiv et? a-v/cijv. 1 oTTciSr? UMVAld.; evcLS-n H., evidently from Plin. 17. 221. cf. a P. 5. 9. 4 and 5. "^ \ondda : Plin. 17. 223, patella. The ^\os is an abortive bud, called in Italian novolo. ' ^A./ou /caCo-Js conj. Seal, from Plin. I.e. veluti solis exustio : so also G; r\\oiavTov U; ^\oi avrhv V; ^\oi avTwv M ; ^Aoi avTOfv Aid. whicli W. prints provisionally. ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IV. xiv. 2-4 liave worms, but some less, as fig and apple, some more, as pear. Speaking generally, those least liable to be worm-eaten are those which have a bitter acrid 1 juice, and these are also less liable to sun- scorch. Moreover this occurs more commonly in young trees than in those which have come to their strength, and most of all it occurs in the fig and the vine. The olive, in addition to having worms (which destroy the fig too by breeding in it), produces i.lso a ' knot ' (which some call a fungus, others a bark- blister 2), and it resembles the effect of sun-scorch.^ Also sometimes young olives are destroyed by exces- sive fruitfulness. The fig is also liable to scab, and to snails which cling to it. However this does not happen to figs everywhere, but it appears that, as with animals, diseases are dependent on local con- ditions ; for in some parts, as about Aineia,* the figs do not get scab. The fig is also often a victim to rot and to krados. It is called rot when the roots turn black, it is called krados when the branches do so ; for some call the branches kradoi^ (instead of kladoi), whence the name is transferred to the disease. The wild fig does not suffer from krados rot or scab, nor does it get so worm-eaten in its roots ^ as the culti- vated tree ; indeed some wild figs do not even shed their early fruit — not even if they are grafted ^ into a cultivated tree.
  • cf. 5. 2. 1. 6 Evidently a dialectic form.
^ plCais PAld. ; avKOLS W. after conj, of Sch. " ifKpvTfvOcca-iv conj. Sch.; ^pi (pvr. UMV; euia (pvr. Aid. Apparently the object of such grafting was the * caprification ' of the cultivated tree {cf. 2. 8. 3) ; but grafting for this purpose does not seem to be mentioned elsewhere. 393 THEOPHRASTUS 5 *H Bk "ylrcvpa /idXiara ybperac orav vScop eV) YlXeidBi yevrjTac fir] irokv' idv Be ttoXv, dno- KKv^erai' avfi/Saivet Be rore fcal ra eptva dirop- pelv Koi Tou? 6\vv9ov<;. rwv Be aKOiXrjKwv tmv ev raU avfcal^i ol fiev ef avrrj^; jivovTai oi Be evTiKTOvraL vtto rov KoXov/jtevov /cepdarov Travre^ Be €69 K€pd(TT7]v dTTOKadlaravrar (pOeyjovTat Be olov Tpiyybbv. voael Be av/cr} koX eav eTrofi/Spla yeprjrar rd re yap Trpo? rrjv pi^av kol avrrj 7) pi^a wairep /xaBa' rovro Be Kokovai Xoirdv. 6 y S* d/i7reXo<; rpaya' rovro Be [idXiara avrij^ earu irpo'i tw darpo^oXecaOai, rj orav vtto TTvevfidrcov fiXaarofcoTrrjOfj rj orav rn epyacria (TVfMTrdOiJ rj rpLrov vTrrla rpLrjOrj. 'Pua? Be yiverai, o KaXovai riv€<i y^lveaOai, orav i7TLVL(f)6f] Kara r^-jv dirdvOriaLV rj orav KpeLrroidfj' ro Be irdOo^i earlv ware diroppelv rd<; pdya<i fcal ra^ eirLfievovaa^ elvat fiLKpdt;. evLa Be Kal ptyooaavra voael, KaOairep 77 dfiTreXo^' dpu- ^Xovvrai yap ol 6(f)6aX/iol rrj<; Trpcororo/uLOV Kal irdXtv vrrepOepjiavOevra- ^rjrel yap Kal rovrcov ryv avfijierpiav wairep kol rr}<^ rpo(pi}<;. oXco<i Be rrav ro Trapd <f)vaiv eirLKivBvvov. 1 c/. C.P. 5. 9. 10; Col. 5. 9. 15. 2 c/. 5. 4. 5 ; C.P. 5. 10. 5 ; Plin. 17. 221. ' aiiTT) 7] ^((a 1 conj.; avr^v tV plCav U ; om. Aid.
  • cf. a p. 5. 9. 12 ; Plin. 17. 225.
" i.e. sliedding of the 'bark' of the roots. \oTrav conj. Sch., cf. C.P. 5. 9. 9 ; KoniSa Ald.H., cf. 4. 14. 3; but the word here points to a diflferent disease. • uTTTta TOytiT) 8661113 to ho & technical term for pruning in such a way that the growth of the new wood is encouraged 394 ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IV. xiv. 5-6 Scab^ chiefly occurs when there is not much rain after the rising of the Pleiad ; if rain is abundant, the scab is washed off, and at such times it comes to pass that both the spring and the winter figs drop off. Of the worms found in fig-trees some have their origin in the tree, some are produced in it by the creature called the ' horned worm ' ; but they all turn into the ' horned worm ' ; ^ and they make a shrill noise. The fig also becomes diseased if there is heavy rain ; for then the parts towards the root and the root itself^ become, as it were, sodden,^ and this they call * bark-shedding.' ^ The vine suffers from over-luxuriance ; this, as well as sun-scorch, specially happens to it either when the young shoots are cut by winds, or when it has suffered from bad cultivation, or, thirdly, when it has been pruned upwards.*^ The vine becomes a 'shedder, a condition which some call 'casting of the fruit,' if the tree is snowed upon at the time when the blossom falls, or else when it becomes over lusty; ^ what happens is that the unripe grapes drop off, and those that remain on the tree are small. Some trees also contract disease from frost, for instance the vine ; for then the eyes of the vine that was pruned early become abortive ; and this also happens from excessive heat, for the vine seeks regularity in these conditions too, as in its nourishment. And in general anything is dangerous which is contrary to the normal course of things. and so there is less fruit : exact sense obscure ; ? ' from below' (i.e. with the blade of the knife pointing upwards). cf. G.P. I.e.; Col. 4. 24. 15 ; Plin. I.e., in supinum axcisis. 7 c/. C.P. 5. 9. 13. ® KpfiTTQ}6^ : i.e. the growth is over-luxuriant. The word occurs elsewhere only in the parallel passage G.P. I.e., where occurs also the subst. Kpeirrwiris, evidently a technical term. 395 THEOPHRASTUS 7 M-eydXa Be ^v^^dWeraL kcu to, Tpavjiara Kal al TrXrjyal rcov irepiaKairTovroiv el<i ro /jltj (pepeiv Ta9 fi€Ta^oXd<; rj fcavfxaTcop i) 'X^eifKovcov da06ve<i yap ov hid rrjv eXKcoaiv kol tov ttovov €V)(^etpa)- Torarov ean ral'^ VTrep/BoXalf;. a)(^ehov Be, w? ri,ve<i oXovrai, TO. ifKelara rcov vocr^iixdnov diro TrXrjyrj^ yiveTar zeal yap rd darpo^XrjTa KaXovfjieva Kal rd (rcpaKeXi^oPTa Bed to dTTo TavTrj<; elvai ruiv oi^wv TOV TTovov. olovTau Be Kal Bvo ravra^i elvai fiova<i voaov^' ov firjv dWa touto y ovk dyav ofioXoyovfievov iart. [IldvTcov S' dcrOevearaTOV y firjXea y r)pivr] Kal rovTwv 77 yXvKelaJ] 8 "EiVLai Be TrrjpcocreL'; ovk et9 (f>Oopdv yivovTai oXcov dXX^ eh dKapTrlav olov edv Tt? r?}? ttltvo'^ d^eXr) TO aKpov rj tov <^oiviko^, aKapira ylveaOai dp,(f)0) BoKel Kal ov)(^ oA,&)9 dvaipelaOai. rivovraL Be voaoL Kal tcjv Kapirwv avroiv, edv py Kard Katpov rd irvevpara Kal rd ovpdvia yevrfTai' avpL^aivei yap ore pev drro^dXXeiv yevopievwv rj pur] yevofievcov vBdrcov, olov ra? avKa^i, OTe Be ')(^eipov<^ ylvecrOat. arjiropbevov^ Kal KaraiTViyo- p,ei'OV<i 7} rrdXiv dva^7jpaivop,evov<; irapd to Beov. X^LpicTTOv Be edv dTravOovai Tiaiv ecpvcrr], KaOdirep eXda Kal dpireXw' avvaiToppel yap 6 Kapiro^; BC daOeveiav. 1 Plin. 17. 227. ' (iix^ipoiroTaTov conj. W. after Lobeck ; ^hx^^p^'^o^fov Aid. 3 TTovov conj. H. from G ; t6itov MVAld.
  • This sentence is clearly out of place : the plural tovtwv
has nothing to refer to. cf. 4. 13. 2. It is represented how- ever by Plin. I.e. 396 ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IV. xiv. 7-8 1 Moreover the wounds and blows inflicted by men who dig about the vines render them less able to bear the alternations of heat and cold ; for then the tree is weak owing to the wounding and to the strain put upon it, and falls an easy prey 2 to excess of heat
ind cold. Indeed, as some think, most diseases
may be said to be due to a blow ; for that even llie diseases known as 'sun-scorch' and 'rot' occur because the roots have suffered in this way.^ In fact they think that there are only these two diseases ; but there is not general agreement on this point. The ' spring apple ' and especially the sweet form of it, has the weakest constitution.^ ^ Some mutilations however do not cause destruc- tion of the whole ^ tree, but only produce barrenness ; for instance, if one takes away the top of the Aleppo pine or the date-palm, the tree in both cases appears to become barren, but not to be altogether destroyed. There are also diseases of the fruits themselves, which occur if the winds and rains do not come in due season. F'or it comes to pass that sometimes trees, figs, for example, shed their fruit when rain does or does not come, and ^ sometimes the fruit is spoilt by being rotted and so choked ofF,^ or again by being unduly dried up. It is worst of all for some trees, as olive and vine, if rain falls on them as they are dropping their blossom ; ^^ for then the fruit, having no strength, drops also. 6 Plin. 17. 228 and 229. « '6\oov conj. W.; tivoov PgAld.H. cf. G.P. 5. 17. 3 and 6. ' cf. G.P. 5. 10. 5. sgeadd. Sch. ^cj. G.P. I.e. '" airaveovai conj. Sch. from G and Plin. I.e. ; i-navOoviri. Ald.H. 397 THEOPHRASTUS
  • Ev Mt\-^T(p Be ra? iXda<;, orav wat, irepl to
avOeiVy Kafxirai KareaOiovaLV, al fiev ra (f)vWa a'l he ra avdrj, erepau tu> yevec, koI ■^iXovai, ra BevBpa' 'ylvovrai Be iav y voria kol evSteLvd' eav Be eiriXd^r] Kavfiara prjyuuvrai. Hepl Be Tdpavra 'Trpo(^aivovaL /xev del iroXvv Kapnov, VTTO Be ttjv dirdvOriaLV rd ttoW' diTok- \vTai. rd fiev ovv roLUvra rwv roirwv IBia. 10 TLverai Be koX aX\o voarj/xa irepl rd(; e\da<; dpd')(yLov KaXovfievov' (fiveruL yap rovro kol Bia- <f)OeLpeL rov Kaprrov. erzLKdei Be Kal Kavfiard riva fcal ekdav Kal ^orpvv Kal dWov^ Kapirov^;. ol Be Kapirol <t K(o\r]Kovvrai nvwv, olov ekda^ diriov firfkea<; fxea'K L\r}<^ p6a<;. Kal 6 ye tt}? e\da<; aK(i>krj^ edv fiev vrro rb Bepfia yevr^rau Bia(pdeLpei rov KapiTov, edv Be rov Truprjva Biacpdyrj w^eXet. KcoXveraL Be viro rw Bep/iarL elvai vBaro<; eV ^ApKrovpo) yevo/jbevov. yivovrai Be Kal ev rat? BpvireTreat crK(oXr]K€<;, atirep Kal ')(^eipov^ eU rr]v pvcnv oA.ft)9 Be Kal BoKovaiv elvai aairpai' Bl o Kal yivovrai roL<; vorLOL<; Kal /xdXXov ev rot? e(f)vBpoi<;. eyyivovrai Be Kal KVLTre^; ev riat rcov BevBpcov, wairep ev rfj Bpv't Kal rfj avKfj' Kal BoKOvatv €K tt}? vyp6ry]ro<; avvlaraaOai t/}? vtto rov (f)Xoiov avviara^evri^' avrr) Be iarc yXvKela yevofievoL'i. yivovrai Be Kal ev Xa~^dvoL<i naiv, 1 c/. C.P. 5. 10. 3. " Tarentum : cf. C.P. I.e. ' a.-K(xvQriaiv conj. W.; ivdrjaiv Aid. ♦ Plin. 17. 229-2.31. • apaxviov cony 8ch. after Meurs. ; aplxt'ioy UP^; iLpxiX"^"" MVP ; itpxiviov Aid. cf. C.P. 5. 10. 2. ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IV. xiv. 9-10 1 In Miletus the vines at the time of flowering are eaten by caterpillars^ some of Avhich devour the flowers, others, a different kind, the leaves ; and they strip the tree ; these appear if there is a south wind and sunny weather ; if the heat overtakes them, the trees split. About Taras ^ the olives always shew much fruit, but most of it perishes at the time when the blossom falls.^ Such are the drawbacks special to par- ticular regions. ■^ There is also another disease incident to the olive, which is called cobweb ; ^ for this forms ^ on the tree and destroys the fruit. Certain hot "^ winds also scorch both olive vine-cluster and other fruits. And the fruits of some get worm-eaten,^ as olive pear apple medlar pomegranate. Now the worm which infests the olive, if it appears below the skin, destroys the fruit; but if it devours the stone it is beneficial. And it is prevented from appearing under the skin if there is rain after ^-^ the rising of Arcturus. Worms also occur in the fruit which ripens on the tree, and these are more harmful as affecting the yield of oil. Indeed these worms seem to be altogether rotten ; wherefore thej'^ appear when there is a south wind and particularly in damp places. The knips^^ also occurs in certain trees, as the oak and fig, and it appears that it forms from the moisture which collects under the bark, which is sweet to the taste. Worms also occur ^^ in some ^ (pverat Aid.; i/n(pv€Tai conj. Sell, from G.P. I.e., but the text is perhaps defective. 7 cf. G.P. 5. 10. 5. 8 cf. a P. 5. 10. 1. » €V conj. Sch., cf. G.P. 5. 10. 1 ; iir'JJ; an' Ald.H. " cf. 2. 8. 3. ^^ The subject of yivovrai is probably aKa)\r]Kes, not Kvlirfs. 399 THEOPHRASTUS €v6a Se Ka/jLTrai ^la^epovarj^; hrjXov otl t?}? 11 Kal ra fxev voa-rjiiara a^^Sov ravra kul ev rovTOL^ earlv. evia he ttcWtj tmv Kara Ta<; a>pa<; Kol Twv Kara tov<; roTrof? jifo/ievcov dvaLpelv 7re(pvKev, a ovk civ rt? eiiroL voaov^, olov \iyco rrjv 6K7r7]^iv Kal b KaXovcTL rive<i KavOfiov. aWa Se Trap €KdaroL<^ TrecfiVKe irvevpara uTroWyvai /cal diroKaeiV' olov ev XaXKiSi t/}9 Et'/Sota? 'OXu/xTr/a? orav irvevaji fiVKpov rrpo Tpoirwv rj /xerd rpoTrd^ '^ei,/jL6pLvd<; yjruxpo';' diroKaei yap rd BevSpa Kal ovTco<; ava iroiel Kal ^rjpd &)? ovS* dv v(f rjXiou Ka\ ')(p6vov TToWov yevoLT dv, Bt* o Kal KaXovac KavOjiov iyevero Be irporepov TroXXa/ci? ^/St; koI eir ^ Ap')(iTnrov Bl ejoiv TerrapdKovTa a(f)oBp6<;. 12 Uovovat Be fidXiara rcov tottcov ol koIXol Kal oi av\a)V€<i Kal octol irepl rot/? Trora/xoi'? Kal dirXco^ ol d-TTvevaroTaror tmv BevBpcov Be /ndXiarra (TVKrjy Bevrepov Be iXda. eXda<i Be fiaXXov 6 Kortvo<; eirovrjaev Icryyporepo^ mv, o Kal Oavfiaarov rjv at Be dfxvyBaXal to Trdpurav diraOeW drraOeL^ Be Kal al /JLrjXeac Kal at dirioL Kal al poai lyevovTO' BC o Kal Tovro yv Oavfiaarov. diroKderai Be evOv^ eK rov crreXe^ovi, Kal oXco? Be jxdXXov Kal irporepov &)? elrrelv dirrerai <rd dva)> rcov Kdrco. (f)av€pd Be yiverai rd fiev d/xa irepl rrjv ^Xdarrjaiv, 1 Plin. 17. 232. ' TU)P Kara rovs tSitous conj. Sch. from Plin. I.e.; tuv kuO^ aura Aid. » HKTv-n^iv conj. Sch.; $Kn\r}^iy UMPjAld. cf. G.P. 5. 12. 2,
  • cf. G.P. 5. 12. 4.
400 ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IV. xiv. 10-12 pot-herbs, as also do caterpillars, though the origin of these is of course different. Such are in general the diseases, and the plants in which they occur. Moreover ^ there are certain affections due to season or situation 2 which are likely to destroy the plant, but which one would not call diseases : I mean such affections as freezing ^ and what some call ^scorching.' Also^ there are winds which blow in particular districts that are likely to destroy or scorch ; for instance the ' Olympian ' wind of Chalcis in Euboea, when it blows cold a little before or after the winter solstice ; for this wind scorches up the trees and makes them more dry and withered than they would become from the sun's heat even in a long period ; wherefore its effect is called ^scorching.' In old times it occurred very frequently, and it recurred with great violence in the time of Archippus, after an interval of forty years. ^ The places which suffer most in this way are hollow places, valleys, the ground near rivers, and, in general, places which are least open to wind ; the tree which suffers most is the fig, and next to that the olive. The wild olive, being stronger, suffered more than the cultivated tree, which was surprising. But the almonds were altogether unscathed, as also were the apples pears and pomegranates; wherefore this too was a surprising fact. The tree gets scorched by this wind right down to the trunk, and in general the upper are caught more and earlier than the lower parts.^ The effects are seen partly at the actual » cf. G.P. 5. 12. 7 ; Plin. 17. 232 and 233. " Karca UMVP ; ^lvu) W. after Sch.'s conj. : text probably defective ; I have added to. &vw. cf. G.P. 6. 12. 5. 401 THEOPHRASTUS i) Be e\da Sia rb aeic^vWov varepov ocrai fih ovv av (pvWojSoXrjacocriv ava^LOiCTKOVTai irakiv, oaat 5' av /jlt) reXew? airoWvvrai. rnrap ivioi^ Se TLV6<i cLTTOKavOelaai kol tmv <^vXK.u>v avavOevrwv ave- ^Xdaryjaav irakLv avev rov uTTo/SaXelv koI rd (f)vWa dve^iwaev. Ivia^ov Se kol TroWa'/ci? TOVTO (JVfi^aivei, KaOdirep kol ev ^^iXlttttol^. 13 Ta 5' iKirayevra, orav /jltj T€Xeco<; diroXr^rai, Td')(^LGTa dva/SXaardvet, ware ev9v<i ttju dfiireXov KapTTO(^opelv, Mairep iv SerraXta. iv he rw Yi6vT(p irepl JlavTiKdiraiov al fiev eK-mq^eL^ yiifovrai Si)(^co<;, ore fxev viro '\jrv'^ov<; edv 'X^eifxepLOV fj TO eTO<i, ore Be vtto Trdycov edv ye iroXvv y^povov Btaixevwcn. ajK^orepa he fidXiara jiyvovraL /xerd rpoird^ irepl rd<i rerrapdKovTa. yivovrai Be ol /lev TrdyoL rat? aWpiai';, rd Be '^vyv fidXiara V(f)* 0)v i) €K7rr]^i<; orav al9pia<; ovaj)<; al XeiriBe'^ Kara^epwvTai. ravra B' iarlv warrep rd ^va/iara irXrjv irXarvrepa, teal (^epofieva (pavepd ireaovra Be ou Bca/jLevei' irepl Be rj]V Spa/crjv eKTryjyvvvraL. 14 ^AXXd ydp al fiev voaoi iroaai re kol irolat koI rlve^; ylvovrai Kal irdXiv al Bl virep/SoXyjv X^tp-covo'^ T) Kav/idrcov <p6opal Kal al Bid irvev- fidrcov y^rvypoT'^ira r) Oeppiorrjra Bid rovrcov Oecopeiadoyaav wv eVta? ovOev dv kwXvol Kal rol<; dypLOL'i elvai Koiva<; Kal Kard rrjv oXtjv rwv BevBpwv (pOopdv Kal en fiaXXov Kard rr)v tmv KapTTcov o Kal av/ji/Salvov opco/xev ovk evKaprrel ] Plin. 17. 233.
  • (KnayePTU conj. Sch. ; iKir\ay(VTa U ; (KnKjjyfvra Aid.
' idv yf conj. Sch.; iav 5e U; iav it. x- 5. yt Aid. 402 ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS IV. xiv. 12-14 time of budding, but in the olive, because it is evergreen, they do not appear till later; those trees therefore which have shed their leaves come to life again, but those that have not done so are completely destroyed. In some places trees have been known, after being thus scorched and after their leaves have withered, to shoot again without shedding their leaves, and the leaves have come to life again. Indeed in some places, as at Philippi, this happens several times. 1 Trees which have been frost-bitten,^ when they are not completely destroyed, soon shoot again, so that the vine immediately bears fruit, for instance in Thessaly. In Pontus near Panticapaeum the frost-bite occurs in two ways, either just from cold, if the season is wintry, or from long^ spells of frost ; in either case this generally occurs in the * forty days after the winter solstice. The frosts occur in fine weather, but the cold spells, which cause the frost-bite, chiefly when in fine weather the ' flakes ' ^ fall ; these are like filings, but broader, and can be seen as they fall, but when they have fallen, they disappear — though in Thrace they freeze solid. Let this suffice for consideration of the diseases, their number and nature, including the fatal effects of excessive cold and heat or of cold or hot winds. And it may well be that certain of these also affect wild trees, producing entire destruction of the tree and still more that of the fruit. Indeed we see this actually happen ; for wild trees also often fail to
  • Trepl conj. Sch., cf. G.P. 5. 12. 4 ; /ueri UMVAld.
' \enl5(s conj. Seal, from G {aquammtUae) ; (leirlSes Aid. cf. Hdt. 4. 31. 403 THEOPHRASTUS <yap ovB* i/cetva itoWolki^, aXk ov)(^ 6fioiw<; olfiai TrapaTerrjprjTai. XV. AoLTTov S' elirelv oca irapaipovfievcov TLvcdV fiopLcov aTToXkvTai. KOLvrj [lev Bt) iraai <f)Oopa Tov (pXoiou irepiaLpedevTo^ kvkXw' irav yap &)? elirelv oi/rtw? airoXkyadai hoicel irXrjv avhpd-)(\ri' Ka\ avTTj Se idv ri? ttjv adpKa crcpoSpa iriearj Ka\ tov p^iXXovra ^Xaarbv hLaKoy^y irXyv el dpa cf)eXXov' toutov yap (paai kol evaOevetv fidXXov Trepiaipovfievov SijXov ore rod e^o) Kal rov Kdrco Trpo? rfj aap/cl, KaOdirep Kal t?)? dvBpd- X^V^' fTret Kal rov Kepdcrov irepiaLpeljaL Kal rri<; dfiireXou Kal tt;? (f)i.Xvpa<i, i^ ov rd (T')(0LVLa, Kal paXd')(r}<; tmv iXarrSvcoi', dXX* ou;^ o Kvpios ou5' 7rpwT09, dXX 6 iiTLiToXri^, o? Kal avTO/xaro^; ivLore dTTOiriTTTei Sid rrjv virocjivacv Oarepov. Kal yap (^Xoioppayrj evia tcov SevSpcov iariv, a>(T7r€p Kal rj dvhpd'xXrj Kal rj irXdravo'^. o)? he Tiv€<i oiovrai, irdXiv viroc^veTai veo<i, 6 he e^coOev dTro^ypalveTai, Kal prjyvvrai Kal avro/xaTO^; diroTrLTnei iroXXcov, dXX* ov^ 6/iolco<; eV/ST^Xo?. (fyOelpovTaL /JLev ovv, &>? oiovrai, irdvra irepiaLpov- /xevov, hiacpepeL he rro Odrrov Kal fipahvrepov Kai ' Plin. 17. 234; cf. C.P. 5. 15. 1. •' cf. 1. 5. 2. ' PXaoThv conj. Sch. from G ; Kapirlv UAld.H.
  • Plin. 17. 234-236.
404 ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IV. xiv. 14-xv. 2 produce a good crop of fruit ; but, I imagine, they liave not been so well observed. Of the effects on trees of removing bark, head, heart-wood, roots, etc.; of various causes of death. XV. 1 Next we must mention what trees perish when certain parts are removed. All perish alike, if the bark is stripped off all round ; one may say that every tree, except the andrachne,^ perishes under these circumstances ; and this tree does so also, if one does violence to the flesh, and so breaks off the new growth ^ which is forming. However one should perhaps except the cork-oak; for this, they say, is all the stronger if its bark is stripped off, that is, the outer bark and also that which lies below it next the flesh — as with the andrachne. For the bark is also stripped from the bird-cherry the vine and the lime (and from this the ropes are made), and, among smaller plants, from the mallow ; but in these cases it is not the real nor the first bark which is taken, but that which grows above that, which even of its own accord sometimes falls off because fresh bark is forming underneath. ^ In fact some trees, as andrachne and plane, have a bark which cracks.^ As some think, in many cases a new bark forms ^ underneath, while the outer bark withers and cracks and in many cases falls off of its own accord ; but the process is not so obvious as it is in the above mentioned cases. Wherefore, as they think, all trees are destroyed by stripping the bark, though the destruction is not in all cases equally
  • cf. C.P. 3. 18. 3. (pXotoppayrj ^via COnj. Mold.; <p\oiop-
payia fiia UMV; <pv\\opoyia fiia Aid. ' vyrocpverat con], W.; vnoipvei Ald.H. THEOPHRASTUS jjLoXKov Kai r)TTOv. evia >yap irXeloi )(^p6vov Bca- /.levei, KaOdirep avKrj koX ^iXvpa koX 8pv<;' ol he Kol ^fjv (f)acn ravra, ^rjv he kol irreXeav kol (f>oivLKa- tt}? Be (^iXvpa^; kol au/j,(f)veaOai top (fyXoiov TrXrjv /iLfcpov- tmv Be aXXwv olov iraypov- aOai KOL IBiav tlvcl (pvaiv €-)(€iv. ^orjOelv he TreipoivraL hiaTrXuTTOvre'; tttjXw kol irepihovvre^; (f)Xotot<; KoX KaXdpoL<; kol roU tolovtol^;, ottco? /it} yfrvxV'^ai' A*-^^' dTTO^r^paivrjrai. koI rjhrj <^aai ttov ava^vvai, KaOdirep kol ev 'HpuKXeLa rfj Tpa'^ivla, 3 Ta<; avKa<i. hel he a/ia rfj t?}? ')(^cjL>pa^ dperfj koI TTJ rod depot; Kpdaeu kol ra eTnyiyvo/ieva roiavra elvai' ')(^et.fi(ovu>v yap rj icavpdrwv eTTLyivofievcov a(f)ohpo)u €v6v<; drroXXvvrar hiacfiepovcrt he koI al oipar irepl yap rrjv ^Xdarrjaiv iXdrr]^; rj TrevKrjf;, ore fcal Xottwctl, rod SapyrjXicovo^; r) ^KLppo(^opLMVO<^ av Ti? TTepiiXr), irapaxp^ipa dir- oXXvraL. rov he yeipwvo'; irXeiw ')(^p6vov dvr- e%et KOL en fidXXov ra laxvporara, KaOdirep irpl- vo<; KaX hpv<;' ')(^povL(jorepa yap t) rovrwv (f)Oopd. 4 hel he KOL rr]v TrepialpeaLV e-^eiv n 7rXdro<i, rrdvrwv fiev fidXicrra he r6)V la^vpordrcop' enel dv ri<; fiLKpav rravreXo)^ iroLrjcrr), ovOev droirov ro fit) drroXXvaOav KairoL (^aat ye rLpe<;, edv ott- oaovovVy (JVfi^OeipeaOai irdvrcd';' aW eVt rcov daOevearepcdV rovr eiKO'^. evia yap kclv pJr] kvkXco TrepiaipeOij (j^OelpeaOai <^acnv, a KaX ' Koi add. W. (text defective in MSS. except U). 406 ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IV. xv. 2-4 rapid or complete. Some in fact, as fig lime and oak, survive for some time ; indeed some say that these recover, and also the elm and date-palm, and that the bark even of the lime almost entirely closes up again, while in other trees it forms as it were a callus and^ acquires a peculiar new character. Men try to help the tree by plastering it with mud and tying pieces of bark reeds or something of the kind about it, so that it may not take cold nor become dried up. And they say that the bark has been known to grow again ; - for instance that that of the fig-trees at the Trachinian Heraclea did so. However this does not only depend on the quality of the soil and on the climate ; the other circumstances which ensue must also be favourable ; for, if great cold or heat ensues, the tree perishes at once. The season also makes a difference. For if one strips the bark of a silver-fir or fir at the time when the buds are shooting during Thargelion or Skirrophorion,^ at which season it is separable, the tree dies at once. If it is done however in winter, the tree holds out longer ; and this is especially true of the strongest trees, such as kermes-oak and oak ; these it takes longer to kill. However the piece stripped off must be of a certain breadth to cause the death of the tree, especially in the case of the strongest trees ; for, if one does it only a little, it is not surprising that the tree should not be killed ; though some indeed say that, if it is done at all,* the tree certainly dies ; this liowever is probably true only of the weaker kinds. For some, they say, if they are in bad barren ^ apa(pvvai conj. Seal, from G ; (pvvai Ald.H. 2 May-June.
  • b-noffovovv conj. Sch. from G ; oTcwaovv Aid.
407 THJiOPHRASTUS Xvirpav eyei ')((i)pav kcli aTpo<^ov. avr)] fiev 6i], KaOdirep eiprjraL, kolvy] cjiOopa Trdvrwv. XVI. *^Hi/ ^e KokouaLV iiriKOTrrjv rcov BevBpcop, fiovov Trevfcrjf; iXdri]'; ttltvo'^ (f)OLViKo<=;, oi Be kol Kehpov KoX KuirapLTTOv (f)aaL ravra yap, eav rreptaipeOij Tr)v Kofiriv dvwOev kol eTTCKOTrfj to cLKpov, (pOeLperaL iravra koI ov ^Xaarduei, fcaOd- TTcp ovh^ iiriKavdevTa ?) irdvTa rj evta. ra 8' dWa Trdvra kol TTepLKOTTevra ^Xaardvei, koI evtd <ye KaWlco jiverai, KaOdirep r) iXda. Bia- ^Oeiperai Be rd TroXXd kuv a')(^ia6fi ro crr€X6')(^os' ovBev yap viropbeveLv Bok€L irXr^v dfiTriXov Ka\ crvKrj(; Kal p6a<i fcal prfXea^' evia Be Kav eXKcoOfj Kol fjuel^ov Kal (Badvrepov d'woXXvraL. rd t ovBev Trda'^ei, KaOdirep r) TrevKrj BaBoupyov/ievrj, fcal e^ o)v Bt) to.? py]TLva<; avXXeyovcnv, olov eXd- tt;? T€p/JLLv6ou' Kal yap Brj tovtcov eh /SdOo'i i) rpwcrt? Kal eXK(oai^. Kal yap e^ d(f)6p(ov (popaBc's yipovrai Kal e^ oXtyo^opwv 7roXv<j)6poi. Td Be Kal ireXeKrja-Lv viropevei Kal 6p0d Kal ireaovra viro irveu/iaro^, Mare ttoXlv dvlaTaaOai Kal ^Yjv KOL ^XacrrdpeLP, olop Irea Kal irXdrapo^. oirep (JVPejBri Kal ev ^AprdpBpco Kal iv ^iXiiriroLi;' €KTTeaovar)<i ydp <w? direKos^av tou? aKpepopa^ Kal €7reXeKr]aap, dpecpvi] pvKTcop rj 7rXdrapo<^ KOVcpLaOeccra rod /3dpov<; Kal dpe^lw Kal 6 (pXoio<; 7r€pi€(f)U irdXip. irapaTreireXeKri pepr) 8' eTvyyapep eK TMv Bvo pepoiP' rjp Be rb BepBpov peya /x?}a:09 1 Plin. 17. 236 ; cf. 3. 7. 2; C.P. 5. 17. 3. 2 cf. 3. 9. 5. ' tvuQiv Koi conj. W, : koL JkvwQfv Aid.
  • c/. 1. 3. 3; 1. 14. 2.
408 ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IV. xv. 4-xvi. 2 soil, die even if the bark is not stripped all round. This then, as has been said, is a universal cause of death. XVI. ^ The process which is called topping of trees is fatal only to fir silver-fir Aleppo pine^ and date- palm, though some add prickly cedar and cypress. These, if they are stripped of their foliage at the top ' and the crovv^n is cut off, perish wholly and do not shoot again, as is the case with some, if not with all, if they are burnt. But all other trees shoot again after being lopped, and some, such as the olive,^ become all the fairer. However most trees perish if the stem is split ;^ for no tree seems able to stand this, except vine fig pomegranate and apple ; and some perish even if they are wounded severely and deeply. Some however take no harm ^ from this, as the fir when it is cut for tar, and those trees from which the resins are collected, as silver-fir and terebinth ; though these trees are in fact then deeply wounded and mangled. Indeed they actually become fruitfuU instead of barren, or are made to bear plentifully instead of scantily. Some trees again submit to being hewn both when they are standing and when they have been blown down, so that they rise up again and live and shoot, for instance the willow and the plane. ^ This was known to happen in Antandros and at Philippi ; a plane in Antandros having fallen and had its boughs lopped off and the axe applied to its trunk, grew again in the night when thus relieved of the weight, and the bark grew about it again. It happened that it had been hewn two thirds of the way round ; it 5 c/. G.P. 5. 16. 4 ; Plin. 17. 238. « c/. C.P. 5. 16. 2. ' (popaZes conj. Sell.; <popihis Aid. « Plin. 16. 1.33. 409 THEOPHRASTUS /lev fiel^ov rj heKdm^')(y, rrd')(^o<^ 5' wcrre firf pahiw^ av irepLXalBeiV Terrapa^; avhpa<^. t) he ev ^lTutt- TTOi^ Irea TrepLe/coTrr) fiev tou9 ciKpeixova^;, ov pLrjv irap€7re\€Ki]dr]. fxavri.^ he Ti? eTreiaev avTOV^ Ova lav re iroielaOaL kol rr/pelv ro SevSpov &)<? cTTj/ieLov dyaObv yeyovo';. dvearr) Be kol ev 'ZrayebpoL^i ev tm /xovaeLM Xev/cri rt? eKireaovaa. Tt}? he fjLijTpw^ €^aipoufjLevyj<i ovOev &)? elirelv (^OeipeTai hevhpov. arj/jLelov he on iroWa KoTXa Tcov /.ceyeOo<; e^ovTcov hevhpcov eariv. ol he irepl ^ kpicahiav (jyaal /lexpt tlvo<; filv ^rjv to hevhpov, re\ew? he e^ ciTravro^ e^aLpe6eLari<; kol 7revKip> (pOeipeaOai kol eXarrjv Koi aXXo irav. KoLvr] he (^Oopd irdvTCdv Kav al pit^ai irepL- KOTTUicnv rj irdaaL rj at irXelaraL kol fieyiaTat KOL fcupKOTarai rov t^rjv. avTat jxev ovv e^ d(^aLpeaew<^. 'H 8' viro Tou eXaiov irpoaOeaet rivl /idWov i) d(j)aip€aeL' TroXe/iLov yap hrj kol tovto ttuctl' /cai eXaiov eTTix^ovai toI^ viroXei/u/iaaL rcov pi^cov. la^vei he fidXXov to eXatov ev toZ? i^eot? kol ctpri (f)vo/jievoi<;' daOevearepa ydp, St' o /cal dirrecrOai KcoXvouai. ^dopaX he Kol vn dXXijXcov elal ra> Trapat- pelaOai Ta? Tpo^a? kcu ev T0L<i dXXoi<; epLTrohi^eLv. ')(^aXe7ro<; he koL 6 ArtTTO? 'Trapa(pv6pevo<;, ;^aXe7ro9 he Koi 6 KVTLao<^' drroXXvaL ydp jrdvO' oo? elireZv ^ rivhs (i\v ^r\v tJ) S. conj. W, ; rivo^ Vj.v (corrected) rov Stf^pov U; Tivos f^vpfdv ToG 5. MVAld. 2 cf. Plin. 17. 234 ; C.P. 5. 15. 6. ' -nafff Kal t\aiov inixeovffi COnj. Sch.; nuffLV eAojov inix^'^- ovjLV UMPaAld. 410 ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IV. xvi. 2-5 was a large tree, more than ten cubits high, and ol such girth that four men could not easily have encircled it. The willow at Philippi which grew again had had its branches lopped off, but the trunk had not been hewn. A certain seer persuaded the people to offer sacrifice and take care of the tree, since what had occurred was a good omen. Also at Stageira an abele in the school gardens which had fallen got up again. Hardly any tree is destroyed by taking out the core ; a proof of which is the fact that many large trees are hollow. The people of Arcadia say that the tree under these circumstances lives for a time,i but that, if the tree is entirely deprived of its core, Hr or silver-fir or any other tree perishes. All trees alike are destroyed when the roots are cut off, whether all or most of them, if those removed are the largest and the most essential to life. Such then are the causes of death which come from the removal of a part of the tree. On the other hand the destruction which oil 2 causes is due rather to a kind of addition than to removal ; for oil is hostile to all trees, and ^ so men pour it ^ over what remains of the roots. However oil is more potent with young trees which are just growing; for then they are weaker; wherefore men do not allow them to be touched at that time. ° Again trees may destroy one another, by robbing them of nourishment and hindering them in other ways. Again an overgrowth of ivy ^ is dangerous,'^ and so is tree-medick, for this destroys almost any-
  • i.e. to complete the destruction of a tree. cf. Plut.
Quaest. Conv. 2. 6. 2. » Plin. 17. 239 and 240. « cf. O.P. 5. 15. 4. ' X"^*""^* Se Kol Aid.; xa^^^rbs 5' iarlv conj. W. 411 THEOPHRASTUS layypoTepov h\ rovrov to aXifiov airoXkvaL 'yap rov KVTLaov. "Y^via Ze ov (f)OeipeL pcev X^^P^ ^^ Troiet rah Svvdfieai tmv x^Xmv kol rdv oapioiv, olov i) pd(^avo<; Kal rj Sd(})V7] ttjv ap^irekov. oac^paiveaOaL yap (f>acrt, Kal €\k€iv. Sl o Kal orav 6 /SXacrro? ir\r]aiov jevy]rai, ttoXlv dvaarpei^eLv Kal dcpopdv CO? TToXeyLtta? ovcrr)<i tt}? oo-jjufj^;. 'AvSpoKv8r]<; Be Kal TrapaSeiy/jLart tovtw KaTexpricrcLTO 7rpo<; rrjv l3oi]6eiav Tr]V diro rr]<^ pa<^dvov yivopbkvqv 7rpo<; rov olvov, CO? e^eXavvovaav rr]V /xeOijv (f)6vyecv yap Br) Kal ^Mcrav rr]V dpureXov rrjv oGpi]V. a'l pev ovv (f)Oopal ttw? re yivovrai Kal iroaai Kal 7rocraxM<; (pavepov €K rcov Trpoeiprjfievoiv. ^ e\Kei : lit. 'draws it in'; cf. €\K€iP aepa, fMedv, etc. 2 cf. G.P. 2. 18. 4. 6 BXaarhs ^r^r]alov conj. Dalec. from G ; 6 irA-qaiov ^Ka<TT6s Ald.H. 412 ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IV. xvi. 5-6 thing. But halimon is more potent even than this, tor it destroys tree-medick. Again some things, thougli they do not cause death, enfeeble the tree as to the production of flavours and scents; thus cabbage and sweet bay have this effect on the vine. For they say that the vine scents the cabbage and is infected ^ by it. Wherefore the vine-shoot,2 whenever it comes near this plant, turns back and looks away,^ as though the smell were hostile to it. Indeed Androkydes** used this fact as an example to demonstrate the use of cabbage against wine, to expel the fumes of drunkenness for,^ said he, even when it is alive, the vine avoids the smell. It is now clear from what has been said how the death of a tree may be caused, how many are the causes of death, and in what several ways they operate, ^ acpopav conj. Sch.; eixpopeiu U; a(popfiv Aid.; averti G; recedere Plin. I.e.; ^KX^^p^'iv conj. W.
  • A medical man who preached temperance to Alexander ;
cj. Plin. 14. 58 ; 17. 2-10. ' yap St] Kal conj. Dalec. from G ; yap Sel /col Aid. 413 BOOK V E I. Tlepi Be tt)? i/Xt;?, iroia re iazLv eKaarrj, KoX iToO^ wpala re/LiveaOaL, koX 7rpo<; irola royv epyoiv ^(^prjaiixi), koi irola Svaepyo^; rj euepyo<;, kol el Tt dWo tt}? TOLavTr]'^ laTopla^ ex^Tai, ireipa- reov 6/jLOlco^ eiTrelv. 'flpala Srj refivecrdat tmv ^vXcov ra jiev ovv arpoyyvXa Koi ocra tt/^o? (f)\oLa/xov orav ^Xa- aravrj' Tore yap evTrepialpero^ 6 ^\oi6<;, o Bij fcaXovaL Xoirav, Bia rr)V vypoTtjra rrjv vnoyivo- fjievr)v avTM. jjLera Be ravra BvairepiaLpero^i koi TO ^vXov fxeXav yiverai kol Bva6iBe<;. ra Be rerpdycova fiera top XoTnjrow d<^aLpelTaL yap 7) TreXeKTjai^ rrjv BvaeiBeLav. oXw^ Trap 7r/?o? l(j')(yp copaiorarov ov popop TreTravfiepop ttjs ^XaaTi](Te(o<; dXX' ere fiaXXop eKireirapap top Kapirop. dXXa Bia top (f)XoL(T/iop dcopoif; ovaip wpaloL^ avpL^alpeu yipeaOai toI<; aTpoyyvXoL<;, u)(TT€ ipapTLat at wpai kuto, crvpL^e^r^Ko^. ev- » Plin. 16. 188. 2 cf. 3. 5. 1. ' Sva-nepiaiperSs con]. Sell.; SvaireptKcidapTos Aid, 416 BOOK V Of the Timber of various Trees and its Uses. I. In like manner we must endeavour to speak of timber, saying of what nature is that of each tree, what is the right season for cutting it, which kinds are hard or easy to work, and anything else that belongs to such an enquiry. Of the seasons of cutting. ^Now these are the right seasons for cutting timber : — for ' round ' timber and that whose bark is to be stripped the time is when the tree is coming into leaf. For then the bark is easily stripped (which process they call ' peeling ' 2) because of the moisture which forms beneath it. At a later time it is hard to strip,^ and the timber obtained is black and uncomely. However square logs can be cut after the time of peeling, since trimming with the axe removes the uncomeliness. In general any wood is at the best season as to strength when it has not merely ceased coming into leaf, but has even ripened its fruit ; however on account of the bark-stripping it comes to pass that ' round ' timber is in season * when it is cut before it is ripe, so that, as it happens, the seasons are here reversed. Moreover the wood
  • i.t. in practice the timber is cut before the ideally
proper time. 417 THEOPHRASTUS y^povarepa 8e tcl iXdrtva yiuerai Kara tov irpoiTOV XoTTyrov. 2 'Errel he fxaXiaj rj jiovov irepiaipovai, tov (})XoLOV eXciTrji; TrevKrji; ttituo?, ravra fiev re/jLverat TOV rjpo<;' t6t€ yap ?; l3\d(TT7]o-i<;' tcl Se dWa oTe fieif fieTCL TTvpoTOfiiav, oTe Be fiCTa TpvyrjTov Kal ^ApKTovpop, olov dpia TTTekea a(^evha[ivo^ fieXia ^vyla o^va (f)i\vpa (f)r)y6<; re Kal oXox; oaa KaTopvTT€Tar Bpv<; Be oyp-tauTaTa KaTcu ')(^eifiMva fieTO, TO flCTOTTCOpOP' iciV Be VTTO TOV XOTTIJTOV T/irjOrj, cnjireTttL Ta^taTa co? elTrelv, edv re ep.- <^XoLo^ edv T€ d(f)Xoio<;' kol fidXiaTa p.€v ra ev TW irpdiTW XoirriTcp, BevTepa Be Ta ev tm BevTepco, TpiTa Be Kal rjKiaTa Ta ev to") TpuTfO' to. Be IxeTa Trjv rreiravaiv tmv Kapirwv d^pcoTa BLafievei, Kav dXoTTLaTa y irXijv vtto tov <pXoiov vttoBvo- /jievoL crKd)XrjKe^ einiroXr}<^ eyypd<povai to crTeXexo's, ol? Kal (j^paylai ')(^pcovTai TLve^;' aopalov Be Tjirj- Oev TO Bpvivov d(ra7re<; re Kal dO piTn^BeaTaTov yiverai Kal aKXrjpov Kal ttukvov cocrirep Kepa<;' irav yap ofioiov ecTTiv eyKapBUo' rrXrjV to ye r/}? uXk^Xoiov Kal TOTe cpavXov. 3 ^vfi/SalveL Be Kal tovto virevavTiov, oTav re KaTa TTjv ^XdaTTjaiv TefivcovTai Kal oTav fxeTa Tou? Kapirov^. Tore jiev yap dva^t^paiveTaL ra aTeXexv ^^^^ ou ^XaaTdvei Ta BevBpa' peTa Be Tov<; Kap7rov<; TrapajBXaaTdvei. BvaTop,Q)Tepa Be ' cf. 3. 5. 1. M add. Sch. ^ (pr]y6s T€ conj. Seal.; nriySs re \J ; (pr]y6a'iv 7€ Y ; irriyoaiv T6 MAld.
  • KaTopvTTfrai conj. Sch. from G ; opvTrerai Aid. cf. 6. 4. 3;
5. 7. 5. » Plin. 16. 189. 418 ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, V. i. 1-3 of the silver-fir is of a better colour at the time ^ of the first peeling. But since they strip the bark of 2 hardly any trees except silver-fir fir and pine, these trees are cut in the spring; for then is the time of coming into leaf. Other trees are cut sometimes after wheat-harvest, sometimes after the vintage and the rising of Arcturus, as aria (holm-oak) elm maple manna-ash zygia beech lime Valonia oak,^ and in general all those vi^hose timber is for underground use.^ The oak is cut latest of all, in early winter at the end of autumn. ^ If it is cut at the time of peeling, it rots almost more quickly than at any other time, whether it has the bark on or not. This is especially so if it is cut during the first peeling, less so during the second, and least during the third. What is cut after the ripening of the fruit remains untouched by worms, even if it has not peeled : however worms get in under the bark and mark the surface of the stem, and such marked pieces of wood some use as seals.^ Oak-wood if cut in the right season does not rot and is remarkably free from worms, and its texture is hard and close like horn ; for it is like the heart of a tree throughout, except that that of the kind called sea-bark oak is even at that time of poor quality.'^ Again, if the trees are cut at the time of coming into leaf, the result is the opposite of that which follows when they are cut after fruiting : for in the former case the trunks dry up and the trees do not sprout into leaf,^ whereas after the time of fruiting they sprout at the sides. At this season however ^ c/. Ar. Thesm. 427 : Qpiv-h^ecrra <r(ppaylSia. ' c/. 3. 8. 5.
  • ^KaffTaPei M ; TrapaBXaaToivei W. with Aid.
419 THEOPHRASTUS Slo, Trjv (TKXtjpoTrjra Kara raurrjv rrjv (opav. Ke\evov(TL Se kol hehvKvia<^ t^? (Te\r)vr)<; reiiveiv o)? (TKkrjpoTepcdv KOL aaairecTTepwv ^ivoyikvwv. iirel Be at Trey^rei'^ tmv Kapirwv TrapaWdrTOvai, Sr]Xov on KOL at aKfiaX irpo^ ti]v to/xtju irapaX- Xdrrovcriv' del yap oxjnaLTepat at tmv oyfriKap- TTorepcov. Bt o kol ireipoiVTai Tive^ opl^eiv KaO' €Kd(7Tr)P' olov irevKi^v fxev kol e\dTi]v orav viro- XoTTwaiv €Ti Be o^vav kol (f)iXvpav koI a<j)ev- Ba/xvov KOL ^vyiav Trj<; OTrcopa?* Bpvv Be, wcnrep el'prjrai, /Jberd to (^OivoTTwpov, (f)aal Be Tive^ TrevKTjv dypaiav elvai tov ypc^, orav ye e^y rrjv vaXou/ievrjv xd'X^pvv, kol rrjv iri-rvu orav 6 ^orpv; avrrj^; dvOfj. irola puev ovv copala KaO' eKaarov y^povov ovTco BiaipovvTai. irdvTwv Be BrjXov on ySeXTtct) rd tmv dK/jta^oi'Tcov BevBpwv rj twv vewv ko/jllBT] kol yeyrjpaKOTOiV rd fxev yap vBarcoBrjyrd Be yecoBr], nX6tcrTa9 Be X/oeta? Kal /jLeyLaTa<; 77 iXdrrj Kal ?; irevKrj irapexovraL, Kal ravra KaXXiara Kal \xeyiGTa twv ^vXcop earl. Bia(p€povai Be dXXyXcov ev 7roXXoL<;' rj fxev yap irevKi) aapKcoBearepa re Kal oXtyolvo^- r) B' eXdrrj Kal ttoXvlvo^ Kal daapKO<;, uxrre evavTLa)<; eKarepov e'xeiv tmv pepSiv, Ta9 fiev ha<; la-)(ypd<; rrjv Be cdpKa
  • al add. Sch.
^ inroKoTToixTLV COnj. Sch. ; (I -niKnv fieri U ; vnfKfiyiiaiy MV ; VTTt\lV(i)CriV Aid. ^ ravTT\v conj. St.; koI tV Aid. H. 420 ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, V. i. 3-5 the} are harder to cut because the wood is toughei It is also recommended to do the cutting when the moon has set, since then the wood is harder and less likely to rot. But, since the times when the fruit ripens are diflferent for different trees, it is clear that the right moment for cutting also differs, being later for those ^ trees which fruit later. Wherefore some try to define the time for the cutting of each tree ; for instance for fir and silver- fir the time is, they say, when they begin to peel ^ : for beech lime maple and zygia in autumn ; for oak,^ as has been said, when autumn is past. Some how- ever say that the fir is ripe for cutting in spring, when it has on it the thing called ' catkin,' ^ and the pine when its 'cluster'^ is in bloom. Thus they distinguish which trees are ripe for cutting at various times ; however it is clear that in all cases the wood is better when the tree is in its prime than when it is quite young or has grown old, the wood of quite young trees being too succulent, and that of old ones too full of mineral matter. Of the icood of silver-Jlr and fir. Silver-fir and fir are the most useful trees and in the greatest variety of ways, and their ^ timber is the fairest and largest. Yet they differ from one another in many respects ; the fir is fleshier and has few fibres, while the silver-fir has many fibres and is not fleshy, so that in respect of each component it is the reverse of the other, having stout fibres but soft
  • c/. 1. 1. 2n.; 3. 5. 5.
  • i.e. the male inflorescence.
  • ' TavTa conj. Sell, from G ; avra Ald.H.
' cf. 3. 9. 7 ; Plin. 16. 184. 421 THEOPHRASTUS fiaXuKi]!/ Kol ^avrjv Be o ro /nev ^dpv to he KOV<pov TO fjL€V jap evBaBov to he ahahov, 77 Kal 6 XevKorepov. e;^6i Be Kal 6^ov<; TrXelov; p.ev r) irevKT], aKXr]porepov<; Be r) iXdrrj iroWo), fidWov Be Kol aKXrjpordrovfi iravjoiv d/i(f)0) Be 7rvKVov<i Kal KepaTOiBeL<; Kal rw ^pcoytiaTt ^av6ov<i Kal BaBcoBeL<;. orav Be TfiijdMac, pel Kal eK tcop t;}? €\drr]<; Kal eK tmv tt}? 7revKy]<i eVt ttoXvv ')(p6vov vyp6r7]<i Kal pdWov eK rcou ttJ^ eXdrr]^;. earc Be Kal TToXvXoTTOv 7] ixdr^], KaOdirep Kal to KpopLvov del 'yap ex^i- tlvcl viroKdrw rov (paivopevov, Kal 7 €K TOiovrwv 1] oXrj. Bl" o Kal rd'^; Kco7ra<i ^vovTe^i d(j)aipetv ireipcovrai KaO^ eva Kal 6/j.aXa)<;' edv jdp outo)? d(f)aipa)cnv, l<T')(ypo<^ 6 Kwirewv, edv Be TrapaXXd^waL Kal p,r] KaraaTTcoaLV ofJLoiw<;, daOe- vr]<^' TrXrjyj] yap ovrco^, eKeiV(o<^ 6' d(^aipeai<;. eaTc Be Kal fiaKporarov rj eXdrrj Kal 6pOo(pveaTaTOp. Be' Kal Ta? Kepaia^ Kal TOv<i i(jtov<^ eK ravT7]<i rroiovaiv. €)(€l Be Kal Ta? (/)Xey3a9 Kal Ta? Ivwi 8 e/jL(f)aveaTdra'i TrdvTcov. av^dverai Be Trpcorov et? p.rjKOs, (i')(^pL 01) Brj icPiKTjraL rov rjXlov Kal 0VT6 6^o<i ovBel<; ovre 7rapa^XdcrT7]ai<i ovre 7ra;^os- ylverar pLerd Be ravra et? /3d6o<; Kal Tra;^©?- ouTft)? al TOiv o^wv eK^v(TeL<^ Kal Trapa^Xaarrjo-ei^. ^ rh fifv yap ivS. conj. St. from G ; 4vS. yap Aid. •' cf. 3. 9. 7. ^ ' cf. 3. 9. 7, iJ.6vov ov Siacpavels, whence it appears that the epithet refers to colour.
  • Plin. 16. 195. ^ i.e. the annual rings, cf. 1. 5. 2; 5. 5. 8.
« cf. Horn. Od. 12. 172. ' KaTafTTTuxTiv conj. W. ; KaTo. itaaiv UMV; Kara nduTa Aid. « cf. Plin. I.e. « cf. 1. 2. 1. ^"^ 4fx<pav((TTaTas COnj. VV. ; ivy^veaTarai Aid. 56 conj. 8ch.; Koi UAld.H. 422 ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, V. i. 5-8 tlesh of open texture. Wherefore the timber of the one is heavy, of the other hght, the one^ being resinous, the other without resin ; wherefore also it is whiter. Moreover tlie fir has more branches, but those of the silver-fir are much tougher, or rather they are tougher than those of any other tree ; '-^ the branches of both however are of close texture, liorny,^ and in colour brown and like resin-glutted wood. ^ When the branches of either tree are cut,
?ap streams from them for a considerable time, but
especially from those of the silver-fir. Moreover the wood of the silver-fir has many layers, like an onion : ^ there is always another beneath that which is visible, and the wood is composed of such layers throughout. Wherefore, when men are shaving this wood to make oars,^ they endeavour to take off the several coats one by one evenly : for, if they do this, they get a strong spar, while if they do the work irregularly and do not strip off the coats evenly, they get a weak one ; for the process in this case is hacking instead of stripping. The silver-fir also gives timber of the greatest lengths and of the straightest growth ; wherefore yard-arms^ and masts are made from it. Also the vessels^ and fibre are more clearly 1*^ seen in it than in any other tree. At first ^^ it grows in lieight only, until it has reached ^" the sunshine ; and so far there is no branch nor sidegrowth nor density of habit ; but after that the tree proceeds to increase in bulk 13 and density of habit, as ^'^ the outgrowing branches and sidegrowths develop. ^^ i^XP* • • • ^<p'^Kt]rai conj. Sell.; ^XP* "^ ^^ KacpiK-qrai U; a-Xpts ovK a,(pLKr]Tai MV; &XP'^ "^ dx^^Tyraj Ald.H. 13 cf. 4. 1. 4. ^* Lit. ' this being the effect of the outgrowth.' trdxos- ouTus Aid.; Trdxos, brav conj. W. THEOPHRASTUS 9 Tavra fxev ovv iBia t^? eXar?;?, to. Be tcoiva Kai 7revKrj<i Kal eXar?;? Kal tmp dWcov. earL 'yap i) /xev T€T pd^oo<i 7] Se Sl^oo<;. KaXovcn he rerpaPoov^i fjLev 6aai<; icf)' eKcirepa t^}? ivrepioivrj^ Bvo /crr]- Bope^ elalv evavriav e^ovcrai ryjv (f)vaiv' eireira /cad' Efcarepav ti^v KTt^Bova iroiovvTai rrjv ireXe- KTjaLP evavTia^; Ta<^ TrXrjyaf; Kara KTrjBova (pipop- re?, orav e0' e/cdrepa t/)? evrepicopT]^ rj 7re\€Kr]aL<; dvaaTp€(f)T}. TovTO yap i^ dpdyKtjf; aufi/SaLvet Blo, Trjv (f)vaiv twv KrrjBovcov. Ta<; Be Toiavra^ iXdra'^ Kal TvevKa^ rerpa^oov; KaXovcn. elal Be Kal 7r/)o? ra<^ epyaaia^ avrat KaXXiarar ttvkvo- rara yap exovai to, ^vXa Kal ra? alyiBa^ avrat, 10 (f)vovaip. al Bl^ool Be KTrjBova /lev e^^^ovai /luau ecj)' eKarepa t?)? evrepLcov^^;, TavTa<; Be evavria^ dXX7]Xai<i, cocTTe Kal ri-jv ireXeKijaiv elvai BlttXtjp, fiiav KaO' eKarepav KTrjBova rat? irXyyaU ivav- Ttat?* dTraXcoTara fiev ovv Tavrd (jiaaiv e^^iv TO, ^vXa, -^eipLara Be 7rpb<; ra? epyaaia^' Bia- arpecjyeTaL yap /xdXiaTa. /ioi'0^6ov<; Be KaXovai rd^; eyovaa^^ p.iav fiovov KTrjBova' rrjv Be TreXe- Krjaiv avTwv ylveaOai ttjv avrijv e^' CKdrepa Tyj<i evTepLOivrj^i' (paal Be fiavoTaTa fiev ex^iv rf) (^vaei TCL ^vXa ravTa Trpo? Be Td<; BLaaTpocpd^; da(paXeaTaTa. 11 Aia(f)opd<i Be e^pvai tol<; (^XoloI^;, Kad" a^ yp(i)pL^ova-iv lB6vT€<i ev0v<i to BevBpov 7re(f)VKb<; 1 Plin. I.e. 2 The meaning of * four-cleft' etc. seems to be this : (^4-C/ert. (S^2-Cl£Ft: (V)l-C/en. 424 ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, V. i. 9-1 1 These are the characteristics peculiar to the silver- fir. Others it shares with the fir and the other trees of this class. ^ For instance, sometimes a tree is ' four-cleft/ sometimes ^two-cleft ' ; it is called ' four- cleft' when on either side of the heart-wood there are two distinct and diverse lines of fissure : in that case the blows of the axe follow these lines in cases where the hewing is stopped short on either side of the heart-wood. 2 For the nature of the lines of fissure compels the hewing to take this course. Silver-firs or firs thus formed are said to be ' four-cleft.' And these are also the fairest trees for carpentry, their wood being the closest and possessing the aigis.^ Those which are ' two-cleft ' have one single line of fissure on either side of the heart-wood, and the lines of fissure do not correspond to each other, so that the hewing also is performed by cuts which follow the two lines of fissure, so as to reach the two sides of the heart-wood at different angles. Now such wood, they saj^, is the softest, but the worst for carpentry, as it warps most easily. Those trees which have only a single^ continuous line of fissure are said to be 'one-cleft,' though here too the cutting is done from either side of the heart-wood : and such wood has, they say, an open^ texture, and yef^ it is not at all apt to warp. 7 There are also differences in the bark, by obser- vation of which they can tell at once what the 3 c/. 3. 9. 3. ■» ^liav conj. W.; ixlav h\ PgAld. ' yiavirara conj. W. ; (xav6Trira Aid. ^ TO ^vXa . . . ras conj. Sch. ; to |uAo- Tavra Se irpls rks Ald.H. » Plin. 16. 195 and 196. 425 THEOPHRASTUS TTotov tL ecrrr tmv fiev yap evKTtjBovrov koI aarpa^wv kol 6 (pXoio^; Xeto? /cat 6p06<;, rwv S' evavrUcv Tpa'X^v'i re koI 8t€(TTpa/jL/jL€vo<;' 6fxoLw<; 8e Kol eirl tmv Xolttwv. ciW' ecrn rerpd^oa fiev oXlya /louo^oa 8e irXeio) tmv aXXo)!^. airaaa he 7] vXrj fiet^MV kol opOoTepa kol acFTpa^eaTepa KOL (TTL^poTepa KOL o\w<i KokXlMV Kal TrXeiMV T) ev TOL<i 7rpoa^opeLOi<;, Mcnrep koI irpoTepov eXe^Or]' Kal avTov tov SevSpov Se tcl irpo^ ^oppav TTVKvoTepa Kal veaviKcoTepa. ocra he vTTOTrapd^oppa Kal ev TrepiirvM, TavTa aTpecpei Kal TrapaWaTTei irapd piKpov 6 ^opea<f, (oaTe elvai 7rapea-TpajuLp.ev^]v ovtmv Ty)v jjbrjTpav Kal 12 ov KaT opOov. eaTL he 6\a fiev to, ToiavTa la')(vpa Tji^-jOevTa he daOevrj hca to 7roWd<; e^eiv 7rapaXXayd<i. KaXovai he ol TeKTOve^ eiriTopa TavTa hia to 7rpo<; ttjv ^(^peiav ovtm Te/iveiv. oXft)9 he %et/3&) to, ck tmv e(j)vypMv Kal ev- hieivcov Kal iraXiaKLMV Kal avv7]pe(f)Mv Kal Trpo? Tr]V TeKTOviKTjv ')(peiav Kal 7r/)09 ttjv irvpev- TiKi]v, al jiev ovv TOiavTat hia^opal tt/jo? tov<; t6itov<; elalv avrcov tmv opoyevcov co? ye dirXM^; elireLV. II. Aiaipovcri yap TLve<; KaTa ra? ^w/oa?, Kai (jiaaiv dpiCTTTjv pev elvai tt}? vX7]<; 7rp6<; Trjv T€KT0VLK7]v ')(^peiav T^9 66? T71V ^KXXdha irapa- yivopLevr]<^ ttiv MaKehovLK7]v Xeia re yap eVrt Kal daTpa^r]^ Kal e^ovaa Ovlov. hevTepav he T7]V YioVTLKrjV, TpLTTJV hk TTJV dlTO TOV 'FvvhdKOV, ^ TTfcpvKhs : cf. Xen. Cyr. 4. 3. 5. ' vTTonapd^oppa conj. St.; inrh irapdfioppa Aid.; unSfioppa ^ napd^oppa COnj. Sch. 426 ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, V. i. ii-n. i timber of the tree is like as it stands.^ For if the timber has straight and not crooked lines of fissure, the bark also is smooth and regular, while if the timber has the opposite character, the bark is rough and twisted ; and so too is it with other points. However few trees are ' four-cleft,' and most of those which are not are 'one-cleft.' All wood, as was said before, which grows in a position facing north, is bigger, more erect, of straighter grain, tougher, and in general fairer and more abundant. Moreover of an individual tree the wood on the northward side is closer and more vigorous. But if a tree stands sideways to the north 2 with a draught round it, the north wind by degrees twists and con- torts 2 it, so that its core becomes twisted instead of running straight. The timber of such a tree while still in one piece is strong, but, when cut, it is weak, because the grain slants across the several pieces Carpenters call such wood ' short lengths,' because they thus cut it up for use. Again in general wood which comes from a moist, sheltered, shady or con- fined position is inferior both for carpentry and for fuel. Such are the differences, generally * speaking, between trees of the same kind as they are affected by situation. 0/ the effects on timber of climate. II. ^Someindeed make adistinction between regions and say that the best of the timber which comes into Hellas for the carpenter's purposes is the Macedonian, for it is smooth and of straight grain, and it contains resin : second best is that from Pontus, third that ^ irapaAXaTTej conj. Dalec. ; tiapaKXayeiJ] ; 7rapaX'<J7€i Aid. ; irapa\vyi(€i conj. H. Steph.
  • y€ conj. Sch.; Si Aid. » Plin. 16. 197
427 THEOPHRASTUS rerdpTrjv Be rrjv AlviaviK^v ^etptcrTr^j^ Be r-qv re TlapvaaiaKrju fcal rrjv ^v/3oLKr]v koX yap o^coBea /cal Tpa')(eia<; kol ra^v ayireadaL. irepl he t^? 'ApKa8iK7]<; (TKeiTTeov. 2 ^\a')(yp6TaTa he to)v ^vXwv ecrri to, do^a kul Xela' teal rfj o-yjreL he ravra KaWiara. o^cohr] he jiveraL ra /caKOTpo(f)r]0euTa koI i]TOi y^eipoiVL TTiecrOevTa rj kol dWay tlvl tolovtm' to yap o\ov TTjv TToXvo^lav elvai evheiav €vrpo(pLa<;. orav he KaKOTpo(^i]aavra avaXd^rj ttoXlv koI ev- aOevrjar}, (TV/i/3aLveL KaraiTLPecrOaL tov^ o^ov<; VTTO tt}? 7r€pi(j)V(Tew<;- 6VTpocf)OVv yap koI av- ^avojievov dvaXa/x^dvei kul TroXXdKi^ e^cdOei/ fiev Xeiov ro ^vXov hiaLpov/ievov he o^w^e? e(f)dvr). hi,* o /cat a/coirovvTai twv ^^(^larcov rd^; /jLTjrpa^i' edv yap avTac e-)(waiv o^ov<;, o^cohrj Kal rd eKT6<^' Kul ovTOL ')^aX€7r(OTepot rcov €a:to9 Kal (fyavepoL 3 Vivovrat he Kal al air el pat hid '^ei/ji(opa<; re Kal KaKOTpo(f)Lav. GiTeipa<; he KoXovaiv orav y (jvcTrpo^r) Ti<i tv avrrj pLei^wv kol kvkXol^ rrepi- eyo/ievt] TrXeloaiv ov6^ coairep 6 o^o^ aTrXw? ovd^ ft)9 T) ovXorrjf; rj ev avrco ro) ^vXo)' hi' oXov yap TTOifi avrr) Kal opaXl^ovaa' ')(^aXeir(iirepov he Tovro TToXv Kal hvaepyorepov rcov o^cov. eoiKe he iraparrXtjcTiw^ Kal w? ev rol<; XiOoi<; eyyiveadai ^ A river which flows into the Propontis on the Asiatic side. ^ Near Mount Oeta. hlviavLKT]v conj. Palm, from Plin. I.e.; aiavj^V PaAld.H. ' ravra KaWiara- o^tiSrj 5e conj. Seal.; ravra Ka\ jx&Kiara 6(u>S7] yiv. Ald.H. ; ravra fidXtcrra' o^wSr) Se yiv. U. 428 ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, V. ii. 1-3 from the Rhyndakos^^ fourth that of the country of the Ainianes/ worst is that of Parnassus and that of Euboea, for it is full of knots and rough and quickly rots. As to Arcadian timber the case is doubtful. Of knots and ' coiling ' in timber. The strongest wood is that which is without knots and smooth, and it is also the fairest in appearance.^ Wood becomes knotty when it has been ill nourished and has suffered severely whether from winter or some such cause ; for in general a knotty habit is supposed to indicate lack of nourishment. When however, after being ill nourished, the tree recovers and becomes vigorous, the result is that the knots are absorbed^ by the growth which now covers them ; for the tree, being now well fed and growing vigorously, recovers, and often the wood is smooth outside, though when split it is seen to have knots. And this is why they examine the core of wood that has been split ; for, if this contains knots, the out- ward ^ parts will also be knotty, and these knots are harder to deal with than the outer ones, and are easily recognised. ^ ' Coiling ' of the wood is also due to winter or ill nourishment. Wood is said to ' coil ' when there is in it closer twisting'^ than usual, made up of an unusual number of rings : this is not quite like a knot, nor is it like the ordinary curling of the wood, which runs right through it and is uniform. ' Coiling ' is much more troublesome and difficult to deal with than knots ; it seems to correspond to the so-called
  • KaraTrlveadai : ? KaTaXajx^aveaQai. cf. below, § 3.
  • i.e. outward in regard to the core. * Plin. 16. 198.
' ^ t^varpoipi] conj. Seal.; p iv(npo<P'i] U; p ^hrpatpri Aid. etc. 429 THEOPHRASTUS ra KaXovfieva Kevrpa. ore 3' r) irepicpvcns Kara- \a/ji^dv€L Tov^ 6^ov<; (f)av€p(OTaTov i^ avrrj<i t^9 al(j6i](Te(o<^, ov firjv dWa koI ck tmv ciXXcov 4 Twv 6/xoLCi)V' 7ro\\dKL<; jdp avTOv rov Sei^Spov p.epo<; Ti avve\7](f)0r} viro Oarepov crvp,(f)vov<i j€vo- fievov Kol idv Ti? iK<y\v^jra<; dfj \l6ov et? to BivBpov Tf Koi dXko TL rocovTov, KaTaKpvTrreTaL 7r€pL\T](f)0€v vTTo TY)^ irepK^vaew^;' oirep koI irepX Tov Konvov (Tvve^rj tov iv Meydpoi^; rov iv ry dyopd' ov Koi eKKOTrevro'i Xoyiov rjv dXcovat koI Biapnaadijvai rrjv 'tt6\lv' oirep iyivero . . . . A7jfi^Tpio<;. iv rovTfp yap BLaa')(^L^Ofiev(p kvt]- pblhe<^ evpeOriaav kol aW' aTTa t^? 'Att^/ct}? €pyaaia<^ fcpejiaard, tov kotlvov ov dveredij ro TTpMTOV iyKOLXav0evTO<;. tovtov B' eru jiLKpov TO XoLirov. TToXXaxov Se koi dXXoOi ylvejai. irXeiova roiavTa. kol ravra fiev, wairep eiprjrai KOiva irXeiovwv, III. KaTtt he Ta? tS/a? eKdarov cf)va€i<; ai roiavTai elai Biacpopal, olov 7rv/cv6T7]<; /xavoTrjf; ^apvrrj^ K0V(f)6rr}(; aKXr^port^^ /iaXaK6Tt]<;, waav- r(o<; Be kol et Ti? dXXr) roiavrrj' /coival Be o/xoto)? avTai Koi twv rj/iepcov kol ra)V dyplcov, Mare irepX TrdvTcov XeKTeov. 1 trt V V conj. W.; 'Sn 5^ UMV; 3tj 8i Aid. ' cf. KaTa-nivfadai, above, § 2. » Plin. 16. 198 and 199.
  • fKy\v\l>as efi conj. W. ; (KXyxpas 6rji U; iK\i6aaBri Ald.H.
' Text defective, ' i.e. the bark had grown over these, cf. Plin. Ijc. 43° ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, V. ii. 3-111. 1 ' centres ' which occur in marbles. That ^ vigorous growth covers ^ up the knots is plain from simple observation of the fact and also from other similar instances, ^ For often some part of the tree itself is absorbed by the rest of the tree which has grown into it ; and again, if one makes a hole in a tree and puts* a stone into it or some other such thing, it becomes buried, being completely enveloped by the wood which grows all round it : this happened with the wild olive in the market-place at Megara ; there was an oracle that, if this were cut open, the city would be taken and plundered, which came to pass when Demetrius took it.^ For, when this tree was split open, there were found greaves and certain other things ^ of Attic workmanship hanging there, the hole ^ in the tree having been made at tlie place where the things were originally hung on it as offer- ings. Of this tree a small part still exists, and in many other places further instances have occurred. Moreover, as has been said, such occurrences happen also with various other trees. Of differences in the texture of different woods. III. ^ Corresponding to the individual characters of the several trees we have the following kinds of differences in the wood : — it differs in closeness, heaviness, hardness or their opposites, and in other similar ways ; and these differences are common to cultivated and wild trees. So that we may speak of all trees without distinction. ' ipyafflus Kpffxaara rod kot'ivov ov I conj. from G and Plin. I.e. (certain restoration perhaps impossible) ; Kep/xriffTi '6 fffTiv iv KorlfCf}- o5 U; Aid. has Kepfi-ncrrl, M KpefMaarrl, Y Kep- fidffTwv ; St. suggested Kpe/jLUffruu ottXojv aa words of the original text. « Plin. 16. 201-207. THEOPHRASTUS UvfcvoraTa fiev ovv SoKel /cal ^apvTara ttu^o? elvat fcal el3evo<;' ovhe 'yap ovK i-Trl tov vSaro^ ravT eTTivel. koI ?; fiev ttu^o? oA.r;, tt}? 8e e^evov Tj fxrjTpa, ev fj koX tj tov ')(^pa)/xaT6<i iari /leXaUa. Toyv 8' aXkwv 6 Xcot6<;. ttvkvov he koI tj t?}? Bpvo'^ fi7]Tpa, f)v KoKovaL fieXcivSpvov kol etl ptaWov i) TOV KVTLaov TrapopLOLa yap aurrj BoKel rfj i/Sevw elvai. MeA.at' Be a<p6Spa kol ttvkvov to tt)? Tep- fiLvOov nepl •yovv 'Zvpuav jieXdvTepov ^aaiv elvat tt)? e^evov kol ck tovtov yap kov ra? \a^a<i Twv eyx^^P^^^^^ iroielaOai, TopveveaOat Be e^ avTOiV Kal Kv\iKa<; %ripLK\eiov<;, coaTe fir]Beva av Biayvcovai Trpo? ra? KepapL€a<;' Xafi- ^dveiv Be to eyKapBiov Belv Be dXelcpeiP to ^vXov ovTOi yap yiveaOai Kal kuXXlov Kal /leXavTcpov. ^Ivai Be Kal aXXo tl BevBpov, o djia ttj [leXavia Kal iroLKiXiav tlvcl e%et virepvOpov, wcrre elvai TTjV 6'^iv oiaav e^evov 7roiKLXr]<;' iroLelaOai B e^ avTOV Kal KXiva<i Kal Bi(f)pov(i Kal to, dXXa to, aTTOvBa^u/ieva. to <Be> BevBpov jJiiya (T<p6Bpa Kal KaXocpvXXov elvai 6/jlolov rat? aTrtof?. TauTa fiev ovv d/ia ttj fieXavia Kal ttvkvo- TrjTa eyei. ttvkvov Be Kal 7) acpevBapivo'i Kal 7} ^vyla KOL 6X(o<i iravTa to, ovXa' Kal rj iXda Be Kal 6 k6tivo<;, dXXa Kpavpa. fiava Be tmv fiev dypiwv Kal epe-^ipiwv to, eXdTiva p^dXiaTa, 1 c/. Arist. Meteor. 4. 7 ad fin. 2 cf. 1. 6. 1. ' cf. 3. 15. 3. •* Probably so called from their resemblance in shape and 432 ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, V. iii. 1-3 Box and ebony seem to have the closest and heaviest wood ; for their wood does not even float on water. This applies to the box-tree as a whole, and to the core of the ebony, which contains the black pigment.^ The nettle-tree also is very close and heavy, and so is the core of the oak, which is called ^ heart of oak,' and to a still greater degree this is true of the core of laburnum 2 ; for this seems to resemble the ebony. The wood of the terebinth is also very black and close-grained ; at least in Syria ^ they say that it is blacker than ebony, that in fact they use it for making their dagger handles ; and by means of the lathe- chisel they also make of it ' Theriklean ' cups,* so that no one could ^ distinguish these from cups made of pottery ; for this purpose they use, it is said, the heart-wood, but the wood has to be oiled, for then it becomes comelier and blacker. There is also, they say, another tree ^ which, as well as the black colour, has a sort of reddish variegation, so that it looks like variegated ebony, and of it are made beds and couches and other things of superior quality. This tree is very large and lias handsome leaves and is like the pear. These trees then, as well as the black colour, have close wood ; so also have maple zygia and in general all those that are of compact growth ; so also have the olive and the wild olive, but their wood is brittle.^ Of wild trees which are used for roof- limbers the wood of the silver-fir is the least corn- colour to the cups made by Therikles, a famous Corinthian potter ; see reff. to comedy in LS. s.v. ' jxri^eva Uv conj. W. ; ^rj5' hv eva Aid.
  • Sissoo wood. See Index App. (21).
' aWa Kpavpa conj. Sch.; aWa Ka\ avpa MVAld. 433 THEOPHRASTUS TOdv 5' aWoiv rh aKTiva koX ra avKiva kcli TCL tT;? /.i'}]\€a<; koI ra tt}? 8d(f)pr]<;. aK\y]- porara he ra hpvlva koI to, ^ujLva kol to. T?}? apia^' Kal <yap v'jro^pe')(ovaL ravra tt/jos rrjv rpinrrjaiv /xaXd^ew'i ')(^dpLV. [laXaica Be KaG* oXov jiev ra fiava kol ^(avva- rcov Be (japKwhCov fidXiara (piXvpa. Bo/cec Be /cal 6ep- fiOTUTOv elvai tovto' a-qixelov Be otl /idXiara dfi^Xyvei rd aiB/jpiw T-qv jdp /3a(})7jv dvii^cn Bid rrjv Oep/xoTTjra. 4 SepfjLOV Be Kal Ktrro^i Kal BdcpVT] Kal oXw? t'f a)V Ttt irvpela ylverar Mevearcop Be (prjai Kal (rvKa/jLLvop. '^v')(^p6TaTa Be rd evvBpa Kal i)BaT(jL>Bri. Kal yXicr^pa Be rd Ireiua Kal d/x- TTeXiva, Bt^ o Kal ra? dairiBa^; eK rovrcov Troiovar (TVfi/jiV€L jdp TvXrj'yevTa' Kov(f)6repov Be to rfjs' LTea^, jjLavorepov 'ydp, Be o Kal tovtco [idXXov 'X^pcovTai. TO Be t?}? irXardi'OV yXta'^^^poTrjTa fiev ex^i'i (fivaei. Be vyporepov rovro Kal to t/}? tttc- Xea?. a-rj/jLetov Be eariv, fierd rrjv TOfirjv 6p6oi> orav araOfj, iroXv vBcop dcjii-qai. to Be t?}9 crvKa- fjLLVov TTVKVov dfia Kal yXiaxpov. 5 'Kan Be Kal darpalSeaTaTov to t?}? TTTcXea?, Bl o Kal Tou? arpocfiel^ tmp Oupcop iroLovai irreXetvov^' edv <ydp ovtol /aevcoai, Kal at Ovpai /xevovcrip darpa^el<;, el Be jirj, BiacyrpecjiOVTai. TTOiovai 8' avrov<i ejJuraXiv riOevre^; rd ^vXa to Te UTTO T?}? pi^'Tj^ Kal TO diro rov (pvXXov
  • u7ro/3pe'xoy(rt conj. Harduin from Plin. 16. 207 ; anoBpiBovai
Ald.H.; a7ro;8p6'xouo-( niBas. - cf. 5. 5. 1, which, referring to this passage, hardly agrees with it as now read. 434 ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, V iii. 3-5 pact, and among others that of the elder fig apple and bay. The hardest woods are those of the oak zygia and aria (holm-oak) ; in fact men wet ^ these to soften them for boring holes. In general, woods which are of open porous texture are soft, and of those of fleshy texture the softest is the lime. The last-named seems also to be the hottest ; the proof of which is that it blunts iron tools more than any other ; for they lose their edge 2 by reason of its heat. Ivy and bay are also hot woods, and so m general are those used for making fire-sticks ; and Menestor^ adds the wood of the mulberry. * The coldest woods are those which grow in water and are of succulent character. The wood again of willow and vine is tough ; wherefore men make their shields of these woods ; for they close up again after a blow ; but that of the willow is lighter, since it is of less com- [)act texture ; wherefore they use this for choice. The wood of the plane is fairly tough, but it is moister in character, as also is that of the elm. A proof of this is that, if it is set upright^ after being cut, it discharges much water. ^ The wood of the mulberry is at once of close grain and tough. '^ The wood of the elm is the least likely to warp ; wherefore they make the ' hinges ' ^ of doors out of elm wood ; for, if these hold, the doors also keep in place ; otherwise they get wrenched out of place. They make the ' hinges ' by putting wood from the root above ^ and wood ^ from the foliage ' below,^ thus 3 c/. 1. 2. 3 n. " Plin. 16. 209.
  • opQ)iv '6-Ta.v conj. W. : so G ; o^Qhs Itrav MV; Irav op^h. Aid.
« c/. 5. 1. 6. ' Plin. 16. 210.
    • Sc. an arrangement of cylindrical pivot and socket.
  • i.e. as socket and pivot respectively ; c/. 5. 5. 4.
435 THEOPHRASTUS KuXovac Be ol re/cTOJ/e? to airo tov (f)v\Xov to avw ivapfioaOevTa yap aXXijXoi^ eKciTepov kco- Xv€L 7r/309 Tr]v opfiy-jv evavTL(D<; €)(^ov. et Se €K€lto KaTa (pvaiv, ovirep 7) poiry] ivTavOa TrdvTwu av rjv rj ^opd. Ta? Be 6vpa^ ovk €v0v<; avvTeXovcnv, dXXci irrj^avTe<; i<p tarda l, /cciTreiTa vaTepco ol Be tw rpiTW eT6i avvereXeaav edv fxaXXov airovBd^coaL' TOV fMep <yap Oepov^ dva^iipaLvop.evwv Buaravrai, TOV Be %et/iwi^o? av/jLfivovaiv. atTiov 8' on, t;')? iXuTTjf; rd pcavd koI aapKoyBr) eXxei top uepa evLKfiov ovTa. 'O Be (poLPL^ Kovc^o^ Koi evepyo^; kol fiaXaKo^;, ioairep (^eXXo?, /SeXTtcov Be rod 0eX\o£) otl yXl- axpo^' eKelvo Be Opavarov. Bid tovto Ta etBcoXa VVV eK TOV TWV (f)OlVLKa)V ITOLOVai, TOV Be (f)€XX6p 7rap)]fcaaL. ra? 2va<; Be ov Bl' oXov e^ei ovB' eirl TToXv Kal [xaKpd<^ ovB^ coo-auTco? ttj Oeaei eyKei- /jLeva<; Tracra? dXXd TravToBuTTco'^. dva^t^palveTaL Be KaX XeaLvofievov Kal Trpio/xevov to ^vXov. To Be Ovov, ol Be dvav KaXovai, Trap "A/i/icovl re yiveTaL Kal ev Trj KvpijvaLa, Trjv fxev /jLop(f)r]v o/iioiov KvirapiTTQ) Kal tol<; KXdBoii^ Kal toU ^uX- Xoi? Kal TO) aTeXe-^ei Kal tm Kapirw, fidXXov B' wairep KvirdpLTTO^ dypia' iroXv fxev Kal ottov ^ KuiXvei : Sell, adds Qarepov from G. '^ 6/cetTo conj. W.; iKUvo A\<\, ' i.e. the 'upper' wood in the upper position.
  • -navTuv MSS. (?) ; iravTuis conj. W.
  • i.p. there would be no resistance, -fiv after hv add. Sch.
436 ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, V. iii. 5-7 reversing the natural position : (by wood ' from the foliage ' joiners mean the upper wood). For, when these are fitted the one into the other, each counter- acts ^ the other, as they naturally tend in opposite directions : whereas, if the wood were set - as it grows,^ all the parts ^ would give where the strain came.^ (They do not finish off the doors at once ; but, when they have put them together, stand them up, and then finish them off the next year, or sometimes the next year but one,^ if they are doing specially good work. For in summer, as the wood dries, the work comes apart, but it closes in winter. The reason is that the open fleshy texture of the wood of the silver-fir '^ drinks in the air, which is full of moisture.) 8 Palm-wood is light easily worked and soft like cork-oak, but is superior to that wood, as it is tough, while the other is brittle. Wherefore men now make their images of palm-wood and have given up the wood of cork-oak. However the fibres do not run throughout the wood, nor do they run to a good length, nor are they all set symmetrically, but run in every direction. The wood dries while it is being planed and sawn. 9 Thyon (thyine wood), which some call thya, grows near the temple of Zeus Amnion and in the district of Cyrene. In appearance the tree is like the cypress alike in its branches, its leaves, its stem, and its fruit ; or rather it is like a wild cypress.^^ There 6 c/. Plin. 16. 215. ' Of which the door itself is made. 8 PHn. 16. 211. 8 Plin. 13. 100-102. ^^ KvirdpiTTos aypla conj. Sch. ; Kvirdpiaaoy ayplav MAld. 437 THEOPHRASTUS vvv r) TToXi^i earl, koI en Sia/xvTjfj,op€vovaij' 6po(f)d(; riva<; rcov dp-^aucou ovaa<i. daa7re<; yap 6\ai<; TO ^vXov ovXoTarov he T7]P pi^av iari' Kai eK Tavrrj<i ra aTrovSaLorara rroLelrat roiv epycov. rd Be dydX/jLara yXv^ovaiv e/c TMvSe, KeBpcov KvirapLTTOV XfOTOv TTv^ov rd S' eXdrrco Kal e/c TMV eXatvwv pi^cov dppayel^ yap avrat Ka\ 6/iaX(o<; TTCt)? crapKcoBei'^. ravra pcev ovv IBio- rrjTa riva tottcov Kal (hv(Teo)<i Kal XP^^^'^ diTohrfXol. IV. Vtapea Be Kal KOV(f)a BrjXov ct)9 rfj ttvkvo- TTjTt, Kal /xavorrjTL Kal vyporrjTi Kal ^rjpoTTjri Kai TO) yXoLcoBeu Kal aKXriporr/TL Kal fiaXaKorrjTi XrjTTTeov. evLa fiev ovv dfia aKXypd Kal jSapea, KaOdirep 7rv^o<^ Kal Bpv^;' oaa Be Kpavpa Kal ry ^TjpoTTjTi (TKXrjporara, ravr ovk e;^et ^dpo<;. dvavra Be rd dypta tcov rjfiepcov Kal rd dppeva TMV OrjXeLMV irvKvoTepd re Kal aKXrjporepa Kal ^apvrepa Kal to oXov laxvporepa, Kaddirep Kal TTporepov eXiTOfiev. &>? 8' em to irdv Kal tu uKapTTOTepa twv KapTTL/xcov Kal ra %et/3a) tcop KaXXiKapiroTepcov el fiy ttov KapTrificoTepop to dppev, oiairep dXXa re <^aai Kal t^v KvirdpiTTOv Kal TT]V KpdveLav. dXXd tmv ye dixireXcov (pa- vepo3<i al oXLyoKapTTOTepai Kal 7rvKvo(f)0a\/j,6T€pai Kal aTcpecoTepai' Kal firfXeSiv Be Kal rwz/ dXXcov i)fiep(jov. 43S ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, V. iii. 7-iv. i is abundance of it where now the city stands, and men can still recall that some of the roofs in ancient times were made of it. For the wood is absolutely proof against decay, and the root is of very compact texture, and they make of it the most valuable articles. Images are carved from these woods, prickly cedar cypress nettle-tree box, and the small ones also from the roots of the olive, which are unbreakable and of a more or less uniformly fleshy character. The above facts illustrate certain special features of position, natural character and use. Of differences in timber as to hardness and heaviness. IV. Difference in weight is clearly to be determined by closeness or openness of texture, dampness or dryness, degree of glutinousness, hardness or softness. Now some woods are both hard and heavy, as box and oak, while those that are brittle and hardest owing to their dryness, are not heavy. 1 All wood of wild trees, as we have said before, is closer harder heavier, and in general stronger than that of the cultivated forms, and there is the same difference between the wood of 'male ' and of 'female ' trees, and in general between trees which bear no fruit and those which have fruit, and between those which bear inferior fruit and those whose fruit is better ; on the other hand occasionally the ' male ' tree is the more fruitful, for instance, it is said, the cypress the cornelian cherry and others. However of vines it is clear that those which bear less fruit have also more frequent knots and are more solid,^ and so too with apples and other cultivated trees. 1 Pliii. 16. 211. 2 cf. G.P. 3. 11. 1. 439 THEOPHRASTUS ^Kaairr] Se (f)va€i KV7rdpLrro<i Kehpo<; €^evo<^ Xa)To? TTv^o^ iXda kotlvo<; iTevKrj evhaho'^ dpia Bpu<; Kapva JLv^o'lkj). tovtcov Be y^povLOiTaTa hoKel rd KvirapLTTLva elvar rd <yovv iv 'E^ecrw, e^ ot)v at dvpat rov veuxTrl veco, redyja-avpLafieva Terrapa^ €K6lto <yeved<;. puova he koI o-TtX/SrjSova he'xerai, St o koI rd a-novhat^opLeva twv epycov gk TOVTCOV TTOLovcTL. TMV he dWwv dcra'TTeCTTaTOP fjLeTa ra KvirapiTTLva koI Ta OvcoSt] tt^v avKd- fiLvov elvai (f)aat, kol layvpov dpia koX evepyov to ^vXov yiverai he to ^vXoi' [kol] iraXaiovpievov piiXav, oiairep Xcot6<;. "Et£ he dXXo 7rpo<; dXXo Kal ev dXXw daaire^, olov TTTeXea pcev ev tw depc, hpv<=; he KaTopvT- Topt^evif Kal ev tw vhan KaTa^pexopLevrj' hoKel yap oA-O)? d(Ta7re<i elvar hi o Kal eZ? tol/? iroTa- pbov<; Kal et9 ra? XLpiva<^ eK tovtcov vavrrTjyovaiv iv he TTj OaXdTTT] a7]7reTai. Ta he dXXa hiapLevei pidXXov, oirep Kal evXoyov, TapixevopLeva ttj dXpLTj. AoK€L he Kal rj o^vrj irpo^i to vhcop daairyi; elvai Kal ^eXTUcov yivecrOai ^peyopLevrj. Kal i) Kapva he t) ^v/Solkt] dcraTr?;?. cpacrl he Kal ttjv TrevKrjv iXuTT)^ pidXXov viro Teprjh6vo<^ ecrOleaOaf Ti-jv pLev ycip elvai ^7]pdv, Trjv he 7revKr]v e'X^eiv yXvKVTTjTa, Kal ocrco evhahcoTepa, pidXXov' TrdvTa 1 Plin. 16. 213. ' Tfdri(Tavpi(TiJ.efa . . . cKeiTO conj. Bentley; TeBrjaavpiafifya , . . iKeiPTo Ald.H. ; P has «/c€jto 440 ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, V. iv. 2-4 Of differences in the keeping quality of timber. ^ Naturally proof against decay are cypress prickly cedar ebony nettle-tree box olive wild olive resinous fir aria (holm-oak) oak sweet chestnut. Of these the wood of the cypress seems to last longest ; at least the cypress-wood at Ephesus, of which the doors of the modern temple were made, lay stored up ^ for four generations. And this is the only wood which takes a fine polish, wherefore they make of it valuable articles. Of the others the least liable to decay after the wood of the cypress and thyine-w^ood is, they say, that of the mulberry, which is also strong and easily worked : when it becomes old, this wood turns black like that of the nettle-tree. 3 Again whether a given wood is not liable to decay may depend on the purpose to which it is put and the conditions to which it is subjected : thus the elm does not decay if exposed to the air, nor the oak if it is buried or soaked in water ; for it appears to be entirely proof against decay : wherefore they build vessels of it for use on rivers and on lakes, but in sea- water it rots, though other woods last all the better ; which is natural, as they become seasoned with the brine. ^ The beech also seems to be proof against decay in water and to be improved by being soaked. The sweet chestnut under like treatment is also proof against decay. They say that the wood of the fir is more liable to be eaten by the teredon than that of the silver-fir ; for that the latter is dry, while the fir has a sweet taste, and that this is more so, the more the wood is soaked with resin ^ ; they go on to 3 Plin. 16. 218. * Plin. 16. 218 and 219. 5 c/. 3. 9. 4. 441 THEOPHRASTUS 8' eaOUadai TeprjhovL irXrjV kotlvov Kai iXda^- ra Se ov, Sid ri-jv TriKpoTtjTa. iaOUrai Se rd fiev €v rfj OdXdrrr] atjTrofxeva viro Ti^pi^hovo^, ra 8' iv rfj yf] V7T0 (TKwXrjKwv fcal vtto OpnroiV' ov ^yap yiveraL reprjScov aW' i) iv tt) OaXdrrr). eari Be 7] Tep}]S(jov T(p fiev fieyeOeL pmcpov, KCipaXrjv 5' e^et 6 /iejdXt]v KoX oSovTW^' ol 5e dp'nre'i o/jloloi toU (7K(t)Xi]^iv, v(j>^ Mv TLrpaiveraL Kara /xiKpov rd ^vXa. KoX ecTTi ravra eviaTa- imroKOTrrjOevra yap orav eh rrjv OdXarjav eXKuaOjj aTeyer rd Be VTTO Twv rep^-jBovwv dvlara. tmv Be aKCdXifKwv T(ov iv Tol<; ^uXoi<; ol fiev elaiv iK t^}? oiKeia^ arj-^ew^y ol 3' ivriKTovTcov erepwv ivriKTei ydp, wairep koI rot? BevBpoL<;, 6 /cepacrT?;? KaXov/jievo<;, orav Tirpdvrj /cal KoiXdvr) 7r€pi(7Tpa(j)el<; ajairepel avoBoxov. (f)€vy€L Be rd re oapLcoBrj koI iriKpd /cal a/cXrjpd Bid ro /jlt) BuvaaOac rirpdvai, KaOdrrep rrjv TTV^ov. (f>aal Be Kal rrjv iXdrrjv (^XolaOelaav VTTO rrjV ^Xdarrjaiv daairrj Bia/xeveiv iv ray vBarr (fyavepbv Be yeveaOai iv ^eveCo rrj^ ^ApKaBlw^, ore avrol^ iXi[xv(jL>6i'i ro ireBiov ^pa')(9evro'^ rov ^epe- Opov rore ydp ra? ye<f)vp(f<; 7roiovvre<} iXarlva^i Kal, orav iTrava^aivrj ro vBcop, dXXrjv fcal dXXyv i(f)to-rdvre<;, o)? ippdy)] Kal dirPjXde, irdvra evpe- Orjvai rd ^uXa daairrj. rovro /jLev ovv iK av/i- irrQ)fiaros. 1 Plin. 16. 220 and 221. ' Tirpaiv^Tai conj. Seal, f roru G ; riTpfverai UVo. ; TreTratj'tTai MVAld. » cf 4. 14. 5.
  • wa-rrepe) /xvo^Sxoy conj. W. ; Siairep ol fivSxoSoi MSS.; G
omits. The word fxvo56xos does not occur elsewhere ds a 8ubst. 442 ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, V. iv. 4-6 say that all woods are eaten by the teredon except the olive, wild or cultivated, and that these woods escape because of their bitter taste. ^ Now woods which deca}'^ in sea-water are eaten by the teredon, those which decay on land by the skolex and thrips ; for the teredon does not occur except in the sea. It is a creature small in size, but has a large head and teeth ; the thrips resembles the skolex, and these creatures gradually bore through ^ timber. The harm that these do is easy to remedy ; for, if the wood is smeared with pitch, it does not let in water when it is dragged down into the sea ; but the harm done by the teredon cannot be undone. Of the skolekes which occur in wood some come from the decay of the wood itself,some from other skolekes which engender therein. For these produce their young in timber, as the worm called the ' horned worm ' ^ does in trees, having bored and scooped out a sort of mouse-hole ^ by turning round and round. But it avoids wood which has a strong smell or is bitter or hard, such as boxwood, since it is unable to bore through it. They say too that the wood of the silver-fir, if barked just before the time of budding, remains in water without de- caying, and that this was clearly seen at Pheneos in Arcadia, when their plain was turned into a lake since the outlet was blocked up.^ For at that time they made ^ their bridges of this wood, and, as the water rose, they placed more and more atop of them, and, when the water burst its way through and disappeared, all the wood was found to be undecayed. This fact then became known by means of an accident ' c/. 3. 1. 2. (ppaxOfvros conj. Sch.; ^pax^vros Ald.H. ® iroiovvTfs, i<pi(rTdvTfs nom. pendens, 443 THEOPHRASTUS 'Ei^ Tv\fp Be TTJ vi]a(p jfj irepl tt]V ^Apa^iav elval rl cfyaaL ^v\ov i^ ov to. irXola vavTrijyovvraL' rovro Be ev fiev rf) OaXaTTj] aj(eBov aarjirrov eli'ar Biafieuei yap er^] TrXeiO) rj Bt-UKoaia Kara- ^vOl^6/jL€vov' eav Be e^co, xpoi^^ov jjiev Odrrov Be arjireTai. (Oav/iaarov Be Kal erepov Xeyovai, ovBev Be Trpo? rrjv arjylriv. elvai yap n BevBpov e^ ov Ta9 /3aKTr]pia<; re/jLveaOai, Kal yiveaOai Ka\a<; a(p6Bpa TToiKiXlav TLva e-)(ovaa<^ ofioiau tw Tov TiypLO^ Bepfiarr ^apv Be acj^oBpa to ^vXov TovTO' orav Be rt? pi'^]] irpo'; arepecoTepov roirov, KardyvvaOai KaOdirep rd Kepdfiia.) Kal TO T?)? /j,vpLKt]<; Be ^vXov ov)(^ wairep evravda daOeve^, dXX' Icr'xypov wairep TrpivLvov i) Kal dXXo Ti TMV la'xypMV. tovto fiev ovv ci/jta fjLr)vvei ')(^d}pa<; re Kal depo<i Bia(f)opd<^ Kal Bvvd/jL€i<;. TO)v Be ojxoyevwv ^vXwv, olov Bpvivcov TrevKU'ayv, orav TapLxevoivraL — Tapiyevovai yap ovk ev taw ^dOei Trdvra Buovt€<; rr)? OaXdrrrji;, dXXd rd fiev TTpof; avrfi rfj yfj, rd Be fXiKpov dvwrepw, rd B' ev irXeLovL ^dOer Trdvrcov Be rd Trpo? rrjv pu^av Odrrov BveraL KaO^ vBaro<;, k&v eiTLvfj /idXXor pevei Kdro). V. "EcTTi Be rd fiev evepya rcov ^vXcov, rd Be Bvaepya' evepya fiev rd fiaXaKd, Kal Trdvrcov ' Plin. 16. 221 ; cf. 4. 7. 7. - Teak. See Index App. (22). 5 Calamander-WQOci, See Index App. (23). 444 ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, V. iv. 7-v. i ^ In the island of Tylos off the Arabian coast they say that there is a kind of wood ^ of which they build their ships, and that in sea-water this is almost proof against decay ; for it lasts more than 200 years if it is kept under water, while, if it is kept out of water, it decays sooner, though not for some time. They also tell of another strange thing, though it has nothing to do with the question of decay : they say that there is a certain tree,^ of which they cut their staves, and that these are very handsome, having a variegated appearance like the tiger's skin ; and that this wood is exceedingly heavy, yet when one throws it down on hard ground* it breaks in pieces like pottery. Moreover, the wood of the tamarisk ^ is not weak there, as it is in our country, but is as strong as kermes-oak or any other strong wood. Now this illustrates also the difference in properties caused by country and climate. Moreover when wood, such as that of oak or fir, is soaked in brine — not all being soaked at the same depth in the sea, but some of it close to shore, some rather further out, and some at a still greater depth — ^ in all cases the parts of the tree nearest the root (whichever tree it is) sink quicker under water, and even if they float, have a greater tendency to sink. Which kinds of wood are easy and luhich hard to xoorTc. Of the core and its ef V. Some wood is easy to work, some difficult. Those woods which are soft are easy, and especially ^ irphs arep. T6nov can hardly be sound : ? ' on something liarder than itself.' 6 See Index, fivp'iKT, (2). « pii^. iq ige. 445 THEOPHRASTUS /xaXcara (piXvpa- Bvcrepya Se kol rd aKXrjpd Koi rd o^coSt] kol ov\a<^ c^oi^Ta crvarpo(j)d^' Bvaepjo- rara Be upia Kal Bpv<i, co? Be Kara fxepo^; 6 r?}? 7r€VK7]<; 6^o<i Kal t^? €\dT7]<;. del Be rcov ofioyevayp TO /ucaXaKcorepov rod aKXyjporepov Kpelirov aapKcoBearepov yap- Kal evOv aKOTrovvrai ra? craviBa^ ol re/CTOi'e? ovT(o<i. rd Be /lo^^drjpd aiBi'jpLa BvvaraL re/^ivecv rd crKXtjpd /idWov Ton> fxaXaKcbv dvirjai yap ev roL<; /ia\aKOi<;, Mcnrep €Xe-)(d7) Trepl t% (f)L\vpa<;, irapaKova Be fidXicTTa Ta aKXrjpd' Be o Kal ol aKuroro/ioL iroiovvrai Tov<; TTivaKa<i d^pdBo^;. Mi]Tpav Be irdvra fiev e')(eLv (f)aorlv ol reKTove^; (pavepdp S' eli/aL /j-dXiara ev rfj eXdrr}' (fyalveaOai yap olov (f)XoL(oBr] rivd ttjv avvOeaiv avTrf^ rcov kvkXwp. ev iXda Be Kal irv^co Kal roL'^ toi,ovtoi<; ov')(^ OyLtoto)?* Bi o Kal ov (f)aaL TLve<^ ^X^^^ '^V Buvdp^et TTV^ov Kal eXdav ijKicrTa yap eXKecrdai ravTa tcou ^vXcov. eari Be to eXKeaOai to av/x- irepuaTaaOaL Kivovp.evi]s tt}? /j,i]Tpa<;. ^y yap o)? eoLKev eirl y^povov ttoXvv Bl o iravTa)i^60ev /jL€V d/jua fidXiaTa 8' eK twv Ovpcopbdrcov e^aipov- (TLV, 07r&)9 daTpa^f] y- Kal Bid tovto axl'^ovatv. "Atottov 5' dv Bo^eiev otl ev fiev toI<; ^vXol<^ TOt? (TTpoyyvXoi^i aXviro^; r) /iiJTpa Kal dKLvy]T0<;, ev Be T0L<i irapaKLvrjOelaiv, edv fi7] 6X(o<; e^aipeOfj, ' 5. 3. 3. '^ TO aK\T]pa conj. Sch, from G (?) ; ravra P^Ald.H. ' ?Xf'»' conj. Sch.; €X«t^ Ald.H.
  • i\aav conj. Seal, from G ; iKary\v Ald.H.
' i.e. and this happens less in woods which have little- core. * Ojua (? =6noio}s) MSS. ; avrr^v conj. W, 446 ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, V. v. 1-3 that of the lime ; those are difficult which arc hard and have many knots and a compact and twisted grain. The most difficult woods are those of aria (holm-oak) and oak, and the knotty parts of the fir and silver-fir. The softer part of any given tree is always better than the harder, since it is fleshier : and carpenters can thus at once mark the parts suitable for planks. Inferior iron tools can cut hard wood better than soft : for on soft wood tools lose their edge, as was said ^ in speaking of the lime, while hard woods - actually sharpen it : where- fore cobblers make their strops of wild pear. Carpenters say that all woods have ^ a core, but that it is most plainly seen in the silver-fir, in which one can detect a sort of bark-like charac- ter in the rings. In olive box and such woods this is not so obvious ; wherefore they say that box and olive ^ lack this tendency ; for that these woods are less apt to ' draw ' than any others. * Drawing ' is the closing in of the wood as the core is dis- turbed.^ For since the core remains alive, it appears, for a long time, it is always removed from any article whatever made of this wood,*' but especially from doors,^ so that they may not warp ^ : and that is why the wood is split.^ It might seem strange that in ' round ' ^° timber the core does no harm and so is left undisturbed, while in wood whose texture has been interfered with,^^ unless it is taken out altogether, it causes ^ dvpcofidruv conj. Sch.; 'yvpwiidrcav Aid. cf. 4. 1. 2; Plin. 16. 225, ahietem vnl varum paginis aptissimam.
  • acTTpa^rj ^ conj. Dalec; aarpaBrj UMVAld.
^ i.e. to extract the core. ^^ See below, §5.
  • ^ ■napaKivrjee^ffi, i.e. by splitting or eawing. v(\€Kr]6(7ai
conj. W. 447 THEOPHRASTUS KLvel Kol 7rapaarpe(f)€L- /jidWov yap cIkos yvfivco- Oelaav airoOvrjaKeLV. 6/jlw<; Se oi ye larol Kal ai Kepalai i^aLp60eL(77]<; a)(^petot,. tovto Be Kara av/j,^el3r]K6<;, on ^^trwi^a? e%6t TrXetou?, I(j')(yp6- rarov he Kal XeTrroTarov Be rov ea^^arov, ^ripora- Tov yap, Ka\ Tou? aWov^ ava \oyov. orav ovv 4 ay^Lady, Trepiaipelrai ra ^yjporara. el 8' 77 fijjrpa Sia TO ^-yjpov aKeiTTeov. SiaaTpecj^ec he eXKOfievrj ra ^v\a kuI ev toU a^iaTOL<; kol irpLcnol'^y orav fit) &)? Bel irpiwai' Bel yap 6pO)]v ttjv rrpicriv elvai Kal pit] ifKayiav. oXov ovar)<^ r)}<; fi}]Tpa<; e(f)^ tjv TO a, prj irapa tyjv jSy repveiv, aWd irapd rrjv /3B. (^OelpeaOai yap ovtco (paaiv, eKeivw^; Be ^rjv. on, Be irdv ^vXov ex^t piyJTpav €k tovtcov oiovraL' (fiavepop yap eari Kal rd per] BoKovvra iravr e^eiv, olov iTV^ov Xwrov rrplvov. arjpelov Be- rov^; yap (TTp6(^iyya<; tcop Ovpcov twv iroXvTeXoiv iroiovai fiev eK TOVTCOV, a-vyypd(j)ovTai, Be ol dp')(^iTeKTOve<; ovTco<; <pri> €K pbt']Tpa<^. TavTO Be tovto (rrjpelov KOI OTL irdaa pirjTpa eXKCTai, Kal al twv a-KXifpo- 5 TaTcov, a? B-q TLve^ KapBia^ KaXovai. TravTo^ Be ' And so cause no trouble. 2 cf. 5. 1. 6. tr\f lovs conj. Sell, from G ; &\\ovi Ald.H. ' Text probably defective ; ? insert ^^-ppedrf after ^vphy. ^ The figure would seem to be D C A [/ A B 448 ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, V. v. 3-5 disturbance and warping : it were rather to be expected that it would die ^ when exposed. Yet it is a fact that masts and yard-arms are useless, if it has been removed from the wood of which they are made. This is however an accidental ex- ception, because the wood in question has several coats,2 of which the strongest and also thinnest is the outermost, since this is the driest, while the other coats are strong and thin in proportion to their nearness to the outermost. If therefore the wood be split, the driest parts are necessarily stripped off. Whether however in the other case the object of removing the core is to secure dryness is matter for enquiry.^ However, when the core ' draws,' it twists the wood, whether it has been split or sawn, if the sawing is improperly performed : the saw-cut should be made straight and not slant- wise. ^ Thus, if the core be represented by the line A, the cut must be made along the line BD, and not along the line BC : for in that case, they say, the core will be destroyed, while, if cut in the other way, it will live. For this reason men think that every wood has a core : for it is clear that those which do not seem to possess one never- theless have it, as box nettle-tree kermes-oak : a proof of this is the fact that men make of these woods the pivots^ of expensive doors, and accordingly^ the headcraftsmen specify that wood with a core shall not be used. This is also a proof that any core ' draws,' even those of the hardest woods, which some call the heart. In almost every wood, even
  • cf, 5. 3. 5. aTp6<piy^ here at least probably means * pivot
and socket.'
  • ovTws Ald.H. ; avTohs conj. W. ' /jlt] add. W.
449 THEOPHRASTUS ct)9 elirelv ^v\ou a k\i] por drri Ka\ jxavoTCLrr) y firjTpa, Koi avT))^ ttj^ iXdrrj^;- ixavordrr) fiev ovv, OTL Ta9 Iva^ ex^i' koI Sid ttoWou kol to crapKcoBc'^ TO dvd fieaov ttoXv- cr/cX?7^0TaT?; Si, ore kui at Ive^ aKkrjpoTaraL koI to aap/ccoSe^i' Sl* o kui oi dp-)(^LTeKT0V6<; avyypdcpovTai irapaipelv ra Trpo? TYiv /jL7]Tpai>, 07rco9 Xd^wai tou ^v\ov to irvKvoTa- Tov Koi fiaXaKcoTaTOv. Tcoi^ he ^vXcov Ta fiev ayiGTa ra 5e ireXeKrjTn Ta Be (TTpoyyvXa' a^^iaTa /jbiv, oaa BiaipovvT€<; /card TO fxeaov Trpi^ovcTL' TreXeKrjTd Be, oacov diroTTeXeKOiaL rd e^w aTpoyyvXa Be BfjXov on Ta 6Xo)<; dyfraucTTa. tovtcov Be Ta GyjiaTa fiev oXco? dppayP] Bid to yvfivoiOelcrav ttjv fxifrpav ^7]paiv6(Tdai Kal dTrodprjcr/ceLV Ta Be ireXeicrjTd Kul rd (TTpoyyvXa pyyvvrar /xaXXov Be ttoXv ra aTpoyyvXa Bid to ei'a7reiXrj(p6aL ttjv fir'jTpav' ovBev yap otl tmv dirdifTcov ov pi]yvvTaL. tol<; Be X(OTLvoL<; Kal rot? dXXoi<; oI? eh tol/? arpu- (pcyya^i ')(pa)VTai, Trpo? to /irj pyypvaOat ^oX^ltov irepiTrXaTTOvaLV, ottco^ dva^iipavOf] Kal BtaTTveuaOf] Kard fiiKpov rj eK r?}? fjL)jrpa<^ vyp6Tr]<;. y fiev ovv firfTpa TOLavTTfv e;^et Bvvafiiv. VI. Bapo? Be eveyKelv ia)(ypd Kal rj iXdrrj Kal t) TcevKY] irXdyLau TiOefievai- ovBev ydp ev- ' Iv'Kov OKXripOTaTi) conj. Sch. from G ; ^vKov aKXr^poTaTOv UMV: so Aid. omitting koI. • aTTOTTeAe/cwcrt conj. Sell.; anonKfKcoai UM ; aiToir\«Kovcn Aid.; atroire\fKova-i mBas, ^ cf. G.P. 5. 17. 2. 45° ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, V. v. 5-vi. i ill that of the silver-fir, the core is the hardest part,! and the part which has the least fibrous texture : — it is least fibrous because the fibres are far apart and there is a good deal of fleshy matter between them, while it is the hardest part because the fibres and the fleshy substance are the hardest parts. Wherefore the headcraftsmen specify that the core and the parts next it are to be removed, that they may secure the closest and softest part of the wood. Timber is either ' cleft,' ' hewn,' or ^ round' : it is called ' cleft,' when in making division they saw it down the middle, ' hewn ' when they hew off '^ the outer parts, while ' round ' clearly signifies wood which has not been touched at all. Of these, ' cleft ' wood ^ is not at all liable to split, because the core when exposed dries and dies : but ' hewn ' and * round ' wood are apt to split, and especially ' round ' wood, because the core is included in it : no kind of timber indeed is altogether incapable of splitting. The wood of the nettle-tree and other kinds which are used for making pivots for doors are smeared ^ with cow-dung to prevent their splitting : the object lieing that the moisture due to the core may be gradually dried up^ and evaporated. Such are the natural properties of the core. Which ivoods can best support weight. VI. 6 For bearing weight silver-fir and fir are strong woods, when set slantwise "^ : for they do not give like
  • TT€pnr\aTTov(n conj. Sch. from G ; ircpLirdTTovaiv Ald.H.
Plin. 16. 222. * ava^r]pav6^ conj. Sch.; ava^TjpalpTj Ald.H. « Plin. 16. 222-224. ' e.g. as a strut, irhdyiai conj. Sch. from Plin. I.e.; aira\a\ Ald.H. THEOPHRASTUS hihoaaiv, MGirep rj Bpv<{ Koi rci yecoSri, dX)C avrw- Oovcrr ayj/ielov Be otl ouSeTTOTe prjyvvvraL, KaOdirep iXda KoX Spv^, dWd irporepov arjirovrau kol aXXo)? dTTavScjaLV. ia'yrupov Be koX 6 <f)OLvi^- avdrroKiv yap 7) KdfiyfrL<; rj tol<; dX\.oi<; yiV6Tar Ta fiev yap et? rd Kdrco KapLTTTerai, 6 he (f>oiPi^ els rd dvoi. (fyaal Se fcal Tr)v Trev/ctjv fcal rrjv ekdriiv uvrcodelv. to he t?}9 ^v^olKrj^ Kapva<;, yiverai yap fieya kuI ')(^pMvrai 7rpo<i tt]V epeyjrLV, orav /xeXXj] pr)yvvadaL ■\^o(^elv wcrre irpoaiaddv- eaOai irporepov oirep kuI ev ' Kvrdvopw avve- ireaev ev tw ^aXavelw kuI Trai^re? e^em]hriaav. la-)(vpov he Koi to t?}? avK)]<: 7r\7]v et? 6p96v. 'H he eXdrrj fidXiara (i)<; elirelv l(j')(yp6v. tt/jo? he Ta9 TOiv TCKTovwv ;\^peta? i^eKoXkov fiev /id- Xiara rj 7reuK7] hid re ttjv fiavoTrjra kuI rrjp evOvTTopiav' ovhe ydp oXoo'? ouhe pi]yvv(j6ai (^aaiv edv KoWrjOfj. evropvorarov he (piXvKT], kuI 77 Xev/coTTj^i (oairep 7) rod KTJXdarpov. rwv he dXKwv 7) (jiiXvpa' TO ydp okov evepyov, oiairep eXex^V' hid /jLuXaKorrjra. evKafxirra he co? [xev dirXco^; eiTrelv oaa yXtaxpci' htacpepeiv he hoKel avKd- fiivo^; Kul epiveo^, hi kuI rd ifcpia kol rd<; are(f)dva<; Kal oXco? oaa irepl rov Koafiov €k rovrwv iroLovcn. YivrrpLara he kol Gi/o";^£(7Ta rd evL/c/xorepa rm' ^ i.e. the strut becomes concave or convex respectively cj. Xen. Cyr. 7. 5. 11. '^ i.e. it cannot be used as a strut, or it would 'buckle, lliougli it will stand a vertical strain. » Plin. 16. 225.
  • cf. C.P. 5. 17. 3. tiiOuTtopuTaTa : (udvnoptay.
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, V. vi. 1-3 oak and other woods which contain mineral matter but make good resistance. A proof of this is that they never split like olive and oak, but decay first or fail in some other way. Palm-wood is also strong, for it bends the opposite way to other woods : they bend downwards, palm-wood upwards.^ It is said that fir and silver-fir also have an upward thrust. As to the sweet chestnut, which grows tall and is used for roofing, it is said that when it is about to split, it makes a noise, so that men are forewarned : this occurred once at Antandros at the baths, and all those present rushed out. Fig-wood is also strong, but only when set upright.^ Of the, woods best suited for the carpenter's various purposes. ^The wood of the silver-fir may be called the strongest of all. But for the carpenter's purposes fir best takes glue because of its open texture and the straightness of its i)ores ^ ; for they say that it never by any chance comes apart when it is glued. Alaternus ^ is the easiest wood for turning, and its whiteness is like that of the holly. Of the rest lime is the easiest, the whole tree, as was said, being easy to work because of the softness of the wood. In general those woods which are tough are easy to bend. The mulberry and the wild fig seem to be specially so; wherefore they make of these theatre-seats, the hoops of garlands, and, in general, things for ornament. ^ Woods which have a fair amount of moisture in them are easier to saw or split than those which « c/. 5. 7. 7. • Rendering doubtful. XKpia has probably here some un- known meaning, on which the Bsnse of kSvuov depends. » PUn. 16. 227. 453 THEOPHRASTUS TTafxirav ^ypcov ra fiev yap iravovraL, ra he 'laTavrar ra he ')(\oipa Xlav avfi/xveL KaX ivi'^e- Tat iv TOt? ohovcn ra Trpia/JLara Kal i/nTrXaTTCi, hi' o Kal TrapaWuTTOvaLv aWyXcov tol/? 6S6i>Ta<; Lva e^dyrjrat,. €(Ttl he KaX hvarpvTrrjTOTepa ra Xiav x^copd' ^paheax; yap dva^eperat to, eKrpv- 7n]/j,aTa hid rb j^apea elvar tmv he ^tjpwv rax^(o<i Kal €uOu<; 6 drip dva6epixaiv6/jLevo<; dvahihwai- irdXiv he rd Xlav ^r)pd hid rrjv aKXriporrjra hvcnrpLara' KaOdirep yap oarpaKov avfi^aLvei TTpUiv, hi o Kal Tpv7ra)VTe<; eTri/Spexovaiv. ^vireXeKTjToTepa he Kal evropvorepa Kal ev^o- (OTepa rd ')(Xo3pd' Trpoa-KdOrjTai re yap to ropvev- Ti'ipiov fjidXXov Kal oxjK diroTrTjha. Kal r) ireXeKi^(jL<i TOiv /jLaXaKayrepcov pacov, Kal ?; f ecrt? he 6/jloIco<; Kal ere Xeiorepa. Icrx^porarov he Kal rj Kpdveia, ra)p he dXXcov ovx VKLara y) irreXea, hi b Kal Toi'? aTpo(f)ea<i, Mcnrep iXex^Vy '^^^^ dvpai<; TTTeXetvov^ TTOLOvaiv. vyporarov he jxeXia Kal o^vrj' Kal ydp rd KXivdpia rd evhihovTa eK tovtwv. VII. 0\a)9 he irpo'; Tvola t^? vXr)^ eKacTTT] Xp^o-lfJiy^ Kal TToia vav7n]y}]aL/jbo<; Kal olKohopLLKr], TrXeLarrj ydp avrr) ?; Xpeia Kal ev /leylaTOL^, Tretpareov elirelv, dcpopi^ovra KaO' cKaarov to Xp^CTl'P'OV, 'EXarr; fiev ovv Kal nrevKrj Kal Kehpo<; co? aTrXw? ' iravovrat can hardly be right : Plin. I.e. seems to have had a fuller text. ^ fu7r\aTTf( : cf. de Sens. 66. 454 ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, V. vi. 3-vii. i uc altogether dry : for the latter give/ while the former resist. Wood which is too green closes up again when sawn, and the sawdust catches in the saw's teeth and clogs - them ; wherefore the teeth of the saw are set alternate ways, to get rid of the sawdust. Wood which is too green is also harder to bore holes in ; for the auger's dust is only brought up slowly, because it is heavy ; while, if the wood is dry, the air gets warmed by the boring and brings it up readily and at once. On the other hand, wood which is over dry ^ is hard to saw because of its hardness : for it is like sawing through earthenware ; wherefore they wet the auger when using it. However green wood is easier to work with the axe the chisel or the plane ; for the chisel gets a better hold and does not slip off. Again softer woods are easier for the axe and for smoothing,"* and also a better polished surface is obtained. The cornelian cherry is also a very strong wood, and among the rest ehn-wood is the strongest ; where- fore, as was said,^ they make the ' hinges ' for doors of elm-wood. Manna-asii and beech have very moist wood, for of these they make elastic bedsteads. Of the woods used in ship-huilding, VII. Next we must endeavour to say in a general way, distinguishing the several uses, for which purposes each kind of timber is serviceable, which is of use for ship-building, which for house-building : for these uses extend far and are important. Now silver-fir, fir and Syrian cedar ^ are, generally " Ta \'iav ^rjpa conj. St. ; \eia Kal ^-qpa Ald.H. ■* Sc. with the carpenter's axe. » 5. 3. 5. « See Index. 455 THEOPHRASTUS elirelv vavTrrjyijaifia' Ta<; fiev yap TpL7]pei<; koI to, fxaKpa 7T\oLa iXciriva ttolovctl Blcl Kov^oryra, to. Be crrpoyyvXa izevKLva hia to aaaTre<^- evLOL Be xal Ta<i rpLr]p6i<; Bia to /jlt) eviropelv eXaxT;?. ol Be Kara '^.vplav koI ^oLvifcrjv €k KeBpov aTravL^ovai yap Kol irevKT]^. ol S' iv Kvirpo) ititvo^' ravTijv yap i) vrj(70<i e)(€i Kal BoKel KpeiTTCov elvai t/}? irevKTjf;. kcu ra /lev dWa etc tovtcov rrjv Be rpoTTLV rpirfpei fiev Bpvtvrjv, Iva avrexv tt/^o? Ta<i vecokKia^, rah Be oXkclgi TrevKivrjv* vironOeaai 8' eTL Kal BpvtvTjv eirav v€co\k(0(Tl, rah B^ ekaTToaiv o^vtvrjv KOL 6\co<; eic tovtov to ')(e\vapLa. Ovx diTTeTaL Be ovBe KaTO, Tt)v koWtjctlv ofioLW^ to Bpvlvov Tcov irevKLVoiv Kol eXaTivcov to. fiev yap irvKva to, Be fxavd, Kal tcl fiev o/xoia to, B' ov. Bel Be ojJiOLOTraOrj elvau Ta fieWovTa crvp,- ^veaOau Kal p.r} evavTia, KaOairepavel \ldov Kai ^v\ov» 'H Be Topvela tol<; /xev TrXot'ot? yiveTai, avKa- fjLivov fie\La<i TrreXea? TrXaTavov yXiaxpoTrjTa yap exeiv Bel Kal lax^v. ^etyoto-r?; Be rj ri}? TrXaTavov Ta^y jap a-rjireTac. Tul^i Be Tptrjpeatv evLOL Kal TTiTuiVa? ttoiovctl Blcl to eXa^pov. to Be (TTepeoy/JLa, tt/^o? m to x^Xvcr/jLa, Kal Ta<; eirco- TtSa?, fjueXla^ Kal avKafiivov Kal TrreXea?* la-)(vpa
  • TpiT}p€i conj. W. ; Tpi-qp-q U; rpi-fiprjs MV; rpt-qpeffi Aid.
' Ta?? 5' ikdrroaiv o^vIutjv conj. W. {to7s Sch. ); to'ls fitv i\6.TTo<Tiv oiv-n Aid. c/ Plin. 16. 226. ' XiKva/xa, a temporary covering for the bottom : so Poll, and Hesych. explain. 456 ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, V. vii. 1-3 speaking, useful for ship-building ; for triremes and long ships are made of silver-fir, because of its light- ness, and merchant ships of fir, because it does not decay ; while some make triremes of it also because they are ill provided with silver-fir. The people of Syria and Phoenicia use Syrian cedar, since they cannot obtain much fir either ; while the people of Cyprus use Aleppo pine, since their island provides this and it seems to be superior to their fir. Most jiarts are made of these woods ; but the keel for a trireme ^ is made of oak, that it may stand the haul- ing ; and for merchantmen it is made of fir. How- ever they put an oaken keel under this when they are hauling, or for smaller vessels a keel of beech ; '^ and the sheathing ^ is made entirely of this wood.
  • (However oak-wood does not join well with glue
on to fir or silver-fir ; for the one is of close, the other of open grain, the one is uniform, the other not so ; whereas things which are to be made into one piece should be of similar character, and not of opposite character, like wood and stone.) The work of bentwood ^ for vessels is made of mulberry manna-ash elm or plane ; for it must be tough and strong. That made of plane-wood is the worst, since it soon decays. For triremes some make such parts of Aleppo pine because of its lightness. The cutwater,^ to which the sheathing is attached,'^ and the catheads are made of manna-ash mulberry
  • This sentence is out of place ; its right place is perhaps
at the end of § 4. ' Topveia ; but the word is perhaps corrupt : one would expect the name of some part of the vessel.
  • o-Tepf'w/ia : apparently the fore part of the keel ; =<netpa.
' trphs ^ rb x^^^f^t^o^^on], W. after Seal,; ■Kp6ffw tJ) cxf^vfffia Aid. (cxeAo/ia M, x^'^vo-jua U) Trpoaw rb Sc x^^^^f"-"^ mBas. 457 THEOPHRASTUS 7ap Bel ravT eivai. vavTrrjjTJai^o^ fiev ovv v\y a-)(ehov avrr]. OiKoSofMiK)] Se ttoWm 7r\€L(t)v, iXdrr) re Kal irevK-q Koi KeSpo^;, en KV7rdpLrT0<i Spv<; Kal dp- fcevOo's' o)? 6' dirXoi^ elirelv iraaa ')(^p7j(TL/jir) 7T\r]i> €1 Tt? daOevT]^ Trafirrav' ovk. el<i ravTO yap Trdaai, KaOdirep ovS^ eirl rf]<; vav7rr)yLa<i. at 8' dXkai TT/Do? rd cBia tmv Te)(VMV, olov a/cevr] Kal opyava Kal el Ti roLOVTOv k'repov. tt/oo? irXelara he a)(€hop r) iXdrr] Trape^^TaL 'X^peiav Kal yap 7rpb<; tov<; TTLvaKa<i Tov^ ypacfyo/xevov^. reKroi'iK-p fiev ovv )) TraXaiordTT] KpaTLarij, edv rj acraTr/;?' evOeret yap o)? elirelv irdaL j^prjaOar vauTryjyLKjj Be Bid rr]v KdjJLy^LV evLKfiOTepa dvayKaiov eVel tt/oo? ye rrjv koXXtjctlv rj ^Tjporepa avfi^epei. laraTai yap KaLvd rd vavTrrjyovfieva Kal orav avfiTrayr} Ka6- eXKuaOevra (rvfifjuvec Kal (Treyet, ttXtjv edv fir} iravrdiTaa'iv e^LKjiaaOf)' rore Be ov Be^eraL koX- XrjaLV rj ov^ 6/j,oiO}<;. Aet Be Kal KaO^ eKacrrov Xafi^dvetv eh ttolu y^prjcrifjio'^ ecrriv. eXdry] jiev ovv Kal irevKi], KaOdirep el'prjrai, Kal 7rpo<; vauTn^yiav Kal irpo^; ^ iXdrr} . . . &pK€v0os conj. W. ; eXaTTj t« koI -xevKri koI KeSpos (Ti KvirdpiTTOS Bpvs TrevKT] Kol Kfbpos &picfv6os U; ixdrr] re Ka't irfvKV Ka) KtSpos Ka] ^.yKfvQos Ald.H. : SO also MV, omitting Ka\ before apK. ~ (liy 5' a.tr\ws conj. Sch.; anXws 5' is Aid. ' Kaiva conj. Sch.; kuI vvv Aid.
  • «Ti;/x7ra775 conj. W., wluch he renders 'when it has been
glued together ' ; (rvfiirir) Aid. G's reading was evidently different. ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, V. vii. 3-5 and elm ; for these parts must be strong. Such then is the timber used in ship-building. Of the woods used in hoase-huilding. For house-building a much greater variety is used, silver-fir fir and prickly cedar ; also cypress oak and Phoenician cedar.' In fact, to speak generally ,2 any wood is here of service, unless it is altogether weak : for there are various purposes for which different woods are serviceable, just as there are in ship-building. While other woods are service- able for special articles belonging to various crafts, such as furniture tools and the like, the wood of silver-fir is of use for almost more purposes than any other wood ; for it is even used for painters' tablets. For carpentry the oldest wood is the best, provided that it has not decayed ; for it is convenient for almost anyone to use. But for ship-building, where bending is necessary, one must use wood which contains more moisture (though, where glue is to be used, drier wood is convenient). For timber-work for ships is set to stand when it is newly ^ made : then, when it has become firmly united,'* it is dragged down to the water, and then it closes up and becomes watertight, — unless^ all the moisture has been dried out of it, in which case it will not take the glue, or will not take it so well. Of the uses of the wood of particular trees. But we must consider for what purposes ^ each several wood is serviceable. Silver-fir and fir, as has been said, are suitable both for ship-building house-
  • 7r\V ta" M conj. W. ; it. idu re M ; tt. idv ye Aid.
® i.e. apart from ship-building and house-building, in which several woods are used. 459 THEOPHRASTUS oiKoBofiiav Koi €ti Trpo? aWa tcov epywv, eU irXeiw he r\ iXdrrj. ttltvI Be y^pwvrai fiev et? dfi(f)Q) Kol ov'X^ rjTTOV eh vavTTTjjiav, ov fxrjv dWd raxv Biacr/jireTaL. Bpv<; Be Trpo? oiKoBo/jLiav Kal Trpo? pavTrrjyiav en re TTyoo? rd Kara y}]<; /caropuT- rofieva. <^i\vpa Be irpo^ rd (TaviBwpara tcov fiatcpoiv ttXoLwv koi Trpo? Ki^coria Kal 7rp6<; ti]v TMV /lerpcov KaraaKevijv. ex^o Be Kal rov (t>\oiov XP^f^i'P'OV irpo'i re rd axoivia Kal tt/jo? ra? Kiara^' TTOLOvcTL jdp €^ avTr)<i. S(f)evBa/jiv6<i T€ Kal ^vyia 7r/?o? KXivoTnjyuav Kal 7r/?09 rd ^uyd twv \o(f)Ovp(i)v. /jllXo^ Be et? TrapaKoWrjiiaTa Kt^d)TOt<; Kal viTO^d6poL<^ Kal oX,QJ9 T0?9 TOiovTOL^;. 7rpLV0<; Be tt/jo? d^ova^ ral<; p,ovoaTp6(f)oi,<; dfid^aif; Kal el<; ^vyd \vpai<; Kal '\lra\T7jpL0L<;. o^vtj Be 7rpo<; d/xa^OTrrjjLav Kal BK^poirr^ylav ttjv evTeXi]. irreXea Be 7r/?o? 6vpo- Trrjyiav Kal yaXedypa^;' p^^pwz^Tai Be Kal et? rd d/ia^iKd fxeTpiw^. 7rr}Bo<; Be et? d^ovd<; re TaL<; d/id^ai,<; Kal et? ekKTjOpa rot? dp6rpoL<;. dvBpdxX^] Be rat? yvvai^lv eU rd irepl tou? 1(ttov<;, dp- Kev6o<; Be et? reKT0VLa<; Kal et? rd VTvaiOpia Kal €t9 jd KaTopvTTo/jLeva Kard yr)^ Bid to daaTre^. (wcrauTco? Be Kal t) JLv/So'lktj Kapva, Kal Trpo? ye TrjV Karopv^LV en fidWov acaTr/}?. irv^w Be ypoivrai fiev tt/do? evia, ov /jLjjv aXX,* ^ ye ev rw OXv/jLtto) yLVOfievr) Bid to ^pa^^td tc elvai Kal 6^(oBr}<i dxpeLO<i. TepfiLvdo) Be ovBev ;^/)&)i^Taf ' Klaras : cf. 3. 13. 1 ; perhaps * hampers,' cf. 5. 7. 7. " TrapaKoW-nfiara: lit. * things glued on.' 3 Plin. 16. 229.
  • ra'is fxoyocTTpScpois a/xd^ais : or, perhaps, ' the wheels of
460 ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, V. vii. 5-7 building and also for other kinds of work, but silver- fir is of use for more purposes than fir. Aleppo pine is used for both kinds of building, but especially for ship-building, yet it soon rots. Oak is used for house-building, for ship-building, and also for under- ground work ; lime for the deck-planks of long ships, for boxes, and for the manufacture of measures ; its bark is also useful for ropes and writing-cases,^ for these are sometimes made of it. Maple and zygia are used for making beds and the yokes of beasts of burden : yew for the ornamental work attached ^ to chests and footstools and the like : kermes-oak ^ for the axles of wheel- barrows ^ and the cross-bars of lyres and psalteries : beech for making waggons and cheap carts : elm for making doors and weasel-traps, and to some extent it is also used for waggon work ; pedos ^ for waggon-axles and the stocks of ploughs : andrachne is used for women for parts of the loom : Phoenician cedar for carpenters' work ^ and for work which is either to be exposed to the air or buried underground, because it does not decay. Similarly the sweet chestnut is used, and it is even less likely to decay if it is used for underground work. Box is used for some purposes ; however that which grows on Mount Olympus '^ is useless, because only short pieces can be obtained and the wood ^ is full of knots. Terebinth is not used,^ except the fruit and the resin. carts with solid wheels.' rats conj. Sch.; re Koi UMV; re /col fioPoaTp6<povs afid^as Aid. ' iTTjSos (with varying accent) MSS. : probably = 7ra5cy, 4. 1. 3 ; 7rt5|os Aid., but see §7.
  • r(K7ovlas can hardly be right. " cf. 3. 15. 6.
  • cf. 1. 8. 2, of box in general ; Plin. 16. 71.
^ Inconsistent with 5. 3. 2. 461 THEOPHRASTUS irXrjv ro) Kapirfo koX rij ptjrlvr). ovhk <^l\vkij 7r\j]i' Tot? Trpo/SuTOL';' dtl ^/dp iarc Saaela. rf} Be d(f)dpKr) 669 '^^upaKci'i re Koi to Kaleiv. ktj- XdcTTpcp Se Koi aypLvBa tt/jo? /BaKT^jpla^;. evLOL Be /cat Bd(f)PT)- TCLfi yap yepovriKaf; Ka\ Kou(f)a<; TavT7j<; TTOiovcnv. Irea Be 7rp6<i re Ta? ao-TrtSa? Ka] Ta(; Kiara^ koI tcl Kava kol TciWa. irpoaava- XajSetu Be eari Kal tmv dWwv e/caaroi' 6/iOL(o<i. AiT^prjraL Be Kal irpo^ rd TeKTOVixd tmv opyd- vcov e/caara Kara rr^v ')(^peiav' olov a^vpiov fxev /cal Teperpiou dpiara fxev yiverai kot'lvov 'X.pSivrai Be Kal TTV^ivoL^i Kal 7rTe\e'ivoL<; Kal fieXeivoLS' xa? Be fieydXa'^ acfivpa'^ TriTviva^ iroLovaiv. 6/j,oLco<i Be Kal TCt)v dWcov CKacrrov eyei Tivd rd^LV. Kal ravra fxev al ')(^pelaL Biaipovaiv. VIIT. 'FjKdarrj Be t/}? vXr](;, Mcrirep Kal Trporepov €Xe)(6r], BcacfyepeL Kara tov^ tottov^' evda fiev yap XcoTO? €v6a Be KeBpo<; ylveraL Oavfiaa-rrj, KaOdirep Kal Trepl ^vplav ev Xvpla yap ev re toI<; opeai Bia<j)€povTa yiverat rd BevBpa r7]<; KeBpov Kal tw v^|reL Kal rw Trd'^er rifKiKavra ydp eajLv war evta /xev fir) BvvaaOac rpel<^ dvBpa^ irepCkafi^dveiv ev re roi? 7rapaBeLaoL<i ere pLei^w Kal KaXkico. (paiverai Be Kal edv rt? ea Kal yur; refivr) tottov oLKelov eKaarov e^ov ylveaOac Oavfiaarov tco p,7]K€i- Kal ird-xei' ev Kinrpo) yovv ovk ere/ivov 01 fiaatXei';, dpLa /lev rr]povvre<^ Kal ra/Mievo/ievoi, dfxa ' Inconsistent with 5. 6. 2. (ptKvpta conj. Sch. ' Ka\ ar]iuv5a conj. Sch. ; ku] /j.v'ia U ; Ka\ fiva Aid. cf. 3. 14. 4. 462 ENQUIRY INTO PLANI'S, V. vii. 7-vi.i. 1 ^ Alaternus is only useful for feeding sheep ; for it is always leafy. Hybrid arbutus is used for making- stakes and for burning : holly and Judas-tree ^ for walking-sticks : some also use bay for these ; for of this 2 they make light sticks and sticks for old men. Willow is used for shields hampers baskets and the like. We might in like manner add the several uses of the other woods.
  • Distinction is also made between woods according
as they are serviceable for one or other of the carpenter's tools : thus hammers and gimlets are best made of wild olive, but box elm and manna-ash are also used, while large mallets are made of Aleppo pine. In like manner there is a regular practice about each of the other tools. Such are the differences as to the uses of various woods. Of tilt localities in which the best timber groivs. VIII. Each kind of timber, as was said before, differs according to the place ^ where it grows ; in one place nettle-tree, in another the cedar is remarkably fine, for instance in Syria ; for in Syria and on its mountains the cedars grow to a sur- passing height and thickness : they are sometimes so large that three men cannot embrace the tree. And in the parks they are even larger and finer. It appears that any tree, if it is left alone in its natural position and not cut down, grows to a remarkable height and thickness. For instance in Cyprus the kings used not to cut the trees, both because they took great care of them and hus- ^ toOttjs conj. H. ; Tavrai UMVAld.
  • Plin. 16. 230.
' rSnovs conj. Seal, from G ; irSdas Aid. 4^>3 THEOPHRASTUS Be Kal Sia to hvaKOfiiarov elvai. ^r}Ko<; fiev rjv ra)P et? rrjv kvheicrjpr] rrjp /\r]/jL7)rpLov Tfirjdevrcov TpiaKaiheKaop'yviov, avra he ra ^v\a roJ /j,7]K€i Oavjiaara fcal ao^a /cal Xeta. /xeyLara Be koX Trapa ttoXv tcl ev ttj Kvpva) (f)aalv elvai' tmv yap ev rfj AarlpTj KaXcov yLvo/juepcov vTrepjSoXf) Kal Tcov eXaTLVwv Kal twv irevKiPcop — fiel^co yap ravTa Kal koXXlo) tcop IraXiKWP — ovBep elpai 2 Trpo? ra ep rfj K.vppa). irXevaac yap irore tov<; 'PwyLtatof? l3ovXojJiepov<i Karaa KevdaaaOai iroXiv ep rfi prjGw irevre Kal eiKOGi pavai, Kal r'tjXiKovTOP eipai TO jjLeyedo<; tcop BepBpcop ware elaTrXeopra^ €<'? K6X7rov<; Ttpa<; Kal Xifiepa<^ BLaa-)(^LadelaL rol^ IcTToh eTTLKipBvpevaai. Kal 6Xco<; Be iraaav rrjv prjaop Baaelap Kal wcnrep rjypKo/jiiprjp rfj vXr)' Bt o Kal aTTOO-rPjpaL ttjp ttoXlp OLKi^eLv BLajSavTa^ Be TLpa<; airoTe/j^eaOaL TrdfiiroXv ttXt}^©? ck tottov ^pax^o^, a>^Te rrfXiKavr-qp Troiijaai ax^Biav f) exp^crcLTO rrepTrJKOPTa iarLOL<;' ov /irjp dXXa BLaireaslv avTtjP ep tw TreXdyec. Kupi^o? /xev oup ecre Bid rrjp dpeacp etre Kal to eBacpo^; Kal top depa ttoXv Bia(j)ep€L tcop dXXcop. 3 'H Be TCOP AaTLPCop e(f)vBpo<; iracra' Kal 77 fiep TTeBeipt] Bd(ppr)v exet Kal fiypplpovf; Kal o^vrjp OavfiaaTrjP' TTjXiKavTa yap Ta firJKT] re/ipovai waT etvai BiapeKco<; tcop 'YvppiiviBcop vtto tyjv TpoTTtV' T) Be opeipi] Tr6VKt]p Kal eXdT7]p. to Be ^ Demetrius Poliorcetes. cf. Plut. Demetr. 43 ; Plin. 16. 203. ^ iiriKivZvpivffai conj. W.; M rhr vvkvov Aid.; so U, but irvKVov. ' i.e. against the overhanging trees. ? IffrCots, to which SiaaX' is more appropriate. 464 ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, V. viii. 1-3 banded them, and also because the transport of the timber was difficult. The timbers cut for Demetrius' ^ ship of eleven banks of oars were thirteen fathoms long, and the timbers themselves were without knots and smooth, as well as of marvellous length. But largest of all, they say, are the trees of Corsica ; for whereas silver-fir and fir grow in Latium to a very great size, and are taller and finer than the silver-firs and firs of South Italy, these are said to be nothing to the trees of Corsica. For it is told how the Romans once made an ex- pedition to that island with twenty-five ships, wishing to found a city there ; and so great was the size ot the trees that, as they sailed into certain bays and creeks, they got into difficulties'^ through breaking their masts.^ And in general it is said that the whole island is thickly wooded and, as it were, one wild forest ; wherefore the Romans gave up the idea of founding their city : however some of them made an excursion ^ into the island and cleared away a large quantity of trees from a small area, enough to make a raft with fifty sails ; ^ but this broke up in the open sea. Corsica then, whether because of its uncultivated condition or because of its soil and climate, is very superior in trees to other countries. The country of the Latins is all well watered ; the lowland part contains bay, myrtle, and wonder- ful beech : they cut timbers of it of such a size that they will run the whole length ^ of the keel of a Tyrrhenian vessel. The hill country produces fir and silver-fir. The district called by Circe's name is, it
  • StaBdvTUS 8e' rivas conj. St. from G; 5ia$dvTa Se riva Ald.H.
  • $? (Xph(TaTo irevT. lar. conj. Sch.; p ^XP'^'^"-^'^ °* Ald.H.
s 5iai'€Kta)s conj. Sch. ; S<ek rews Aid. 465 THEOPHHASTUS KipKalov KoKovfJievov elvai /lev d/cpav v^ij\)]v, Ba(T€Lav he (T<j)6hpa koI e-^^eiv hpvv koX hd(^in]v ttoX- \'t]u Kol fiuppivov^!, Xeyeiu Be tou? iyx^P^^^'^ ^'^ epravOa )) Kt'pKTj Karco/ceL Koi heiKvvvai rov rov ^E\7r)]Vopo<; rd(f)ou, e^ ov c^vovraL /xvpplvat KaOd- irep at aTe(f)ap(OTi,Se<; rcou dXXo)P ovtcov fieydXcov fxvpplvwv. Tov he TOTTOv elvai koi tovtov veav TrpocrOeaw, Kal irporepov fiev ovv vtjaov elvai to KipKa7ov, vvv he vtto TroTa/icov tlvcov irpoaKe- ')(0}a6aL KoX elvai r)l6va. ri]<i he v^aov to /xeyeOo^ Trepl oyhorjKovra arahiovi. kol to, p.ev t(ov roTTcov ihta ttoWijv e-)(ei 8ia<f>opdv, uxjirep etprjTai iroWd/ci^;. IX. To ^e Kal nrpo^ ttjv TTvpcoaiv ttw? eKuarr] T?}? vXrjf; e^ei Xe/creov 6/uL0i(i><i Kal ireipareov XajSelv. dvOpaKe^ fxev ovv dpiaroi yivovrai rayv nrvKvoTdrcov, olov dpia^ hpv6<i KOjidpov areped)- raroi ydp, ware TrXelarov y^povov avrkyovai Kal fidXicrra iayyovci' hi o Kal ev TOi<i dpyvpeioi^ rovTOis y^pMvrai Trpo^ rr-jv 7rpd>Trjv tovtcov eyjrrjaiv. XclpicyTOi oe rovjoiv ol hpvLVOi- yecoheararoi ydp- p^et/JOf? he Kal ol tmv irpeo-fivTepcov rcov vecov, Kal fidXiara ol TOiV yepavhpucov hid ravro' ^-qpoTaroi ydp, hi o Kal irrjhoiCTi Kai6/j,evoi' hel he eviKfiov eivai. 2 BeA,T^(TTOi Be ol rcov ev aKpLJ} Kal jxdXiara ol 1 c/. Horn. Od. 10. 552 foil., 11. 51-80, 12. 8-15; Plin. 15. 119. '^ viav Trp6nQfcnv conj. Sch.; etj avhphs Otaiv AlcL 466 ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, V. viii. 3-ix. 2 is said, a lofty promontory, but very thickly wooded, producing oak, bay in abundance, and myrtle. There, according to the natives, dwelt Circe, and they shew Elpenor's tomb,^ on which grow myrtles like those used for garlands, though other kinds of myrtle are large trees. Further it is said that the district is a recent addition ^ to the land, and that once this piece of land was an island, but now the sea has been silted up by certain streams and it has become united to the coast, and the size of the 'island'"^ is about eighty furlongs in circumference. There is * then much difference in trees, as has been said repeatedly, which is due to the individual character of particular districts. Of the usis of various woods in making fire : charcoal, fuel, fire-sticks. IX. Next we must state in like manner and endeavour to determine the properties of each kind of timber in relation to making fire. The best charcoal is made from the closest wood, such as aria (holm-oak) oak arbutus ; for these are the most solid, so that they last longest and are the strongest ; wherefore these are used in silver-mines for the first smelting of the ore. Worst of the woods mentioned is oak, since it contains most mineral matter,^ and the wood of older trees is inferior to that of the younger, and for the same reason that of really old trees ^ is specially bad. For it is very dry, wherefore it sputters as it burns ; whereas wood for charcoal should contain sap. The best charcoal comes from trees in their prime. » c/. Pliii. 3. 57. * €Xe' conj. Sch. ; thai Aid. ^ i.e. and so makes much ash. ^ cf. 2. 7. 2. 467 THEOPHRASTUS roiv KoXo/3u)V' avfifieTpco^ yap €)(^ouai tw irvKvus Kol yccohet /cat rw vypa>' ^eXriov^ Se koI ck tmv eveiKdiV Kal ^ripdv kol 7rpoa/36ppcov t} etc tmv 7ra\i(TKLa)v Kal vypcov Kal tt^o? votov Kal el evLKporepa<^ v\t)<;, iTVKvr}<i' vyporepa yap rj ttvkvi]. Kal oXo)?, oaa rj (f)iia€i i) Sid [rou] tottov ^yjpoTepop TTVKVorepa, i^ airdvrcdv ^eXruo Bed r^jv avrifv avTLav. %/3eia he aXKwv akXyy 7rpo<; evia yap t^7)T0vcn TOv<; fia\aKov<;, olov ev rot? cnhrjpeioi^ rov<i tt}? Kapva<; t/}? Evfio'iK7]<;, orav rjh-i KeKuv- fievof; fj, Kal ev rol^ dpyvpeioi^ tou? ttltvlvov^. ')(p6)VTaL he Kal al Te)(yaL tovtol<^. ^i-jrovac he Kal 01 ')(a\Kel<; tol/? 7revKLvov<; pdWov i) hpvtvovi' KaiTOL daOevearepoi aX-V eU rrjv (pvaijaiv dfiei- uovi CO? rjaaov KajapiapaLvopevoL' ean he rj (f)\o^ o^vrepa tovtcov. to he oXop o^vrepa (pXo^ Kal T) TOVTCOP Kal 7) TUiV ^vXwV TOiV fiaVCOV Kal K0V(f)Q)V Kal ri T(t)V aVCdV l) S' €K TWV TTVKVCOV Kal ')(X(t)pdi)U vwOearepa Kal 7ra%fTe;9a- iraaSiV he o^vrdrrj rj eK TWP vXrjp^drcov dvdpaKe<^ he oXco^ ov yivovrai hid TO pLY) e'X^LV TO ao)p.aT(ohe<;. Tepvovcrc he Kal ^y]T0va-L el<; Ta? dvOpaKLd<; rd ^ koKoBmv cod]. Palm.; Ko\\d$c»v U; KoAa)8ci>»' Aid. ^ 5e Kol iK Twv conj. W. ; Se kuI oi rwv UMVP ; 5e ol tSdv Ald.H. ^ Ka\ tl (PiK/JLOTtpas conj. W.; kuI oi iuaK/xorepas U; Ka) t) fV aKfj.r]T(pas MV; koI ol iv a.KiJ.r]Tepas Ald.Bas.Cam. Tlie sense seems to require vyporepas for (viKjj.oTepas and iuiKuortpa for vyporepa. G seems to have had a fuller text.
  • i.e. from growing in a damper place, cf. 5. 9. 4.
468 ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, V. ix. 2-4 and especially from trees which have been topped ^ : for these contain in the right proportion the qualities of closeness admixture of mineral matter and moisture. Again better charcoal comes from trees ^ in a sunny dry position with a north aspect than from those grown in a shady damp position facing south. Or, if the wood ^ used contains a good deal of moisture,* it should be of close texture ; for such wood contains more sap.^ And, for the same reason, that which is of closer texture either from its own natural character or because it was grown in a drier spot, is, whatever the kind of tree, better. '^ But different kinds of charcoal are used for different purposes : for some uses men require it to be soft ; thus in iron-mines they use that which is made of sweet chestnut when the iron has been already smelted, and in silver-mines they use charcoal of pine-wood : and these kinds are also used by the crafts. Smiths ^ require charcoal of fir rather than of oak : it is indeed not so strong, but it blows up better into a flame, as it is less apt to smoulder : and the flame from these woods is fiercer. In general the flame is fiercer not only from these but from any wood which is of open texture and light, or which is dry : while that from wood which is of close texture or green is more sluggish and dull. The fiercest flame of all is given by brushwood ; but charcoal cannot be made from it at all, since it has not the necessary substance. They cut and require for the charcoal-heap straight
  • c/. § 1 ad fin.
^ ^r]p6repov conj. W. ; fTjptJrepo UMV; WKpSrepa ^T)p6r(pa Aid. I have bracketed rhv. 7 BeATiu conj. Sch.; ^ekrlwv UM ; ^(Ktiqv Ald.H. « c/. Plin. 16. 23. 469 THEOPHRASTUS evOea tcaX to, Xela' Bel jap co? iruKVOTara avi OeivaL TTyoo? T^t* KaTarrvL^LV. orav Be irepi aXelyp-oyaL rrjv KUfiivov, i^uTrrovcn irapa fiepo^ 7rapaK€VTovure<; 6^6Ki(tkol<;, eh fiev rrjv avdpa- Kidv TCI Toiavra ^tjtoucti,. Ava/caiTva Be tm jeveu fiev o\(o<; ra vypd' kui Toi ')(Xo)pd Bid Tovro BvaKairva. Xeyco Be rd vypd rd eXeia, olov irXuravov Ireav XevKifv atyeipov €7ret Kol T) d/x7reXo^ ore vypd BvaKa7Ti>o<;. ck Be T^^9 tSta? ^v(Tew<^ 6 (f)OLVi^, ov Bi) fcal fidXiard Tive<i v7reiX'>](f)aaL BvaKairvov 69ev kol Kaip/jpcor €7roL)](Te " rod tg BvaKairvordjov (^oivLKO<^ €k 7/}? 5 pil^o(poLrijTov<; ^Xey9a9." Bpi/xiiTaTo<; Be 6 Kairvo^; avKri<; /cal epiveov koI el ri aXXo 67rcoB€<i' alria Be Tj vyp6Trj<i' (pXo'iaOevTa Be kol uiro^pex^Oevra ev vBaTi €7TippvT(p KOI /xerd ravra ^ripavOevra iravTcov uKairvoTara koI (pXoya fiaXaKooTari-ji' dvLTjaLV, are koI ri}^ oLKeiaf; iiypoTt'iTO'^ e^r]p7]fieu)i^. Bptfieta Be kol ?/ T€(f)pa kol t] Kovla 1) dii avTMv. fidXtara Be (pacn rrjv diro t?}? d/jLvyBaXrj<;. 11/30? Brj Ta? KajiLvia^ kol ra? aXXa<; Tey^va^ dX\t] dXXoL<; ')(p7)aLfir]. efiirvpeveaOai, Be dpiara avKri KOL iXda' avKT] fiev, otl yXLa)(pov re Kai piavov, wcTTC €Xk€l re kol ov BieiaLV' eXda Be, oti TTVKVov Kal Xiirapov.
  • Afta conj. Seal, from G ; via Aid.
  • With sods. c/. Plin., I.e., who seems to have lia<l a fuller-
text. ' An Athenian tragic poet. Seal, restores the quotation 470 ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, V. ix. 4-6 smooth ^ billets : for they must be laid as close as possible for the smouldering process. When they have covered 2 the kiln, tliey kindle the heap by degrees, stirring it with jwles. Such is the wood required for the charcoal-heap. In general damp wood makes an evil smoke, and for this reason green wood does so : I mean the damp woods which grow in marshy ground, such as plane willow abele black poplar : for even vine-wood, when it is damp, gives an evil smoke. So does palm-wood of its own nature, and some have supposed it to give the most evil smoke of all : whence Chaeremon^ speaks of '^ Veins issuing under- ground from roots of palm with its malodorous smoke." Most pungent is the smoke of fig- wood, whether wild or cultivated, and of any tree wliich has a curdling juice; the reason lies in the sap; when such wood has been barked and soaked in running- water and then dried, it gives as little smoke as any other, and sends up a very soff* flame, since its natural moisture also has been removed. The cinders and ashes of such wood are also pungent, and especially, they say, those of almond-wood. For the crafts requiring a furnace and for other crafts various woods are serviceable according to circumstances.^ For kindling fig and olive are best: fig, because it is tough and of open texture, so that it easily catches fire and does not let it through,^ olive, because it is of close texture and oily. thus : Tov T6 SvaKaTtpuTOLTou I (poiuiKos 4k 7v)j pi^O(pOlT-flTOVS (pXf^as (f>iCo(piTVTovs conj. Schneidewin).
  • i.e. not sputtering.
'«■«».,. XP^'^'V'7 conj. W. ; Tt'xfats 6.\\r}\ois XP^<V'J U; T. aW-rjKas xp' MV; rex^V "-^^V eVrj XP- P i T. a\\r}\ots iar] X/jrjo-j'/iT) Aid. • i.e. burn out quicldy. 47' THEOPHRASTUS Uvpeia Se yiverat jxev ix ttoWwu, apiara Be, w? <f)t]cn Mevearcop, eK klttov' raY^crTa yap Kal irXeiarov avairvec. irvpelov he cf)acriv apLarov jiev e/c T?}? ddpayev)]^ Ka\ov/i€V')]<; viro rtvcov TOVTO 8' earl SevBpov Ofioiov ttj a/jLTreXo) koI rf, olvdvOr) rfj dypia' Mcnrep e/cetva Kal tovto dva- 7 ^aivei irpo'^ rd SevSpa, Sel Se r7]v ia'^^dpav €k TOUTcov iroLslv TO Be rpviravov eic hd^vrf^' ov yap €K ravToi) to ttolovv Kal Trdaxov, dW* eTepov evdv Sel KaTCL ^vctlv, Kal to fiev Bel TradrjTiKov elvai TO Be ttoltjtikov. ov pbi-jv dWd Kal e/c tov avTov yiveTai Kal, w? ye TLi>e<i vTroXa/x/Sdvovcnv, ovBev Bia<^epeL. yiveTai yap eK pdpbvov kcli irpivov Kal (f)i\vpa<; Kal a)(€Bov €K twv TrXeiaTwv jrXrjv €Xua<;' o Kal BoKel utottov elvar Kal yap GKXrjpoTepov Kal XtTrapov rj eXda' tovto fiev ovv davfi/jLeTpov e;^ei ByXov otl ti]V vypoTTjTa 7rpo<i Ti-jV TTvpcoatv. dyaOd Be to, eK pdfivov iroLel Be TOVTO Kal Tr]v ea')(^dpav xpy^GTi^v irpo^ yap tm ^Tjpdv Kal axujiov elvai Bel Kal fiavoTepav, Itv i) Tpt"v/rt9 la^vr], to Be Tpviravov dTraOeaTepov Bl o TO T7]<i Bd^vr)<i dpiaTOV aTraOh yap ov epyd- ^€Tat TTj BpifjLVT7]TC. wdpTU Be TO, TTvpela ^opeioi^i fiep OaTTov Kal fxaXXov e^diTTeTai, votioi<^ Be rjTTov Kal ev fiev toU fieTeoipoL^ fidXXov, iv Be TOt? kolXoi<; r)TT0V. 8 ^ KvUl Be Twv ^vXcov to, KeBptva Kal aTrXw? w; ^ TT. 56 flviTai fxlv conj. Sch.; v. fiiv yherai 8i UMVAld. '^ cf. 1. 2. 3 n. ' iciTTov coiij. Bod. from detune 64, Plin. 16. 208 ; napvov Al(
  • trvpuov cox\}. Salm. ; irvpoX UMVAld.
472 ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, V. ix. 6-8 Fire-sticks are made^ from many kinds of wood, but best, according to Menestor,^ from ivy ^ : for that flares up most quickly and freely. They say also that a very good fire-stick ^ is made of the wood which some call traveller's joy ; this is a tree like the vine or the ' wild vine,' which, like these, climbs up trees. The stationary piece ^ should be made of one of these, the drill of bay ; for the active and passive parts of the apparatus should not be of the same wood, but different in their natural properties to start with, one being of active, the other of passive character. Never- theless they are sometimes made of the same wood, and some sup])ose that it makes no difference. They are made in fact of buckthorn kermes- oak lime and almost any wood except olive ; which seems surprising, as olive-wood is rather hard and oily ; however it is plainly its moisture which makes it less suitable for kindling. The wood of the buckthorn is also good, and it makes a satisfactory stationary piece ; for, besides being dry and free from sap it is necessary that this should also be of rather open texture, that the friction may be effectual ; while the drill should be one which gets little worn by use. And that is why one made of bay is best; for, as it is not worn by use, it is effective through its biting quality. All fire-sticks take fire quicker and better in a north than in a south wind, and better in an exposed spot than in one which is shut in. Some woods, such as prickly cedar, exude ^ moisture, and, generally speaking, so do those
  • i.e. the piece of wood to be bored, c/. de igne, l.c,
  • avlei. ^ ayi^iei.
473 THEOPHRASTUS iXaici)hy]<; rj vyporrji;' Be o teal ra aydX/uuaTa (})aaLi> IhUiv ivLore' TTOiovcn yap ifc tovtcov. o Se KaXovatv ol /jLcivreL^i Yjl\eL6via<; dcpeSpov, virep ov KoX €K6vovTai, TTyoo? TOL<i €\aTLvoi<; jLveraL avi'Lara/iiepy]<; Ttvo<i vyporrjro^, tm (T')(rifiaTi jikv arpoyyvkov fieyeOo^ Ee i)\ikov airiov rj kol fiiKpw jiel^ov rj eXarroi'. i/c^XacTTuveL Be /idXLara ra ekdiva kol dpyd KeL/.i€va kol elpyaajxeva iroWd- KL<i, edv LKfidBa \a/x^3dvr} kuI e%); tottov vorepov oiairep ijBt] Ti? aTpo(peu<; tT;? Ovpa<i i^XdaTfjcre, Ka\ eh KvXiKLOv ttXlvOlpov TeOelaa kcottt] ev iri'fXM. ^ cj. CP. 5. 4. 4. ol fxavreis . . . iKarivois conj. Lobeck. : Ol \fiav . . . rols CKaripots U; ol\eiav . . . tovs eK/jLarlfois V; o't \f:7av TTJs et\r)d-fta5 . . . toTs eKixar'ivois M ; ol Ki'iav ti]s aKriQvlas 6(pai5pov . . . TOVS fKarifovS Pj J i^i^av ttjs tiKrjBvias ecpoSpor . , rovs eKarivovs Aid. 474 ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, V. ix. 8 whose sap is of an oily character; and this is why statues are sometimes said to 'sweat'; for they are made of sucli woods. That which seers call the menses of Eileitimia/ ^ and for the appearance of which they make atonement,'^ forms on the wood of the silver-fir when some moisture gathers on it : the formation is round ^ in shape, and in size about as large as a pear, or a little larger or smaller. Olive-wood is more apt than other woods to pro- duce shoots even when lying idle or made into manufactured articles ; tins it often does, if it obtains moisture and lies in a damp {)lace ; thus the socket of a door-' hinge ' ^ has been known to shoot, and also an oar which was standing in damp earth in an earthenware vessel.^ - i.e. as a portent, cf. Chay; 16. 2.
  • (TTpoyyvKoi^ conj. Sch.; a-TpoyyvXrjs UMVPoAld.
  • cf. 5. 6. 4 ; Plin. 16. 230.
^ Tr\ivd. reO. KwtrTj iv trriXtf conj. Spr. ; ■nKivQivov rebels rp Kciirp TtTjAJs PjAld.H. 475 The Loeb Classical Library is the only existing series of books which, through original text and En8;lish translation, gives access to all that is important in Greek and Latin literature. A complete list of titles is available from Harvard University Press.

Full text books VI to IX[2]

Full text of "Enquiry into plants and minor works on odours and weather signs, with an English translation by Sir Arthur Hort, bart"

THE LOEB CLASSICAL LIBRARY

EDITED BY E. CAPPS PH.D., LL.D. T. E. PAGE, Lirr.D. W. H. D. ROUSE, LiTT.D.


THEOPHRASTUS

ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS

II


THEOPHRASTUS

ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS

AND MINOR WORKS ON ODOURS AND WEATHER SIGNS


WITH AN ENGLISH TRANSLATION BY SIR ARTHUR HORT, BART., M.A.

FORMERLY FELLOW OF TRINITY COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE


IN TWO VOLUMES II



LONDON : WILLIAM HEINEMANN NEW YORK : G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS

MCMXVI



PA


CONTENTS

BOOK VI

OF UNDER-SHRUBS

PAGE

Of the classification of under-shrubs : the wild kinds : the chief distinction that between spinous and

spineless 3

Of spineless under-shrubs and their differences .... 7 Of certain specially important spineless under-shrubs silphium and magydaris belonging to ferula-like

plants 15

Of spinous under-shrubs and their differences 21

Of cultivated under-shrubs (coronary plants), with which are included those coronary plants which are

herbaceous 35

Of the seasons at which coronary plants flower, and of

the length of their life 49

BOOK VII

OF HERBACEOUS PLANTS, OTHER THAN CORONARY PLANTS : POT-HBRBS AND SIMILAR WILD HERBS

Of the times of sowing and of germination of pot-herbs 59 Of the propagation of pot-herbs, and of differences in

their roots 67

Of the flowers and fruits of pot-herbs 75

Of the various forms of some pot-herbs 81

Of the cultivation of pot-herbs ; manure and water . . 93

Of the pests which infest pot-herbs 95

Of the time for which seed of pot-herbs can be kept . . 97

Of uncultivated herbs : the wild forms of pot-herbs . . 99


CONTENTS

PA UK

Of other uncultivated herbs, which may be classed with

pot-herbs 103

Of the differences in stem and leaf found in all herba- ceous plants 107

Of other differences seen in herbaceous plants in general,

as compared with one another and with trees ... Ill

Of the seasons at which herbs grow and flower .... 115

Of the classes into which herbaceous plants may be divided, as those having a spike and chicory-like plants 119

Of herbs which have fleshy or bulbous roots 125

Of certain properties and habits peculiar to certain

herbaceous plants 135


BOOK VIII

OF HERBACEOUS PLANTS: CEREALS, PULSES, AND 'SUMMER CROPS '

Of the three classes and the times of sowing and of

germination 143

Of differences in the mode of germination and of subse- quent development 149

Of differences in development due to soil or climate . . 155 Of differences between the parts of cereals, pulses, and

summer crops respectively 159

Of the differences between cereals 165

Of the differences between pulses 173

Of sowing, manuring, and watering 177

Of the degeneration of cereals into darnel 183

Of the peculiar character of chick-pea 183

Of special features of ' summer crops ' 185

Of treatment of cereals peculiar to special localities . . 185 Of cereals which grow a second time from the same

stock '. . . 187

Of the effects of climate, soil, and manuring 189

Of different qualities of seed . 191

vi


CONTENTS

PAGE

Of degeneration of cereals, and of the weeds which

infest particular crops 193

Of the conditions in the seeds of pulses known as-

' cookable ' and ' uncookable,' and their causes . . 197 Of the grains and pulses which most exhaust the soil, or

which improve it 199

Of the diseases of cereals and pulses, and of hurtful

winds 201

Of seeds which keep or do not keep well 205

Of the age at which seeds should be sown 209

Of artificial means of preserving seed 211

Of the effect of heat on seeds 211

Of certain peculiarities of the seed of lupin and aigilops 213

BOOK IX

OF THE JUICES OF PLANTS, AND OF THE MEDICINAL PROPERTIES OF HERBS

Of the various kinds of plant-juices and the methods of

collecting them 217

Of resinous trees and the methods of collecting resin

and pitch 223

Of the making of pitch in Macedonia and in Syria . . . 229

Of frankincense and myrrh : various accounts .... 233

Of cinnamon and cassia : various accounts 243

Of balsam of Mecca 245

Of other aromatic plants all oriental, except the iris . 247 Of the medicinal juices of plants and the collection of

them : general account 251

Of the cutting of roots for medicinal purposes, and of

certain superstitions connected therewith .... 255

Of the medicinal uses of divers parts of plants .... 261 Of hellebores, the white and the black : their uses and

distribution 265

Of the various kinds of all-heal 269

Of the various plants called stryTchnos 271

Of the various kinds of tithymallos 275

vii


CONTENTS

PAGE

Of the two herbs called libanotis 277

Of the two kinds of chamaeleon 277

Of the various plants called ' poppy ' 279

Of roots possessing remarkable taste or smell 281

Of the time for which roots can be kept without losing

their virtue 287

Of the localities which specially produce medicinal herbs 289

Of the medicinal herbs peculiar to Crete 295

Of wolf's- bane and its habitat, and of meadow-saffron . 299

Of two famous druggists and of the virtues of hemlock . 303 How use diminishes the efficacy of drugs, and how

they have not the same effect on all constitutions . 305 Of plants that possess properties affecting lifeless

objects 309

Of plants whose properties affect animals other than

man . 309

Of plants possessing properties which affect the mental

powers 311

Of plants said to have magical properties 313

A problem as to cause and effect 313

Of certain plants, not yet mentioned, which possess

special properties 315


MINOR WORKS

INTRODUCTION TO THE TREATISES CONCERNING ODOURS

AND CONCERNING WEATHER SIGNS 324

CONCERNING ODOURS

Introductory : Of odours in general and the classifi- cation of them 327

Of natural odours ; of those of animals and of the effect

of odours on animals 329

Of smell and taste 331

Of odours in plants 333

Of artificial odours in general and their manufacture :

especially of the use of perfumes in wine 333

viii


CONTENTS

PAGE

Of the oils used as the vehicle of perfumes 341

Of the spices used in making perfumes and their treat- ment 347

Of the various parts of plants used for perfumes, and of

the composition of various notable perfumes ... 351

Of the properties of various spices 355

Of the medicinal properties of certain perfumes .... 359 Of rules for the mixture of spices, and of the storing of

various perfumes 361

Of the properties of certain perfumes 365

Of other properties and peculiarities of perfumes . . . 373 Of the making of perfume -powders and compound per- fumes 377

Of the characteristic smells of animals, and of certain curious facts as to the smell of animal and vegetable

products 381

Of odours as compared with other sense-impressions . . 383

CONCERNING WEATHER SIGNS

Introductory : general principles . 391

The signs of rain . . . . 397

The signs of wind 407

The signs of fair weather 427

Miscellaneous signs 431

INDEX OF PLANTS 435

KEY TO THE INDEX

I. List of plants mentioned in the Enquiry under

botanical names ". . . . 487

II. List of plants mentioned in the Enquiry unde

popular names 494


ix


THEOPHRASTUS

ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS BOOK VI


VOL. II


IIEPI 3>TTnN I2TOPIA2


I. Tlepl /lev ovv SevSpcov /cal Od/juvcov eiprjrai TrpoTepov eTTo/jievov 8' elirelv Trepi re TCOV fypvyavi- KWV /cal mroiwBwv /cal ei rives ev TOVTOIS erepai c^ucm?" olov r) ye ffirrjpa


v Be \eyo)iJ,V Trepi r/)? tfrpvyavi/crjs' avrrj yap eyyvrepco TWV rrpoeiprujbeuwv Sea TO %v\(t)$rjs elvai. Travra-^ov fj,ev ovv tcro)? alel TO aypwv TOV rj/juepov ir'Kelov, el Se JMJ, Trepi ye Trjv <f)pv- yavi/crjv ovdiav o\iyov yap TO -tj/nepov avTrfS, OTrep (T%eSbv ev rot? o-TefyavwTiicols eaTiv, olov poBwvia tODvia SioaavOos d/idpa/cos r)jj,epoKaX\e<$, Tt &e e/OTTuXXo? o-iav/jilSpiov e\evLov d/BpoTovov. ayavTa ydp TavTa gvXwSr) /cal jj,i/cp6<f)v\\a, Si 2 o /cal fypvyavircd. /cal eTrl TO>V \a%avr)pwv 8'

1 cf. 6. 6. 1.

2 This hardly corresponds to the definition of


THEOPHRASTUS

ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS

BOOK VI

OF UNDER-SHRUBS.

Of the classification of under-shrubs : the wild kinds : the chief distinction that between spinous and spineless.

I. WE have spoken already of trees and shrubs, and next we must speak of under-shrubs and herbaceous plants and of any other natural classes which are included with these ; for instance, cereals come under herbaceous plants.

But first let us tell of under-shrubs,, for this class comes near those mentioned above because of its woody character. Now it may be said that with all plants the wild kinds are more abundant than the cultivated, and this is certainly true of the under- shrubs. For the cultivated kinds of this class J are not numerous, and consist almost entirely of coronary plants, as rose gilliflower carnation sweet marjoram martagon lily, to which may be added tufted thyme bergamot-mint calamint southernwood. For all these are woody and have small leaves ; wherefore 2 they are classed as under-shrubs. This class covers

given in 1, 3. 1, nor do some of the plants here mentioned come under the description. St. considers the text defective.


THEOPHRASTUS

o/AOtft>9, olov pdtyavos m^yavov ical oaa rrapa- ir\r)cria rovrois etrriv. vrrep &v ov% rjrrov icrws dpfiorrei Kara rrjv ol/ceiav rrpoo-rjyopiav elrrelv, orav rrepl crre^avcD/jidrayv /cal \ayavwv rroLtofjieda /jiveiav. vvv Be rrpwrov rrepl rwv dypiwv \yco/Ji6v. eaTiV avrwv ei^rj teal /Jiepr) 7r\ia), a Set KOI rot? Ka6^ KCL(TTOV 76^09 KOI rot? oXot? ei Meyicmjv 8' av r^? \dfBot

, on rd //-ev dva/cavOa rd 5e dicavQu^ri TrdXiv S' ev e/carepw rovrcov Tro\\al $ia<f)opal yevcov /cal elbwv, VTrep &v /caP exdrepa Tretpareov elirelv. 3 Tcoz/ aKav@lK(t)V 87) TO, OHTTrep da-cfrdpayos real cncopTrlos' ov yap <t>v\\ov ovSev Trapd rrjv aicavQav. rd Be \dicav9a, /caOdjrep CLKCLVOS rjpvyyiov KvrjKos" ravra ydp /cal TO, roiavra eVl TWV (f)v\\a)v e%ei rrjv aicavOav, Si o /cal <$>v\\dKav0a Ka\eirai. rd Be /cal Trapd TIJV d/cai>0av erepov ey^ei (f)vX\,ov, wGTrep 7] ovwvls /cal 6 T/3t/3oXo9 /cal 6 (pecos, ov Bij rives /ca\ovo-(, (rroi/3ijv. 6 Be r/ot/3oXo9 teal Trepircap- 7rid/cav66s earw j(ei ydp d/cdv0as ev rw rcepi- /capTriw, Bi o /cal rovro iBiov rrpos arravra (09 elrrelv errel rrropOa/cavOd ye TroXXa /cal rwv BerBpwv /cal rwv 6afJiVtowv eariv, olov %/oa? poa 7ra\iovpo$ y5aro9 poBwvi'a Kamrapi^. ev jjiev ovv row d/cavOiKois ravras dv rt9 &>9 elrrelv rvrrw \dj3ot, r


text needlessly altered by Sch. and W.

Sch. himself shews that T. uses efSos and yevos almost in- discriminately. Here rwv o\uv yevwv means the same as rots


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VI. i. 2-3

also pot-herbs, such as cabbage rue and others like them. Of these it is perhaps more appropriate to speak under their proper designation, that is, when we come to make mention of coronary plants and pot-herbs. Now let us first speak of the wild kinds. Of these are several classes and sub- divisions, which we must distinguish by the char- acteristics of each sub-division as well as by those of each class taken as a whole. 1

The most important difference distinguishing class from class which one could find is that between the spineless and the spinous kinds. Again under each of these two heads there are many differences distinguishing kinds and forms, of which we must endeavour to speak severally.

2 Of spinous kinds some just consist of spines, as asparagus and skorpios ; for these have no leaves except their spines. Then there are the spinous- leaved plants, as thistle eryngo safflower ; these and the like have their spines on the leaves, whence their name. Others again have leaves as well as their spines, as rest-harrow caltrop and pheos? which some call stoibe. Caltrop is also 4 spinous-fruited, having spines on the fruit-vessel. Wherefore this peculiarity marks it off from almost all other plants ; though many trees and shrubs have spines on the shoots, as wild pear pomegranate Christ's thorn bramble rose caper. Such 5 are the general dis- tinctions which may be made among spinous plants.

'6\ois e?8e<n ; and below ysvwv and elSwv both refer to the smaller divisions called /uep? above. 2 Plin. 21. 91.

8 & <peus t)v conj. Sch.; 6 </>Aeo>s ft Ald.H. ; Kal b 8rj rives Ka\. <TT. P. 2 . cf. 6. 5. 1 and Index.

4 Kal irepiicapTra.KavOos conj. Sell.; /cat i) irepiKapiria, KO.VQOV UMVAld. cf. 6. 5. 3. 6 olv add. Scb.


THEOPHRASTUS

  • 'Ez/ Be TO?? dva/cdv0oi<; ov/c evnv ovrcos Bia-

\aftelv TO?? yeveaiv rj ydp TWV (frvXXcov avw^aKia /jieyeOei /cal /jt,t,/cp6rr)ri /cal o")^rifjLa(TLV ciTreipos /cal daafyris' dXXa Bet TreipdcrOai, /car* d\\ov rpoTrov biaipelv. TrXetco Be ecm rd yevrj rd TOVTCOV /cal Bia<f>opd<; e^ovra, fjL6yd\as, olov KiaOos fj,ri\w6pov GTreipaia icvewpov opiyavos 0vjjL/3pa pa/co<$ Trpciffiov Kovvi^a fjie\i(jo'o- (f>v\\ov erepa rotavra' jrpbs TOVTOIS en, rd /cal evvevpoicavXa, /caOdjrep fidpadov w vapOrj/cia vdp6r)% /cal TO /ca\,ov- VTTO Tivcov /Jivotyovov /cal ocra o/jioia TOVTOIS. aTravra ydp av Tt? /cal ravra /cal oXto? et n vap9r)Kwe<; eari T/}? <f)pvyavi/crjs Oeirj fyvcrews. II. RiBrj Be /cal Biacfropal /caO* e/caa-rov rwv elal rwv /jiev (frave pcore pat, ra>v Be t. Kal ydp KivOov Bvo yevrj Biaipovai, TO fjiev appev TO Be 8i)\v, TW TO jj,ev fjiel^ov real /cal \i7rapf*)Tepov elvat, Kal TO avOos w djui^co Be o/JLoia TO?? dypioi? poBois,

\ v

/cat, ao(T/jLa.

2 Auo Be eiBr) /cal rov /cvewpov 6 /juev ydp \ev/cb<i 6 Be yiteXa?. e%e^ Be 6 /j,ev Xeu/co? TO <f>v\\ov


1 i.e. there is a gradation.

a KlffQos conj. Sch.; tciffffbs Ald.H.

3 aircipata conj. Sch. from Plin. 21. 53; o/i^pe'a Ald.G.

4 6v/jL&pa ffQaicos conj. Sch.; Ovpfipas ^>abs UMVAld. 6 c/. 6. 2. 5.

6 i>ap6iiK-jt>8r) = hollow-stemmed, evvfvpoKav\a = plants with a plain unjointed stem, solid with ' immersed ' fibres. In the

6


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, vi. i. 4 -n. 2

With spineless plants it is not possible to make such < generic ' distinctions ; for the variation of the leaves in size and shape is endless, and the differences are not clearly marked l ; but we must try to distinguish on another principle. There are many classes of such plants and they differ widely, as rock-rose 2 bryony madder privet 3 kneoron marjoram ^ savory sphakos* (sage) eleUsphaJcos^ (salvia) hore- hound konyza balm, and others like these ; and in addition to these we have the ptants with a ferula- like stem 6 or with a stem composed of fibre, as fennel horse-fennel 7 narthekia (ferula) narthex (ferula) and the plant called by some _wolf s bane, 8 and others cA like these. All these, as well as any other ferula- like plants, may be placed in the class of under- shrubs.

Of spineless under-shrubs and their differences.

II. The various forms and the differences between the above mentioned plants are in some cases more, in some less easy to distinguish. Of rock- rose 9 they distinguish two kinds, ' male ' and ' female/ in that the one is 10 larger, tougher, more glossy, 11 and has a crimson flower ; both however are like the wild rose, 12 save that the flower is smaller and scentless.

There are also two kinds of kneoron, one white, the other black. The white has a leathery oblong

examples given here the two classes are taken together, yapd-nnia being vapOyitdSris, the others tvvfvpdKavAa ; hence the article is not repeated. 7 cf. 6. 2. 7.

8 Lit. ' mouse-bane ' : for other Greek names see Index.

9 KlvBov conj. Sch., cf. 6 1. 4 ; Kiffffov Ald.H.; Plin. 24. 81 ; Diosc. 1. 97.

10 clvai conj.W. ; ^""UMVAlcl. (rJ> <j>v\\ot> *x* lv con j- Sch.).

11 i.e. has more glossy leaves.

12 cf. Plin. 21. 55 ; Theocr, 5. 131. See Index.

. 7


THEOPHRASTUS

TTpoa^Ke^ O/JLOLOO-^/JLOV rpoirov rivet e'Xaa, o be yueXa? olov 17 pvpiKr) a-apK&Bes' Be yu-aXXov 6 Xeu/eoV ecrri Be 007-000^79, 6 Be yu-eXa? ao<r/i09. rrjv Be pi^av rqv et? /BdOo? a/JLffxo fjbeya\r]v e^ovari KCLI rou? a/cpefjiovas TTO\- Xou? real 7ra%et9 KCU gvXwBeis air avrf)? TTJS 77)9 TI fjLi/cpbv avco cf^L^ofjievov^, ^vXwBea-raTijv Be. yXiaXpov Be a(f)6Bpa, 8t* o teal xpwvrcu 77/009 TO /caraBeiv /cal TrepCkajJipdveiv, &a7rep r& oi(rw. Be real avOel yLter' larj^pLav /JLCTO- /cal dvOel TTO\VV %povov. 8 Kal r?}9 opiydvov Be rj jjLe\atva a/capTros TJ Be \ev/cr} /cdpTTi/jios. Kal Ovpov TO /Jiev \evtcov TO Be fiekav evavOes Be atyoBpa' Trepl rpoTrds yap dvOel 6epivds. dfi ov teal rj yueXtTTa \a^dvei TO /^eXt, Kal TOVTM (fra&lv ol fjLe\iTTOvpyol Bij\ov elvai TTorepov evfJL\Lrovon rj ov' /caXw9 yap dirav- 6r)Gavros evjj,e\iTelv fiXaTrrei Be /cal d7ro\\vcn rrjv avOrjaiv edy vBwp eiruyhnjTai,

^Trep/jia Be KapTTi^ov rj jjbev dvfjbjSpa /cal en fjid\\ov rj opiyavos e%ei fyavepov, TOV OV/JLOV B* ov/c earl \aftelv, aXX' ev rw av6ei 7rco9 ava^k- (TTreipova-i yap rovro Kal dvajS\a<TTdvei. Be Kal \aiifidvovGiv ol e^dyeiv 'KOijvya-i TO yevos. iBiov Be e%e^ Kal 7T/?09 ravra Kal a^eBov ?r/309 TO, aXXa TO Kara T0i>9 T07TOf9 t ov yap (fraGi Bvva<r0ai, fyvecrOat, Kal


1 c/. 1. 10. 4.

2 Apparently an afterthought, suggested by the mention of the woodiness of the branches.

3 TTpt\a.fj.&a.vei conj. W. from G ; irepi\a/j.l3(iveiv Aid.

4 Plin. 21. 55.

8


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VI. 11. 2-4

leaf, somewhat like that of the olive ; the leaf of the black is like that of the tamarisk l and fleshy ; the white grows more on the ground and is scented, while the black is scentless. In both the root, which runs deep, is large (and the branches which divide at the ground level are numerous thick and woody), and the root is also very woody. 2 It is also very tough, wherefore it is used for binding and to put 3 round things, like the withy. It grows and flowers after the autumnal equinox, and remains in flower a long time.

4 Of marjoram the black form is barren, the white bears fruit. 5 There is a black and a white thyme, and it flowers very freely : it is in bloom about the summer solstice. It is from this flower that the bee gets the honey, and by it 6 beekeepers say that it is made known whether they have a good yield of honey or not ; for, if the thyme flowers abundantly, 7 they have a good yield, but the bloom is injured or even destroyed if it is rained upon.

Savory, and still more marjoram, has a conspicuous fruitful seed, but in thyme it is riot easy to find, being somehow mixed up with the flower ; for men sow the flower and plants come up from it. 8 This plant is sought and obtained by those in Athens who wish to export such herbs. But it has a peculiarity as compared both with similar plants and with most others, namely the kind of region which it affects 9 ; they say that it can not be grown or become

6 Plin. 21. 56 and 154.

6 TOVTW conj. Sch.; rovro Aid.

7 K<H\US mBod.; &\\us UMVAld H.

8 Plin. 21. 57.

9 rb Kara TOVS T^TTOVS conj. W. j Kal Kara rovs r. Aid.; ical Kara rdirovs P.


THEOPHRASTUS

\afJLf$dveiv OTTOV ^ dvairvorj Bu/cveiTai, rj CLTTO rfjs 0a\dTTTj$' oV o ovB* ev *A.p/caBia <yiVrai' Ov/ujSpa Be /cal opiyavos /cal ra roiavra TroXXa /cal TTO\- \a%ov. 7rapa7r\ij(7tov ovv TO crvfjiftaivov TOVTO teal eirl TTJ? e'Xaa?' ouSe <yap ov$ eiceivrj So/eel rpia/coo-icov a-ra&i(0v airo


%(f)dfco<; Be KOL e\\ia(f) a/cos Btacfrepova-iv w TO fjiev ijfjiepov TO &e aypiov \eiOT6pov ydp TO

(f)V\\OV TOV (T<f)dKOV KOL 6\ttTTOV Kdl aV^fjLr)p6T- pOV, TO & TOV e\,6\L(7(f)dKOV Tpd^VTepOV.

Auo 8e 76^ KOI TOV irpaalov TO JJLCV yap e%ei

TTOftjSe? TO <f>V\\OV KOi /JioXXoV 7riK^apayfJL6VOVy

Ti Be ra? evTOfJbds ev 8^X01/9 o-tyoSpa /cal /3a@i,a<;, a> /cal ol (f>apjj,aK07rc0\ai, xpwvTai Trpos evict* TO o~Tpoyyv\OTpov /cal au^/^wSe? cr(f)6Bpa, TOV dfyaKOV, KOI r9 evTOfJias dfiavpo- v /cal 7ri/c%apa<y/j,evov TJTTOV. Kovvfys Be TO fjuev appev TO Be Orj\v. Bia- Be evei /caOdirep TO, aXXa TO, OVTW Biai- pov/jieva" TO jjiev <ydp Orj\v XGTTT o(f)v\\OTepov /cal %vv(TTr]/cb<; fjid\\ov /cal TO o\ov eXaTTOV, TO Be dppev jjiel^bv re /cal Tra^vKavKoTepov /cal Tco'X.vfcXuivoTepov /cal TO (j)v\\ov pel^ov /cal \i7rap(*)Tepov e%ov, ert Be TO avOos \ap,Trpo- Tepov. /capTTO(j)6pa Be a/z^xw TO Be o\ov o"^n- /cal o^riavOel irepl 'Ap/cTovpov teal


v P 2 Ald. : lit. ' take hold,' cf. 6. 2. 6 ; conj. W.

2 ff^Kos conj. Sch.: o-^/feAos UMVP 2 Ald.; Plin. 22, 146 and 147.


ID


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VI. n. 4-6

established l where a breeze from the sea does not reach. This is why it does not grow in Arcadia, while savory marjoram and such plants are common in many parts. (A similar peculiarity is found in the olive ; for it appears that it likewise will not grow more than three hundred furlongs from the sea.)

The difference between sphakos 2 (sage) and elelisphakos (salvia) is like that between cultivated and wild ; for the leaf of sphakos 3 is smoother smaller and less succulent, 4 while that of elelisphakos is rougher. 5

There are also two kinds of horehound : one has a narrow leaf with a more jagged edge, and the notches are very conspicuous and deep, and this is the plant used by druggists for certain purposes; the other has a rounder 6 leaf, which, like that of sphakos, is not at all succulent ; the notches are less conspicuous and the edge less jagged.

Of konyza 7 there is a ( male ' and a ' female ' kind, the differences between them being such as are usual between forms so distinguished ; the ( female ' has slenderer leaves, is more compact, and a smaller plant ; the ' male ' is larger, has thicker stalks, is more branched, has larger glossier leaves, and moreover the flower is more conspicuous. Both bear fruit ; the plant as a whole is late in growing and in blooming ; it blooms about the rising of


3 ff(pa.Kov conj. Sch. ; o-^o/ccAov UMVP 2 Ald.

4 W. omits $TTOV before avxwpATfpov.

6 TpaxvTepov conj. Seal, from G ; fipaxvTfpov Aid. H. % " ffTpoyyv\oTfpov : cf. 1. 10. 4 n.

7 See Index. Plin. 26. 58. c/. Nic. Ther. 875 ; Diosc. 3. 121.

II


THEOPHRASTUS

'Ap/crovpov \ajJL/3dvei. ftapeia Be 97 ba^rj rov dppevos, rj Be rrjs 0r)\eia<i Bpi/jivrepa, Si o teal 7T/509 rd Orjpia ^ptjo-i^rj.

Tavra fiev ovv /cal ra roiavra axnrep Bia- (f>epovra. 7rd\iv Be d\\a povoeiB /cal rwv Trporepov elprj/jievwv /cal erepa Trapd

yap e<m.

To Se vap6rjic(o&es i KOL yap /cal rovro rcov TroXXa? 7repiei\r)$ev ISeas' ev ol?

V7T6p TOV KOLVOV 'TTCLO'l \6KTOV, V7Tp

re /cal vapO^Kia^, eire TO avrb yevos Siatyepov $e /card /zeye^o?, elrc /cal erepov warcep rives tyacrtv. rj 8' ovv (j)avepd 0vo-i? d/jL(j)OLv ofjioia 7r\rjv /card TO fiiyeOo^' o fiev yap vdp0rjg yiverai /jueyas a(f>6Spa f) Be vapOrj/cia p,i/cpd. fj,ovo/cav\a B' d/juc^a) /cal yova- rcoBij, aft wv rd re (f>v\\a /3\aardvei /cal tcav\oi 8 rives fJiiKpoi (3\aardvei Be rrapa\\dj; rd (f>v\\a' \eyco Be rrapa\\d% on, OVK e/c rov avrov fiepovs TWV yovdrayv aXX 1 eva\\d^' TrepieiX.ij^ora Be rov /cav\ov eTrl 7ro\v, KaOdrrep rd rov KaXd/jiov, rr\r)v drcoKeKKifJieva ravra fidXXov Bid rrjv /J.a\a/c6- rrjra /cal TO f^eyedos' fieya yap TO (j>v\\ov /cal fjia\a/cbv /cal Tro^vo-^iBes, ware elvai cr^eBbv rpixwBe?' e'xei Be /neyicrra rd /cdrco TT/JO? rrjv yijv /cal del /card \6yov. dvBos Be dfjiavpov, Kaprrov Be Trapo/Jioiov r&>


ei Aid.; aSpvvci conj. W. But cf. the somewhat similar use 6. 2. 4.

2 contra bestiarum morsus Plin. I.e.

3 Plin. 13. 132 and 133.

4 The form of expression in the repeated inrep seems loose,

12


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VI. 11. 6-8

Arcturus and is full grown 1 after his setting. The smell of the ' male ' plant is strong, but that of the ' female ' more pungent ; wherefore both of them are of use against wild beasts. 2

These plants then and others like them have, as it were, different forms. Again there are some which have but one form both among those already mentioned and others as well;; for there are numerous plants of this class.

8 The class of ferula-like plants (for this too belongs to the under-shrubs) comprises many kinds : here we must first speak of the characteristic which is common to all, including ferula itself 4 (nartkex) and narthekia, whether they both belong to the same kind and differ only in size, or whether, as some say, they are distinct. The obvious character of both is alike, except as to size ; for narthex grows very tall, while narthekia is a small plant. Each of them has a single stalk, which is jointed ; from this spring the leaves and some small stalks ; the leaves come alternately by which I mean that they do not spring from the same part of the joint, but in alternating rows. For a considerable distance they embrace the stalk, like the leaves of the reed, but they turn back from it more owing to their softness and their size ; for the leaf is large soft and much divided, so that it is almost hair-like ; the largest leaves are the lowest ones next the ground, and so on in proportion. The flower is quince-yellow 5 and inconspicuous, the fruit 6 like dill, but larger. 7 The

and above ev ols is hardly satisfactory. Sch. suspects corruption.

6 /j.i]\ivoei8es : cf. 7. 3. 1.

tt u./u.avp6i>, Kapirbv 8e conj. Sell.; a/j.a.vp6Kapiroi> Aid.

7 /*t'a> conj. Sch.; /JLetfrv Aid.

13


THEOPHRASTUS


e'f d/cpov Be a-^i^erai teal e%i Tivds ov /cav\ov<$' evTavOa Be TO re av6os teal 6 Kapirbs. e%* be /cal dvOos /cat /capjrbv real ev TO? 7rapa/cav\iovori Si o\ov, /caOdirep TO dvrjOov. e7rTi6/cav\ov Be, /cal rj (B\daTti-

CTt? TOV 77/909 TTpWTOV fJiV TWV (f)V\\COV 7TLTa

TOV /cav\ov, KaOajrep TWV a\\a>v. piav (SaOelav, eari Be /Aovoppi^ov. 6 fjiev ovv


TMV 8' d\\a)V ra fiev o/juoiorepa TOVTW TOV icavXov e%6i <KOI\OV>, KdOaTcep o /JiavBpayopas KOI TO KO)Viov /cat 6 e'XXe/30/oo? /cal 6 dvOepucos' ra & olov evvvp6/cav\a Tvy^dvei, KaOdirep pdpaOov

/HVO(f)6vOV TO, OfJLOia TOUTOi?. lSlO<> $6 6 KapTTOS TOV

/jLavBpayopov TW ytteXa? T Kal paya>Sr]s /cal olvwBrjs elvai T& XV/JLW.

III. MeYtcrrai Be /cal IBtwTaTai (frvaei,? TJ re TOV (7L\<piov /cal rj TOV irairvpov ev AlyvTTTy vapO^/ccoB'T) yap /cal raOra ecrTiv virep wv TOV fjiev iraTTvpov TrpoTepov elTCOfiev ev rot? evvBpois, vtrep OaTepov Be vvv \/CTeov.

To Be (Ti\(j)iov e%{, pi^av [lev 7ro\\r)V /cal 7ra%iav, TOV Be /cav\bv rj\i/cov vdp6r)%, o-^eBov Be real rrS Travel 7rapa7r\^(nov, TO Be <j>v\\ov, o Ka\ovai /jido-TreTOv, opoiov T& <re\iv(p'


1 Koi\ov add. W.

2 See Index : the stalk is specially in question here.

  • cf. 6. 1. 4 n. fKVvp6i<av\a. P 2 Ald., c/. K\fvi<os, 'whitish';

fvvevpoKavXa. conj. Sch. as in 6. 1. 4 ; but olov indicates the coinage of a fresh term. K^VCIOV seems to be placed in the wrong list.

4 Plin. 25. 147-150 describes mandragoras, but his descrip- tion is not taken from T. cf. Diosc. 4. 75, where three kinds

14


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, vi. n. s-m. i

plant divides at the top and has some small branches, on which grow the flower and the fruit. It also bears flowers and fruit on the side-stalks all the way up, like dill. The stalk only lasts a year, and the growth takes place in spring, the leaves growing first and then the stem, as with other plants. It roots deep and has but a single root. Such is the ferula.

Of the others some to a certain extent resemble ferula, that is, in having a hollow stem l ; for instance deadly nightshade hemlock hellebore asphodel 2 : wTiile some have a stem more or less, as it were, _ * consisting of fibre, 3 as fennel aconite and others like , these. The fruit of deadly nightshade 4 is peculiar in being black and like a grape and like wine in taste.

Of certain specially important spineless under-shrubs silphium and magydaris belonging to fervla-like plants.

III. Most important and peculiar in their characters are the silphium and papyrus of Egypt. These too come under the class of ferula-like plants ; of these we have spoken 5 of the papyrus already under the head of plants living in water ; of the other we have now to speak.

The silphium has a great deal of thick root ; its stalk is like ferula in size, and is nearly as thick ; the leaf, which they call inaspeton, is like celery : it has a broad fruit, which is leaf-like,

of fiavSpayopas are described : there being only two known species of mandragora, the third may be atropa Belladonna ; and to this plant may also refer an interpolated sentence in Diosc. 4. 73 (&V005 . . . ffraQvXTiv).

6 4. 8. 3 and 4. Papyrus is loosely classed with ferula-like plants, as it has not a hollow stem. 6 Plin. 19. 42-45.

'5


THEOPHRASTUS


7r\arv, olov <f)v XXcoSe?, TO \ey6fjievov \ov. 7reTi6/cav\ov 8' ecTTLV, Mcnrep o ajjia fjiev ovv TW fjpi TO udcnreTOV TOVTO dcfiirjcriv, o rcaOaipei ra irpo^ara /cal 7ra%vvei a^o&pa KOI ra Kpea OavfiaaTa nroiel rfj rjSovy- fiera 8e ravra fcav\6v, <ov> crdicr0ai Trdvra rpoirov e<f>6bv OTTTOV, KaOaipeiv Be /cal TOVTOV $>aai ra (roofiara 2 TeTrapaKOvra T)fjiepai$. OTTOV Se Strrbv G^GI, TOV fjiev CLTTO TOV fcav\ov TOV Be CLTTO r?}? pitys, Si o /ca\ov(Tt, TOV fjiev KdvXiav TOV Se pityav. rj 8e pi^a TOV (f)\otbv e%i /me\ava, KOI TOVTOV irepi- aipova-iv. ecrTL $e wcnrep yueraXXa TCOV pi^oTO- fjbi&v avTois, % MV OTTOCTOV av Bo/cfj

TafJLLv6fjLVOL TTyOO? Ta? TO/JLCL^ KOi TO

Te/jLVovaiv OVK e^ecrTL yap OVTC ovTe 7r\lov Twv TCTay/^evw /cal yap peTai Kal cr^Trerat TO dpybv edv xp yd&vTai, Be ayoi'Tes et? TCW Tleipaia TovBe TOV TpOTrov' OTav (Bd\wo~i els dyyela /cal d\vpa fjii^woiL, aeiovcn ^povov av^vov, oOev /cal TO %pa)/jLa \a/jL/3dveL /cal epyaaOev acrijTrTOv ijSr) oia- /jiVL. TO, [iv ovv /caTa T?)v epyaaiav /cal


3 ToTTOV <$ 7TO\VV

ydp (f>ao-iv rj TTpa/cia^i\ia aTaSia' TrXetcrra yivea-flai ire pi TIJV avpTiv avro TWV T&veaTrepiSwv. iSiov $ TO (frevyeiv TTJV epya^o^ieuijv /cal del /cal


1 oiW (f)v\\. rb \ey. conj. W.; 0uAA. olov r~b Aey. Ald.H.

2 I have added


.

3 ^eVaAAo U ; fj.erpa Aid. ; ? v /uerd\\ois

4 c/. 9. 1. 7; Diosc. 3. 80.

16


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VI. m. 1-3

as it were, 1 and is called the phyllon. The stalk lasts only a year, like that of ferula. Now in spring it sends up this maspelon, which purges sheep and greatly fattens them, and makes their flesh wonderfully delicious ; after that it sends up a stalk, which 2 is eaten, it is said, in all ways, boiled and roast, and this too, they say, purges the body in forty days. It has two kinds of juice, one from the stalk and one from the root ; wherefore the one is called ' stalk-juice,' the other 'root-juice.' The root has a black bark, which is stripped off. They have regulations, like those in use in mines, 3 for cutting the root, in accordance with which they fix carefully the proper amount to be cut, having regard to previous cuttings and the supply of the plant. For it is not allowed to cut it wrong nor to cut more than the appointed amount ; for, if the juice is kept and not used, it goes bad and decays. When they are conveying it to Peiraeus, they deal with it thus 4 : having put it in vessels and mixed meal with it, they shake it for a considerable time, and from this process it gets its colour, and this treatment 5 makes it thenceforward keep without decaying. Such are the facts in regard to the cutting and treatment. The plant is found over a wide tract of Libya, for a distance, 6 they say, of more than four thousand furlongs, but it is most abundant 7 near the Syrtis, starting from the Euesperides islands. It is a peculiarity of it that it avoids cultivated ground, and, as the land is brought under cultivation and tamed,


6 fpya<r6fv : f^opyaffOfv conj. Salm.; from Pliu. I.e., argu- ment um era/, maturitatis color siccilasque sudore finito.

6 c/. Strabo 2. 5. 20 ; 17. 3. 20 : Scyl. Feriplus, Libya.

7 TrAeto-Ta conj.W. ; 7rAiofaU; ra -nXfiova. MAlcl. ; yivtaBai conj.W.; yfvea&at Aid.

17

VOL. ii. r


THEOPHRASTUS


o>9 ov Beojjuevov Brj\ov on O

dypiov. (fracrl 8' ol K.vpr)valoi fyavfjvat, TO cri\-

<f)iov eTo~i TrpoTepov rj avTol rrjv Tfo\iv wKqcrav

7Trd' OIKOVGL Be /J,d\l(TTa Trepl TpiaKOGia 69

^t/jicoviBrjv ap%ovra 'AOijvrj&w.

Ol fjiev ovv ovT(o \e<yovariv. ol $e rov <ri,\$iov rrjv pi^av (j^aal ryiveaOai Trrf^vaiav TJ pi/cpa) fjiei^w. TavTY)v B eyiv eVl rov fjueaov Ke<j)a\r)v, o KOI /jLerecoporarov eari fcal cr^eBbif vTrep 71)9, Ka\el- adai Se <ya\,a' ef ^9 By fyvecrdai yuera ravra Kal TOV /cav\6v, e/c Be TOVTOV /jiayvSapiv TO Kal Ka\ovfievov <f>v\\ov TOVTO 8' elvai Girkp^a,' Kal orav voros Aa///7r/309 Trvevar) /jbera Kvva BiappiTT- TeaOai, ef ov $ve(T0ai TO o~i\(f>iov. r& avrw Be erei rrjv re pi^av yiveo-flai, KOI TOV KavKov ovOev Be TOVTO iBiov, Kal <yap eV a\\(ov, el /j,rj TOVTO \eyovo~iv OTL evOvs fyveTat, /neTa TTJV Bidppi^lriv.

Kat TOVTO iBiov Kal Bidtyopov Tofc TrpoTepov, OTL fyaal Beiv opvTTeiv eTreTeiov eav Be eaflfj, fyepeiv p,ev TO (TTrepfJia Kal TOV Kav\ov, Xeipw Be yiveo-dat Kal TavTa Kal TTJV pL^av, opVTTOfJievas Be y8e\TtOL'9 ryiveo'Oai, Bia TO yLtera/SaXXecr^at Trjv <yr)v. evav- TLOV Be TOVTO TO) (pevyetv Trjv epydaifjiov. ecrOL- eaQai Kal Ta<$ pi^as Trpoafya et9 of 09. TO Be <j)vX\ov Trj %/ooia


1 c/. Hdt. 4. 158. 2 B.C. 310.

3 ravTT)v 5c . . . rb ai\<f>iov : text as restored conjecturally by W., chiefly by alteration in the order of the words in Aid.

4 Ka\6t<r0ai Se yd\a after (f>v*(r6a.i in Aid.

6 In 6. 3. 7 this name is applied to a distinct plant, /nay. rb Kal conj. Salm.; ^7. Kal rb P 2 Ald.H. 6 c/. 6. 3. 2.

7 TOVTO conj. Salm.; TOI>TOV UMVAld.; TOVTOV P 2 .

IS


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VI. m. 3-5

it retires, plainly shewing that it needs no tendance but is a wild thing. The people of Cyrene say that the silphium appeared l seven years before they founded their city; now they had lived there for about three hundred years before the archonship at Athens of Simonides. 2

Such is their account. Others however say that the root of the silphium grows to the length of a cubit or a little longer, and in the middle of this is a head, 3 which is the highest part and almost comes above ground, and is called the f milk', 4 from this then presently grows the stalk, and from that the magydaris? which is also called the phyllon 6 ; but it 7 is really the seed, and, when a strong south wind blows after the setting of the dog-star, it is scattered 8 abroad and the silphium grows from it. The root and the stalk grow r in the same year ; nor is this a singular feature unless they mean that it grows immediately after the dispersal 9 of the seed since the same thing occurs with other 10 plants also.

There is this singular statement, which is incon- sistent with what was said above, that, it is said, it is necessary to dig the ground every year, and that, if it be left alone, it bears n the seed and the stalk, but these are inferior and so is the root ; on the other hand, that with digging they are improved because the soil is changed. (This is inconsistent with the statement that silphium avoids cultivated land.) They add that the roots are cut up into vinegar and eaten fresh, and that the leaf is of a golden

8 diapplirreffBai conj. Sch.; SiappiirreTai AW.; Siappi-rrTflTai U ;

Sia/JplTTTTJTOt M.

9 Sidppttyiv conj. Sch.; Sfpit^jvUM; eitpityiv Aid.

10 fV SAAajj/ conj. W.; T>V &\\wv Ald.H.

11 p.fv conj. Sch.; irav Aid.

19

c 2


THEOPHRASTUS

6 elvai. evavTiOv Be /cal TO firj KaOaipeadai ra Trpoftara TO (f>vX\ov ecrOiovTa" <j>ao~l yap /cal TOV rjpos /cal TOV 'xei/JLwvos et? 0/909 d<f)ievai,

Be TOVTO T /Cal GTpOV OfWIOV dftpOTOVto'

TL/ca ' a/j,<f)(0 Bo/cel elvai /cal KaOapaiv fJiev ov Troieiv, ava%r)palveiv Be /cal o-v/jLTreTTew eav Be TI VOGOVV TI /ca/cw? e%ov el(re\9r) TrpoftaTov, vyid^e- crOai ra%eft)9 ^ aTroOvija/ceiv, to? 5' eVt TO TTO\V . raura


(TK7rTOV.

1 'H Be /ca\ov/j,evrj /jbayvBapis T6pov e'crri TOV o~i\<f)iov fjiavoTepov re /cal -TJTTOV Bpifjiv /cal TOV OTTOV ov/c %* B{,dBr)\o<? Be eo~Ti /cal Ty otyei rot? . yiveTai Be Trepl ^vpiav /cal OVK ev fyaffl Be /cal ev TO> Hapvao~i<p opei ' evioi Be aikfyiov TOVTO Ka\ovo-iv. el Be TTJV epydcrijAOV wo-Trep TO o-i\(f)t.ov cr/ceTT- Teov, a)o~avTa)S Be /cal el TL 6/j,oiov rj 7rapa7r\tjo~i,ov e^et ^>v\\ov T irept /cal Kav\ov, /cal el o d</>ir)o-i TL Bd/cpvov. TTJV ftev ovv v [/cat oX&)9 TTJV d/cav0(oBr)] <f)vo~iv ev rot?


IV Tr}<? 8' a/cavQi/cfj?, eTropevov yap TOVTO , eTreiBrj BiyprjTai TO /JLCV d/cav0a)Be<i oXw? TO Be <f)v\\dfcavOov } vTrep efcaTepov


1 cf. Arr. Anab. 3. 28. 6 and 7.

2 Artemisia camphorata : Index App. (24).

8 Plin. 19. 46; Diosc. 3. 94; Hesych. .v.; Photius, Gloss. v.; cf. 6. 3. 4 n.


20


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VI. in. 5~iv. i

colour. We have also the inconsistent statement that sheep are not purged by eating the leaves ; for they say that in spring and in winter they are driven into the hill-country, where l they feed on this and on another plant 2 which is like southernwood ; both these plants appear to be heating and not to cause purging, but, on the contrary, to have a drying effect and promote digestion. It is also said that, if a sheep which is sick or in bad condition comes to that district, it is quickly cured or else dies, but usually it recovers. Which of these accounts is true is matter for enquiry.

3 The plant called magydaris is distinct from sil- phium, being of later growth and less pungent, and it does not produce the characteristic juice ; experts can also easily distinguish it by its appear- ance. It grows in Syria and not in Cyrene, and they say that it is also abundant on Mount Parnassus, and some call it silphium. Whether however, like sil- phium, it avoids cultivated ground is matter for enquiry, as also whether it has any resemblance or likeness in leaf and stalk, and, in general, whether it produces a juice. In these examples we may consider the class of ferula-like plants [and, in general, that of spinous plants. 4 ]

Of spinous under-shrubs and their differences.

IV. Taking next the class of spinous plants (for we must next speak of them), we have already dis- tinguished 5 those which are altogether spinous and those which have spinous leaves, and now we must

4 teal . . . aKavOutirj. These words occur only in U: they cannot belong here. Note that rb /iev aKavdwSes '6\us occurs just below. 6 6. 1. 3.

21


THEOPHRASTUS

teal TpiTOV Brj Trepl rov /cal rrapa rr)v aicav9av e%ozrro9 <f>v\\ov, wvrrep o re <e&>? real b rpi/3o\o<?. fcal r\ /caTTTrapis iBiov e%ei TO fjirj fjbbvov rr^v e/c rwv tcavXwv a/cav0av e%eiv d\\d /cal TO <j)i>\\ov rwv 3e Siypii/Jievwv el&cov rrXeia-TOv can TO (f)v\\dKav&oi>, \d%io'Tov Be &>9 elireiv TO d/cav0a)$e$ oXw?. /3pa%v yap n 7rd/ji7rav eariv, cocnrep e'Xe%#?7, /cal o-%&ov ov pa&iov \a(Belv Trapd re rbv d(T<j)dpayov ical rov a-KOpirLov.

e ravra dvOel pera lo"r)fApiav

yLteV (TKOpTTlOS V Tft) aapfCCt)&6l

rat eiroiSovvn TO) VTTO TO a/cpov TT)? d/cdv0rj$ TO avOo^ ef />%^9 p>ev \v/cbv vvrepov 8' pfyvpl^ov. o 8e datydpayos e/ccfrvwv irapa

T9 aKavdas KOpvvwSes /jii/cpov, e/c rovrov Be ecrri

TO CLv9oS fJLLKpOV. $ <T/COp7TiO<> fJLOvbpplfyv Kttl

{3a0vppi%ov, 6 Be dafydpayos J3a0vppi6v T ev fjid\a /cal 7ro\vppL^ov 7rvKvals Tat? ptfai?, wo-T6 TO dvcD o-f^e^e? elvau avrwv, dfi ov real al ftXacrTrjcreis avTwv TWV /cav\cov' dvafiXacndvei &e b /cav\bs e/c T% do~<j)apayLa<$ rov 17^09 /cal eBwSi/JLos eo"nv eW OVTCOS dTTOTpa^vverai /cal e^a/cavOovrai Trpoiovarj^ T^9 wyoa9' ?] Be av9r)(ns OVK e/c TOVTOV [Jibvov d\\d /cal e/c TWV Trpbrepov ov yap 7reTei6/cav\6v ecrn. ra fjiev ovv 0X0)9 d/cav0(*)B7j TOiavrrjv nvd e%i fyv&iv.

Tcoi' Be $v\\aKdv6wv TO TrXettTTo^ 76^09 &>9


22


(fsfus conj. St.; </>Aea>s Aid. cf. 6. 1. 3. cf. 6 1. 3. 8 Plin. 21. 91 ; 22. 39,


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VI. iv. 1-3

speak of each of these classes separately, and also, in the third place, of those which have leaves as well as their spines, such as pheos 1 and caltrop. More- over caper has the peculiarity of possessing not only spines on its stems but also a spinous leaf. Of the classes thus distinguished that with spinous leaves is the largest, while that which is altogether spinous is about the smallest. It is indeed, as was said, a very small class, and it would not be easy to find examples of such plants besides asparagus and skorpios?

3 Both of these flower after the autumnal equinox. Skorpios produces its flower in the fleshy swelling 4 below the top 5 of the spinous twig ; at first it is white, but afterwards it becomes purplish. Asparagus pro- duces alongside of the spines a small knob, and from this grows the flower, which is of small size. Skorpios has a single root which runs deep ; asparagus roots very deep and its roots are numerous and matted, the upper part of them being in one piece, 6 and from this the actual shoots spring. The stalk comes up from the plant in spring and is edible ; after- wards, as the season advances, it acquires its rough and spinous character 7 ; the bloom appears not only on this stalk, but on those of previous years, for the stalk is not annual. Such is the character of plants which are altogether spinous.

8 Of those which have spinous leaves the largest class, one may say, consists of those plants which

4 ^TroiSovVTi conj. Seal.; eir<a8ovi>Ti U; effiroSovvTi MAM.

8 rb &Kpov conj. Seal.; r6 &Kparoi> UMAld.; TTJS d/cav^r/s om. Seal.

6 i.e. tuberous. c/.Col. 11. 3. 43 ; Pall. 3. 24. 8 ; 4. 9. 11.

7 f^aKavBovrat conj. Link. ap. Sch.; t^avdovrai UM ; et-av- 0e?Tai Aid. 8 Plin. 21. 94.

23


THEOPHRASTUS

elrrelv d/cavwBe? rvy^dver \eyco Be TO d/cav&Bes, on rb /cvrjfAa real ev c5 TO avdos rj KOI o tcaprrbs d/cavos rj d/cavwBes rrdvrcov ecrrt. Biacfro- pdv Be e%ei ev eavru) fcal fj,eye0ei /cal a^i^ari /cal %p(t)/jLari fcal r JT\r)6ei KOI 6\iyorr]Ti rwv dtcav- 6wv KOI TWV a\\wv. efw yap 6\iya)v irdvv, KaOdirep TOV arpovOiOv re real rov aoj/cov real el erepcov, rd \oiird irdvra co? elirelv roiavTijv rr)V $v<Jiv ejrel KOI o cray/cos TTJV ye fyvviv %ei, TO Se (TirepfjiaTiKov OL% opoiov a\Xa rd ye roiavra rrdvra olov dfcopva \ev/c- dtcavOa


d/cav0o<>, cr/coXf/xo? Be, 09 /cal \ei/jLa)via, aKavOos' fcal TaXXa, rrKeiw ydp ean. Sia^epovcri 8' d\\rj\wv TTyoo? TO?9 elp^jmevoi^ TO) rd pev rro\v- fcav\a elvai /cal drrcxfrixTeis e^eiv, warrep 6 a/cavo?, rd Be fjiovoKav\a KOI fir) e^eiv, wcrrrep o KVYJKO^ evia 8' avwOev e%eiv ef d/cpov, KaOdrrep rb pvrpos. KOI rd fjiev ev9vs Tot? rrpa>rot,s verols {3\aardveiv rd 8' varepov, evLa Be /cal rov Oepovs, wcrnep /cal f) rerpd\i% vrro rivcov /caXovfjuei'ij /cal t] l^ivr)* /cal errl rwv dvOwv b^oiw^' o^riavB^ ydp 6 o~/c6\Vjnos /cal errl rroXvv


mBas. ; aitavOuitifs Aid. c/. 1. 13. 3, Avhcre a.Kava>8es is restored by W.'s certain conj,

2 aitavooSes conj. Sch. ; a.Kav6>$es Ald.H. ; acanaceum G.

3 O.KO.VOS fy CLKavuties Aid.; &Kav6os if? aKavOades mBas. v. supra.

4 aroyitos conj. Sch. ; KVTJKOS Aid. The correction seems necessary in view of 6. 4. 8.

5 &xopva conj. Sch.; &icapi'a Aid. C/. Plin. I.e.

6 5s /cal Aeijiicoifta I COUJ.; ?j wol A.ei ( ucofi'a conj. Seal, from

2 4


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VI. iv. 3-4

are thistle-like, 1 by which 2 I mean that the swollen part, that part which contains the flower, or, it may be, the fruit, is in all cases a thistle-head, 3 or has that appearance. However there are differences in the ' head ' itself, in size shape colour number ot spines and in other respects. For, apart from quite a few plants, such as soap- wort sow r -thistle and possibly some others, nearly all the rest have this character (even sow-thistle 4 has a spinous character, but its seed-process is different). The list includes all the following : akorna 5 milk-thistle khalkeios safflower polyakanthos distaff-thistle onopyxos ixine chamaeleon (the last-named, however, has not spinous leaves, though golden thistle, which is also called 'meadow-thistle,' 6 has 7 ), and so on, for there are many more. These differ from one another not only in the aforesaid ways, but in that some of them have many stalks and side-growths, like the pine- thistle, while some have a single stalk and no side- growths, like the safflower, and some again have out-growths above from the top of the plant, like the globe-thistle. 8 Again some grow directly the first rains come, others at a later time, some again in summer, as the plant which some call yellow star- thistle, and ixine. g So too 10 the flowering-time differs : golden thistle blooms late n and is in bloom for a long time. '

Plin. 22. 86 ; favXet/uwvia. UMj ; rjAuAet/iwi/io M 2 Ald. KO.\ Aej/.ia>m'a conj. W. But \6i/j.uvia is not mentioned again in the following description, which is against its being a distinct plant from ffit6\v/j.os.

7 <pv\\a.KavOos I conj.; <f>v\\dicavOa MSS.

8 pvrpos : rhutnim (I ; but E'lin. I.e. has eryngen.

9 Plin. 22. 23. 10 KO.\ M conj. Sch.; /ecu r) eVl Ald.H.

11 otyiavOris conj. Bod. from Plin. i.e. floret sero et din ; evavdris Aid.

25


THEOPHRASTUS

Aiatyopal Be TWV fiev aKavwv ov/c elcri, rf)<; KVTJKOV & elo-iv rj fj,ev yap dypia rj ' r///,e/oo?. T?}? 8' dypias Bvo e'lBrj, TO fiev Trpoae^epe^ ecfro- Bpa TW rifJL-epw ir\r)V evQv/cavXoTepov, BC o /cal Trrjvi&is eviai TWV dp%aia)v e%pwvTO yvvaiK&v. icapTTov Be e^ei fjie\ava /cal /jueyav Kal TTL/cpov. t] 3' erepa Sacrela /cal TOU? /tauXou? e%ei aoy/ccoSeis, ware rpoTrov Tiva eTriyeio/cavXos yiverat,' Sia yap /jLa\a/c6rrjTa TWV /cavXwv /carafc\ii>erai, TT^O? ra? dpovpa<}' /capTrov 8* e^et fjiucpov 7ra)ya)vos' <nrep- yu,aTa)Set9 Tracrcu, TT^V pei^ocri Kal Trvfcvorepois al dypiai. iSiov Be e^ei* Trpo? ra a\\a aypia' ra /j,ev yap a-/c\r}p6repa /cal d/cavdwBecrrepa rwv rjfjieptov, aurrj Be fia\afca)repa /cal \etorepa.

C H B* a/copva 7r/90(jeyLt^)ep^9 &)? aTrXtS? elirelv Kara rrjv Trpoa-oifriv Ty /cvtj/cqy rff rjfjiepw, ftpM/na B' eTTigavOov e^ei real ^v\ov \nrapov. drpa/crv- Xt? Be ns KaXelrau Kal \eVKorepa TOVTCOV iBiov Be %ei TO Trepl TO (f>v\\ov, OTI a^aipovfjuevov Kal Ty aap/cl irpocr^epofjievov a/yLtarcoSr; iroiel TOV %v\6v, Si? o /cal (j)6vov evioi /ca\ovcn Trjv aKavOav TavT?]V' ey^ei Be /cal Trjv oo-fjurjv Beivrjv /cal (frovwBr)- o^e Be /cal Te\eioi TOV /capTrbv TT/OO? TO /xero-


1 a.Ka.V(av Aid. ; aKapvuv mBas. ; aKavov or a.K6pvi)s conj. Sch., the plural being awkward.

2 irnvtois conj. R. Const.; ffir\r)veiois U; ffir\i}viois MAld ; coin G and Plin. I.e.-, cf. Diosc. 3. 107.

3 ffoyKtaSeis : Plin. I.e. seems to have read oyitcaSe.is (torosiore caule).

4 Kav\S)v conj. Seal, from Plin. I.e. ; <pv\\wv Aid.

5 ij.inp}>v conj. Spr. from Plin. I.e. (minutum semen) ; TTIK^V Aid.

-rrwywvos' <nrepjuoTw56Js Aid. : so U, butTrwyojj'os, and M, but

26


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VI. iv. 5-6

Pine-thistle l has but one kind,, but there are different kinds of safflower, the wild and the culti- vated. Again of the wild kind there are two forms, one very like the cultivated except that the stalk is straighter ; wherefore in ancient times women sometimes used it to make distaffs. 2 It has a fruit which is black large and bitter. The other is leafy, and its stalks are like those of the sow-thistle, 8 so that to some extent it comes to have a prostrate stem ; for on account of the softness of the stalks 4 it bends down towards the ground ; and it has a small 5 fruit, which is bearded. All the forms pro- duce abundant seed, 6 but it is larger 7 and more crowded in the wild forms. This kind has also a peculiarity as compared with other wild plants ; these are usually coarser and more spinous than the culti- vated forms, but in this plant the wild form is softer and smoother.

The akorna resembles in a general way in appear- ance the cultivated safflower, but has a yellowish colour and a sticky juice. 8 There is also a plant called distaff-thistle, which is whiter than these. A peculiarity of the leaf of this is that, if it is stripped off and applied to the flesh, the contact makes the juice blood-coloured, 9 wherefore some call this kind of spinous plant ' blood-wort ' ; also it has an abomin- able smell, like that of blood ; it matures its fruit late,


G. h&sfructum amarum (see last note) frequentem

barbaeque modo hirsutum gignit: aunt ambo scminosa. W. conj. irctiycavoaiTfpLiaTa 8' erl iraffai, which is not convincing. I have retained the corrupt text and translate in the light of G.

7 jtieio<Ti : sc. ffTrfp/j.a<n, but ffirfpfj-aTw^eis cannot be right.

8 x v ^ v a( ld. St. ; om. Aid. ; succo pingui G ; pinyuiore succo Plin. I.e. a cf. 9. 1. 1. Plin. 21. 95.

27


THEOPHRASTUS


Trcopov. TO & o\ov o>? aTrXw? elirelv airacra r) drcavi/cr) (Averts o^riKapTro^. ajravra $6 ravra <j)verai /cau airo TOV GTrep/JLaros KOI CLTTO T??? ftpa'xyv nva <yivea9ai, TOV dva

K<pv(TCi)<i T KOI T^9 TOV


7 ToO o-/co\vfjiov Be o% on TOVTO JJLOVOV iBiov, em Trjv pi^av eBwBifjiov e^ei /cal ecpOrjv /cal OD/J,IJV, aXXa /cal em Tore dpio-Trjv OTav dv&fj /cal em cr/c\r)pvvojji,evr) d^L^aiv OTTOV. iBiov Be /cal TO TT}? ejrel Trepl TpOTcd<$.

Be /cal eBcoBi/jLos 77 TOV o~6<y/cov fj Be OVK d/cavcoBris aXXa irpofjirjicr)^ avTOV' /cal roOr' iBiov /JLOVOV e%et TU>V fyvXXaicdvdwv CIVT- eGTpa/jLfjievws r) o %a/jiai\ea)v' o fj,ev yap d(f)v\\- d/cavQos cov d/cavi^ei. yrfpaa/cov Be TO avOos

> /)/ \>/ \v

eKTraiTTrovTCiLi Kauafrep TO TTJS ajraTnys /cat TO 777? fjivpi/cijs /cal o&a TrapairK^aia TOVTOIS. 7rapa/co- \ov6el Be fJie^pi TOV Oepovs TO /j,ev KVOVV TO Be dv6ovv TO Be o-Trep/JLa TLKTOV, /M/cpdv ItffidSa teal /cevTpov e^ov ^paivofjuevov Be TO $v\\ov Tai /cal ov/ceTi /cevTel.

  • H Igiwj Be (frveTai /Jiev ov 7ro\\a%ov, pd

\ov Be e&Tiv. diro Be TT}? pt&S l^earj^ o

a/cavo? eTUTrefyvKev, wairep fJirj\ov ev


1 O.KO.VIK)} conj. Bod., cf. 6. 4. 4 nn.; aKaveutij Aid.

2 cf. Hes. Op. 582.

3 ffdyicov conj. C. Hoffmann ; oyKov Aid.

4 KvTjffis : i.e. flower-head, cf. Kvr}/j.a 6. 4. 3 ; Plin. 21. 94.

5 awavcoSrys conj. Seal.; aKavOu>8r)s Aid. cf. 6. 4. 3 nn.

6 cf. 6. 4. 3. T.'s information seems to be incorrect, as

28


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VI. iv. 6-9

towards autumn. Indeed, generally speaking, all plants like the thistle-tribe l are late fruiting. All these plants grow both from seed and from the root, so that there is but a short period between the beginning of growth and the maturing of the seed.

Golden thistle has not only this peculiarity, that it has a root which is edible, whether boiled or raw, but the root is best when the plant is in flower, and, as it becomes hard, it produces a juice. The flowering time 2 is also peculiar, about the solstice.

The root of the sow-thistle 3 is also fleshy and edible ; but the swollen part * is elongated and not thistle-like 5 ; and, alone of the spinous-leaved plants, it has this peculiarity, in which it is the reverse of the chamaeleon, 6 (for that plant, though it has not spinous leaves, has a thistle-like flower-head). The flower of the sow-thistle, as it ages, turns into down, as do that of the dandelion 7 the tamarisk 8 w and other plants like these. In its growth 9 there is a succes- sion up to the summer, part forming flowers, part flowering, and part producing seed 10 ; this 11 has little moisture in it and has a sharp point. The leaf, as it dries, becomes flaccid and no longer pricks.

Ixine does not grow in many places, and it has leaves on the root. From the middle of the root grows the seed-bearing thistle-head, which is like

both of the plants which he calls x a P- a - i ^* (av ( see Index) have spinous leaves.

7 oTraTrrjs conj. Sch., c/. 7. 8. 3; ndirvris U; SaTra^r/i P; 8a0v7]S Aid.

8 fjLvplKi]5 conj. Sch.; nvptvijs M ; /uvpph'Tjs Aid.

9 c/. Plin. I.e.

10 ffTTpfj.a T'IKTOV I conj. ; (Tir(pfj.aros p.tv Ald.H. ; crirfp- fj.or6Kovv conj. Sch.

11 Text perhaps defective.

29


THEOPHRASTUS


fjid\a eTTitce/cpvfAijLevov VTTO TWV $v\\wv OVTOS Be eVl rov a/cpov fyepei jo Bd/cpvov evcrTOfJiOV, /cal TOVTO eciTiv rj d/cavQi/cr) //,a<7Tt^7;. rav-

TCL fJiV OVV Kal TO, TOICLVTCH, TTaVTa^OV O"%eB6v (TTIV.

10 C H Be fcdfCTos Ka\ov/ji6vtj Trepl %lK\iav JJLOVOV, ev rfj 'EXXaSt Be OVK eo-riv. iBiov Be Trapa ra\\a TO <f)vr6v d<fiirj(ri, <yap evOvs CLTTO T??? pitys Kavkovs eTTiyeiov?, TO Be <f)vX\,ov e%et 7r\arv KOL dfcavOwBes' KaXoixrt Be Toi/9 Kav\ovs TOVTOVS fed/crow eBwBi/jioi Be el<n, 7repi\7r6/jLevoi bv 7ri7ri/cpoi, KOI 0J](javpifyv<jiv avrovs ev


ll "EtTepov Be /cav\bv bp6ov d^irjcriv, ov tca\ovcri TTTepviKa' yiverai, Be KOI ouro? eBcoBi/jios 7r~\,r)v a0ri<Tavpi.GTO<$. TO Be Trepi/cdpTTiov, ev w TO ajrep/jLa, rrjv fjiev fjiopfyrjv d/cavwBes, afyaipeOev- Twv Be rwv TraTTTTwBcov cnrep/jidrwv eBdoBifjiov KOI TOVTO teal e/jLcfrepes TW TOV (fooivi/co? ey- KetydXw' KdXova-i Be avTO a/cdXiav. TO, fjiev ovv <$>v\\aKav6a o-tceirTeov ev TOiavrcus Bia-


V. Ta Be Kal Trapa TTJV aKavOav e%oi>Ta <[)v\\ov, olov Ta TOiavTa c^ew? ovwvis TravTa- Bov&a T/ot/5o\09 iTTTrotyeo)*; /jLvd/cav0os . . . . TG (T(f)6Bpa Kal TO (f>v\\ov e%ei (rap/cwBes' TTO\V-


1 virb conj. Sch.; M Aid.; Plin. I.e. malum contectum sua fronde. 2 c/. 9. 1. 3. 3 cf. Plin. 12. 72.

4 Plin. 21. 97 ; Athen. 2. 83.

6 TrAaru add. Seal, from Athen. I.e., cf. Plin. I.e.; om. Ald.H. The ' stems' are the petioles of the leaves.

6 attavuties conj. Sch.; anavOuSfs Aid.

3


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VI. iv. 9 -v. 1

an apple and well hidden by l the leaves ; this on its head produces its gum, 2 which is pleasant to the taste, and this is the ' thorn-mastich.' 3 These plants and others like them are found almost everywhere.

4 But the plant called kaktos (cardoon) grows only in Sicily, and not in Hellas. It is a plant quite different from any other ; for it sends up straight from the root stems which creep on the ground, and its leaf is broad 5 and spinous : these stems are called kaktoi; they are edible, if peeled, and are slightly bitter, and men preserve them in brine.

There is another kind which sends up an erect stem, called the pternix. This too is edible, but can- not be preserved. The fruit-vessel, which contains the seed, is in shape like a thistle-head 6 : and when the downy seeds are taken off, this too is edible and resembles the ' brain ' 7 of the palm ; and it is called skalias. 8 Such are the different characteristics in the light of which we may observe the spinous- leaved plants.

V. Examples of plants which have leaves as well as spines are pheos 9 rest-harrow star-thistle caltrop ' horse-pfieos ' 10 (spurge) butcher's broom n . . . , 12 and it has a fleshy leaf : it is much divided and has

7 i.e. 'cabbage.' cf. 2. 6. 2.

8 ascaliam Plin. I.e. ; affKaXi/ipov Athen. I.e. Modern Greek cr/caATjpa. English ' bottom.' See Index KO.KTOS (2).

9 $(ws conj. St,; 4>Aea>s Aid. of. 6. 1. 3.

10 tiriroQews conj. Salm., cf. 6. 5. 2 ; !-mr6(pvov Aid. cf. Plin. 21. 91.

11 Diosc. 2. 125 ; Plin. 19. 151.

12 Text defective : the end of one sentence is missing and the beginning of the next, containing the name of a plant. Gr attaches the following description to 0e'o>y. The plants presently described do not correspond to this list.

31


THEOPHRASTUS

e? Be /cal 7ro\vppiov, ov fjirjv Kara /3d0ovs T#9 pia<? e^ov. pXaa-rdvei, Be d^a TlXeidBi /cal T0?9 TrpwTOis dpoTois teal d(f)irj(Ti Tore TO (f>v\\ov ov yap IdTiv eTrereiov a\\a repov.

2 To Be T?)9 KaTTTrdpios IBiov, Trapa ravra' /cal yap TO

e%ei, /cal TOV Kav\ov, ov% MCTTrep o </>ea)9 /cal tTTTTO^fft)? avdrcavOa Be /cal eiriyeiov /cal Be /cal dvOel TOV 6epov<$ /cal Bia/Jiei>ei, TO <j)vX\,oi> '\\wpov a%pi TLXeuiBos. %aipei Be vtydjjijjLOis /cal XeTTToyeiois xcopiow \eyerai, Be co? ev Tot? epyaa-i/AOis ov Oe\ei (frveaOai, /cal ravra Trepl rd darrj /cal ev evyeiow TOTTOIS <j)vo/jivr) /cal ov% (7i\(f)iov ev opeivols" TOVTO fj^ev <ovv> ov


3 'O Be Tpij3o\o<; iBiov eyzi, Biort Trepi/capTri- d/cav66<> ecrTL. Bvo 8' avrov yevrj" TO jjiev yap (j)v\\ov epeftivO&Ses, erepos Be

Be dju<f)co /cal TroXXa^r} ao-T9 Be /jid\\ov 6 $vX\d/cavo$ /ca Trepl Ta9 av\d<$. TO Be o-irep^a TOV [lev Trpw'iov anyaa/AwBes, TOV Be o^friov aTpoyyvXov eirifJieXav ev Xo/3a>. /cal TO, /j,ev ovv Trapd Ta $v\\a /cal d/cavOav e^ovTa G^eBov ev TOVTOIS.

'H ' ovwvis ecrTL TTTopdd/cavOov eTreTeiov Be TO <f>v\\ov e%et TrrjyavtoBes TrapaTretyvKos Trap'


1 a.p6rois conj. Bod.; apdrpots Aid. cf. 8. 1.2.

2 Wre conj. St.; TOVTO Aid. 3 cf. Pall. 10. 13. 2.

4 6 (pecas conj. St.; o<f>eo>s Ald.Bas.Cam. H. ; 6 <Aews mBas. 6 Plin. 21. 91.


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VI. v. 1-3

many roots, but is not deep-rooting. It grows at the rising of the Pleiad, the first seed-time, 1 and then 2 puts forth its leaf; for it is not annual, but lives longer than one year.

3 Caper, as was said, is'quite distinct from these ; it has a spinous leaf and a spinous stem, whereas pheos* and ' horse-pkeos ' have no spines on their leaves 5 ; it has a single 6 root, is low-growing, 7 and has a creeping stem ; it grows and flowers in summer, and the leaf remains green till the rising of the Pleiad. It rejoices in sandy light soils, and it is said that it is unwilling to grow on cultivated land, and that though it grows near towns and in good soil, and not, like silphium, in mountain country. This account however 8 is not altogether accurate.

9 A peculiarity of caltrop is that it is spinous- fruited. 10 There are two kinds ; one has a leaf like that of chick-pea, the other has spinous leaves. Both are low-growing and much divided, but the spinous-leaved form grows later and is found near enclosures. The seed of the early kind is like that of sesame, that of the late kind is round and blackish and enclosed in a pod. These may serve as examples of plants which have spines as well as leaves. 11

12 Rest-harrow has spines on the shoots ; the leaf, which is annual, 13 is like that of rue, and grows right along the stem, so that the general appearance is

6 Dioso. 2. 173 gives a different account. ' cf. 7. 8. 1.

8 ovv add. W. (in comm.) from G.

9 Plin. 21. 98. 10 cf. 6. 1. 3.

11 TO. fj.ev olv irapa TO. <f>v\\a conj. Sell. (o$v add. W. ) ; ret juev oiiv &<rnep ava<pv\\a Ald.H. 12 Plin. 21. 98.

13 I have altered the punctuation ; irropOaKavOov, eTreVetoj/ Se- rb <j>. KT\. W. after UMP.

33

VOL. II. D


THEOPHRASTUS

ciKov TOV fcav\6v, axrre KaBdirep orretydvov rrjv o\i]v elvai fiopcfrrfv, Bia\afjLJ3avo/jLei'a)i/ 7ra\\ij- \wv Ko\o/3oav6r)<$ Be KOI e'A,/Vo/3o/cap7ro9 dBia- (frpaKTW <f>verai B* eV rfj yXio-^pa Kal yavcoBei KOI fjiakiara ev rfj (nropifjiM Kal yecopyovfievrj, Si? o Kal 7ro\efJLiov rot? yewpyols' Kal ecm Bv(Ta)\0po<;' orav jap \dftr} %(t)pas /9a^o?, wOei rat Kara) evOvs Kal Ka& eKacnov ero? (nrofyva'eis els ra 7T\dyia iraKiv e/9 TO erepov Kara)' cnrao-rea /JLCV ovv oX?y rovro verai rf)s 77)9 Kal cnTo\\VTai paov eav 8e Kal fJLiKpov cnro\ei$>6 y , cnro rovrov irdkiv fiXac-raver apxerai 8e TTJS (3\aa-rijo-6(0s Qepovs Tekeiovrai Se /jLeroTrcopov. ra fiev ovv a<ypia TWV fypwyavucwv eic TOVTCDV OewpeicrOa).

VI. Ta Se ij^epa ftpa^eldv TIVO, eyzi Qecopiav, airep ev rot9 crT6(j)av(0/.iaTiKols eeri.

Ta Be KaO' o\ov Treipareov irepl o-re^avw/jidrcov elireiv, 07ra>9 cnrav 7repi,\r](f)@f} TO yevos. rj yap <j>vai<$ IBiav riva e%et rd^iv, Be ra fjiev TOt9 (ppvyaviKois ra Be Tot9 TTOtcoSecrt* Bi o KaKelva (rvjj,7repi\,7j7rTeov 7ri/jLifjLvrj(7KOfjievov<; &>9 av y o Kaipos, ap%afjievov<$ 2 TrpwTov a?ro Twv (frpvyaviKwv. Bi^rj Be Y) rovrcov


1 Evidently some conventional way of making a wreath.

2 $ia.\a/jL0a.vofj.4i'(0v Tra\ \ri\cav COlij. W. ; 8mAa,uj8aj'o J uei>77i> vir' a\\r}\wv Aid. c/. Plat. Prot. 346 E, where the verb means ' to punctuate.'

3 KO\o&oai>6r]S ', cf. 8. 3. 3.

34


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VI. v. 3 -vi. 2

that of a garland, 1 the leaves being set at intervals alternately along it 2 ; the flower is irregular, 3 and the fruit contained in a pod, 4 which is not divided into compartments. 5 It grows in sticky rich soil and especially in sown and cultivated land ; wherefore it is an enemy to husbandmen, and it is hard to kill ; for, when it gets hold of a piece of ground, it im- mediately pushes its roots down deep, 6 and every year it sends up new growths at the sides and the next year 7 it roots these again. Wherefore it has to be dragged up entire 8 ; this is done when the ground has been moistened, and then it is easier to destroy. But, if but a small piece is left, it shoots again from this. It begins to grow in summer and completes its growth in autumn. Let these examples serve for a survey of the wild forms of under-shrubs.

Of cultivated under-shrubs (coronary plant*), with which are included those, coronary plants which are herbaceous.

VI. The cultivated kinds need but a brief survey ; these 9 come under the class of coronary plants.

Of coronary plants we must endeavour to give a general account, so that the whole class may be included. This group has a somewhat peculiar position, since it overlaps partly the under-shrubs, partly the herbaceous plants ; wherefore the latter must also be included and we must mention them as occasion serves, taking first the under-shrubs.

4 f\\ofioKapTros conj. Sch.; e\\ofiodi'dris Aid.

6 cf. 8. 5. 2.

c wfletrai KO.TU conj. Sell. ; wfle? TO. K6.ru> Aid.

7 ets rb eTpov, KG. eros ; T< ere'py conj. Sch.

8 (TTraerTea juej/ ovv #A?j conj. W.; araQfiffa. /j.ev ovrcas 0X77 Aid.

9 eiirep conj. Sch.; eftrep UMAld.G.

35 D 2


THEOPHRASTUS

rj Kara rrjv ^pe'iav. T&V JJLCV yap TO fjiovov %pijo~ifjLOV teal TOVTCOV TO jj,ev CVOCT/JLOV, &o~7rep LOV, TO B* avoajjiov, wo-jrep Bi6o~av0o<;

TWV B Kal Oi K\COV<> Kal TO, (j)V\\a KOi o

77 Traa-a <f>v0i$ eiJoo-yLto?, olov epirvhXov e\eviov ov TWV aXkwv. a^co Be (fcpvyavi/ca. TWV avOiicwv iroXkwv rj <f>vais <f>pvya-

, 97 JJL6V e7TT6f09 01X70, fJLOVOV, f) &e 7r6\V-

, 7r\rjv Iwvlas rrj<; fj,\aiwr}<>' avrrj yap atc\wv 0X0)9 a\\a Trpoa-pi%6<f)v\\os KOI ael- <^uXXo5, ft>9 Se Tti/69 <^a(TL /cal Swapevrj SS 6\ov <f)epiv TO avOos, eav Tpoirw Tivl OepaTrevrjrai. rovTo /AW iSiov av e%oi.

T&v S a\\(ov fj,a\\ov Be rwv TTCLVTWV at fiev o\au /jiop^al o"%eBbv Traai fyavepal" el Be nvas aXXa9 IBiorrjra^ eyovai, ravras \e/CTeov, olov el ra fiev aTT\a Bo/cel Tot9 eiBeaw elvai ra Be e


fiev ovv ra ^v\coBr) ) KaOdirep 6/?7ruXXo9 eKeviov 7r\r)v el ra fj,ev aypia ra Be ij/jiepa /cal <.ra /j,ev> evocr/jia ra Be docr/jLorepd eari' TOVTCDV Be Kal ai OepaTrelai Kal at X&pai Bid- (fropoi Kal 01 ae/569. evia Be Kal TWV dvd&v, olov TO jj&Xav LOV ov yap efteiv BOKCL rovro Biafopav


1 Plin. 21. 59.

3 So Plin. I.e.-, Init Nic. ap. A then. 15. 31 calls this flower fragrant.

8 TroAAwj' conj. W. ; iro\\a UMAld.

4 olov fl conj. W. ; O'TI Aid. 6 ovv conj. W. ; ciov Aid.

36


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VI. vi. 2-3

1 These may be divided into two groups according to their uses. Of some only the flower is service- able ; and of these some are sweet-scented, as gilliflower, some scentless, as carnation 2 and wall- flower. Of others again the branches leaves and in fact the whole growth are sweet-scented, as with tufted thyme calamint bergamot-mint and the rest. Both groups however belong to the under-shrubs. And of the first-mentioned, those valued for their flowers, the growth is in most 3 cases that of under- shrubs, (in some annual merely, in others of longer duration) except in the violet ; for this is altogether without branches, its leaves grow close to the root, and it is always in leaf; while, as some say, it is able to bear flowers continuously, if it is tended in a certain way. This may be considered a peculiar characteristic of this plant.

Of the others, or rather of all the group, the general appearance is in each case plain to all ; any peculiarities that they may exhibit we must mention, for instance, if 4 some appear to have but a single form, while others have various forms.

Thus 5 those of woody character, as tufted thyme bergamot-mint calamint, have but one form, un- less one counts wild and cultivated, scented and scentless plants, as belonging to distinct forms ; and again there are with these plants differences of culture of position and of climate. Some also 6 of the group valued for their flowers 7 have each but one form, for instance, the black ion (violet) ; for this does not appear to have different forms

6 tvia Se /col conj. W.; ei>ioi Se UMAld.

7 a.vQS,v in the sense of wQittiav 2, which perhaps should be read here.

37


THEOPHRASTUS


wcnrep TO \VKOV e^avrjs yap rj TOVTOOV Bia\\dTTOvaa, Kal en Brj /j,a\\ov 77 TWV Kpivwv, eiTrep Brf, KaOaTrep <f>acriv, evia /ecu rroptyvpa eari.

4 TMV Be poBcov TroXXal Biatyopal Tt\rj6ei, re (f)v\\a)i> Kai o\iyoTrjTi fcaLTpa^vrtjri KCU \eioT7jTi /cal ev%poia /cal evoo-fjiia. ra fiep yap Tre^Ta^uXXa, TO, Be BwSetcdffrvXXa, Kal eiKo

ra B' en, TroXXa) TrXetov virepaipovra TOVTWV evia yap elvai (fra&iv a Kal KdKovcnv e 7r\i(na Be ra roiavrd eart, trepl ovroi yap \a/j,/3dvovTe<; eK rov Ylayyaiov (f>vrev- OVGIV eKel ydp yiverai TroXXa* <r/j,tKpd Be o~(f)6Bpa TO, eVro? </>uXXa- r; yap eK^voris avrwv oi/T&)9 w(7T elvai TO, [lev eVro? ra 5' eWo? f OVK evoo-f^a Be ovBe /j,eyd\a rot? peyedeaiv. ev Be rot? jj.eyd-

5 Xoi? evcoBrj /xaXXoi> &v rpa^v TO KOLTW. TO Be o\ov, wcTTrep e\e%0i], Kal fj ev^poia Kal rj evocrfiia Trapd TOL? TOTrou? eo-Tiv eVel Kal TCL ev yfj Ty avTy yivopeva Troiel Tiva nrapa\\ayr]v evocrfjuias Kal do(T/jiia<>. evoa //.orara ^e Ta ev l^vpi'^vr], Bi o Kal TO /jLvpov tfBio-Tov. avrXw? Be Kal TMV twv Kal TWV d\\a)V dvOwv aKpaTot, fjud\iaTa


1 c/. 6. 8. In.; Diosc. 3. 102.

2 Plin. 21. 14-21 ; Athen. 15. 29.

3 i.e. of the bark. c/. Plin. 21. 17, scabritia corticis.

4 Sc. in ' double ' roses.

6 i.e. the hip; c.illed o/*<f)a\os Arist. Probl. 12. 8, where the same statement is made ; called p.ri\ov below, 6.

38


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VI. vi. 3-5

like the white ion (gilliflower) in which the colour evidently varies ; as does still more that of the Hlies, if it be true, as some say, that there is a crimson kind. 1

2 Among roses there are many differences, in the number of petals, in roughness, 3 in beauty of colour, and in sweetness of scent. Most have five petals, but some have twelve or twenty, and some a great many more than these ; for there are some, they say, w r hich are even called ' himdred- petalled.' Most of such roses grow near Philippi ; for the people of that place get them on Mount Pangaeus, where they are abundant, and plant them. However the inner petals 4 are very small, (the way in which they are produced being such that some are outside, some inside). Some kinds are not fragrant nor of large size. Among those which have large flowers those in which the part 5 below the flower is rough are the more fragrant. In general, as has been said, good colour and scent depend upon locality ; for even bushes which are growing in the same 6 soil shew some variation in the presence or absence of a sweet scent. Sweetest- scented of all are the roses of Gyrene, wherefore the perfume made from these is the sweetest. (Indeed it may be said generally that the scents " of the gilliflowers 8 also and of the other flowers of that place are the purest, and especially the

6 rfj aiTTJ conj. Sch.; roicivrr) U; roiavra M.

7 &Kparoi /j.d\i<rra KeWi at 6<r/u.a( conj. Sch. after Saracenus on Diosc. 1. 25; Athen. I.e. (&Kparot jj.a.\iara na\ 6e~iai at offjj.a.i) ; aKparoi- fj.d\i(rra 5' exeivov of ocr.uaf Aid.; e/ce? at bffp.a.\ (rest uncertain) U. cf. C P. 6. 18. 3.

8 ? violets ami gilliflowers : see Index.

39


THEOPHRASTUS

al ocr/iai, BiacfrepovTO)? Be rov KpoKov yap OUTO? BOKL 7rapa\\aTTi,v. (frverai pev ovv r) poBwvia Kal e/c TOV o-TrepuaTOS' e%ei Be VTTO TO avdo<$ ev TO> yii??X.ft) KVJjKU>Be<f rj aKavwSes, e^ov Be Tiva 'xyovv l^are eyyvs etvai rwv TrafnTw^iMv o-Trep/jidTWV ov jArjv a\\a Sia TO ^/jaSeco? Trapa- ryiveo-Oai (caTaKOTTTOvres, &>9 eXe^dr), TOV KCLV\OV <j>VT6vov(riv. eTriKaio/jLevrj Be Kal eTTLre/jLVOfjuevrj (f>epL TO avOof eo)fj,evr) yap egav^erai Ko'XH'OVTai. Bel Be Kal fjiera^vreveiv Kal jap OVTCO (fracrl KCL\\LOV yivecrdai, TO poBov. al B* aypiat, rpa-^vrepai Kal Tat? pdffBois Kal TO?? (j)v\\o^, ert Be avOos a-^pov- o"repov e^ovai Kal eXarrov.

7 To 8e lov TO fj,e\av TOV \evKov Biacfrepei Kara re aXXa Kal KMT avrrjv rrjv Iwviav, on, ir\arv- (f)V\\6s Te Kal eyyei6(j) uXXo? Kal

ea"Ti, 7ro\\r}v e^Qvcra pi^av.

8 Ta Be Kpiva rf) pev XP OL $ T ^ v

Biatyopdv. fjiovoKav\a Be evnv &>? eirl irav, BiKav\ei Be (TTraviw rd^a Be rovro %(>pas Kal aepo? Biafopas. KaO^ eKaarov Be Kav\bv ore pep ev Kplvov OTe Be TrXeto) ryiverai' /3\a(ndvi yap TO ciKpov cnraviWTepa Be ravra' pi^av Be rjv o-apKcoBr) Kal arpoyyvXrjp' 6 Be


1 f>ia<f>fp6vT<i>s Se TOV icpoitov conj. Saracenus from Athen. I.e. ; Sm^epoWws S)/ TOV XP^ VOV Aid. cf Callim. Hymn to Apollo 83, whence it appears that an autumnal crocus (crocus sativua) is meant. See below 10.

2 aitav>5es conj. Sch. from G, acanaceum ; dyflcDSes UMAld.

3 TroTTTrwSaiv conj. Sell.; irpwrccv Aid.

4 PHn. 21. 27.


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VI. vi. 5-8

scent of the saffron-crocus/ a plant which seems to vary in this respect more than any other). Roses can be grown from seed, which is to be found below the flower in the ' apple/ and is like that of safflower or pine-thistle, 2 but it has a sort of fluff, so that it is not unlike the seeds which have a pappus. 3 As however the plant comes slowly from seed, they make cuttings of the stem, as has been said, and plant them. If the bush is burnt or cut over, it bears better flowers ; for, if left to itself, it grows luxuriantly and makes too much wood. Also it has to be often transplanted ; for then, they say, the roses are improved. The wild kinds are rougher both in stem and in leaf, and have also smaller flowers of a duller colour.

4 The black ion (violet) differs from the white" ion (gilliflower) not only in other respects but in the plant itself, in that in the former the leaves are broad, lie close to the ground, and are fleshy, and there is much root.

5 Krina (lilies) shew the variation in colour which has been already mentioned. 6 The plant has in general a single stem, but occasionally divides into two, which may be due to differences 7 in position and climate. On each stem grows sometimes one flower, but sometimes more ; (for it is the top of the stem which produces the flower 8 ) but this sort is less common. There is an ample root, which is fleshy and round. If the fruit is taken off, it

6 Plin. 21. 25. The account of herbaceous coronary plants seems to begin here. cf. 6. 6. 10. 6 6. 6. 3.

7 SiaQopus U ; Siatyopa W. after Sch.

8 &\affTavet. But this word in T. has usually a more general sense. ? ' for in that case the top of the stem branches ' (lit. ' makes fresh growth ').

41


THEOPHRASTUS


d(f>aipov/jbvo<; eK^\aaTavei KOL icpivov 7r\rjv eXaTTov. TTOLGL Be Tiva Kal crvppoijv, fjv KOI (pvTevovanv, waTrep ei7ro/J,ev.

'O Be vdpKto'cros rj TO \elpiov, 01 /j,ev yap TOVTO ol ' etceivo Kakovai, TO fj,ev eirl TTJ <yfj <f)v\\ov %e^, r jr\aTVTepov Be TTO\V, Ka6direp

TOV Be KdvXoV Ct(f)V\\OV /LLV 7TOCi)B7)

Be Kal ef aKpov TO avOos, fcal ev v/jievi TIV\ ev dyyeico <fcap7rov> /j,eyav ev i^d\a /cal Trj ^poLa a^j/naTi Be Trpo^fc^j. ouro? 8' Troiel ft\dcrTr](nv CLVTO/JLCLTOV ov ^v d\\d teal cruXXe'yo^re? Trrjiyvvovcri /cal TIJV pi^av e%ei pi^av aapKcoBrj <7Tpoyyv\r)v otyiov Be G^oBpa 1 fJueTci ydp 'ApKTOVpov r) civ drier is Kal irepl lafjfjLepiav.

10 'O Be KpoKGS TroctiBtjs fjiev Ty (f)vcri, KaOdirep Kal vTa, 7r\r)v <f)v\\() crTevy, cr^eBov ydp wcnrep e<jTiv o^LavOes Be (T<j)6Bpa Kal TTpwlavOes, o7TOT6/9ft)9 rt? \ajui{3dvoi TTJV wpav </Jt,eTa> Tl\eidBa ydp dv6el Kal ev@v<$ B* afia TW (f)v\\(i) Kal TO BoKei Be Kal rrpoTepov pi^a Be TroXX?; Kal (rapK(t)Br)$, Kal TO o\ov ev^wov (f)i\el Be Kal Kal yiverai Ka\\t,a)v


1 c/. 2. 2. 1 n., 9. 14 ; C.P. 1. 4. 4-6. Plin. 21. 26 describes a method of artificially producing crimson lilies from the bulbils of a white lily. " cf. Geop. 11. 20.

2 cf. 6. 8. 1 and 3. See Index. 3 cf. 7- 13. 1. 4 TTOC^STJ : cf. 4. 10. 3.

4?


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VI. vi. 8-10

germinates and produces a fresh plant, but of smaller size ; the plant also produces a sort of tear-like exudation, which men also plant, as we have said. 1

The narcissus 2 or leirion (for some call it by the one name, some by the other) has its ground-leaves like those of the asphodel,, 3 but much broader, like those of the krinon (lily) ; its stem is leafless and grass-green 4 and bears the flower at the top ; the fruit 5 is in a kind of membrane-like vessel, and is very large, black in colour, and oblong in shape. This as it falls germinates of its own accord ; however men collect and set 6 the seed, and also plant the root, which is fleshy round and large. The plant blooms very late, 7 after the setting of Arcturus about the equinox.

8 The saffron-crocus is herbaceous in character, Rke the above-mentioned plants, 9 but has a narrow leaf; indeed the leaves are, as it were, hair-like ; it blooms very late, and grows either late or early, according as one looks at the season 10 ; for it blooms after 11 the rising of the Pleiad and only for a few days. It pushes up the flower at once with the leaf, or even seems to do so earlier. The root 12 is large and fleshy, and the whole plant vigorous ; it loves even to be trodden on and grows fairer when the root is crushed into the ground by the

5 Kapirbv omitted in MSS.; add. Dalec. from Diosc. 4. 158. B irriyvvovffi : cf. 7. 4. 3 n.

7 cf. C.P. 1. 10. 5 ; Plin. I.e. (a much confused passage).

8 Plin. 21. 31-34.

9 Sc. wpiVoj/ and vdpKurcros ; cf. 6. 6. 8 n.

10 i.e. whether at the end of one season or the beginning of the next. cf. C.P. 1. 10. 5. Xapfrdvoi U ; Xa/jLpdvei Aid. add. W. 12 cf. 7. 9. 4.

43


THEOPHRASTUS

TT}? ptfys 1 Bi b /cal Trapa ra9 oSou? /cal ev rot? KporrjTois tcd\\i(TTOS. rj Be (frvreia CLTTO

iWft v

u Tavra /juev ovv ovro) yevvdrai. ra ' aXXa avQt) ra Trpoeiprj/jieva iravia (nrelpe'rai, olov hovia SioaavOos i<f>vov <^>Xof r)/jL6poKa\\e<;' /cal yap avra real al pi^ai fuXcoSei?' (TTreipercu Se KOI TI olvdvOy fcal yap teal TOVTO dvOwbes. rd fi^lt ovv av6iK,d (jye&ov ev rourot? /cal rot? opo'iot,*;

\7J1rT60V.

VII. Ta Be Tpa Trdvra /JLW dvOel /cal crTrep- fj,o<t>opi, So/eel be ov irdvra Bid TO pr) fyavepov elvai TIVCOV TOP /caprrov eVel /cal TO ev'itov dfiavpov aXX' OTL ftpaSecos /cal Tepa>5 Trapayiverai, rfj (pvreia xpwvrai fj,d\\ov, 2 w o-7re/3 IXe^Orj /cal fear dp%d<;. /cairoi Biarei- vovjai Tives a>? ov/c . e^ovrcdv Kapirov 01 re ireTTeipacrOat (frda/covres /cal TOVTWV elo~Lv, avrol ydp fypdvai 7ro\\d/ci<; /cal aTrorptyai /cal (nrelpai, teal ovSeTTtoTTore ^kaarelv ovre pirv\\ov ovre \eviov ovre cncrvfiftpiov ovre pivQav TT encipher 9 at ydp /cal TavTijs. dXX* o/zw? e/celvo d\r)0ecrTpov, r) re TWV dypic&v (frvcris eTTi^aprvpel' /cal yap ep7rv\\6<; evTLV aypios, bv /co/x/fo^re? e/c rwv opwv (f>VTevovai /cal ev ^IKV&VI /cal 'AOrfvycriv e/c rov "TjATjTTOV' Trap' aXXot? Be oXw? opr) Kal \6<poi, KaOdirep ev rfj pa/cy /cal


1 irdrcf conj. Turneb. and others ; /carco Aid.

2 KporrjTo'ts : Plin. I.e. iuxta semitas ac fontes. Did he read icpovvois 1

3 avOiKa conj. Seal. ; aKat>0iica Aid. c/. 6. 6. 2.

4 dAA' '6ri conj. W. from G ; *\\o St UMPAld.

44


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VI. vi. IO-VIL 2

foot 1 : wherefore it is fairest along the roads and in well-worn places. 2 It is propagated from the root.

These are the ways then in which the above plants are grown. All the above-mentioned flowers are grown from seed, as gilliflower carnation spike- lavender wall-flower martagon-lily ; these plants themselves, as well as their roots, are woody. Drop-wort is also grown from seed ; for that too is a plant grown for its flower. These and other plants like them may serve as examples of plants grown for their flowers. 3

VII. All the others flower and bear seed, though they do not all appear to do so, since in some cases the fruit is not obvious. Indeed in some the flower too is inconspicuous, but, because 4 these grow slowly and with some difficulty, men propagate them rather by off-shoots, as was said at the beginning. How- ever some contend that they have no fruit : and there are men who have actually tried with the following plants 5 ; they have, they say, themselves often dried and rubbed out and sown the apparent fruit of thyme calamint bergamot-miiit and green mint (for even that they have tried) and there was no germination from such sowing. However, the account given above is the truer, and the character of the wild forms testifies to this ; for there is also a wild thyme (Attic thyme 6 ), which they bring from the mountains and plant at Sicyon, or from Hymettus and plant at Athens ; and in other districts the mountains and hills 7 are quite covered with it, for instance in Thrace. There is also a 6 ol re . . . tlfflv transposed by Sch. ; in MSS. after


6 Plin. 19. 172 ; Athen. 15. 28.

7 \6<(>oi conj. W.; rtiroi Aid.

45


THEOPHRASTUS

Be nal raXXa BpifjiVTepav e^ovra rrjv e/OTTfXXo? 8' eviore /cal iravTeKws Ov/jiwBijf;' a Bfj\ov on, TavTrjv TTJV yevecnv Xa/mfldvei.

'AffpoTovov Be /jLaX\ov drro cnrepiJLaTOS ft\a- (TTavei T) drro pity? KOI TrapcKTTrdSos' %aXe7ra>9 Be fcal CLTTO direpfjiaro^' Trpo/jLOO-^evofj.evov <Be> ev oarpd/cois, cocnrep ol 'A^coz^/^o? Kfjiroi, rov 6epov<$' SiKTpiyov yap (T(f)6$pa Kol oXco? eTri/cijpov KOI OTTOL 6 r^Xto? <T(f)oSpa \dfjwrei' e/JL/Siwaav Be /cal a /jieya /cal la"%vpov /cal BevBpwBes wvirep TO

VOV, TT\J]V %V\W$.(JTepOV TTOXu TOVTO

/cal av%iici)Be(rTpov.

'O Be dfjidpafcos a/JL^orepw^ tyveTai, /cal diro irapacrTrdBos /cal OLTTO o-Trep/jLaros' Tro'XixTTrep/jLov Be, /cal TO crTTep/jLa evoo-j^ov ocr/Ay /jLaXa/cwTepa" BvvaTai Be /cal fJLeTa$VTeveo-6ai. iro\vaTrepiJLov Be /cal TO dftpoTovov /cal ov/c aoa^ov. TOVTO Be pi^as

opOds /cal KaTa j3d@ov$. e<JTi yap warrep ^ov TTJ Tra^eia ra? 8' aXXa? <d(f)ii](Tiv> air

6 B* dpdpaKos /cal 6 e/oTTfXXo? /cal TO cn(7v/ii/3piov /cal TO eXeviov eVtTroXatou? /cal

tSet? /cal TappcoBew v\(t)Bei<> Be Trdcrai,

e /JidX\ov TI TOV dftpoTovov /cal Bid TO

/cal TTJ


1 fviore conj. W. ; evlois Aid.

2 Plin. 21. 57. Description of various forms of epirv\\os has perhaps dropped out after this word : c/. 5,


. 3 i.e. from seed. TUVTTIV conj. W.; Trdvra UMAld.;


4 Plin. 21. 34 : c/. C.P. 1. 4. 2. ^TOVOV . . . Otpovs, text nearly as given by Aid. and by UM (?) supported by Plin.

46


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VI. VH. 2-4

wild bergamot-mint, and wild forms of the other plants mentioned, having a more pungent smell. Thyme is sometimes 1 quite like cultivated thyme.' 2 Now it is plain that these wild forms possess this means of reproducing themselves. 3

Southernwood actually grows more readily from seed than from a root 4 or a piece torn off (though it grows even from seed with difficulty) ; however it can be propagated by layering in pots in summer- time, like the ( gardens of Adonis ' 5 ; it is indeed very sensitive 6 to cold and generally delicate even where the sun shines brightly ; but, when it is established and has grown, it becomes tall and strong and tree-like, like rue, except that the latter is much more woody drier and less succulent.

7 Sweet marjoram grows in either way, from pieces torn off or from seed ; it produces a quantity of seed, which is fragrant with a delicate scent ; it can also be transplanted. 8 Southernwood also produces much seed, which has some scent. This plant has straight roots which run deep ; it has, as it were, its single stout root, from which the others spring; 9 while sweet marjoram tnyme bergamot-mint and calamint have surface 10 roots which are much divided and matted ; in all these plants the roots are woody, but especially in southernwood, because of its size and because it is so dry.

I.e. so far as that passage is intelligible but 5e before tv offTpaKOis add.W. ; after eV bffrp. supply ^\aff7avei.

6 cf. Plat. Phaedo 276 B and Thompson's n. Sir W. Thiselton-Dyer in Companion to Greek Studies, 99, p. 65.

6 cf C.P. 4. 3. 2. 7 Plin. 21. 61.

8 pfTatyvTevea-Qai conj. Sch. from G ; /u6Ta</>iW0at Aid.

9 fyl-nffiv add.W.

10 Twro\aiovs conj. Seal.; M vo\\ovs MAld. cf. C P 2 16. 5.

47


THEOPHRASTUS


Tov Be ep7rv\\ov iBios r) av%r)(Ti.<; rj TO>V /3\a- BvvaTai jap e<' oaovovv Tfpolevai, Kara %dpa/ca \a(3cov rj TT/JO? al^aaiav (j>VTev- r) KCLTW Kadie^ievo^' evav^eaTaTos Be 6t9 <f)peap. eiSrj Be TOV /JLV r}/j,pov \afielv OVK ecm, KaOdirep eXe%^. TOV Be dypiov elvai. TOV jap ev ro?9 opecriv TOV /j,ev Tiva KOI Bpi/jLVTCtTov TOV 8* evocr/Aov elvai, /cal


6 f 'lpa Be TT}? ^ureta? 7r\ei<TTa)v fJLeToirwpov, ev w crTrevBovcriv &><? Trpwra <f)VTeveiv ov fir^v aXX' evia fcal TOV rjpos (frvTevovaiv. airavTa (f>i\6crKia /cal <f)i\vBpa Kal fyiXoKOTTpa yLtaXtcrra* av%/j,ov Be Kal 0X0)9 oXiyovBpoTaTOs 6 epTruXXo?. q) Be %ai,pei, yLtaXtcrra Be Kal TTJ TWV \ofyov- pcov <j>a<rl Be Kal fteTatyvTeveiv Beiv TroXXaKw i(o yap. TO Be cncrv^^piov, wcnrep e\e%0r), Kal fj,r) jjbeTa^vTevofJLGVov.

VIII. Twi^ 8' dvO&V TO /J,eV TtpWTOV K(j)aiVTai

TO \evKolov, OTTOV fjiev 6 drjp fj,a\aK(*)Tpo<> evOvs TOV ^eijJbwvoSy OTTOV Be o~K\r)poTepo<$ vcrTepov, evia^ov TOV rjpos. d/ma Be TO) tco rj /MKpov TI vcFTepov Kal TO <J)\6yi,vov Ka\ovfJievov TO dypiov


1 c/. Plin. 20. 245 and 246 (not from T.) ; O.P. 2. 18. 2 ; Diosc. 3. 38 ; Index (pnv\\os.

2 c/. Plin. 19. 172, which refers however to Nic. ap. Athen. 15. 31.

8 Plin. 21. 61.

48


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VI. vn. 5 -vin. i

1 The growth of the shoots of thyme is peculiar. If it has a stake, or is planted against a wall, it can send them out to any length ; so also if it is let grow downwards ; indeed it is most vigorous when grown into a pit. 2 It is not possible to distinguish different forms of the cultivated kind, as has been said, but they say that of the wild kind (Attic thyme) there is more than one form ; for that of the kind which grows on the mountains one form is like savory and very pungent, while the other is fragrant and more delicate.

3 The season for planting most of these is autumn, and then men hasten to plant them as early as possible ; however some are planted also in spring. All of them love shade, 4 water, and especially dung ; however thyme is patient of drought and, in general, needs moisture less than the others. These plants especially delight in the dung of beasts of burden ; and it is said that they should often be transplanted, for that it improves them, while bergamot-mint, as has been said, actually degenerates 5 if it is not transplanted.

Of the seasons at ivhich coronary plants flower, and of the length of their life.

VIII. 6 Of the flowers the 7 first to appear is the gilliflower ; where the air is mild, it appears as soon as winter comes, but, where it is more severe, later, sometimes in spring. Along with the gilliflower, or a little later, appears the flower called the wild wall-

4 fyiXoffKLa conj. Seal. froinG ; QiXoima. UMAld. cf. Plin. I.e.

5 f^iffrarai conj. Seal, from G, deyenerat ; e^rao-Toi MAld.

6 Plin. 21. 64-66; Athen. 15. 26 and 27. avflwv : ? in the sense of avOiKwv, as in 6. 6. 3.

7 rb conj. Seal.; rov Aid.

49

VOL. II. E


THEOPHRASTUS

ravra jap wv ol o-T(f>avr)7r\o/coi ^pwvrai TTO\V e/CTpe^et, TWV a\\cov. fiera Be TavTa o vdp- KIO~O~O<$ /cat TO \6ipiov, </cai TWV dypucov dve/Jico- vrjs 76^09 TO Ka\ov^,evov opeiov,> ical TO TOV y8oX/3oO /ccbBvov e/jL7r\e/cov(7i <ydp evioi /cal TOVTO

619 TOU9 0-T6$>aVOV<>. 7Tt Se TOVTOl? r) OlvdvQl]

teal TO fJieKav tov /cal TMV djpicov o re e'Xeto- %/9fcro9 KCU r?79 dvepwvrjs 77 \eijJLWvia Kakov- pkvri /cal TO ^i(j)Lov KCU vdicivOos fcal o-^eBbv

2 00^0^9 aXXo9 %/3ftWat TWV bpelwv. TO Be poSov vGTepel TOVTWV /cal TekevTalov f^ev <f>aiveTai, TrpwTov 8' aTroXetTret TWV eapivwv oXiyoxpovia tydp TJ avdrjcris. oXiyo^povia Be /cal TWV a<y- picov TO, \oL7rd 7T\rjv Tijs vaKivOov /cal TTJS dypias /cal 71)9 (TTrapTrjs' avTrj Be Bia/j,ev6i /cal TO \VKOV lov /cal eTi TrXeta) TO (f>\6<yivov TO Be Brj fj,i\av lov, axTTrep eiprjTai, Be* eviavTov OepaTreias a)<ravTQ)S Be /cal rj olvdvBrj, /cal <ydp TOVTO a KOV fjbev 7rowSe9 Be Trjv <f>vonv, edv

/cal dfyatpf) TO avOos /cal yu-?; ea

/cal TL TOTTOV evi\ov e%r)' TO Be av0o<;

/cal \ev/cbv KaOdirep TWV dypioov . . . TavTa

ovv w(T7rep eapiva (fraiverai.

3 Ta Be Oepivd /naXXov ij Te \v%vl<; /cal TO

/cal TO Kplvov teal TO tyvov /cal 6


1 Evidently both distinct from the vdpKurvos fj \etpiov of 6. 6. 9 ; 6. 8 3. See Index.

2 /cal T-Stv . . . opeiov ins. Sch. from Athen. I.e. with alteration of bpeiwv to ayptuv. cf. Plin. I.e.

3 i.e. the flower of muscari, mentioned in this way because elsewhere (e.g. 1. 12. 1) the edible root is in question, which was properly called &o\p6s.

4 cf. 9. 19. 3. 6 See Index.

5


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VI. vm. 1-3

flower. These, of all the flowers that the garland- makers use, far outrun the others. After these come pheasant's eye 1 and polyanthus 1 narcissus (and, among wild plants, the kind of anemone which is called the ' mountain anemone ') 2 and the ' head ' 3 of purse- tassels ; for this too some interweave in their gar- lands. After these come dropwort violet, and of wild plants, gold-flower, 4 the meadow kind of anemone corn-flag hyakinthos (squill), and pretty well all the mountain flowers that are used. The rose comes last of these, and is the first of the spring flowers to come to an end, as it is the first to appear, for its time of blooming is short. So too is that of the rest of the wild plants mentioned, except hyakinthos^ the wild kind (squill), and also the culti- vated (larkspur) ; this lasts on, and so does the gilli- flower, and for a still longer time the wallflower, while the violet, as has been said, 6 blooms throughout the year, if it receives tendance. So too dropwort 7 (for that too is one of the plants valued for their flowers, though it is herbaceous 8 in character) if one pinches off and removes the flower instead of letting it go to seed, and if, further, 9 it has a sunny position. The flower is clustering and white, like that of the wild . . . . 10 These then are, we may say, the plants of spring.

11 The following belong rather to summer : rose- campion carnation krinon 12 (lily) spike-lavender and

6 6. 6. 2 ; cf. C.P. 1. 13. 12. 7 cf. 6. 6. 11.

8 iro&Sfs : sense not obvious ; euwSes conj. Dalec. cf. C.P. 1. 13. 12. 9 tri conj. W.; gr* UMAld.

10 Ut labruscae G, perhaps a guess : see olvdvOii in Index.

11 Plin. 21, 67 and 68.

12 Kplvov Sch. from Atheri. I.e.; so also Plin, I.e.; KypivQoi Aid.

5I


THEOPHRASTUS


6 <&pvyw en Be 6 TTO^O? OUT09 8' ecrrt Strro?, o fJLev e^cov TO avdos Trf vaKivOw, o $e ere/jo? a^pou? \evfcos, q> Ttu Trepl rov9 Ta<oi>9' /cat xpoviwrepos ovros. dvOel Be Kal T] Ipis ToO Oepov? /cal TO arpovOiov KoKov fjievov rf) /j,ev otyei tcakov TO avOos aovpov 8e. peroTTwpov Be TO \eipiov TO erepov Kal 6 tcpoKOs, o Te opetvbs aoo-fios /cal 6 ^/ie^09* ev0v<$ yap di>0ov<n, Tot? TrpwTot? vBacri. xpwvrai Be Kal T&V dyplayv rq> T% 6vaK,vdov fcapTrfi Kal rw avdei TO) T^? fjii\aKO<>.

Kal Tat? jj,ev wpais ovrax; eKacrrcov rj ryevecns. a>9 Be a7rXca9 eiTreiv ovBels Bt,a\ei7rerai, %p6vos ovB* eGTiv avavdifc, aA,Xa Kal 6 ^eifjiwv evet KCLI- Trep a<yovo<$ BoKoiv elvai Bia rr]v Kard"^rv^v TWV /jiTO7ra)pivwv /AeTa\a/ji/3av6i>T(i)v, eav Be Brj Kal yu-aAa#o9 y, TroXXcS /xaXXoz^. 7rXco9 yap Trdvr rj ra TroXXa Kal eTreKreiverai, T7J9 otKeias copas, Kal eav 6 T07T09 ei5etXo9 17 /JiaXXov Bi? o Kal o-vve%eia ^povoi uev ovv OVTOI Kal wpai Kara


6 Bto9 Be Iwvias ^ev TTJS \evKrjs erij

rpia' ryrjpaa-KOVda Be eXarrovrat Kal Ha \VKO- repa (frepei. poBa)VLas Be nrevre ra jrpbs rrjv aKfjLrjv firj eTrucao/J^vijfi' xeipw Be Kal ravrrj^ ra poBa yrjpao-KOvarjs. 7r/?09 evoGfjiiav Be Kal po&cov Kal Iwv Kal TWV d\\a)v avO&v ^ki<JTov o To?ro9


1 c/. C.P. 1. 4. 1.

2 c/. the Eng. plant-name 'love-in-absence'; see ir66os in Index.

3 Aewcbs . K\fvKos, 'whitish,' Athen. I.e.

4 Evidently the vdpKiffffos % \floiov of 6. 6. 9 ; c/. 6. 8. 1 n.

52


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VI. vm. 3-5

the Phrygian sweet marjoram ] ; also the plant called ' regret,' 2 of which there are two kinds, one with a flower like that of larkspur, the other not coloured but white, 3 which is used at funerals ; and this one lasts longer. The iris also blooms in summer, and the plant called soap-wort, which has a beautiful flawer but is scentless. In autumn bloom the other kind of narcissus, 4 the crocus, both the scentless mountain form and the cultivated one (saffron - crocus) ; for these bloom directly the first rains come. The fruit 5 of the cotoneaster and the flower of the smilax, both of them wild plants, are also used in garlands.

Such are the seasons at which each appears ; and, to speak generally, there is no interval of time nor flowerless period, but even winter produces flowers, for all that it seems to be unproductive by reason of the cold, since the autumn flowers continue into winter, and to a much greater extent if the season be mild. For all things, 6 one may say, or at least most of them, extend beyond their proper season, and all the more if the place be sunny ; so that there is a continuous succession. These then are the periods and seasons at which the various flowers are produced.

7 The life of the gilliflower is at most three years ; as it ages it degenerates and produces paler flowers. 8 A rose-bush lives five years, after which its prime 9 is past, unless it is pruned by burning 10 ; with this plant too the flowers become inferior as it ages. Position and a suitable climate contribute most to

6 KapTry : PHn. l,c. apparently read &vQet.

6 iravr $ conj. St.; tt6.vrt] Ald.H. 7 Plin. 21. 69.

8 foconj. St.; acl AW.

9 fcrjuftr cofij, Seal; irV- Aid. 10 of. 6. 6. 6.

53


THEOPHRASTUS

Kal 6 drjp Trpbs eicaarov ev AlyvTTTG) <yap rd /JLCV aXXa TTCLVT aoar^a /cal KOI dpco/jLara, at Be fivpplvat, Oav/jiacrral Trporepelv Be <f>aori TWV evravOa Kal poBa /cal ta /cal ra a\\a civdrj /cal Bi/jujvy, /cal Bia/jieveiv Trkeico TCOV Trap' rjfiiv rj OVK %pbvov ravra.

Ao/cet Be TTO\V 717)09 evo<Tf.u.av Bt,a<pepeiv, Xe%^?;, /cal 6 eviavrbs rolos rj roto? ov fiovov eTTOfi^pLa^ /cal au^ot? d\\a /cal rat /cara Kaipov yivecOai /cal vBara /cal Trvevfjtara /cal aTrXw? ra? rov ae/?o? //.eraySoXa?. ra Be ev rot? opeviv a>9 avrXw? el^relv Kal poBa Kal la Kal ra aX\.a <AraXw? fJiev avOelv> rfj Be oa-fjifj 7ro\\d vet/oft) <yivecrdai. Kal Trepl fJLev TWV GTefyavw- toV Kal aTrXw? TWV typwyaviKwv o-%eBbv ev

TCH5 OyLt-OtOt? (TTlv T) I


1 ? ? violets and gilliflowers ; so also below.

2 Plin. I.e.; cf. C.P. 6. 18. 3.

8 6v0r? conj. St. from G ; avavBij Aid. cf. C.P. 6. 19. 4.

4 Plin. 15. 37.


54


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VI. vm. 5-6

the fragrance of roses gilliflowers 1 and other flowers. Thus in Egypt, 2 while all other flowers 3 and sweet herbs are scentless, the myrtles 4 are marvellously fragrant. In that country it is said that the roses gilliflowers and other flowers are as much as two months ahead of those in our country, and also that they 5 last a longer, or at least not a shorter, time than those of our country.

And, as has been said, the particular season ac- cording to its character, makes a great difference to the fragrance, not only by reason of rains and droughts, but also according as rain, wind, and in general, the changes of climate occur or do not occur at the fitting moment. Also it appears that in general roses gilliflowers and the rest bloom well on the mountains, but many of them have there an inferior scent. 6 Concerning coronary plants and under-shrubs in general these examples and others like them suffice for our enquiry.

5 ravra conj. W. ; TOVTOV Aid.

6 &V0T) TTJ OOTiTJ 1TO\\<f Aid. ; &l>01) TTJ 8e OfffJ.fi 7TOAA& UM,

whence Sch. and W. conj. that some such words as na\u>s /xeV have dropped out and avfletV has been altered to &vQ-q. cf. C.P. 6. 20. 1.


55


BOOK VII


H


I. ^Trofjievov Be rot? elprjpevots Trepl rwv

t7T6r>' TOVTO ydp l(TTl \OITTOV TWV %

yevwv, ev w crv/ji

TO \a%avr)pbv /ecu TO (JtTwSe?. teal Trpwrov irepl rov Xa^avtoSovs \eKreov dpa/j,evov<> airo TWV r)juLpcov, eVel yv(0pi/j,a paKkov d<ypi(i)v.

Etcrt $r) T/oet? aporoi Trdvrwv rwv ev ot? e/cacrra (TTreipovcri Siaipovvres raw wpcus. 6*9 fJ,ev ovv o %ei/jipiv6<i, aXXo? 8e 6 Be 6 /Jiera^v TOVTWV pet)' r)\iov

Ka\ov(Ti 8' oirrfc>9 ov TT/OO? rrjv OVT<; d\\d TTyOO? Tr)V yeveaiv Kal TTJV xpelav 6fcd(TTOV 67Ti r] rye ev TO?? evavriois yiverai. TOV yap dp%rj fjuera rpoirds Oepivas TOV

os, ev <j> (JireLpova-i pdfyavov p

teal rd /ca\oi>jjiva eiridTTOpa' ravra 5' ecrrl revT\iov OpiSa/civr] ev^cd^ov \diradov vdjrv Kopiavvov av^Oov fcdpSajjiov /ca\ovai 8e

1 c/. a P. 3. 20. 7 and 8.


BOOK VII

OF HERBACEOUS PLANTS, OTHER THAN CORONARY PLANTS : POT-HERBS AND SIMILAR WILD HERBS.

Of the times of sowing and of germination of pot-herbs.

I. Next we have to tell of herbaceous plants : for this class remains of those which we distinguished at the outset, and it includes to some extent the classes of pot-herbs and of cereals. And first we must speak of the class of pot-herbs,, beginning with the cultivated kinds,, since it happens that these are better known than the wild kinds.

1 There are three seed-times for all things grown in gardens, at which men sow the various herbs, distinguishing by the season. One is the ( winter ' seed-time, another the 'summer/ and the third is that which falls between these, coming after the winter solstice. These terms however are given in regard not to the sowing, but to the growth and use of each kind ; for the actual sowing takes place, one might almost say, at the opposite seasons. Thus, the ' winter ' period begins after the summer 2 solstice in the month Metageitnion, 3 in which they sow cabbage radish turnip, and what are called ' secondary crops/ that is to say, beet lettuce rocket monk's rhubarb mustard coriander dill cress ; and

2 Beptvas conj. Seal.; xetjuepu/as U(?)MP 2 Ald.G (ed. Bas. and Par. but not ed. Tarv.). 8 July. 5 before M. om. Sch.

59


THEOPHRASTUS


Kdi trp&Tov TOVTOV T&v apoTtov. TOV Be Bev- Tepov TraXiv fieO* f)\lov rpOTras TOV TafirfKiwvos Wvfay ev (D cnrelpovo't, KCLI Trrjyvvova-i Trpdaov o~e\ivov yrfOvov dBpdtyagvv. TOV TDITOV Be, bv /ca\ovo~t, depivbv, TOV M.ovvv%i,wvos' ev TOVTW

B GTTeLpGTCU (j'uCVOS KO\OKVVTr) f3\lTOV WKifJiOV

dvBpd^vrj OvplBpov. iroiovvTai Be TrXe/ou? dpo- TOU9 TWV ofjioitov tcad' efcda-Tijv &pav, olov pa(f>a-

ci/jiov TWV a\\a)v. Traffi Be <nrelpeTai, rot9

TO, eTTiaiTopa.

veTai B 1 OVK ev t<roi9 irdvTa %p6voi<$, d\\a TO, fjiev OOLTTOV TO, Be ftpaBvTepov 6(ra Bvo-^vrj.

Td^KTTa fJLV OVV WKIJULOV fCCtl (SKlTOV Kttl 6#fft)-

fjiov teal TWV xei/Ae pwwv pa<f>avi<$' Tpirala yap o>9 elTreiv. OpiBaictvai, Be TeTapTalai r) TreyUTrr- alai. critcvos Be /cal /coXo/cvvTrj irepl r9 irevre rj ef, ol Be fyacriv eTrra- jrporepov Be /cal Oarrov

6 (TIKVOS. dvBpd'^V'r) B 1 eV TT\eLo(Ti TOVTtoV.

6ov Be TeTapTCUov. icdpBa/jLOv Be /cal VCUTTV ala. TevT\LOv Be Oepovs /JLCV e/cralov Be Be/caralov. dBpd<j)aj;v? Be oyBoaia. Be Be/caraia. nrpdaov Be /cal yrjOvov OVK ev tcroi9, d\\a TO fjiev evvea/caiBe/caTaiov evia^ov Be elicoa-Talov, yjjfivov Be Be/caTalov rj BcoBe/ca- TOIOV. Kopiavvov Be Bvo-faes' ovBe yap e6eh.ei (3\a<rTdvetv TO veov eav /jurj j3pe%0fj. Ov/jL/3pa Be /cal opiyavos ev TrKeLoo'iv r) Tpid/covTa. Bvcr- (frvecTTaTov Be TTUVTCOV TO o~e\ivov Teo~o~apafco- crTalov yap (f>ao~iv ol ra o~vvTO/jL(*rrepa


1 January. 2 April. 3 Plin. 19. 117.

4 Turv xA* 6 P 1 ""' : cf. 7. 1. 1.

60


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VII. i. 2-3

this is also called the ' first' period of cultivation. The second period begins after the winter solstice in the month Gamelion, 1 in which they scatter or plant the seed of leeks celery long onion orach. The third period, which is called the ' summer' period, begins in the month Munychion 2 : in this are sown cucumber gourd blite basil purslane savory. Moreover they make several sowings of the same herb at each season, as of radish basil and the others. And at all the periods are sown the ' secondary crops.'

3 Not all herbs germinate within the same time, but some are quicker, others slower, namely those w r hich germinate with difficulty. The speediest are basil blite rocket, and of those sown for winter 4 use, radish ; for these germinate in about three days. Lettuce takes four or five, cucumber and gourd about five or six, or, as some say, seven ; however, cucumber is earlier and quicker than the others. Purslane takes a longer time, dill four days, cress and mustard five. Beet in summer takes six days, in winter ten, orach takes eight, and turnip ten. Leek 5 and long onion do not take the same time, but the former nineteen to twenty days, the latter ten to twelve. Coriander germinates with difficulty ; indeed fresh seed will not come up at all unless it is moistened. 6 Savory 7 and marjoram take more than thirty days ; but celery germinates with the greatest difficulty of all ; for those who make the time com- paratively short say forty days, and others fifty, and

5 irpaffov conj. Bod.; irpdffiov P 2 Ald.H.

6 ftpex e fi con J- Bod. cf. O.P. 4. 3. 1 ; eA^f) Aid.; ^A^j) P.jBas. ; so also G.

7 of. C.P. 4. 3. 1 ; Plin. 19. 7.

61


THEOPHRASTUS

ol Be TrevrrjKOQ-raiov, fcal rovro Kara rtdvras rovs dporovs* emarreipovo'i yap rives errl rrdaiv.

f/ OX&>9 Be oaa Kara TrXetov? wpa? crrreiperai, ravr ovBev Odrrov re\eia yiverai rov Oepovs. Kal OavfJiaarov el /cal /j,r)6ev rj &pa o~v u/3d\\erai /cal 6 drjp 7rpo9 TO Oarrov, eav Be jJiO^Orfpa Kal tyvxpa Kal TW depi TrepiaKeTrr)? fipaSvrepov eVet Kal %ei/JL(i>V(0v T) evSiwv km^ivo^kvwv rot? dporois ore /AW ftpa&vrepov ore Be Odrrov r) /3 Siatyepet, Be ravra Kara rov$ dpbrovs TTpwiairarov yap ev rot? evei\oi<$ Kal

f H? yap aTrXw? elrrelv ev n\eloGi Bel ra? atria? vrro\a(Be'iv r&v roiovrcw, ev re rot9 avrols Kal ev rfj %w/?a Kal TW depi Kal rals als eKacrra arcelpovGi Kal ^eiaoovwv Kal evoiwv. aXXa rovro fiev crKerrreov, e<jb' wv re rrapa\\dr- rovcriv 01 %povoi, Kau e<p wv ov' KCU yap rrjv pa<j)avi,Ba $>aaL rives rpiraiav Kal Oepovs Kal 'Xeifitovos, TO Be revr\iov, cocrrrep elpyrai, 7rapa\- \drrei Kara ras wpa$. %p6voi 8' ovv ovroi rfjs /3\aarr)(re(*)<; elai Kal \eyovrai Ka(? eKa^rov.

kiafyepei Be rrpbs rb Odrrov Kal ftpaBvrepov Kal 7; rwv (TTrepadrcov rraXaiorrjs. rd fjiev yap drro vewv rrapayiverai Odrrov, olov rrpdaov yrjOvov

1 &pas Vo.H. ; x^P as UM ; so also G.

2 TcAeto conj. W. (conim.) ; ye TTO\\O. MSS.; T^ TroAAo Vo.Sch.W. (text); yiverat conj. Sch. from G ; ylvevOai Aid.

3 Kal TT) atpi . . . PpaSvrepov : grammar doubtful and text perhaps defective : so given in UM ; ol 6 afyp

62


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VII. i. 3-6

that too, at whichever period it is sown, for some sow it as a ' secondary crop ' at all the periods.

Generally speaking, those herbs which are sown at more than one season 1 do not mature 2 faster in the summer. Howbeit it is strange if the season and the state of the atmosphere do not contribute at all to quicker growth, and if, when there is an un- favourable cold season and the atmosphere is cloudy, these conditions do not tend to make growth slower, 3 seeing that, when stormy or fair weather follows the sowing, germination is slower or quicker accordingly. And there is another thing which makes a difference as to the raising of the various herbs ; germination begins earlier in sunny places which have an even temperature.

As a matter of fact, to speak roundly, the causes of such differences must be found in several different circumstances, in the seeds themselves, in the ground, in the state of the atmosphere, and in the season at which each is sown, according as it is stormy or fair. However it is a point for consideration with which herbs the time of sowing makes a difference and with which it makes none ; thus it is said that radish germinates on the third day whether it be sown in summer or in winter, while beet, as has been said, behaves differently according to the season. Anyway such are and are said to be the seasons of germination in each case.

4 Another thing which makes a difference as to the rapidity with which the seeds germinate is their age ; for some herbs come up quicker from fresh seed, as


trpbs rb PpaSvTfpov conj. Sch. (with /uox^- K. tyvxpa supply T) &pa p).

4 Plin. 19. 118. Se conj. Seal.; ykp Ald.H.

63


THEOPHRASTUS

KO\OKwrr)' evioi Be Kal Trpo/Bpe^ovo-i rov

(7LKVOV TT/DO? TO OdrrOV rj V <yd\aKTl f) l> vBari.

TO, 6 drro TraXaiwv, olov vekwov revr\iov fcdp- Bafjiov 0v/ji/3pa Kopiavvov bpiyavov eiTrep /jirj <(f}vreverai> avra OLTTO rov veov, KaOdirep i$iov Be fyaaiv eTrl rov TVT\IOV &v j yap &ia<f>v<T0ai irav evOvs a\V varepov TO Se KOI T& exofjuevw eret, KOL TM rpirw, Si' o ex TToXXoO cTTrep/jLCLTOS o\i,yov {3\aa"rdveiv.

Se TWV o-TrepfJidrcov, eav dBpvvOevra /iez^et TT/JO? rrjv wpav rrjv eavrov KOI ov Trporepov efc/3\acr raver KOI Kara \6yov earl' Kal >ydp 7rl rwv dypiwv opwjjiev crv^alvov, eav fjLrj <j)0apfj. at Be TeXetw(7et9 rwv Kapirwv arcav- rwv ryivovrai rov Oepovs, Trporepov Be Kal Odrrov ft)? aTrXw? eLTrelv rcov Trporepov cnrapevrcov. Bia- <pepei Be Kal r; wpa' ra yap ev rals Oepfjirifjiepiai^ dTrapevra Barrov eKKav\el Kal eKa-Trep/biarovrai, KaOdirep patyavls 7077^X^9. evia Be OVK eviavaia (pepet, rov KapTrbv d\\d Bieva, KaOdrrep aeKivov TTpdaov ryrjOvov, a Kal Biauevei %p6vov Tr\eiova Kal OVK eariv eVeVeta- rd yap TroXXa rovrcov daa rfj reXeicoo-ei rwv orTrepudrcov avaiverai.

Tldvra Be to? elrcelv ocra eKKav\el Kal re\eiol rov KapTrov diroreXeiovrat, Kara TO cr^^tta TOU K rcov Kav\wv e^euv aKpe- ocra uovoKav\a, KaOdrrep Trpdaov Kal yijOvov Kal Kpo/^vov Kal crKopoBov.

<3>i\vBpa Be Kal <f)t\oKOTrpa irdvra, fjuaXkov Be


1 (pvrevfTai avra conj. W.; ov rb UMAld.

2 Sc. soaking.


64


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VI 1. i. 6-8

leek long onion cucumber gourd ; (some even soak the seed of cucumber first in milk or water, to make it germinate quicker). Some come up quicker from old seed, as celery beet cress savory coriander marjoram (unless indeed they are raised x from fresh seed in the manner 2 which we have mentioned). There is, they say, a singular feature about beet 3 ; the seed does not all germinate at once, but some of it not for some time, some even in the next or in the third year ; wherefore it is said that little comes up from much seed.

Any of the seeds, if they are ripe when they fall, last till their own proper season and do not sprout till then. And in this they are consistent ; for we note that the same thing happens with the seed of wild plants, unless it is destroyed. However all mature their fruits in the summer, though sooner and quicker, generally speaking, when they are sown earlier. The season also 4 makes a difference ; things sown in the hot season push up their shoots and go to seed sooner, as radish and turnip. Some however bear their fruit not in the same year but in the next, as celery 5 leek long onion, which plants also last a longer time, and are not annual ; for most herbs wither with the ripening of their seed.

Generally speaking, all those that push up shoots and mature their fruit reach their perfection of form in having side-shoots branching from the main stem except those which have but a single stem, as leek long onion onion garlic.

All these herbs are lovers of water and of dung,

3 cf. C.P. 4. 3. 2; Plin. U.

4 Seconj. W.; yap Aid. H. 6 Plin. I.e.

65 VOL. II. F


THEOPHRASTUS


rd da6eveo-repa /cal 7rXetoz>09 eTT^u-eXet'a? Beo/^eva, rd Be /cal Tpocfrrjs.

II. ^verai Be irdvra dirb rov trTre/o/zaro?, evia Be /cal CLTTO Trapa&TrdBos /cal /c\covo$ /cal pi^rjs. OLTTO /j,ev 7rapao~7rdBo<; rj pdtyavos' Bel yap Tt, /cal pi^wBes 7rpoo~\a/3eiv. UTTO Be TWV j3\ao-ro)v Tnj- yavov opiyavos W/CIJAOV dTrotyvrevovat, yap /cal rovro orav o-TTidafjaalov rj fiel^ov <yewr)rai et9 TO ijfjiio'V. d'jro plty]S Be G/copoBov /cal /cal /3oX$09 /cal apov /cal a?rXw9 ra roiavra TWV /cetyaXoppi^cov. fyveTai Be /cal ei TIVWV al pi^au Biapevovcriv eirl 7r\eiova %pbvo ovT(ov. on Be aTrb o-Trep/jLaros Trdvra (fravepov /cal yap TO Trrjyavov, OTrep ov (f>a(TL rives,

d\\d PpaBews, Bi' b /cal dTro^vrevovaiv.

tt f\ 5,\>\/o i/ / r \ */t*

(Jcra oe airo pifys (pverai, rovrwv rj /JLCV pia

Xpovtos avrd Be e7rerei6/cav\a, Bi b /cal rrapa/B^a- (TTavovaiv al pi^at TWV TOIOVTCOV /cal .yivovrai ov fiovov ev ro?9 ^epoL^ teal /crjTrevo- d\\d /cal ev ro?9 dypiois, wcnrep eljrofJLev, olov /3oX/9ot9 yr)6vois cr/ci\\at,<; /cal ro?9 d\\oi<;. B* evia /cal rcov /jirj K,e<f)a\oppi%wv Be, olov o~e\ivov /cal revT~\iov' d<f>iao-t, yap pl%a<$ (/>' wv (frvovrai $v\\,a /cal /cav\oi.


1 Plin. 19. 121. - c/. C.P. 1. 4. 2.

3 Set yap TI QP 2 ; ael ydp n Ald.H.G; Sch. suggests 5e for yap, missing the sense.

4 jSAaffTwv corresponds to KAwvbs above,

66


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VII. i. 8-u. 2

and especially the weaker ones, which require more attention or in some cases more feeding.

Of the propagation of pot-herbs, and of differences in their roots.

II. 1 A11 these herbs are propagated from seed, and some also by a piece torn off, a shoot, or a piece of root. Cabbage is propagated by a piece torn off, 2 since it is essential 3 in this case to take a piece which has root attached to it. From cuttings 4 are grown rue marjoram basil ; for slips of this too men plant when it has grown to the height of a span or more, cutting off half the plant. 5 By root 6 are planted garlic onion purse-tassels cuckoo-pint and in general such bulbous plants. Such propagation is also possible in cases where the roots persist for more than a year, though the shoots last but for a year. And it is plain that all these herbs can be grown from seed ; for even rue can (which some deny), though the process is slow, and so cuttings are also taken.

Of those which are propagated by a piece of root the root is long-lived, though the plant itself may be annual ; wherefore the roots of such plants make offsets and so increase ; and this is true not only of plants cultivated in the garden, but also of wild plants, as we have said, for instance of purse-tassels long onion 7 squill and so forth. Some plants even which are not bulbous s but longer-lived make offsets, as celery and beet ; for these send out roots from which grow leaves and stems. Long onion and

5 cf. C.P. 1. 4. 3. 6 i.e. offsets.

7 yndvois om. some editors, as not being wild.

8 i.e. and so annual.

67 r 2


THEOPHRASTUS


7rapaf3\ao~TdvL Be KOI ^tfOvov KOL rrpdo-ov real 7rapa<p>vei tcaTwOev olov /3o\/3(*)Sr] rtvd /ce^aX^, ef 179 r) /SXaoT^o'^ yiverai TWV (f>v\\(ov, avav- OevTOS Be TOV /cav\ov KOI TOV cnrepfiaTOs d(j)aipe- 6evTO<$' aXXa Sid TO fjirj ^prjai/jias elvai ra? TOVTCOV K<f>a\d<> ov avXXeryovcriv et? ijpacriav, Si?

3 o /cal ov (f)VTevovo~i. fd^a Be ravra Kai o/Aoyevfj KCU avveyyvs TTCO? rfj rov rcpofjivov fyva-ei, Si o teal ov Oavfjuao-Tov. aXX' oyLto/w? [teal] eVl

KOI r)fjLpa)V /cal dyptwv, oo~a xpovicorepa eariv eirereiofcavXa Be, TOVTWV /cal al pi^ai fi\ao-Tdvovo~iv, wo"jrep /cal eVl TWV (fr /cal rwv Qa/JiVtoSwv aXX' eVt rwv /cpo/jivwv /cal o-/cop6S(0v /cal j3o\(3wv /cal waTrep dpidfjios rt? yiverai TOVTCOV. rj Srj ryevecris, wo"nep eiprjTai, T/O^W? eaTiv, aTrb aTrepfjiaTOS fiev TfdvTwv, diro Be /cav\ov /cal pi&s TWV elprj^evwv.

4 Tcov Be Kav\cov KoXovadevTwv iravra fjbev GO? GiTrelv /3\ao~Tavei TrKrjv TWV aTro/cavXcov, e/ji(f)ave- crTara 8' waTrep /cal els xpeiav CO/CI/JLOV OpiBa^ pd<f>avo<;. /cal r^9 fjiev OpiSa/cos rjSiovs (^aal rou? 7raXt/i./9XacrTet9 elvai /cav\ov<f TOV ydp Trp&Tov ojrcoBrj ical m/cpov elvai co? aTreTCTOv ol Be TO evavTiov oTcwbeaTepovs TOVTOV? aXX' 6&)? dv a)o~iv avraXol fyaiveaOai y\VKVTepovs. aXX' eVt -7-779


1 irpdffov conj. St.; irpdfftov Ald.H.

2 Sia rb ^ conj. W. ; ^ Sict rb UM(?)Ald.

3 i.e. offset bulbs.

4 W. omits /*/ (Ald.UM(?)) after av\\eyovffi.

6 i.e. the plant is increased by seed only and not by offsets. c/. 7. 4. 10 ; Plin. 19. 103.

6 dpoius oonj. Sch.; '6^s PAld.H.(UM ?).

7 eTreret^/cavAa conj. Sch.; firiyfidrfpa PAld.H.

68


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VII. n. 2-4

leek l also make offsets, sending out a ( head ' below, like the bulb of purse-tassels, from which the leaves spring; but this only takes place when the stem has withered and the seed has been removed. But, as 2 the ' heads ' 3 of such plants are not useful, they do not collect them 4 for storing dry ; wherefore also they do not plant these. 5 It may be that somehow these are akin and closely allied to onion, wherefore what has been said is not surprising. However in all those plants, both wild and cultivated alike, 6 which have an annual stem, 7 but yet live longer than a year, there is an outgrowth of the roots, just as there is in under-shrubs and shrubby plants : while in onions garlic and purse-tassels even a number, 8 as it were, of such roots is formed. In fact, 9 they are reproduced in three ways, as has been said ; from seed in all cases and from the stem 10 and root in those specified.

11 Almost all shoot again if the stem is broken (except those which are stemless), but most obviously basil lettuce cabbage, which are, as it were, broken for a practical reason. Indeed they say that the stems of lettuce which thus grow again are sweeter, 12 for that the original stem has a taste like fig-juice and is bitter, as being not properly ripened. Some however say that the later stems have the taste of fig-juice more than the original one, but that, so long as they are tender, they appear sweeter. Be that as

8 apid/mbs is clearly corrupt, and has displaced an unusual word for which Sxrirep apologises.

9 8)/conj. Sch.; 5e Aid.

10 /cauAoC is here that part of the plant which is above ground. u Plin. 19. 122.

12 7/8U;s Vo.mBas.H., so too G, Plin. I.e., Athen. 2. 69; UAld. cf. C.P. 2. 15. 6.

69


THEOPHRASTUS

pa(f)dvov rovro ofio\oyovjj,evov, o>9 el

a-rrjaeiev rjStwv d<f>aipe6evr<*)v ye rwv <j)v\\a)v irpo

rov Sia/cav\Lo~ai.

&iaiievovo~i Be ai pi^ai rf\iovwv, aXX' ai pev fSKaardvovcri rtaKiv ai Be ov. pafavls yovv KOI yoyyv\ls Bia/jbevovcri, 77)9 r m^\r)OeLcrit]^ a%pi, Oepovs KOI av^rjcnv \a/jL/3dvovcriv, OTrep TTOIOVCTI rives e^eTrirrjSe^ TWV KtjTrovpSyv ov {3\ao-rdvov(n Se ouS' dtyiacri (f)i>\\ov ov$* et Ti9 a^eXot rrjv eTricreo'ayfMevrjv yrjv. ISelv 8e rovro /cal ejrl TWV a\\cov ecrrl. rd Be TrXetcrra TWV \a%dva)V fiovop- pi'a TT) Tra%eia /card ftddovs pity KOI ydp oora 7rapa(f>vi ra9 IcroTra^el^ Tavras, wcnrep ae\i,vov /cal revT\iov, airo rfjs //-e<7^9 7Tft)9 17 Trapd^vai^ eaTL /cal OVK ev0v<> airo r^9 /o%^9 77 cf^Ldi^' IK Be TCLVTI]^ rrjs yu/ta9 dirrfpTTjVTai, al aTrocfrvdSes ai fju/cpal fcal r^9 pa(f>avi8o<; /cal Trjs yoyyv\i8o<?. /cal avrai [juev Brj TTCLGI (pavepal Sid rr]v ^peiav.

? H Be rov revr\iov pia JJLCV /jia/cpd /cal ira^ela /cal opOn, tcaOaTrep ri rwv pa&aviStov, aTro&vcreis Be

>/ / < V \ C- / ' \ \ \ f \ C>\

e^eu 7ra^eta9 ore pev ovo ore be tcai rpeis ore be /cal fj^iav, ra9 Be fJLi/cpds e/c TOVTWV. (rap/ccDB^ Be rj pia /cal rfj yevaei y\vxela /cal fjoela, BL o /cal wjjirjv eaOiovo-i Tive<$' o Be ^>Xoto9 ov Tra^i/9 ovSe dfyaiperbs, w&Trep 6 rwv pafyavioutv, d\\d lia\\ov olo9 o TWV iiriro(Te\ivwv. wo-avrax; Be /cal TI r^9 dBpa(f)dvo<; pia /j,ev t9 y8a^o9 e/c Be aXXat.


1 &\affTT)(rifv conj. Sch.; fiXa.a'rhffti Aid.

2 oi8' el rts Ald.H.; et /x^ TIS conj. Seal, supported by G.

3 fK . . . /JLtKpal conj. W.; els 8c raurrjv T^V p.la.v i) air'


70


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VII. 11. 4-6

it may, it is admitted that in the case of cabbage the stem is sweeter if it should have grown l again after being broken, provided that the leaves are stripped off before the plant runs to stalk.

In most cases the roots persist, but they do not in all cases produce fresh growth. Thus radish and turnip persist till summer, if earth is thrown on them, and they increase in size ; and some gardeners do this deliberately; but they do not make fresh growth nor send out leaves, even if one 2 removes the earth heaped over them. And this may also be observed in other plants. However, most pot-herbs have the single stout root which runs deep ; for even in those which produce these side-roots of equal stoutness, as celery and beet, the side-growth comes, as it were, from the middle root and it is not separate to start with ; but to this single root are attached the small out-growths, 3 both in radish and in turnip. These instances are familiar to all because of the use 4 which is made of these plants.

The beet has a single long stout straight root like that of the radish, and has stout out-growths, some- times two, sometimes three, sometimes only one, and the small ones are attached to these. The root is fleshy and sweet and pleasant to the taste, wherefore some even eat it raw. The ' bark ' is not thick and cannot be detached, like that of the radish, but rather resembles that of alexanders. In like manner the root of orach is single and runs deep, and other roots are attached to it.

re Kal rrjs airo^vaSos teal /.iiKpa Ald.H. ; so also M, omitting re. W.'s restoration of a very corrupt text is at least consistent with what follows in 6.

  • i.e. for food.

7 1


THEOPHRASTUS

7 ^Aovoppi^oTaTOV Be TOVTCOV TrdvT(ov TO \a- iraOov ov yap e%t 7ra%e/a? aTro^utre^? aXXa T9 XeTrra?' ftaOvppi^orarov Be Trdvrwv, e^ei yu-etfa) rpiMV rjfjUTToBicov TO 8' aypiov Tro\vKav\ov Be teal 7ro\VK\a8ov KOI r) o\r) Te\iwOel(ra TrapaTT^rjaia rfj rov revT\Lov

Be /col rov aypLov KOL 0X0)9 Be ra)i> \a%dvwv co? elirelv Bia/juevei yap OTTOCTOVOVV %povov W9 (fracriv. e%6t Be crap/ccoBrj TTjV pl^av KOI eviKfJLOV, &i o Kal l^cupeOelcra %fj irdXvv xpovov.

To S' wfcifjiov fjbiav fj,V TTJV Tra^elav rrjv Kara a9 e/c


"Evict, B* OVK e'Xei TTJV jj,tav TTJV opdrjv, olov TO /3\irov, aXX' evOv ?roXXa9 ef a/cpov Kal evTra^et^ /cal /JLarcpOTepas T^9 dBpa<j)dj;vos. 8 Tcoz/ 3e pi^wv ^vXwBeararai TraG&v at TOV , KaOaTrep /cal 6 fcav\6<?. 77 ydp TOV Kal TMV TOIOVTCOV

. elcrl ydp &>9 a7rXw9 elirelv Tracrwv al fj,ev crapKGdBeis al Be v\coBei,<>. <(7apKti)Bet<i> } olov 77 ToO TevT\iov Kal TOV G\.ivov Kal iTT7roa-e\Lvov Kal \airdOov Kal pa<f)aviBos Kal 70771^X1809 Kal r ndv- fjid\icrTa TWV Ke(j)d\o^apa)V ovBe ydp dva^v]-

Be,


1 cf. 1. 6. 6.

2 ras Aid., cf. ras 8e /J.IKPO.S 6 ; TLVO.S conj. W. c/. Plin. 19. 98 (who mistranslates).

c/. 7. 6. 1 ; (7. P. 3. 1. 4. 4 See^Index,

72


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VII. n. 7-8

Monk's rhubarb 1 however has a single root in a truer sense than any of the others, for it has no stout out-growths of root, but only the 2 slender ones ; its root also runs deeper than that of the others, being more than a foot and a half long. The wild sort 3 however has a shorter root, and has several stems and branches, and its shape, as a whole, when fully grown resembles that of beet. Cultivated monk's rhubarb moreover is longer lived than the wild form, 4 and, in general, we may say, than any other pot-herb, for, they say, it may live any time. It has a fleshy root, 5 full of moisture, wherefore, if pulled up, it will live some time.

Basil has the single stout root, the one which runs deep, and the others at the sides are slender and fairly long.

Some herbs, as blite, have not the single straight root, but a number of roots which start directly from the top and are of a good stoutness 6 and longer than those of orach.

The roots of basil are woodier than those of any of the other herbs, as also is its stem ; for those of blite orach and the like are less woody. In general we may say that the roots of any 7 of these herbs are either woody or fleshy. Examples of fleshy 8 roots are beet celery alexanders monk's rhubarb radish turnip, and especially all ' heavy-headed' 9 kinds, for the roots of these do not wither up altogether even when they are dried. Examples of those with woody roots

6 p'iav conj. Sch.; vdpita, Aid.

6 Plin. I.e. seems to have read a different word from ei/Traxets, or to have misunderstood it.

7 Tcaffiav conj. W. ; ira/>' S>v UMP ; also Ald.H., omitting a.

8 ffapicwSzis add. Seal, from G.

9 i.e. bulbous ; cf. 1. 6. 8.

73


THEOPHRASTUS

al TOV GDKL/JLOV /cal /3\irov teal d /cal ev(t)/j,ov /cal dvrfOov [/cal \a7rd6ov] /cal /copidvvov /cal a-TrXtw? TO>Z> vevpo/cav\a)v e^ei jap BTJ /cal TO dvrjdov /cal TO /copiavvov ovra povoppi^a gv\(t)Si] re rrjv pi^av KOI ov /j,a/cpdv ovSe ra? XeTTTtt? dTrocfrvdSas e^ovaav vroXXa?" 7ro\v/cav\a be a/A(f)(t) /cal TroXvo^a, $S o /cal ov /card \6yov

OV$6vl TOVTOOV TO ClVCt) TT/SO? TO /CaTCi).

a Be ravrd ecrnv, olov QpiSag dv- j, rfj opdrj /cal Tat? t? TO, 7T\dyia. rj &E wcnrep ov/c e^ei rd$ Toiavras dirofyvaeis aXXa JJLOVOV rds XeTTTa?, /cal jj,d\t,ara Brj povop- ptov ft)? eiTTeiv. aTrXco? 77 iravra rd Oepivd fSpa^vppi^a' /cal <ydp 6 (ri/cvos /cal 77 KO\OKVVTIJ /cal fj ffi/cva /cal Sid Trjv wpav /cal tcra)? eT^/xaXXo^ Sid rrjv (f>V(7iv, ijirep vvvr]KO\ovOr)Ke rfj wpa. r) Se /jLeratyvrevo/jievr) OpiSat; Ppa^wrepav e%ei pi^av TT}? cnrapeio-r)?' Trapa/3\acrTdvi yap /c 7T\a f yiwv //-aXXoz^* /3pa%VTepav Se /cal rj dypia TT}? rjfjiepov, /cal etc TWV avwOev 7ro\VKav\orepa.

III. ' Kv6el Se TWV jJLev d\\Q)v e/ca&Tov dOpoov, TO Se MKi/Jbov Kara p,epos, rd /cdrco irpwrov el^ orav ravra diravO^crrj rd dvw, Si o /cal TTO\V-

1 After a!>7)0ou Aid. H. have /cai \airdeov : bracketed by W. after Sch.

2 diro^uaSas conj. Seal.; aTro(f>v\\d8a$ Aid.

a TO.VTO. conj. Sch.; ra roiavra UM ; roiavra Aid. 4 Athen. 2. 79. Sch suggests that the name of a plant has dropped out after Sxrirfp : ? rj av

74


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VII. n. 8-in. i

are basil blite orach rocket dill : coriander, and in general, those with fibrous stems ; for in dill and coriander, which have a single root, the root is woody and not long, and the slender side-roots 2 from it are not numerous ; but both plants have several stems and branches ; wherefore in neither of these plants does the part above ground correspond to the part which is below.

The following 3 have short roots : lettuce and purs- lane, in which both the straight main root and the side ones are short. 4 Lettuce may be said to have no such side-roots, but only the slender ones, and may be called in the strictest sense a plant of a single root. In general all summer herbs have short roots : we may include cucumber gourd and bottle- gourd, both because of the season to which they belong and perhaps still more because of their character, which corresponds to the season. How- ever the transplanted lettuce has a shorter root than one that is raised from seed, since it is more apt to send out side-growths ; also the wild kind has a shorter 5 root than the cultivated, and the part above ground has more stems. 6

Of the flowers and fruits of pot-herbs.

III. 7 A11, except one, of these herbs produce all their bloom at once, but basil has a succession of flowers, the lower part of the plant flowering first, and then, when that bloom is over, the upper part. Wherefore its season of bloom is a long one, like that of the

5 fipaxvrepav conj. Sch.; fipaxvrfpa Aid.

6 &vu>Qev iro\vKav\oTfpa conj. Sell, from G ; Si/or ra 8e TTO\VK Aid. cf. Diosc. 2. 136. 7 Plin. 19. 100.

75


THEOPHRASTUS

ev ry dvOelv, KaOdirep /cva/jLos /cal TT}? 7roa9 TO rj\iorpomov ica\ov[JL,evov /cal d\\a Be rwv dypicov. dvOe.1 Be real 6 GIKVOS TTO\VV /cal yap eTTifiKacrrdveiv rovrw ye (TVfi/3aivi. Be avdf] TWV /AW eK\evica TWV Be i&r]\ivoiS'f} Be jjiiKpov 'eTTLTrop^vpL^ovra, ev^povv 8* ovOev.

Ta Be (Tire plectra Biatyepei, /cal rot? ra pep yap TrXeto-ra o~Tpoyyv\a ra Be ra 8' av 7r\area /cal <f)V\\(t)Bi}, KaOdnrep ra dBpa(/)dj;vos' o/noiov yap ro> rov ertX^>/ov' ra Be (rrevd /cal ypaju,fjb(*)Brj, KaOdirep rov KVfiivov. /cal rot? xpcopao-iv o/xotft)?, ra [jbev fjbi\ava ra Be gv\a)Brj ra Be \evKor^pa. rcdvra Brj e\\o/3o- (TTTepfjiara r) yv/jivocrTrepfjLara r) efj,<f)\oioa7repfjLara rj TraTTTroo-Trep/jiara' pafyavls /j,ev yap /cal vairv /cal yoyyv\l<; e\Xo/3oo-7rep/jiara, tcoplavvov Be /cal pdpaOov /cal avr]Qov /cal KV/JLIVOV yvfjuvoa-Trep/jLara, /3\irov Be /cal revr\iov /cal dBpd(f)aj;vs /cal WKL/AOV ejUL(f)\oLO(77rep/jLara, OpLBa/ctvrj Be rcanrco- arrepfJiarov.

TLdvra Be 7ro\v/cap7ra /cal 7ro\v/3\a<Trrj, TTO\V- /capTrorarov Be TO KV^LVOV. iBiov Be /cal o \eyovai Kara rovrov cfracrl yap Beiv Karapacrdai re /cal (3\a<r(f)'r]iLLe2v &7reipovras, el yLteXXet /ca\bv eaeeOai /cal TTO\V.

Be rrdvra /lev tw? eliretv 7T\rjv rov 9 6 o-?T09' OUT09 yap


1 For the collective sense of irJo (- ra TrowSrj) cf 1. 3. 1.

2 iroA&j/ XP VOV conj. W., wfiich at least gives the required sense ; KCI\OV/JI.I>OS Aid.

3 /j.n\ivoiSes : cf. 6. 2. 8.

4 ? 'orange.' 5 Plin. 19. 119.

7 6


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VII. HI. 1-3

bean, and among herbaceous plants l that of the plant called heliotropion, and also other wild plants. Cucumber also has a long period 2 of bloom, for this plant has a second growth. The flowers are in some cases whitish, in others quince-yellow, 3 in others somewhat reddish 4 ; but the flower is never of a bright colour.

5 The seeds too differ in shape ; most are round, but some are oblong ; some again are broad and leaf- like, as those of orach, for the seed of this is like that of silphium ; others again are narrow or marked in lines, 6 as those of cummin. They also vary in colour, some being black, some the colour of wood, 7 some paler. The seeds of all are either in pods or naked, or have an integument or have a pappus. Radish mustard and turnip have their seeds in pods ; coriander fennel dill and cummin, have naked seeds ; those of blite beet orach and basil are enclosed in an integument ; those of lettuce have a pappus on them.

All have numerous fruits and numerous shoots, but cummin has the most 8 fruits of all. 9 And there is another peculiarity told of this plant : they say that one must curse and abuse it, while sowing, if the crop is to be fair and abundant.

Nearly all of these, except cummin, are hard to dry for keeping, unlike corn 10 ; for this, when once


cf 4. 12. 2. ; canaliculata Plin. I.e.

7 ? ' brown W. 7 9. 3.

8 cf. 8. 3. 5 ; G P. 4. 15. 2.

9 cf 9. 8. 8; Plin. I.e. applies this to &KI^OV, Pall. 4. 9. 5 to ir-fiyavov.

10 ff'iros- OVTOS yap I conj. ; ovros yap UMH. ; P omits yap ', ff'iros t>s W. after Sch. ; nee modo frumcnti consistunt, quod G.

77


THEOPHRASTUS

dBpvvdfj Ta%v fyipaiveTai teal aTroiriTrrer Bva- typavTOTepa Be TO, e/jL^XoLoa-Trep/AaTa KOI TOVTOJV 4 </jLci\i(TTa TO wKifjiov. aTTCLVTct, Be %ijpav0VTa Tro\vKap7TOTepa yiveraj, Bi? o> /cal Tcpoa^ai- povvTes avTa %r)paivova-iv. aTravra Be 7ro\v%oa /cal 7ro\vo-7rep/jLara, 7ro\VKap7r6rarov 8e TO


8e TO, fjicv aKpo/capTra, /caOaTrep TTpdaov Kpofivov TO, Be TrXayio/capTra /jLa\\ov, olov paQavls yoyyv\ls /cal TO, TOiavTa' TO, B' ayLt^orepo)?, olov (B\iTov dBpd<J)av$' dfjiffroTepa yap Tavra /cal etc TOV TrXayiov, /cal TO ye (3\iTov Trap' e/ca<TTov o^ov irpoaKaG^fJLevov e^ei TO /9oT/3Lw5e9. TO, B' e/c Tca\aiOTepwv cnrep-

OciTTOV /CKaV\l, Ta^KTTa Be TO, K TWV

vTWV <TTI <ydp rt? dfc/j,r) /cal TOVTOOV. dva \6yov Be /cal TO /caXXo? d/co\ov6el TWV . . . eav ra a\\a Trjv airrrjv e^wcri Oepaireiav.

Ao/cei Be /cal els TO avTo dOpoa fle/uevcov /caXXico ryive<r6ai /cal fSKaaTavew OVTW jap TO TOV Tfpdaov /cal TO TOV ve\ivov TiOeaaiv a els oOoviov /cal yivovTai /jiejd\a.

^Vfi/3d\\TaL Be TI /cal 6 TOTTO? "irpos <yovv, OTav TIS /AeTa(f)VTevr] TCL /caTa/cpoveiv rj\iKov av /3ov\rjTa TO azKivov TiOevai Be /cal ev oOoviw iraTTaXov /caTa/cpovcravTa /cal 7r\r)a-avTa /coTTpov /cal 71)9.

1 /j.d\i(rra ... Si' & missing inUMAld.Bas.; text as restored by Sch. from Cam., G and Plin. I.e.

~ TO ye $\(TOV coni. W. : r6 ye irXsiffTOV U ; r6 re irXsiarov Ald.H.

3 e'/</cay\er : c/. 7. 1. 7 ; 7. 4. 3, and esp. C. P. 4. 3. 5.

4 After &KoAoy0et riev follows a lacuna of one and a half lines

78


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VII. m. 3-5

it is ripened, quickly dries and is shed, and the herbs whose seed have an integument are harder still to dry, especially basil. All however, when dried, produce more fruit : wherefore l it is the custom to gather the seed early and dry it. All of them are prolific and produce many seeds, but basil produces most of all.

Examples of those which produce their fruit at the top of the stem are basil leek onion : of those which produce it rather at the sides, radish turnip and the like ; of those which produce it in both ways, blite and orach ; both of these produce it at the side as well as at the top ; in fact blite 2 has its seed in clusters, closely attached to each branch. Some push up their shoots 3 fairly soon from old seed, but seed from plants in their prime is the most rapid ; for these plants too have a time when they are at their best. The beauty of the plant also corresponds 4 in proportion, provided that equal care in 5 other respects is shewn in cultivation.

6 It likewise appears that, if a quantity of seed is sown in the same place, the resulting crop comes up and germinates better ; thus they tie up seed of leek and celery in a piece of cloth 7 before sowing, and then there is a large 8 crop.

The position also contributes to growth ; at least, when celery is transplanted, they suggest that one should hammer 9 in a peg of whatever size one wishes to make the celery ; and also that one should sow the seed in a piece of cloth 10 after hammering in a peg and filling the hole with dung and soil.

in UMAld. ; text as given by Cam., which however omits TWV ; TUV (TTretpoyLteVcov H.; TWV TOIOVTWV Vo.Vin.

5 cf. 7. 4. 7. 6 Plin. 19. 120. 7 cf. C.P. 5. 6. 9.

8 ue-yaAa conj. St.; /j.fyd\cu Ald.H.

9 Made clearer C.P. 5. 6. 7. 10 cf. C.P. 5. 6. 9.

79


THEOPHRASTUS


Be KOI Tofc G")(j]^a<T(,v e^ofjiOLovrat Kal T07TO9' ^ yap aiKva ojjLOioaxrf/jLtov yiverat, ev to cuv Te6r) dyyeitt).

Kal Bia<f)opav \a/jL/3dvei Kara rou? ^Vfjuov^ evia TrpoOepaTrevOevra rcov o-Trep/jbdrcov, olov TO TOV GIKVQV eav ev yd\aKTi (3p%awTe<$ cnrel- pcoa-iv. a\\a ra pev roiavra tVa)? ol/ceiorepa 7779 OepaTreias.

IV. Tevrj Be TWV /mev cart. TrXetw rwv S' OVK ecrnv, olov wKifjiov \a7rdQov /3\irov /capSd/jiOV ev(0/jiov d$pa(j)d%vos fcopidvvov dvrfOov Tnjydvov rovTO)V yap ov (fraa-iv elvai <yevovs &ia(f)Opdv.> rwv Se ecrrt, patyavl&os pa(f>dvov revr\iov <TIKVOV KoXoKvvTrjs KVJJLLVOV (T/copoSov piaKivr)s. Siai- povcri Be rot? re (frvXXois KOI rals pi^cus Kal rot9


2 Olov 7779 patyavlBos <yevrj KopivOiav

Aeio0aoriav> djjLwpeav ^oiwriav evav%eo~TaTr)v Be rrjv KopivOiav, rj Kal Trjv pi^av e^ei yvfJLvrjv wOeiTai yap et9 TO avco Kal ov% co9 at aXXat Karco. TTJV Be AeioQaaiav, r)V evioi KciKovcri SpaKiav,


1 KOi TOiS T^TTOtS Aid. J KO.TO. TOWS' TJ7TOUS COHJ. W. C/. C. P.

5. 6. 7.

2 a77e(y . \a/j.&dvi om. UMPAld. ; StaQopav Se /cat Cam.; TO'TT^- Siaifxlpeiv 5e /cal H.; 07761^ conj. W. from C.P. 5. 6. 7 ; wal ia(f)opai> conj. Sch. C/. (7607). 12. 19. 6.

8 c/. 7. 1. 6 ; (?eop. 12. 20. 3.

4 After e?i/cH there is a lacuna in UMAld. ; Cam. supplies yevovs Siatyopdv rtav 8e avdira\tv ir\tiw yfvij ; H. has TrAeteo yfvr)

So


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VII. m. 5-iv. 2

Some things again come to resemble in their shape even the position l in which they grow : thus the bottle-gourd becomes like in shape to the vessel 2 in which it has been placed.

Moreover differences in taste are acquired in some cases when the seed has been treated specially beforehand ; for instance, the seed of the cucumber produces a fruit with different taste if it is soaked 3 in milk before sowing. But such matters belong perhaps more properly to the subject of cultivation.

Of the various forms of some pot-herbs.

IV. Of some herbs there are several kinds, but of others only one, as basil monk's rhubarb blite cress rocket orach coriander dill rue ; of each of these they say that there is 4 but one kind. But of others there is more than one, as radish cabbage beet cucumber gourd cummin garlic lettuce. Differences are marked in the leaves, the root, the colour, the taste, and so forth.

Thus of radish they recognise these various kinds 5 the Corinthian, that of Cleonae, the Leiothasian, amorea, the Boeotian. The Corinthian is said to be the strongest in growth, and it has an exposed root ; for it pushes upwards, and not downwards like the others. The Leiothasian 6 is called by some the

ou8e yevovs Sia<f>opa.v rcav 8e a.va.ira.\iv TrAetco yevrj ; Plin. 19. 123 rather supports H. ? read as in H. : ruv 8e ecm is perhaps an attempt to fill the lacuna.

6 c/. Plin. 19. 75 and 76, who gives a kind called viride in place of T.'s a/iwpe'o : see below. After /Sa^aytSos there is a lacuna in UMAld. (but U has TV 8e p.6pav Boiom'ai'). Text restored from Athen. 2. 48 (c/. Plin. I.e.). Cam.H.Bas. (also Vo.Vin.(?)) give substantially the same.

6 The name suggests Thasos, off the Thracian coast.

81

VOL. II. Q


THEOPHRASTUS

717)09 roi>9 %6/A<wz>a9. rrjv Be Bo/- coTiav yXvKVTaTrjv Kal TO> ayfipaTi 0Tpoyyv\qv, ov% axTTrep TTJV 1&.\ewvaiav paKpav. oacov 8' av f/ \eta ra <uXXa, y\VKVTepai KOI rjBiovs, ocrwv 6 av Tpa^ea, Bpi/nvTepai. 7^09 Be TL Trapa ravra

O"TIV O 6%l TO <f)V\\OV V%(t)/jiG) OfJLOiOV. pCL(f)a-

vlBo$ /jLev ovv ravra.

Toyyv\iBo$ Be ol JJLCV fyacrw elvai ol 8' ov fyacriv, XXa ry appevi KOI rfj OrjXeia Bia<j)epiv, yiveaflai Be ere TOV avTOv (nrep/JLaros d/jL^co. TT/jo? Be TO a7To6r)\vveo-6ai Trtjyvvvcu Beiv pavd?' eav yap TTVKVCLS, Tratra? aTrappevovaOai,, TOV CLVTOV Be TpoTrov Kav ev 777 fjio^drjpa aTrapaxn' BS o KOI ppaTKJiLov /ueTCKpepovTes (f>VTevov<ri, ra9 /cal 7rXar6ta9. eo"Ti Be Kal TO aTrep/jua TT) otyei TO %eipov /cal (3e\Tiov <f>avep6v r^9 ftev yap %/3>7crT>}9 \eTTTov T^9 Be juLO^O^pd^ dBpov. /jLevrj Be %aipei, KOI avTrj /cal yap a/j,a y\VKaiveo-0al re Kal TTJV 6t9 Trjv pi^av TpeTreaOai Kal OVK et9 TCL <f)vX\a. ro?9 Be VOTIOIS Kal ra?9 evBiaw KKav\ei Ta%v. TOVTO fJiev ovv \6yov BeiTai 7779 ojJbOLoxrews ev elvai r


1 Diosc. 2. 112 mentions a kind called by the Romans ap/jt.opdKioi'. Plin. 19. 82 has armoracia and says that this was called armon in Pontus ; Sch. suggests that the latter name may have given rise to both armoracia and d^uwpeo.

2 Plin. 18. 129, cf. 19. 75 ; A then. 9. 7.

3 Trrjyvvvai. The verb is vised of planting seeds singly ; cf. 6. 6. 9 ; 7. 1. 2 ; 7. 5. 3.

82


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VII. iv. 2-3

Thracian radish, and it stands the winter best. The Boeotian is said to be the sweetest arid to be round in shape, not of a long shape like that of Cleonae. Those kinds whose leaves are smooth are sweeter and pleasanter to the taste, those whose leaves are rough have a somewhat sharp taste. Besides the above-mentioned kinds * there is yet another, whose leaves resemble those of rocket. These then are the different kinds of radish.

Of the turnip 2 all do not agree that there are several kinds, but some say that the only difference is between the 'male' and the ' female,' and that both forms come from the same seed. In order to produce ' female ' plants it is said that the seed should be sown 3 thinly, for that, if it is sown thick, the result is all ( male ' plants ; and that the same result follows if the seed is sown in poor soil. Wherefore, when they are shifting plants for seeding, 4 they plant the seedlings 5 wide apart. 6 Good and inferior seed can be easily distinguished by their appearance ; the seed of a good plant is fine, that of a poor one coarse. Both this plant and radish like exposure to winter ; for it is supposed that this makes them sweeter and that they are thus made to grow roots rather than leaves. With a south wind and warm weather they run up quickly. It needs explanation that both plants should thus adapt 7 themselves in special ways.

4 irpbs ffVp/j.aTiffiJLoi> conj. W. ; rovs ffirfpfj.a.Tia'fji.ovs Aid H. cf. 7. 5. 3. 6 eicfvfffts : cf. 3. 3. 7.

6 Kal TrAareios corrupt. 8ieffTr)Kvias (W.) gives the required sense ; but there may be a loss of some words, irAoreias in- dicating that the object is to produce broader plants, cf. C.P. 5. 6. 9 and Sch.'s note.

7 TTJS 6/j.oiuHrtws probably corrupt : no correction suggests itself.

3 a 2


THEOPHHASTUS

4 Tr}9 Be pa<f)dvov Tpi^rj Biaipov/jLewtjs, ouXo- <f>vX\ov re KOI \ei,o<j)v\\ov teal rpirrj^ TTJS dypias, <TI dypia> TO fjbev <j>v\\ov e%6i, \etov fii/cpbv Be Kal 7ro\vK\aBo$ KOI 7ro\v<pv\\os, ert, Be pi/J,vv Kal <f)ap/jLaKa)Sr), Si o KOI 7T/309 ra? KoCKias avrw xpwvrai, ol larpoL OJLLOLWS Be KOI ev eKeuvaLS So/covo-i Siatfropal /ca& e/carepav eVel ao-Trepfjiov TI yevos avrwv ea-nv rj /cafco- (TTrep/jiov. TO & o\ov f) ov\rj -7-7)9 repa KOI /JLeya\o(f)V\\OTepa.

Rv%V\6T6pOV Be KOI TWV TVT\LO)V TO \VKOV

TOV fjie\avo<; KCLI o^yoo-Trepfjiorepov, o /caXovcri rives ^tKe\t,fc6v.

f Oo-at;Tft)9 Be teal Tr^9 piBaKivw rj yap \evKrj y\v/cvrepa Kal a7ra\a)repa. yevrj Be avrrjs early a\\a rpia, TO Te 7r\aTv/cav\ov teal aTpoyyv\6- KavKov /cal Tpfcov TO KaicwvLKov avTr) Be TO fj,ev <f)v\\ov e^ei oveoXuyiKwfe, opOrj Be /cal euaufr)9 /cal a7rapd/3\acrTo<; e/c TOV /cav\ov. TWV Be 7r\aTiwv ovTO) Tives 7r\aTV/cav\oi, yivovTat, MO~T eviov? <f>a0l Kal Ovpais %prj(T0ai Kt]TrovpiKal^. TO Be o?rwS69 ecfioBpa /cal fM/cp6(f)V\\ov teal \evtco- KavXoTepov eoitcev dypia.

Twv Be G\iva>v Kal ev Tot9 $v\\oi<; Kal ev TOIS Kav\ol^ at Biatyopai' TO fjuev yap TCVKVOV Kal ov\ov /cal Baav TO <$v\\ov e%i,, TO Be pavoTepov Kal 7r\aTVTpov Kav\ov Be jmei^o). TOVTCOV Be Tfa\iv Ta fjbev \ev/co/cav\a TO, Be Trop^vpo/cavXa rj 7roi/ci\6/cav\a' TO B' o\ov ajrav TO TOLOVTOV


1 Athen. 9. 9 ; Plin. 19. 80. 2 Wild radish. See Index. 84


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VII. iv. 4-6

1 Of cabbage three kinds are distinguished, the curly-leaved, the smooth-leaved, and thirdly, the wild form. 2 The wild form 3 has a small round leaf, it has many branches and many leaves, and further a sharp medicinal taste ; wherefore physicians use it for the stomach. Between the other two kinds 4 there seem also to be differences, inasmuch as one of them bears no seed or only inferior seed. In general the curly-leaved kind has a better flavour than the smooth and it has larger leaves.

5 So too with beet ; the white kind has a better flavour than the black and produces fewer seeds ; some call it ' Sicilian ' beet.

So too with lettuce ; the white kind is sweeter and tenderer. Of this plant there are three other kinds, 6 the flat-stalked, the round-stalked, and the Laconian ; the last-named has a leaf like the golden thistle, 7 but is erect and strong-growing and has no side-shoots 8 from the main stem. Of the 'flat' kinds some have such flat stalks that some, they say, use them to make a garden trellis. 9 The third kind, which has much milky juice and small leaves and a whiter stem, is like a wild plant.

10 In celery the differences between the various kinds lie in the leaves and stem ; one kind is close and curly and has rough leaves, the other is more open in growth and flatter, but has a larger stalk. Again there are kinds with stems white, red or parti- coloured ; and in general all such forms resemble more the wild kind.

3 r, aypla add. W.

4 eKflvais conj. Sch. from Plin. I.e. ; IKC'IVC? Ald.H.

6 Athen. 9. 11 ; Plin. 19. 132.

6 Plin. 19. 125. 7 Athen. 2. 79. 8 c/. 7. 2. 4.

9 ostiola olitoria Plin. 19. 125. 10 Plin. 19. 124.

85


THEOPHRASTUS

Be Kal /co\o/cvvTr)s TOV pev elvai fyaai yevrj 7-779 B* ovte elvai, tcaOdirep rr}9 patyavlBos /cal n}9 yoyyv\iBo<i, a\X' ev TW avTw yevet ra? fjuev j3e\Tiov<; ra? Be %eipov<;. TOV $e aucvov rpia, AarccDVi/cbv CKvra\iav Bot,(*)Tiov rovrwv Be 6 fjuev AaKcwitcbs vSpev6fjLvo<; /3e\TiO)V, 01 & erepoi avvBpevTOi.

7 Aiacfrepei, Be yevei /cal ra tcpo/iva /ecu ra a/copoBa. 7r\eia) Be TOV Kpo/j,vov TCL <yevr), olov TCL KCLTO, Ta<; ^ajpas 7rt,Ka\ov/j,eva 2<(ipBia KviBia ^a/jLoOpd/cta, Kal 7rd\iv TO, d^iavia Kal a^iaTa /cal 'Ao-/ca\ct>vi,a. TOVTcav Be Ta /J,ev <rr)Tavia fjLLKpa ry\v/cea Be ev fiaXa, Ta Be o-^iaTa /cal d<r/ca\(i)via /cal rat? Oepaireiais Bia(f>epovTa /cal Brj\ov OTI Trj (frvo-ei' TO yap O-^LCTTOV rw /J,ev yeifJLWVL fieTa Trjs KOfjur]^ e&cnv dpyov, a/j,a Be T&> ripi TCL <f>v\\a Trepiaipovcri Ta efco /cal Ta d\\a OepaTrevovo-f TrepiaipeOevTcov Be TWV <f>v\\wv Tpa ft\a<JTdvei /cal daa./cdTco o")(i%Tai, BS b tca\ovcn a^iaTa. ol Be /cal 0X0)9 fyaal TCCLVTWV Beiv, OTTO)? J) Bvva/jiis 6t? TO /cara) /cal fir) cnrep-

8 juiO(f)vf). TWV Be ' Ko-Ka\wviwv IBia

fjuova ydp <ou> GyiGTa KCU coaTrep dyova CLTTO Tt Be ev avTois dvavgi) /cal


1 Athen. 3. 4 ; Plin. 19. 68.

2 Plin. 19. 101-104.

3 2ap8ta conj. Meurs.from Plin. I.e. ; ydpSia Ald.H.

  • i.e. making offsets.

5 'AffKa\(i>via, whence P^ng. shallot ; though this name is applied to K. o\iaTov. 6 rJ> add. W.

86


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VII. iv. 6-8

As to cucumber and gourd, it is said that there are various forms of the former, but of the latter, just as in radish and turnip, the differences are only between better and inferior individuals. 1 Of the cucumber there are three forms, the Laconian the cudgel-shaped and the Boeotian. Of these the Laconian is better with moisture, the others without it.

2 There are also various kinds of onion and of garlic ; those of the onion are the more numerous, for instance, those called after their localities Sardian, 3 Cnidian, Samothracian ; and again the ' annual ' the ' divided ' 4 (shallot) and that of Ascalon. 5 Of these the annual kind is small but very sweet, while the divided and the Ascalonian differ plainly as to their character as well as in respect of their cultivation. For the ' divided ' 6 kind they leave untended in winter with its foliage, 7 but in spring they strip off 8 the outside leaves and tend the plant in other ways ; when the leaves are stripped off, others grow, and at the same time division takes place under ground, which is the reason of the name 'divided.' 9 Some indeed say that all kinds should be thus treated, in order that the force of the plant may be directed downwards and it may not go to seed. The Ascalonian kind has a somewhat peculiar character ; it is the only kind which does not 10 divide and which does not, as it were, reproduce itself from the root ; moreover in the plant n itself there is no power of increasing and multiplying; wherefore

7 K<fyi7js cuffiv conj. Seal. ; Koi^fffuis UMP 2 Ald.

8 irepiaipovffi conj. Seal, from Plin. I.e. and Gr ; irepidyova-i P. 2 Ald.H. 9 c/. Pall. 3. 24. 3.

10 ov add. Seal. n ie. the part above ground.


THEOPHRASTUS

Si o KOI ov Tnjyvvovaw aXXa (nretpovcriv avrd /cal (nreipowiv o-^re 777309 TO eap, eW* orav rjarj jnera^vTevovor Tekeiovrai Be ovrw a//,a rot? aXXo9 ^ ^al Trporepov e%aipel(r6ai' 7T\eova Be ypovov eaOevra ev rfj <pvrevdevTa oe KCLV\OV alri<ji /cal fyvei JJLOVOV, elra Kevovrai /cal avaiverai. TOVTCOV [lev ovv roiavrr) res T] <j)vais. 9 kiafyepei 8 evia /cal rot? ^pw^ao-iv ev 'Icrcra) yap ra /JLCV a\\a o/jioia rot? aXXoi?, \ev/ca Se (T^oSpa rfj XP ot> &' $p et <v &e (fracriv o/j,oia rot? ^ap&iavols. ISitordrr) Se r] ^ucrt? rj rwv KprjTi/cwv, irapa7r\r](Tia be rpoTrov TIVCL rot? 'Acr/caXwi/toi?, el fjurj apa /cal f) avrr). ev K.prjrr) <ydp eari rt 761/09 o (TTreipojjievov fiev pi^av vroiel <^vrevop,evov Be KCLV\OV /cal <nrepiJLa, /ce<pa\r)V Be ov/c Itjyei, J\VKV Be TW %fyLt&)' rovro yap olov avdira\iv e%ei rot9 10 aXXo9. airawra yap Trrjyvvfjieva /cal /3e\ria) /cal OaTTOV Trapayiverai. Trdvra Be (j)vreveraL per 'Apfcrovpov en 0ep/jLrj$ ovar]s TTJS 77)9, OTTO)? ra vBara Tre^vrevfjieva /cara\a/jL/3dvrj. /cal oXa Be (pvTeverai, fcal Biare^vofieva irapa rr}V /cefya- Xr;V. ov% o/bioiai Be al eKp\aaTr)<jeis, aXX' e/c TOV /cdrco yiverai fcpb/juvov, e/c Be rov avco


cf. 7. 4. 3 n. The word evidently has a dif-

ferent sense here ; cf. 10, where iryyvvca and Qvrevw seem to be synonymous.

2 OVTCK) conj. Sch. from G ; TO?* &\\ois Aid.

3 i.e. instead of being raised from seed. cf. what is said 7. 2. 2 of the offsets


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VII. iv. 8-10

many do not plant 1 these, but raise them from seed ; and the sowing is made late, towards the spring; and then, when the seed has germinated, they transplant. And the plant arrives at maturity so 2 fast that it is taken up with the others or even earlier ; whereas, if it is left a longer time in the ground, it rots. If planted on the other hand, 3 it sends up a stem and merely produces seed, and then shrivels up 4 and withers. Such then is the character of these.

Some also shew differences in colour; thus at Issus 5 are found plants which in other respects resemble the others, 6 but which are extremely white in colour ; and they bear, 'it is said, onions like those of Sardis. Most distinct however is the character of the Cretan kind, which resembles to some extent that of Ascalon, if indeed it be not the same. For in Crete there is a kind which when sown produces a root, but when planted produces a stem and seed but has no ' head ' ; 7 and it is sweet in flavour. This kind in fact has just the contrary character to the others ; for they all grow better and faster when they are planted. All are planted 8 after the rising of Arcturus while the earth is still warm, so that the rains may come upon them after planting. They are planted 9 either entire or else in sections made by cutting at the 'head.' The growth which results is not uniform ; from the lower part comes an onion,

4 Kevovrai conj. St. from G exinaniuntur ; Kaivovrai Aid. 6 "l<rff(f conj. Sch. from G and Plin. I.e.; 1<ri? UM ; vi\a<? Ald.H. '

6 &\\ots conj. Sch.; Ae^/ons Aid. 7 Sc. bulb.

8 (pvreveTcu conj. Sch. ; Qverat Aid. See next "note.

9 (pvrevfrai M ; (ftverai Aid. cf. C.P. 1. 4. 5.

8 9


THEOPHRASTUS


fJiovov opOov Be BiaT/jLTjOev 0X0)9 aftXa&Tes <TTL. TO Be yrfreiov /caXovfievov d/ce<j)a\6v n /cal axTTTep av^eva fiaicpov G^OV, o6ev /cal rj /3\daTt]o-i<; d/cpa' /cal eTU/ceipeTai 7roXXa/a9, Mcnrep TO irpd- <rov, Bi o teal (TTrelpovaiv avro KOI ov tf>VTVOVffi. TCL fjiev ovv Kpopva cr^eBbv ravras e^et ra? IBeas.

11 To Be a/copoBov <j)VTevTai [lev pi/cpov Trpo TpOTrwv f) fjLera T/ooTra? ^laipov/jLevov Kara ye\y6is. Biafopa Be eanv avrwv TJ re r&v otyiwv TT/JO? TO, TTptola,' 7>o? yap TI rvy^dvet roiovrov o ev e^rjKOVTa rj/jiepais re\eiovrai, /cal /jueyeOei, teal fjutcpOTrjTi. teal TW /neyeOei 761/09 TI Bid<j)op6v ecrri, fJid\L<JTa Be TO Kvjrpiov tcaXov/jLevov TOIOVTOV, oirep ofy e^rova-iv aXXa 7Tyoo9 TOU9 /JLVTTWTOVS ^pwvTCiL, /cal ev rfj rpi^et OavpaGTOv TTOLel TOV oy/cov e/CTrvev/jLaTovfjuevov. KOI ert, r<a /j,r) e%eiv evia T9 yeXyeis. rj Be yXv/cvTtjs /cal rj evcoBia /cal f) dBporrjs a^eBbv Trapd T9 %w/>a9 yiverai Kal T9 OepaTreias, w&Trep /cal rwv a\\a)v. ovTai Be /cal dirb (nrep/jLaros d\\d fipaBeco?' TTpcorw ydp erei /ce(f>a\i]V r)\i/cr)v irpdo-ov ftdvei, TW B* vaTepov ye\yi,BovTai, /cal rw rplrw Tekeiov yiverai, /cal ovBev ^elpov aXX' eviol ye

12 /cal /cd\\i6v (f>acri, TOV TTTJKTOV. Trjs Be pi^ris rj yevecris oz)% o/xota TOU T6 o-rcopoBov /cal TOV /cpo/jLvov aXXa ToO jjuev o~/cop6Bov OTav dvoiBrjarj rj ye\yl$ /cvprovTai Trdaa /cal evTavOa avt;r)0e2cra BiaipelTai rrd\iv els T9 ye\yeis /cal e% evos TroXXa yiveTai TCO re\etova-0ai, Tr)V Ke^a\r)v, TO Be


1 i.e. bulb; cf.9. 11 6. 2 c/. 7. 2.2.

Plin. 19. Ill and 112.


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VII. iv. 10-12

from the upper only foliage ; while, if the plant is divided vertically, no growth at all takes place. The kind called horn- onion has no l head/ * but has as it were a long neck, at the top of which comes the new growth ; it is often cut, like the leek ; where- fore it is raised from seed and not planted. 2 Such then, one may say, are the forms of the onion.

3 Garlic is planted a little before or after the solstice, when it divides into cloves. 4 There are different kinds distinguished as late or early, for there is one kind which matures in 5 sixty days. There are also differences as to size. There is one kind which excels in size, especially that variety which is called Cyprian, which is not cooked but used for salads, and, when it is pounded up, it increases wondrously in bulk, making a foaming dressing. There is a further difference, in that some kinds cannot be divided into cloves. The sweetness of taste and smell and the vigour depend on the position 6 and on cultivation, as with other herbs. Garlic reaches maturity from seed, but slowly, for in the first year it acquires a ' head ' which is only as large as that of the leek, but in the next year it divides into cloves, and in the third is fully grown, and is not inferior, indeed some say it is superior, to the garlic which has been planted. 7 The growth of the root in garlic and onion is not the same ; in garlic, when the clove has swollen, the whole of it becomes convex 8 ; then it increases and divides again into the cloves, and becomes several plants instead of one by the maturing of the ' hoad,'


4 ye\yeis conj. Seal, from G (nudeatim divisum) ; ytvi) Aid. t> (v conj. Sch.; ZQtv UMAld.

6 x^P 05 conj. Dalec. ; &pas UMP 2 Ald.

7 Sc. not raised from seed. 8 So W. renders.

9'


THEOPHRASTUS

/cpo/jivov evflvs etc rrjs pi>&<> a\\o teal a\Xo irapa- (friijcri,, /caQdjrep KOI /3o\j3ol KOI cnci\\a Kal Trdvra TO, TOiavTa. /cal yap ra /cpo/j,va /ecu ra cr/copoBa fir] dvaipovvTWv a\V ecovTtov TroXXa yiveTai. fjzepeiv Be (fraffi /cal TO o~/c6poBov ejrl TT)? (frva-vyyos (TKopoSa /cal TO Kpopvov /cpo/jiva' irepl fj^ev ovv ra)V ryevecrewv l/cavws elprjaOco.

V. <&i\v8pa Be Trdvra TOL a\\a \d^ava Kal (f>i\6/co7Tpa 7r\r)V Trrjydvov, TOVTO Be tj/cio-ra <j>i,\6- KoiTpov. ra ^eifjuepiva Be oi>% TJTTOV T&V 6epiv&v Kal ra eTTi/crjpa rwv la^vpMV. /cojrpov Be rrjv o-vp/jiarlriv, rr)v Be rwv v dv Bid TO fJid\i(rTa eglttfld&ffBai' Be Trjv KOTTpov dfia T& (Tiropw fjidXiCTTa avvava- 01 Be /cal cnreipovTes 7ri/3d\\oucri' Be /cal TTJ dv9 pa)7rivrj a)fj,f) TT/JO? TTJV %v\a)<riv. (friXsvBpoTepa Be ra %i/j,pivd TCOV Oepivwv Kal Ta da-devrj TWV la^ypwv, UTI Be ra Beopeva Tpo<f>rjs. (bi\vBpa /cal TO Kal TO yrjOvov /caiToi cftaai Tives ov , edv TO Trp&TOV eTriyevrjTai t? r) 2 TWV Be vBaTCOV apicrTa TO. iroTL^a /cal Ta

Be Ta d\v/cd /cal BvcrjuLavfj, Bi? o /cal


e/c TWV ^T(ov ov %pr)(TT' &v}Ji7repL>epei yap dyaOd Be Ta e/c Bios' TavTa


1 c/. 7. 2. 2 and 3.

2 Qvffiyyos conj. Casaub. on Athen. 2. 78 ; ffQvpiyyos UM


Aid. See LS .

3 Kal rb Kptpvov Kp6fj.va conj. Sch. ; Kal TO. Kpopjuva UMAld.

4 Plin. 19. 156.

92


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VII. iv. i2-v. 2

while the onion puts out another and another growth straight from the root, as do purse-tassels l and squill and all such plants. For both onions and garlic multiply if they are not removed but left alone. They say also that garlic produces garlic heads on the stalk, 2 and that the onion in like manner pro- duces onions. 3 Let this suffice for an account of their ways of growth.

Of the cultivation of pot-herbs ; manure and water.

V. * All the pot-herbs are lovers of water and of dung, except rue, which does not at all like dung ; this is true of the winter no less than of the summer herbs, and of the tender no less than of the strong ones. The dung which is most commended is that which is mixed with litter, while that of beasts of burden is held to be bad, because it is most apt to lose its moisture. Dung which is mixed with the seed is most in request, but some cast the manure on while they are sowing, and they also use fresh human dung as a liquid manure. 5 The winter crops like moisture more than the summer ones, and the weak more than the strong, as well as those which specially need feeding. Onion and long onion also love moisture, though some say that they do not require it, if at the outset it has been applied twice or thrice. 6 Fresh cold water is the best, and the worst is that which is brackish and thick : 7 wherefore the water from irrigation ditches is not good, for it brings with it seeds of weeds. Rain

6 Lit. 'for their liquid-manuring.' cf. C.P. 3. 9. 2, where Xv\caffis must have the same sense.

8 Plin. 12. 182 and 183.

7 5v<r/j.avri UMAld.; St/tr/xeioj H.

93


THEOPHRASTUS

yap Bofcet Kal (j)@eipeiv rd Orjpia [yivo/j,eva] rd yovi/ma KareaQiovra, fyacrl Be rives ovre rot? aiKvois (TVfjL^epetv ovre rot? Kpo/J,vois. dpBevovai, Be ra fjuev d\\a rcpwl rj rrpbs ecnrepav, OTTO)? /JLTJ Kade-fyrirai, TO 8e WKI/JLOV fcal jAeo-tj/ji/Bpias' /cal yap SiaftXao-rdveiv Oarrov $avi 0pfjuy ro rrpwrov dp&evo/Jievov. ro Se TTO\V \lav vScop Sored cru/i,- <f)pew aXX&>5 re /cal edv [yu,?;] e%r) icorrpov 7roXXa/t9 yap rreLvrjV ra \ayava fyavi, Kal ravra yvwpi^eiv rovs e/jLTreipovs rwv Krjrrovpwv.

MeratyvreuojAeva Be rrdvra KdXklw Kal /u-etfw yiverar /cal ydp rd rwv rrpdaav peyeOii Kal rd rwv pa<f>avLSa)v e/c per a^vr etas. /jLa\io-ra Be /jira<f>vrvov<Ti, TT/OO? rov? (TTrep/jLarKr/jiovs' /cal rd fjuev a\\a vrrofjAvei, olov yr)6vov rrpdcrov pdtyavos (Ti/cvos (7\tvov yoyyv\l$ 6pl8at;, <rd $e> y\io"%pco<>. arravra 8' evav^evrepa /cal myyvvfjbevwv rwv (Tirep^drwv rj o-7reipo/j,eva)v.

Srjpia Be yiverai, rats /jiev pa^amo- rfj Be pa^dvw Kafjurai Kal o-/C(t)\r)/ce?, /cal ev rfj OpiBa/civr) /cal ev TO?? rrpdaois Kal ev aX,Xoi? Be 7r\eio(Tiv al Trpa&OKOVpiBes. ravras l^ev ovv rf dOpoi(r6el<Ta drc6\\vari, Kal orav


i ")6vif.(.a. H. ; yit>6/j.fva yAvifjia. UM Aid. ; ? TO TO ytvi/jLa. Either yiv6/j(.fva or y^vtfia seems to be due to ditto- graphy. For yovi^a cf. C.P. 1. 15. 1 : ras yovl/j.ovs apxas.

2 Ko0e\^rjTot conj. Sch. after Plin. I.e. ; /cada^Tot P 2 Ald.

3 txV K^irpov conj. Dalec.; /t)j ex? K. Aid.; conj. W. cf. 7. 5. 1, xv^uffiv, C.P. 3. 9. 2.

4 Plin. 19. 183.

94


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VII. v. 2-4

water is good, for it also appears to destroy the pests which devour the young plants. 1 Some however say that rain-water is not good for melons nor for onions. Most herbs are watered in early morning or at evening, so that they may not be dried up 2 ; but basil is watered even at noon, for it is said that it grows more quickly if it is watered at first with warm water. In general water seems to be extremely beneficial, especially if it is mixed with dung 3 ; for, they say, pot-herbs often are hungry, and experienced gardeners can recognise when this is so.

4 All herbs grow finer and larger if transplanted ; for even the size of leeks and radishes depends on transplantation. Transplanting is done especially in view of collecting seed 5 : and, while most herbs bear it well, as long onion leek cabbage cucumber celery turnip lettuce, others bear it less well. 6 All however make better growth and are larger if the seed is planted 7 rather than scattered.

Of the pests ivhich infest pot-herbs.

8 As for pests, radish is attacked by spiders, 9 cabbage by caterpillars and grubs, while in lettuce, leek, and many other herbs occur ' leek-cutters.' 10 These are destroyed by collecting green fodder, 11 or when they have been caught somewhere in a mass

5 <nrpna.Ti<T/j.ovs conj. Seal.; <nrfp/j.aTiKovs UMAld. cf. 7. 4. 3.

6 TO Se y\t(rxp<>)S conj. Sch., adding TO 8e : y\i<TXp<n>s U; y\iffXpoi M ; y\iffxpos Aid. ; y\^x K1/ conj. Seal. Sch. also conjectures TO \l<rxpa see LS. s.v.

7 vijyvvnevwv : cf. 6. 6. 9 ; 7. 4. 3. 8 Plin. 19. 177.

9 4-uAAot : cf. Arist. H.A. 9. 39. 1.

10 irpaffoKovpiSes : ? leaf-maggots, cf. Arist. H.A. 5. 19. 20 ; Geop. 12. 9.

11 KpdiTTis conj. R. Const.; Kpaais Aid.

95


THEOPHRASTUS


aOpoa TTOV Ko,Ta\df3r)' (friXoKOTrpov ' ov TO Orjpiov dvaBveTai teal evBv&a fcoi/Aarai ev rfj Koirpw, Bi o Brj pdBiov Orjpeveiv aXXw? ' ov/c GCTTL. rcu? Be pa<f>av'i(Ti 77/305 Ta? -^uXXa? 7rpoo~(f)0pov TO 6po/3ov<>. Trpbs Be TO JJL^ yiveaOat ov $>a<rt,v elvai fydpfjuatcov ov&ev. VTCO Be TO acrTpov WKI^OV fjiev \evfcaiveTai Kopiavvov Be d\fia. Ta fjuev ovv (TVfiftalvovTa Bid TOVTCOV OewprjTeov.

T&v Be (TTrep/jidTWV Ta [lev e<TTW l Ta Be ddOevecrTepa TT/OO? Bia/Jiovrjv fiev olov Kopiavvov TevT\iov irpdaov VCLTTV ev^wfJiov Qvfjuppa, aTrXft)? ra Bpi/juea dcrOeve<JTepa Be ytfOvov, TOVTO ydp OVK ede\t dBpd(j)av<> WKL^IOV KoKoKvvTr] o~i/cvo<>, Ta Bepivd TWV %eijjiepi,v(tiv paXkov. Bia- fjievei Be ovBev 7r\eov TCTTapwv eTwv wcrre eTi, elvat Trpbs roi'5 (nropovs' d\\d Bieva f$e\Tiw, Ta be Tpieva ovBev ^eipa), TO B* VTrepTeivov ijBrj ^elpov.

11/309 Be Trjv jJia^eipiKr^v %peiav eVt vrXetw Sia-


1 KOirpos adpoa irov KaraXaftrj Aid. ; Koirpov aOpoav TTOV ns KarafiaXr) conj.W. after Sell.; icdirpov aQp6av conj. Seal.

2 <pi\6KOTrpov 8' "bf rb Oyptov avaSverai Kal e^Srtro conj. W. ; <pi\6irovov rb 6-fipiov dfoSeuerai Kal e^ als Koifj.arat UMAld. ; <pi\virfov conj. R. Const., but W.'s conj. is confirmed by Geop. I.e. The change of gender in evdvffp, is strange.

3 Trpbs TCLS i^uAAos irp6ff<popov rb mBas. ; ^uAAas irpbs rb Aid. H. ; irpbs ras \j/v\\as ap/ce? rb conj. W.

4 ifvAAas Aid.; Kaunas conj. Sch. followed by W.

5 cf. Geop. 12. 7 ; Pall. 1. 35. 8 ; Plin. I.e.


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, vn. v . 4 -6

of dung, 1 the pest being fond of dung emerges, and, having entered the heap, remains dormant there 2 ; wherefore it is then easy to catch, which otherwise it is not. To protect 3 radishes against spiders 4 it is of use to sow vetch 5 among the crop ; to prevent the spiders from being engendered they say that there is no specific. 6 Basil turns pale about the rising of the dog-star, and coriander becomes mildewed. 7 In these instances we may observe the accidents which occur to pot-herbs.

Of the time for which seed of pot-herbs can be kept.

8 Of seeds some have more vitality than others as to keeping ; among the more vigorous ones are coriander beet leek cress mustard rocket savory, and in general 9 those of pungent taste ; among the less vigorous are long onion which will not keep orach basil gourd cucumber ; and in general the summer herbs keep less well than the winter ones. No seed will keep more than four years so as still to be of use for sowing ; though it is better in the second year, 10 in some cases it does not deteriorate in three years, 11 but after that time 12 deterioration begins.

However for cooking purposes seed will keep a

6 Plin. 19. 176.

7 a\fj.S. conj.W.; aA^cu MAld. ; aA/xafrercu Vo. Vin.; oXyuorai mBas. c/. 8. 10. 1 ; C. P. 6. 10. 5. In all three places W. introduces this word, comparing tyupiav cpvcnfiav, etc.

8 Plin. 19. 181.

9 air\cas conj. St. from G ; &\\ws Aid.; &\us U.

10 SieVo conj. Seal.; 5i' eW UMAld.H.

11 ra 5e rpieva conj.W. ; Sia 5f rpels UMAld.H.

12 inrepTetvoit conj. Seal.: c/. 8. 11. 5; virep yatov UMAld.;

H.


97

VOL. H. H


THEOPHRASTUS

7T\rjv daOevecrrepa ravra avayrcaiov elvai Sid TJ]V avairvorjV Kal TTJV (7K(o\iJK(i)criv. <^6opd Be fjLa\i(TTa fJiev VTTO rwv Oypiwv yiyverai yap ev CLTTCLCTI /col rot? SpifjiicTLV, rjKKTTa Se ev rw criKvwvr ov j^rjv a\\a KOI e^i/c/jua^o/jieva Tri/cpd yiverai rfj ryeva-ei, Si? o /cal TT/OO? rrjv ^pelav ^eipco. Kal 7Tpl


VI. Hepl Se TMV dypicov Kal TWV KO\OV pe apovpaiwv Treipareov O/JLOIWS elirelv. Tv<y%dv rd fjiV ofjiwvvfjia rot? t]^epOL^' ajravra yap rd yevrj ravra Kal aypia, Kal o"%$bv TCL ye 7ro\\d IT a paired Lav e-^ovra rrjv 6-^nv rot9 rj^epois, wXiyp rot? yc <pv\\oi,<> eXttTTft) ravra Kal rpa^vrepa Kal rot? Kav\oi$ Kal /jLaXtara rot? %fXot9 Bpifj,v- Tepa Kal lo-^vporepa, KaOdnep r\ re 6v/jL/3pa Kal TI opiyavos ij re pd(f)avo<> Kal TO Trrfyavov eTrel Kal TO \a7ra0ov aypiov, KaiTrep eva-ro/mwrepov rov rjfjuepov ov, rbv ^v\bv 0/1,0)9 o^vrepov e^ei Kal TOVTW fj,d\KTTa $ia<f)epei,. Trdvra Se Kal ^tjporepa TWV rj/iiepwv, Kai i&cos awry TOVTW ra ye 7ro\\d Kal SpijAvrepa Kal la^vporepa.

'I5to)9 Be rj pdcfravos e%ei irapa rd d\\a rovs al \eiorepovs r?


1 i.e. drying-up ; cf. Plat. Tim. 85 A.

2 <r Kw\"f]Kcaa iv conj. Sch. ; K&Xvaiv Aid.; <TK(i3\^]Ki}ffiv conj. R. Const.

3 (TiKvuvi Aid.: perhaps here a general term for cucumbers, gourds, etc. ; amviav M ; criKvcp conj. W.

4 Plin. 19. 185.

98


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VII. v. 6-vi. 2

longer time, except that such seed must necessarily become less vigorous by reason of ( evaporation ' 1 and destruction by worms. 2 The chief cause of loss is vermin ; for vermin occur in all the seeds, even those which are pungent, though least in the gourd 3 tribe ; such seeds however, as they lose their moisture, become bitter in taste and inferior for use. Let this suffice for an account of the seeds and in general of herbs cultivated in gardens.

Of uncultivated herbs: the wild forms of pot-herbs.

VI. 4 We must now endeavour to speak in the same way of the wild kinds and of those which are called uncultivated herbs. Some of these have the same names as the cultivated 5 kinds ; for all these kinds exist also in a wild form, and most of them resemble the cultivated kinds in appearance, except that in the wild forms the leaves and also the stalks are smaller and rougher, and in particular these forms are more pungent and stronger in taste, for instance, savory 6 marjoram cabbage and rue ; the wild monk's rhubarb (dock) indeed, though it has a pleasanter taste than the cultivated, yet has 7 a sharper flavour ; and this is the chief difference. Moreover all the wild kinds are less juicy than the cultivated, and perhaps this is the very reason why most s of them are more pungent and stronger.

A peculiarity of ' wild cabbage ' as compared with the others is that its stems are rounder and smoother


conj. Sch. ; clpf)/j.fvois Aid. The correction would seem unnecessary but that Aid. gives flprj^tvois in 4 where 7/jue'pouj is required. 6 cf. Diosc. 3. 37.

7 6v, T^ I conj. ; rlv 8e MSS.W.

8 76 conj. Sch. ; rt UMAld.

99 H 2


THEOPHRASTUS

pov, teal T)JV TOV <f)v\\ov irpba-Oecnv e/ceivrj /Jiev %ei 7T\aTelav avTrj Be TrepifapecrTepav, /ecu avro Be rb $>v\\ov dycovoTepov eVet TO, <ye a\\a Tpa%VTepa teal rot? /cav\ols KOI rot? (f)v\\ois.

'H Be yoyyv\l<; /cal TTJV pi^av e%ei f^a/cpav /cal pa<f>aviSct)Sr) /cal TOV xavXov ftpa^vv.

pt,&a/civr] Be TO re (>v\\ov ftpa^vTepov TTJS r)/jLpov, /cal T\ov/jLvrj<; d/cavOovTai, /cal TOV Kav\ov oyu-o/o)?, TOV oTTov Be Bpijjivv teal fyapfjia- /ca)Brj. (f)V6Tai B* ev rat? apovpaw omfofcrt 8' avTrjv VTTO Trvpa^Tov, /eai (f>aai /caQaipeiv vBpa)7ra teal d%\vv air* o<l)0a\/J,wv dird^/Giv teal apye/jia d<f)atpelv ev yd\a/eTi juvat/eeiy.

To 5* iTTTTOcreXivov /eat e\iocre\ivov teal bpeo- (T\ivov teal 7rpo9 eavTO, Bia(f)opdv e%et teal TO r}fj,pov TO fjiev yap e\eioae\ivov TO Trapd o%6TOU9 teal ev rot? \eai ^vo^evov T /cal ov Baav ylveTai, Trpoaejuicfrepes Be TTW? TW ae\iv(d /cal Trj oafj,fj /cal TW %fXw teal TW o"\^-

fJbaTl. TO 3' ITTTTOO-eXiVOV (f>V\\OV fJbeV 6yU,06/?69 TW

e\eiO(re\ivw, Baav Be teal fjLeya\oKav\ov teal Trjv pi^av waTrep pafyavls ej(i TO 7rd%o<> i^eKaivav

teal 6 tcapTros, jjiiyeOos Be pel&v opoffov.

8' d^co <j)acrl 7r/)09 (TTpayyovpiav elvai ev oiv<p y\v/eel \ev/cq) teal rofr \i0ia>cri' (frveTai, Be


conj. Sch. ; rpax^Tepov Aid. , which contradicts what has just been said.

2 Plin. 20. 20 ; Diosc. 2. 110.

3 T(\eov/*fvr)s conj. W. ; reAcoiVepoj U; Tf\eiovfj.fvov P 2 Ald. cf. C.P. 4. 3. 5.


100


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VII. vi. 2-3

than in the cultivated kind, and, while in the latter the attachment of the leaf is flat, in the wild kind it is rounder, and the leaf itself has less angles ; in other cases the wild form is the rougher l both in stem and leaf.

2 The wild turnip has a long root, like that of the radish, and a short stem.

The wild lettuce has a shorter leaf than the cultivated kind, and, as the plant matures, 3 it becomes spinous ; the stem is also shorter, while the juice is pungent and medicinal. It grows in fields ; they extract its juice at the time of wheat-harvest, and it is said that it purges away dropsy and takes away dimness of sight and removes ulcers 4 on the eye ; for which purpose it is administered in human milk.

5 ' Horse-celery ' (alexanders) ' marsh-celery ' and ' mountain-celery ' (parsley) differ both from one another and from the cultivated kind ; ' marsh- celery,' which grows by irrigation-ditches and in marshes, has scanty leaves, 6 and is not of close habit, 7 yet it somewhat resembles the cultivated kind in smell taste and appearance. ' Horse-celery ' has a leaf like that of the marsh kind, but is of close habit and has a big stalk, and its root is as thick as a radish and black ; 8 the fruit is also black, and in size is larger than the seed of a vetch. They sav that both kinds are serviceable in cases of strangury and for those suffering from stone, being adminis- tered in sweet white wine. Both kinds grow equally 9

4 9. 9. 5 ; Plin. 20. 58 ; Diosc. 2. 136.

6 Plin. 19. 124.

6 fj.av6<f>v\\ov : Plin. Lc. seems to have read fj.ov6(pv\\ov.

1 Diosc. 3. 64. 8 Diosc. 3. 67.

9 bpoiois conj. Sch.; o^ws Aid.

101


THEOPHRASTUS

6/jLOicos Travraxov' yiverai Be /cai n Bd/cpvov aurov o/JLOiov rfj fjLvppci,' ol Be fyctcriv 6'X&)9

To Be opeoaekivov fiei^ov? ert Biafopds e%ei' TO fj,ev yap <f>v\\ov eoi/ce Kwvelw, pia Be \eTTTT), TOV e /capTTOV e%et icaOdirep avr)6ov jr\r)v eXttrrw BiB6a<Ti, Be TOVTOV ev olvw avaTrjpw T&V r yvvai-


Be oX,ft>9 da-vfjL^XrjTa rot? ^/xe'yooi? earl /card <ye Toy? ^fXoi)? KCU ra? Bvvd/Jtets, wcnrep o re aypios Kal o fjfjLepos, aXV e/c TT}? e%ei T^ o/jLOioTrjra, KaOdirep Kal ev TO?? ffrecpavoo/JLao'iv r) la)via' TO 7^/9 <fru\\ov e^ei Trapo/JLOiov. TOVTMV fJbev ovv ev Tot? elprjjuevois at


VII. Twv 5e dpovpaio)v \eyofjLevcov /jLerd ravra prjreov, teal 0X0)9 el n TroiwBes evnv o fjur] rvy- %dvei /3pa>Tov. KokovfJiev <yap \d%ava rd irpbs Trjv rjfJLerepav %peiav ev Be TO> KCL& 1 o\ov KaKelva 7repie%Tai, oY o /cal Trepl eicelvwv \e/creov. \d- yava fiev Brj Kal rd roiavra Ka\etrai, Ki%6pi] %6vBpv\\a viro'xpipls rjpiyepcov, /cal 0X0)9


rt conj. Sch.; rb Aid. cf. 9. 1. 4.

P 2 Bas ; &\us Aid. ; ? air\ws W.

tf) conj. Sch.; Kovic? Aid. c/ 1. 5. 3 n.

j. Cornarius on Diosc. 3. 67. and Dalec. ; U I Aid. cf. Diosc. /.c.

r]/j.4pois H.; flp-rjfjLfvots LJMAld. c/. 7. 6. 1 n. See Index, CTIKVOS.

7 i.e. which gives them a common name.

8 ef TI TrotwSe's e<TTiv H. ; tyyenrotwSfs U; ^7 MAld.

IO2




ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VII. vi. 3 -vn. i

everywhere. There is also a sort l of gum which exudes from the plant, like myrrh, and some say that it is 2 myrrh.

' Mountain-celery ' (parsley) exhibits even greater differences ; its leaf is like that of hemlock, 3 the root is slender, and the fruit 4 like that of dill, but smaller ; it is given in dry wine for diseases of women.

In some cases however the wild kinds are not in the least like the cultivated 5 in taste and properties ; thus the wild and the cultivated cucumber 6 are quite different, and their resemblance 7 is due only to their general look, as, among coronary plants, there is resemblance between the wild and the cultivated kinds of gilliflower ; for the leaves are alike. We have then described the differences which these plants present.

Of other uncultivated herbs, which may be classed with pot -herbs.

VII. Next we must speak of the differences found in the herbs called ' uncultivated,' and in general in any herbaceous plants 8 which are not edible. For we give the name of ' pot-herbs ' to those which are cultivated for our own use, but in a wider sense the term includes these also ; wherefore we must speak of them too. 9 Under the name ' pot-herbs ' are included also 10 such plants as chicory dandelion n khondrylla u cat's ear groundsel, and in general all

9 Plin. 21. 89. 10 Kol add. Seal.

11 otTraTTTj (or airorrj) conj. Sch. ; a^a/oj Aid. The latter is a leguminous plant mentioned 8. 5. 3, etc. : for airaTrr) cf. 6. 4. 8; 7. 8. 3; 7. 11. 3; for spelling see notes on the last two passages.

12 x^"fy>t>A\a conj. Salm. from Plin. I.e., cf. 7. 11. 4 n. ; di'- S P i>a\a Ald.G. cf. Plin. 21. 105; Diosc. 2. 133.

I0 3


THEOPHRASTUS

oo~a KixopitoBrj /ca\LTai Bid rrjv ofJLOLOTrjra TWV <})v\\a)V rrdvTa yap TTO)? e^eprj e^ei TW Ki^opiy Trd\iv /cav/ca\ls ev9pv(TKOv rjBvoo-fjLov. ol Be /jivpia d\\a Kakovaw, a/cdvBi^ KOI oaa d\\a Toiavra arfcavBt/ccoBr), rpayoTrwywv, ol Be KO^V KaKovaiv, o rrjv fj,ev pi^av e%ei paicpav real y\v/celav rd Be <f>v\\a rw tcpoKw b/j,oia 7r\r)V f^aKporepa, rov /cav\bv Be fipa'Xyv, e<f> ov Tr^v Ka\v/ca fjieyd\r)v /cal e'f aKpov fjieyav TOV Trdinrov TrdXiov, d^ ov


'OyLtotft)? Be /cal ocra d\\a Totaura?


rj

evia rydp Seirai TrvpuxTea)^, cb&Trep yu-aXa^ /cal reurXl? KOI TO \diraOov /cal rj d/caXv^r) teal TO TrapOeviov TOV Be CTpv^vov /cal W/JLOV ea6iovo~iv, ov /cal ev/crjirevTov Ttves TrpoTepov .... /cal erepa Be 7r\eico TOVTMV, ev ol? KOI o 7rapoi/j,ia6jjiev6s Bid TTi/cpOT'rjTa /cop%opos e%a)v TO (j>vX\ov TrdvTa Be TCL fjiev erreTeia ra Be eVe- Teio/cav\a Tvy^dver ra jjiev yap e^avaivovTai TWV Be Bia/jLevovcriv et9 ir\eiw yjpovov al pifai' cr^eBov Be ov/c eXarrw ra TotavTa ecrTi. 3 <&veTai Be ra /lev /cal drrb TWV pi^wv /cal drrb TWV (TTrepfjidTwv, ra Be eTepa fiovov aTrb o~Trep-


conj. Sch.; ravra Aid.

v : Sch. conjectured tvOpvcricos, form corrected by L.Dindorf ; IvBovciKov Ald.G. cf. Plin. 22. 81.

3 Plin. 27. 142 ; Diosc. 2. 138.

4 Ka\v| : cf. 8. 2. 4 ; 8. 4. 3.

6 irdinrov conj. W.; ira.yti'r'bv UMAld. ; iruyaiva. H. cf. Diosc. I.e., where Saracenus corrects nap-ros toirdinros.

6 Toiavras (sc. herbaceous) PmBas.; roiavra ras Aid.; ray auras conj. W.


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VII. vn. 1-3

those that are called l ( chicory-like ' because of the resemblance in the leaves ; for to a certain extent the leaves of all these are like those of chicory ; and we may add kaukalis chervil 2 green mint. Some include under the name countless others, as wild chervil and all plants that resemble it, and goat's beard, 8 which some call home (' hair '), which has a long sweet root and leaves like those of the crocus, ^ut longer, and a short stem, on which is set the sheath 4 ; this is large, and on the top is the large mass of grey pappus, 5 from which it gets its name of ' goat's beard.'

In like manner all those may be included which have a similar 6 appearance, but juices suitable for food whether raw or cooked ; for some need the action of fire, as malakhe (cheese-flower) beet monk's rhubarb nettle and bachelor's buttons ; while garden nightshade 7 is also eaten raw, and some in former times 8 considered it worth growing in gardens. There are also many more, including the plant which has become proverbial 9 for its bitterness, blue pimpernel, which has a leaf like basil. All these are either annual or have annual stems ; for some of them wither away altogether in one season, while of others the roots persist for a longer time, and to this class belong the majority.

Some of these plants grow from roots and also from seed unless in some cases they come up


fSuSifj.os : c/. 7. 15. 4. The American ' wonder-berr}'.'

8 Trp6rfpov Aid.; *vp6Tfpov Bas. ; uvo/j.affai> conj. W. Text probably defective.

9 K^pxopos ev Xa.xo.vois is the proverb, cf. Ar. Vesp. 239, Schol. ; Plin. 21. 183, ( = ' Is Saul also among the prophets? )

105


THEOPHRASTUS

el fjirj TL /cal avTo/j,aTov. t] & /cal TOVTWV /cal TMV d\\a)v TWV jjLev a/j,a rot?

6TOIS (TTl [ACT* l(Tr}/jipiaV, olov aTTttTTT;? TOV KVVtoTTOS KOI T)V Ka\OV(TL TIV6S /3oi>-

, TWV Be /zera TlXeidSa, KaOajrep KOI KI^O- plov /cal a"%eBbv TWV d\\a)v rwv Ki%opici)8a)v. KCLI ra jULev evOvs a/Aa rfj {3\aaTij(Ti TO avOos a^ir^cn, KaOaTrep rj d(j>ia, ra 8e vcrTepov ov TroXXco, fcadd- irep TI avejJLtovri, ra be ajua r& r)pi KOI K/cav\et /cal avOel, KaOdirep TO /ci^opiov /cal TO, /a^optwBr) fcal TWV dfcavOiK&v oaa \a"^avw^.

&ta<f)opd 5e TWV dvdwv TTO\\IJ, Trepl 179 eV rot? rrpoTepov eiprfTai' (T^ebov ydp IGTI /cotvbv aTrdv* TU>V evta Se /cal 0X0)9 dvavOr), KaOaTrep /cal TO eTTLtreTpov. crv^aivei 8e rot? d/Aa rw /cav\w TO dvdos d(f)ieiO'i Ta^elav elvai Tr)V aTrdvOrjcriv' TrX^y j] /JLV dTrdirrj yrjpda-avTos TOV rrpMTOv rrdXiv aXXo /cal aXXo Trapa^vei, /cal TOVTO rroiel Trap o\ov TOV ^eifjiwva /cal TO eap d%pi TOV Oepovs. 7ro\vv 8e xpovov /cal 6 rjpiyepwv. TO, B d\\a ov TOVTO, KaOaTTep ov&e 6 icpotcos OVTG 6 evoa- ov& o XefAro? ovd^ o d/cavO(t)Bij<i' OVTOI Se doo-fioi.

VIII. Kot^ 5e Siacjiopd TrdvTwv TU>V Troico&wv 7) TOidSe" TO. pev yap ZGTIV opOoKavXa /cal vevpo-


1 Sf after TUUTUV om. W.

2 oTraTTTjs (or dirc^TTjs) conj. Sch. ; O^OKTJJ U; a^)a6<j MAld. c/. 7. 7. 1 n. Plin. I.e., however, has aphace.

3 (irlTTfTpov conj. Seal, from Plin. I.e. ; Tri/j.erpov UMAld.G. c/. Hesych. 4 ay\y conj. Sch.; Kapvy UMAld.G.

106


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VII. vn. 3 -vm. i

spontaneously. The growth alike of these * and of others takes place in some cases with the first rains after the equinox, for instance, dandelion 2 rib- grass and the plant which some call buprestis ; in other cases after the rising of the Pleiad, for instance, chicory and most of the plants of that class. Some produce their flower immediately at the time of making growth, as lesser celandine, some not long after, as anemone, while some as soon as spring comes send up both their stems and flower, as chicory and the plants which resemble it, and those spinous plants which come under the head of pot-herbs.

There is much difference in the flowers, of which we have spoken already ; for such difference is a thing common to all ; and some are altogether flowerless, as stonecrop. 3 Those which produce their flower with the stem 4 quickly shed the flower ; except that dandelion, 5 when the first flower is past its prime, produces another and yet another, and continues to do so right through the winter and spring up to the summer. Groundsel 6 also blooms for a long time ; the others however do not do this ; for instance the crocus does not, neither the scented (saffron crocus) nor the white nor the spinous kind, 7 which last are scentless.

Of the, differences in stem and leaf found in all herbaceous plants.

VIII. A distinction which is found in all herbaceous plants alike is the following : some have straight

5 avdin] 'yrjp^ffavTos COnj. W. ; aTTrjyrjpdffavros U ; airoyrjpd- travros MAld. ; a<j>dicn avoynpaffavros H. cf. Plin. I.e. ; 7. 7. 1 n.

6 cf. C.P. 1. 22. 4; Plin. 25. 106.

7 See Index. This plant can only have been called KpoKos because it produced a yellow dye.

107


THEOPHRASTUS


fcav\a, rd Be eTTiyeioKav'Xa, KaOdrrep

a/cdvBit; (TiKvos dypw TO Be rf\iorpomov en

JJLOXXOV ft>9 eiTTClV TOIOVTOV, COGTTep Kal V TOt?

dKav0ct)Be(ri,v OVGIV rpi/3o\o<> KOI TJ Kdrrrcapis KOI aXXa 7r\ioy /cal yap e/ceivcov rj Bia(f)opa irXeiwv. evia Be 7Tpia\\6Kav\a, /AT) e^ovra Be TTOV irpoo- ireo-wo-iv eiriyeioKavKa, KaOdirep eireTLvr] /cal a-Tra- pivr) Kal aTrXw? &V 6 /cav\o$ X67TTO? Kal /iaXa/co? ical fjiaicpos, C o Kal (frvovTat, ravra a>9 eVt TO nrav ev aXXot?" /cowr) Brj Kal avrv) 77 Biacfropa ou fjiovov rwv TroicoBwv Kal (frpvyaviKwv Kal TWV OafJivw^MV Kal yap rj eXif Kal eri


2 "Ert Be Kal rwv TroicoBwv rd fiev 7ro\vKav\a rd Be jJiovoKavXa' Kal rwv fMovoKav\a)v rd fjuev drra- pdj3\acrra Kara rov Kav\ov rd Be TrapaftXacmKd, KaOdrrep Kal ev rot9 rjfjbepois r\ re pacf>avl<; Kal aXX' drra. rfo\vKav\a Be a>9 a7rXa)9 elrrelv rd emyeioKavXa, /jLOVoKav\a Be Kal 6\iyoKav\a rd 6pOoKav\a. rovrcov Be drrapdjB\a(Tra rd Xeto- Kav\a Kpofjivov rcpdaov (TKopoBov, wcnrep Kal ev Tot9 rjfjiepois Kal rd jjiev evOvKavXa rd Be <JKO\IO- Kav\a Kal rovrwv [rot9 ^/iepot9] VTrdp^ei.

3 Aia<j)opd Be ris Kal roidBe rcov TroiayBwv ecrri' rd pep ydp e7riyei6(f>v\\a rd B* emKav\o(^v\\a rvy%dvei, rd S* dfjifyorepws. eTnyeio$>v\\a /ttX 1


conj. Cornarius ; etrereioKavXa Ald.H. 2 cf. 7. 15. 1 ; Diosc. 4. 190 and 191 ; Plin. 22. 57.

108


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VII. vm. 1-3

and fibrous stems, some prostrate stems, 1 as malakhe (cheese-flower) wild chervil ' wild cucumber' (squirting cucumber) ; while heliotropion' 1 has this character 3 to an even greater extent, and so, among spinous plants, have caltrop caper and several others ; for in these too the above-mentioned distinction is even more marked. Some again have clasping stems, but if they have nothing on which to throw themselves, their stems become prostrate, as epetine bedstraw and in general those which have a slender soft long stem ; wherefore these in general grow in the midst of 4 other plants. This point of difference too is common not only to all herbaceous plants and under-shrubs, but also to shrubby ones ; for helix (ivy) has a clasping stem, and, still more, smilax.

Again of herbaceous plants too some have several stems, some only one ; and of the latter some have no side-shoots along the stem, while others have side-shoots, for instance, among cultivated plants radish and some others. Those with prostrate stems have generally more than one, while those with erect stems have but one or a few. Of these those with smooth stems have no side-shoots, as onion leek garlic the wild, as well as the cultivated forms ; and of these 5 again some have straight, some crooked stems.

There is also the following point of difference in herbaceous plants : some have their leaves on the ground, some on the stem, some have both characters. The following have ground leaves crowsfoot 6 the

3 roiovrov conj. Sch. from G ; TOVTWV Aid.

4 ev ; G seems to have read <-TT .

5 ro'ts T] Depots probably repeated by mistake from above.

6 cf. G.P. 2. 5. 4; Pl'in. 22. 48; Diosc. 2. 130.

109


THEOPHRASTUS

/copwvoirovs dvOefJLOV d$>vX\av6e<$ dyxov&a Troa dvefjLWvrj dirapyia apvoyXwcrcrov CUTT CUTTY]* eTU/cav- \6<f)vX\.a Be /cprjirls dv6e/j,ov TO (frvXKwBes XOJTO? \evKoiov ttyLi</>OTe/?a>9 Be TO Ki%6piov /cal yap eVt TWV /cav\wv dfjua rat? e/c^vo-eai rat? dfcpe/jLovi/cals K(f)vei TL /cal av6o$' /cal TWV <J)v\\aKdv0G)v evia, TrXrjv aKavOtobeo-i KOfjuSfj, /caOaTrep 6 <roy/co9.

IX. "E<7Tt $ /cal ra per a/capTra TO, Be Kcip- 7rifJ,a. KOI oXa)9 Twv iroicoSwv TO, /j,ev a^pi TWV <t)v\\a)V a^iicvelTat,, TO, Be /cav\bv e^ei teal avOos Kapirov Be ov. TO, Be /cal Kapirov wcnrep TeXeio- <j>vo~iv, el prf TI /cal avev TOV dv0ov<f /capiro- , wcnrep 7rl TWV BevBpwv.

Be /cal TCL (f>v\\a o"%eBbv ov/c e\arro- GIV d\\d iT\eLoa'i Biacfropais rj TO, TWV BevBpcov teal 777305 avTa Be etcelva Biafiopds e%ei' /j,eyi,<TTiiv fjLV a>9 elirelv OTL ra /lev diro fj,io"%ov Trpoo-Tretyvfce, Ta Be aura /mev ft>5 a7rXa)9, TO, Be Kav\i/cfj TIVI Trpoafyvvei. /cal TWV fJLev ev TTJ (S\aaTr)aei, irpo- Tepel <o /tai'Xo9>, TWV Be TrXetcrra)^ ra <f>v\\a, /cat bv ev Trj dp%fj /jLeyicrTa yivovTai /cal /jidXicrTa TO, Be e/c TWV BevBpwv irpowOel Tiva /cav\6v.


1 a(f>v\\av0fs placed after &v9f/.iov by Sch. ; in Aid. placed after bve^vr,. cf. 1. 14. 2; Plin. 21. 56.

2 07rct7T77 U ; airdr-n Aid. cf. 7. 7. 1 n. 8 cf. 1. 13. 1. and Index.

4 fK<pvei TI Kal MSS.; 1 tt(f>vei (f)v\\ov re KO.I W.

TIO


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, vn. vm. 3 -ix. i

anthemon whose flowers have no petals 1 (wild camo- mile) alkanet grass anemone hawk's beard plantain dandelion 2 ; the following have leaves on the stem ox-tongue the anthemon which has petalled flowers 3 trefoil gilliflower ; while chicory has both kinds of leaves ; for this plant produces, 4 as well as leaves, a certain number of flowers on the stems at the points where the side-shoots are attached. Similar too are some of the plants with spinous leaves, but not those that are altogether spinous, as sow-thistle.

Of other differences seen in herbaceous plants in general, as compared with one another and with trees.

IX. Again some are barren, while others bear fruit, and, speaking generally, of herbaceous plants some get as far as producing leaves only, others have a stem and flower, but no fruit ; some again have fruit as the completion of their development, while some bear fruit even though they have no flower, as is the case with some trees.

5 The leaves of herbaceous plants again differ in hardly fewer, nay, even in more, ways than those of trees, and further, they present differences as compared with these, the chief being perhaps that some are attached by a leaf-stalk, some are attached directly, some attached with cauline appendages. And in some herbaceous plants the stalk 7 is the first part to grow, but in most the leaves, which almost at the outset grow to their largest and are best for eating ; whereas the leaves of trees always push out first a sort of stalk.

5 Plin. 21. 100.

6 i.e. petiolate, sessile, and decurrent respectively.

7 6 Kav\bs add. Sch. from G.

Ill


THEOPHRASTUS

2 Aiacpepovcri be KOI rot? avOecrt TTO\V' ev fjiev yap rot? BevBpecn TCI ye TrXeto-ra Xeu/ca, ra Be fjLiKpov 67ri7rop(f)vpiovTa, TO, Be TTocoBrj Kal xXocoBrj, Kj(pcocrjjievov Be dvdivco < ovBev ev Be rot? TTOICO- Becri rwv avOwv > TroXXal Kal TravToSctTral %poial KOI a/cparot, real pe/juiy/uevai teal evoo-jAOi Srj /cal aoo-fioi elviv. /cal ra fiev SevSpa rr)v avGrjaiv aOpoav Troielrai, TOVTCOV S' evia /cara yu-e/oo?, cocr- TTe/9 eXe^drj Kal Trepl rov wicL^ov, Si o /cal TTO\VV %p6vov avOel, Kadairep a\\a re 7ro\\a /cal TO

ffklO TpOTTLOV Kal TO Kt,%6plOV.

3 IloXXat 8e /cal TWV pi^wv $ia(f)opal /cal rpoTrov nva al TOVTCOV (fravepcoTepai' elcrl yap al fjuev ^uXcoSet? al Be o-ap/cwBeis /cal IvcoSeis, wtTTrep /cal TCOV rj/jLepwv, /cadciTrep at re TOV GITOV /cal TT}? Troa? T>}9 7r\iaTij<f. avT&v Be TOVTCOV 6/cacrTat 7rXet<TTa9 e^ovcri Siatyopcis ^pco/jLaat

fjiois fJieyedecTLV' al fj,V yap \ev/cal al 8e al 8* epvdpai, KaOdirep r\ re TT}? dy%ovcrr)s /cal TOV epevOeBdvov al B* cocnrep avQal /cal ^vXoeiBeis' val y\vtcelai Be /cal Tri/cpal /cal Bpi/j,eiai /cal evcoBeis teal /ca/ccoBeis, /cal zviai ^ap^aKoo^e^, a>? ev aXXot? eipijTai.

4 &ia(f)0pal Be /cal TCOV crap/ccoScov al p,ev yap (TTpoyyvkai, al Be Tcpo^Kei^ Kal ffdXavcoSeis,

da(f)oBe\ov /cal /cpo/cov /cal al /j,ev \eirv- , cocrTrep 1} TOV /3o\/3ov /cal TJ}? o-Ki\\,r)s real /3o\/3coBei<> Kal Kpo/J>vov Be Kal ytjdvov Kal


1 c/. 1. 13. 1.

2 ouSec . . . av6>v add. Seal, from G (/(expoxr/ueVcDi' Se av0iK$ iro\\al UMAld.) ; avQivcf for av6ut$ conj. W., who also added rwv a.v9S>v. See LS. av6iv6s.


112


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VII. ix. 2-4

There is also much difference as to the flowers between herbaceous plants and trees ; for in trees l most of the flowers are white, while some are slightly reddish, others are greenish or greenish-yellow, but none of them 2 have distinct gay colours; while in herbaceous plants the flowers shew many and various colours, both simple and in combination, and further, some of them are scented, others not. Again 3 trees produce all their bloom at once, while some herba- ceous plants have a succession of flowers, as we said 4 of basil ; wherefore it is in flower for a long period, as are many other herbs, such as heliotropion and chicory.

There are also many differences in the roots, and, in a way, the differences in these are more obvious ; some are woody, some fleshy and fibrous, just as in the cultivated kinds, as are those of corn and most kinds of grass. Again the roots themselves exhibit in each case very many differences in colour smell taste and size ; some are white, some black, some red, as those of alkanet and madder ; some are yellowish, 5 or the colour of wood. 6 Again there are roots which are sweet, bitter, pungent, fragrant, evil-smelling ; and some are medicinal, as has been said elsewhere.

There are also differences between those with fleshy roots ; the roots of some are round, of some oblong and acorn-shaped, as those of asphodel and crocus ; 7 some consist of several layers, as those of purse-tassels squill and others which belong to that class, onion long onion and others like

3 &oar/j.oi tlffiv. Kal ra /j.fv conj. W. ; &OCT/J.OI. Kal tviwv TCI p\v Ald.H. " 7. 3. 1.

6 &<rirep MSS. ; irXelarai conj. W.

c/. 7. 3. 2. 7 c/. 1. 6. 7 ; 6. 6. 10.


VOL. II.


THEOPHRASTUS


o<ra Touro9 o/jioia. at Be o/uaXet9 teal /cal fj,a\a/cal BC o\ov /cal wo~7Tep a<$)\oioi, TOV apov at Be <j)\oibv e^ovai 777)09 rfj ffaprci,

rj rov KV/c\a/j,lvov /cal Tr?9 airacrai 8' al evooSeis rj <y\v/celai fcal eScoSi/AOi, 0^8' al iriicpal affpcoTOi 1 aXX* oaai a/3Xa/3et9 elcrt, TW crcoyLtart yw-era TTJV Trpoafyopdv eviai yap yXvrceiai, fjiev Oavdai/uoi & fcal vocr<*>$eis, 5 al Se TU/cpal /j,ev fj /cafca>&eis axpeXi/jiOi, Be. rov avrbv Be Tpojrov /cal (j>v\\a /cal Kav"\oi, KaOdirep TOV d^TLvOiov /cal TOV /cevTavpiov. Bia<f>opa Be /cal /caTa TTJV (B\darTr](j LV /cal /caTa TIJV avQrjcriv, olov dp^ofjievov xei/J-wvos /cal JJ,O-OVVTO$ /cal rjpos rj Oepovs r) fjieTOTrwpov. /cal eVt TWI wv Be o/jLoicos TW ftpwTovs elvai /cal ey%v\ov$ /cal (j)v\\a teal crTrepyu-ara teal pta<}' /cal ei aurot? rourot? /caTa rou? xvXovs, olov /cal ^>pifjbVTr]Ti /cal y\v/cvT7jTi /cal /cal rat? aAAeu? rat9 TOiavTais a?rXw9 re /cal /caTa TO fjua\\ov. r9 fiev ovv Biacpopas ev

TOfTOi9 \rjTTTeOV.

X. AiyprjfjLevcov Be /caTa ra9 w/3a9 e/cdaTcov 7T/709 re ra9 /3\ao~Tij(Ti<i /cal /caTa T9 dvffrfcreis /cal T\ei(i)(reis TCOV tcapjrwv, ovBev dvaf3\aaTdvei, TTpb T^9 ol/ceia? wpas OVTC TWV pio(f)va)v ovTe o~7rp/jLO(f)V(j<)V, ttXX* e/cao~Tov dvafjievei TTJV


1 /cal conj.W.;^ Aid.

2 T(f jSpwrous tlvai Kal f'y%v\ovs tvlois COllj. W. ; rb flvai Kal KavXobs ilvai Ald.H. Text probably defective.

114


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VII. ix. 4 -x. i

these. Some are smooth loose and soft through- out, and, as it were, without 'bark,' as those of cuckoo-pint, while some have a ' bark' attached to the fleshy part, as those of cyclamen and turnip. And not all those that are fragrant or sweet or pleasant to the taste are also l edible, any more than all those that are bitter are uneatable ; any (whether sweet or bitter) that are harmless to the body after being eaten are edible ; for some that are sweet are deadly and dangerous to health, while some are beneficial even if they are bitter or have an evil smell. The same may be said of the leaves and stalks, as in the case of wormwood and centaury. There are also differences in the time of growth and of flowering, the season being variously the beginning or middle of winter, or again spring, summer, or autumn. So too is there in like manner a differ- ence in the fruits, which 2 in some of these plants are edible and juicy, as well as 3 the leaves seeds and roots. And in these cases there are further differences in the taste (of those which are edible and juicy), which may be sharp, pungent, sweet, dry, or exhibit other similar differences, either altogether or in degree. These are examples of the differ- ences which we find.

Of the seasons at ivhich herbs grow and flower.

X. Each plant having its proper season for growth, flowering and maturing of the fruit, nothing grows 4 before its proper season either of those grown from a root or of those grown from seed, but each awaits


3 KO.I frifas seems irrelevant.

4 a.va.QKa.ffTa.vei conj. W. ; avafrXaffTei KOI AU1.H.


"5 i 2


THEOPHRASTUS

oiKeiav ovB* vrro rwv vBdrcov ovBev rrdo"xpv evict yap depivd KOfjiiBrj Kal rfj j3\a(m](Tei KOI TJJ dv6r)<rei t KaOdrrep 6 re (TKO\V/JLO<; /cal 6 aiKvos dypios, wcrirep /cal rrepl rwv (frpvyaviKwv eKe^Or)

7Tpl KOVvfys re KOI KaTTTrdplBo? Kal TWV d\\(i)V

ovBev jdp ovbe eiceivwv dvOel Kal ftXacrTdvei Trpo

2 TT}? oiKeias w/oa?. Bi o KCLV ravrrj &6%ai,V av Sia<f)pLV rcov Sevbpcov. TWV /iiev yap dfjua TTCO? irdvTWV TI 77^9 rj /SKdvTtjGis, el Be jj,rj Kara /miav ye wpav w? eiTrelv TOVTWV Be ev TroXXat? fid\\ov Be ev dirdaais rj (3\d(TTri(ns Kal eri jMaXXov rj

ware ei ' rt? eOeXei, Karavoelv cr^eBov yiverai KaO* 6\ov eviavrov Kal rj ft\,dcr- Kal r] avOrjCFw alel ydp erepov ef erepov

Trdcras Kara\a/ji/3dvei, ra? w olov yLtera rrjv d'jrd'jrrjv KpoKOS carat Kal Kal 6 rjpiyepwv Kal ra d\\a ^eifjiepivd, perd Be ravra rd ypuvd <Kal 9epivd> Kal fJLerorrwpivd.

3 TroXXa e, wcTTre/o eXe-^Orj, Bid rb Kara fjuepos dvOelv eTTir -elver cti rat? wpaw evia yap ovrcos dv6el, Kaddrrep ij re drrdmr) Kal rb 6vo%i\<; Kal rb Ki^opiov Kal rb dpvoy\a)(T(Tov Kal d\\a" Bid Be rrjv (Tvve%iav Kal rrjv TrepiKardXrj'^riv rrjv v7r J d\\tj\(i)v ov (j)aiverai paBiov ev eviois ovB* opicrai

jrpwra ftXacrrdvei Kal rrola btyi(B\a<jrri' ei ri$ viroOolro rov erou? rrjv dp^rjv riva


ouS'conj.W. ; otf0' Aid. 2 Reference not discoverable. oTraTTTjj/ conj. W.; a.Qa.K'nv UMAld. c/. 7. 7. 1 n. KP^KOS conj. Sch. (adding 6) ; %pos U (corrected) ; Kpos M ; . Aid. ; rb KPOKOV mBas. Kal Oepiva seems to have dropped out.

8ia T}> /cara nepos avde'tu conj. W.; Kal T>V Kara ^ue'pos avQeuiv Aid.


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VII. x. 1-3

its proper season and is not l affected even by rain. For some are plants which belong properly to summer as to their growth and their flowering, as golden thistle and squirting cucumber, as was said 2 of shrubby plants and of konyza caper and the rest ; for of these too none blooms or grows before its proper season. Wherefore in this respect too these plants would seem to differ from trees. For trees make their growth all at once or nearly so, or at all events we may say that they do so all at one season ; but the plants of which we are now speaking have their times of growing and still more of flowering at many or rather at all seasons ; so that, if one will consider it, both the growing and the flowering are almost continuous throughout the year ; for one continually succeeds to another, so that all seasons are covered ; thus after the dandelion 8 will come the crocus 4 anemone groundsel and the other plants of winter, and after these those of spring summer 5 arid autumn. Some again, as was said, because they do not produce all their bloom at once, 6 cover a longer season ; for there are some that thus bloom, for instance dandelion 7 bugloss 8 chicory plantain, and others ; but because of this continuity and overlapping it does not seem easy in some cases to define which first make growth and which are late in growing, unless 9 one were to lay down that the 'year'

7 a-rrdirr) conj. W. ; oc^/nj Aid. cf. 7. 7. 1 n.

8 oj/ox^Aes conj. Sch. from Plin. 21. 100; Diosc. 4. 24 ; bvo- /a'xXrjs UMAld.

9 i.e. unless one has a fixed starting-point, -nvo. &pas rtvos apx.? conj. W. ; rtva irpbs rr\ "va. ?}(?) U; text defective in MAld., but both give 'iva p ; W. conjectures also rpoiras ras Xfi/J-epivd'S. ? efvoi &pas TIVOS apx'i'li' or elvai &pav nvo. (omitting ci fj as a trace of a lost sentence).


THEOPHRASTUS


4 &>a? TWOS d'j. Kal avrwv 8e TOVTCDV


KapTrwv rcaXiv aXXa? /

oirep fiaKidra Bo/cet a~v /jipaiveiv fjLT07ra)pwr)V Tore 7/) ^S^; ra arirep- fiara TrXetcrra rereXetforat /cat TWI> SevSpi/cwv KapTTwv ol TroXXot, /cat ayita fjLera/3o\ij ns avrov TOVTOV TrpocT'yiveTai, teal T^? wpas* oora $e areX?} /cat aTreTrra TTepucardKafjiftdveTai, TOVTOIS KCLTO, \6yov e/c TrepioSov /cal T) fiXcta-r^o-is yiverat, Kal i] av6r)Gi<$ Kal r] TeXetaxrt?' Bi o (rv^aivei ra /jiev VTTO rpOTTcis avOelv ra 8' VTTO Kwa ra 8e Kal lj,6Ta 'ApKTOVpov Kal larjiJiepiav /uieroTrwpivijv. 5 *AXXa ravra fj,ev eoiKe Koworepav e^eiv eh a^opi<jfjiov yo%^5. on & at 97 OVK eXarrou? eV TOVTOIS <f>avepbv. eirel Kal aei<j)v\\a TWV TOIOVTWV ecrrlv evia, KaOdirep TO

7TO\IOV Kal l^KiOTpOTTlOV Kttl TO Cl&iaVTOV.

XI. 'A(f)a)pi(T/JL6va)v ovv TOVTWV Tcepl ra? Sia- (f>opas ev ot9 <ylvovTai Kal TTW? \eKTeov JjSij T?

  1. a#' eKacrTOv icTTOplas . . . 6Va yu,^ /tara T^


1 i.e. to fix the date of the beginning and end of the cycle of the plant's life.

2 aiiToD TUVTOV : ? the plant itself, avrov rov frouj conj. Sch.

3 i.e. according as the seed ripened last year or this year. In this rather obscure section I follow W.'s explanations.

4 Plin. 21. 100.

118


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VII. x. 3 -xi. i

begins when a certain season begins. Further in these plants it is not easy to define l in each case the time of first growth and the season when, the fruits being matured, it makes a fresh start in reproduction. This seems chiefly to occur after the autumnal equinox ; for by that time most of the seeds are matured, like most of the fruits of trees : moreover a change then takes place in the seed 2 itself as well as in the season. But in the case of any seeds which are still immature and unripe and so are overtaken by winter, the period of first growth, the flowering of the new plant, and the period of maturity are proportionally later. Wherefore it comes to pass that some bloom at the solstice, some at the rising of the dog-star, and some after the rising of Arcturus and the autumnal equinox. 3

But these matters seem to require a wider in- vestigation in order to determine when the process begins. However it is clear from what has been said that these plants present at least as many differences as trees. 4 For some again of this class are evergreen, as hulwort heliotropion and maiden- hair.

Of the classes into which herbaceous plants may be divided, as those having a spike and chicory-like plants.

XI. Having then made these explanations we must now give a separate account of each plant, dis- cussing the differences (in those plants in which they occur) and saying how they arise . . . . 5 except those peculiarities which belong to the

5 Lacuna in UMAld.Cam.Bas., leaving the connexion of the next clause obscure.

119


THEOPHRASTUS

ISiav e/cdcrrov fyvaiv. Xey&> Be olov TO, KOI TOL (7KavBi/ca)Br) /cal [jLovocfrvf), icav et TL eTepbv effTi TOLOVTOV Koivov 67rl TrdvTwv \afteiv, 6 alcr0rj(Tei ryvdopifiov rj (f>v\\oi<} r) avOecw r) pi rj Kapirols' IK yap rwv fyavepwv 6 KOI e/c TWV pi^wv.

ev ovv ecrriv o re KVVW^T VTTO Ka\ov{ji6vo<; TrXetou? %ft)^ tSea? ev eavrw' KOI o dXwjTeKovpos teal 6 o-reKetyovpos VTT evlwv Be apvo<y\a>(To-ov TWV Be oprvg KaKovfjievos' Trapo- Be TOVTO) rpojTOV Tiva KCLI TI 0pvdX\i<>. a Be ical povoeiBrj Tpoirov nvd Tavra /cal OVK 6%vv ovB* dOepcoBr) e^ovra' o B d\a)7rfcovpo? juia\a/cbv Kal ^vow^earepov, on fcal rat? TWV aktoireicwv ovpals, o9ev real Xyfyev. oyLto^o? Be rovry KOI o aTe\e(j)OVpo$, 7r\r)v ov% oycnrep e/celvos avdel Kara /xe/)0? a\\d Bt 6\ov rov ard^vo^ wairep o Trvpos. j] Be avOrja-^ a^olv %voa)Brj<; } KaOdirep KOI rov TrapofAoiov Be rf) o\rj /AOptyfj r&> jrvpw 7T\cnv(f)v\X6Tpov. Gocrai;TGt>9 Be TOVTOIS /cal rd d\\a rd crra^yct)Brj \Kreov.

TA Be Ki^opLcoBrj Trdvra [lev 7rerei6(f)u\\a /cal pi^ofpvXX.a, [SXacn-dvet Be /Jierd TL\eid8a rot? Be KavKols Kal rat?


1 i.e. spicate.

2 a-KavSiicwSr) : i.e. umbellate. One would expect KI

to correspond Avith 3 ; but the three classes mentioned seem to be merely 'samples' of classification: of the three only one (TO. ffTaxvwSr)) is described below, and other classes are added.

3 /LLovoQvri I conj.: i.e. those which have a scape : c/. 2. 6. 9 ; C.P. 1. 1. 3. /.woQax U; pvoQua M Aid. ; om. G.

120


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VII. xi. 1-3

character of individual kinds. I mean for instance the plants which have a spike, 1 those which may be classed with wild chervil, 2 and those which have a single stem, 3 .... or any other such class in which one can find some such general charac- teristics obvious to the senses either in leaves flowers roots or fruits ; (for the classification is to be made by the visible parts, as well as by the roots). 4

5 An example of the plants which have a spike is the plant which some call ( dog's eye 6 ' (rib-grass), which comprises several forms ; we have also e fox- brush,' stelephuros (plantain)^ which some call ( lamb's tongue ' and some ' quail-plant ' ; and somewhat similar to this is thryallis. These are simple plants and uniform in character, having a spike which is not pointed nor bearded ; while in ' fox-brush ' it is soft and somewhat downy, in that it actually resembles the brush of a fox, whence also it has obtained its name. Similar to this is stelephuros (plantain), except that it does not, like that plant, flower here and there, but all up the spike like wheat. The bloom of both is downy like that of corn, and the plants in their general appearance resemble wheat, but have broader leaves. Of the other plants which have a spike a similar account may be given.

7 The chicory-like plants all have annual leaves and have root-leaves, and they begin to grow after the Pleiad, except dandelion 8 ; but in their stems

4 Roots being the basis of classification in xii. below.

6 Plin. 21. 101.

8 Kvvwfy conj. Sch. ; axvvwty CJAld. ; Plin. I.e. has cynops (cf. 7. 7. 3) ; oculus caninus G.

7 i.e. composites. Plin. I.e.

8 airdir-ns U; airdrTjs MAld. cf. 7. 7. 1 n. ; 7. 8. 3 n.

121


THEOPHRASTUS


e%ov(Ti Biacfropds' ol /nev yap TWV a\\wv

dTC\OVO~TepOl Kal eKciTTOVS, O Be TOV Kl^OplOV

/Jieyas Kal airofyvdet,? e%a>z> TroXXa?, ert Be 7X1- cr^/oo? Kal BvaBiaipeTos, Si o KOI &e<7yu&> xptovrai* 7rapa/3\ao-TrjTiKbv Be teal rfj pity Kal aX-Xw? /Aa/cpoppi&v, Si o Kal 8vcra)\0pov orav yap K\axaviaci)VTai,, irakiv TO V7ro\oi,7rov ap^rjv \ajjij3dvei yeveaews. (Tv^/Salvei, Se Kal TrapavOelv avrov yt/.e/?o9 aXXo Kai aXXo, tcai TOVTO ctxpi TOV

fJLGTOTTCOpOV, O~K\rjpOV BoKOVVTO? LVai TOV KaV\OV.

Be Kal \oj3bv ev (j> TO o~Tcep^a irepl TCL aKpa


f H 8e VTroxoipIs \eiOTpa Kal Trpocro^ei Kal y\vKVTepa Kal ov% wo~7rep SpuXXa- TO yap o\ov OVK eBtoSifjios avTrj Ka aftpwTos Kal ev Ty pity SpifAvv OTTOV e^et Kal TTO\VV.

"AyS/3ft>ro9 Be Kal TTiKpa rj dTraTn]' 7rpa)'iav0r)S Be Kal ra^u yrjpda-Kei Kal aTroTraTTTrovTai,, elr' aXXo (frveTai Tfakw Kal aXXo Kal TOVTO Trap o\ov Troiel TOV "xziyutova Kal TO eap a.^pi TOV Oepovs" TO B* av0o<$ iirfkivoeiBes.

'Ho-aurw9 Be Kal rj TriKpLv Kal yap avTfj TU> rjpi, dv6el, Kal irapairK^la Bi? 6\ov TOV %ej/xwi>o<? Kal TOV Oepovs irapavOel' TJJ yevaet, Be TciKpd, Bi o Kal Tovvo/jLa e^X^^e. TavTa jjiev ovv ev Tav-


1 e \OLTTOVS conj. Seal. ; Qdrrovs UMAld.

2 Plin. 21. 88. 3 rb conj. Sch.; rV Aid.

4 Meaning not obvious ; or/fArjpoG is perhaps corrupt. 6 viroxoipls conj. Seal. ; viroxupy(ris UMAld. cf. 7. 7. 1 n. 6 oix wcrirep : an adjective has perhaps dropped out between these words ; ? iriKpa. (amara Plin. I.e.).

122


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VII. xi. 3-4

and roots they exhibit great differences ; for in some these are simpler and fewer/ but the stem of chicory is large and has many side-shoots ; also it is tough and hard to break, wherefore it is used for withes 2 ; it makes side-growths from the root, and also has long roots, wherefore it is hard to kill ; for, when the top is taken off to use as a vegetable, what remains 3 starts growing again. Moreover different parts of it flower at different times, and the flowering goes on till autumn, since the stem appears to be hard. 4 Also it bears a pod, which contains the seed, at the top of the stem.

Cat's ear 5 is smoother and has a more cultivated appearance, and is also sweeter and not like 6 khondrylla 7 ; for the latter is altogether uneatable and 8 unfit for food, and its root contains a quantity of pungent juice.

Dandelion 9 is also unfit for food and bitter : it flowers early and quickly waxes old and the flower turns to pappus ; but then another flower forms, and yet another, and this goes on right through the winter and spring up to the summer; and the flower is yellow.

10 The like may be said of pikris : for this plant too blooms in spring, and like dandelion it flowers throughout the winter, and it flowers also to some extent in summer ; in taste it is bitter, whence its name. These are the special points of difference

7 x v $P v ^ a conj. St.; x av $pv ^B U; xai>8pv a\\a M; XavSpas oAA.a Aid. H. ; cadryalia G (Tarv. ) ; candralia G (Bas. Par.).

8 rb yap o\ov OVK eSuiSmos aurrj /cal conj. W. ; rb o\ov OVK eS. avTf) yap Aid. ; OI/'TTJ yap aPpuros conj. Sch. from Plin. 21. 105.

9 airdw-n conj. W.; ad>a/crj Aid. cf. 7. 7. 1 11. 1 Plin. 22. 66.

123


THEOPHRASTUS

rats rat? Bia<f>opai$. rreipareov Be, a>9 /cal rwv a\\a)v \a/JL/3dvew OJJLOLWS.

XII. Tlo\v Be TI yevos ecrrl Aral rwv (rap/cop- pia)v YI /cetyaXoppi^cov, a KOI 777)09 ra a\\a teal KaO^ avrd ra<; &ia(f>opa<; e%et pi^ais re KOI Aot? teal /cav\ots KOL rat9 a\Xat9 fjiopfyals. jap piwv, wa-jrep eiprjrai Trporepov, al ^ev \TTV- picoSeis al Be (rapKwbeis, /cal al [lev 6%ovo-ai <f>\oibv al S' afy'Xoiot,, ert, Be al fjuev a-Tpoyyv\ai al B Trpo/AiJKeis teal al fj,ev eSw^/iot al 8* aftpwroi,. eStoSifJLOi fjiev yap ov povov fioXfiol /cal ra opoia TOuro/9, a\\a /cal j] rov acr^oBe\ov pi^a /cal 7} T^9 <T/c/XX779, 7r\r]V ov Trdcrrjs d\\a T?)9 'ETTiyLtev^- Beiov /ca\ov/j,evr]<;, rj CLTTO rrjs xptfa-ecos e; rrjv Trpo&ijyopLav' avr'rj Be (TT6VO<pv\\OTpa re /cal \eiorepa rwv \oirrwv ecmv.

2 'fiSft)Siyu-o9 Be /cal TI rov apov /cal avrrj /cal ra </)vX\a rrpoaQety'rjOevra ev o^et /cat, earw rjBeid re /cal rrpbs ra prfy/jiara dyadt], rrpbs Be rr)V av%Y)(jiv avrrjs, orav drro$v~\\ia-a>(nv, e%ei Be fieya atyoBpa rb $v\\ov, dvopv%avre<$ arpefyovarLV, OTTft)9 av f&) Bia/SXacrrdvy d\\d rrdcrav eX/crj rrjv rpotyrjv et9 eavrrjv, o /cal errl rwv /9oX/3w^ rives


1 cf. 7. 11. 2 ad fin. 2 Plin. 19. 93 and 94.

3 nopQcus : cf. 8. 4. 2. 4 7. 9. 4.

5 The legends about Epimenides suggest that the ' use ' was possibly in magic : cf. what is said of <r/a'AAa 7. 13. 4. cf. Plin. I.e.

124


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VII. xi. 4 -xii. 2

about these plants ; now we must endeavour, as was said/ to set forth the special points of the other classes in like manner.

Of herbs which have fleshy or bulbous roots.

XII. z There is a large class of these which have fleshy or bulbous roots : these exhibit differences both as compared with other plants and with one another both in roots leaves stems and their other prominent features. 3 Of the roots, as has been said 4 already, some are in layers, some fleshy, some have a 'bark,' some not ; and again some are round, some oblong, some edible and some not fit for food. Among edible roots are not only purse-tassels and others which resemble them, but also the roots of asphodel and squill, though not of all kinds of the latter, but only of the kind called 'Epimenides' squill (French sparrow-grass) which gets its name from its use 5 ; this kind has narrower leaves and is smoother than the others.

6 The root of cuckoo-pint is also edible, and so are the leaves, if they are first boiled down in vinegar ; they are sweet, and are good for fractures. To increase the root, having first stripped 7 off the leaves (and the leaf is very large), they dig 8 it up and invert 9 it in order that it may not shoot, 10 but may draw all the nourishment into itself. This some

6 Plin. 19. 96 ; 24. 162.

7 a.iTo<pv\\(<rwffiv conj. Sch.; avo^vXaa-ffoxriv U; airo<j)v\\dff- ffwfftv MAld.

8 avopvavTfs conj. St.; & avopv^avres Aid.

9 cf. 1. 6. 10; Plin. 19. 94 and 97, who seems to have read KaTopu|avTes : so also G. ? ' they plunge it in a pit.'

10 Sia0\affrAvy : cf. G.P. 4. 8. 1.

125


THEOPHRASTUS

avvTiOevTes' rj Be TOV BpaKovTiov, Ka\ovai yap TI BpaKovTiov apov Bia TO TOV Kav\bv e^eiv Tiva TroiKiXlav, a{3pa)TO<> KOI ^ap/jiaK^Brj^.

A\\a i] rov (f>a(T<yavov KaXov^evov y\vKeid re , Kal Tpify9elo~a /jiiyvv fjievi] T&) d\evpu> rov apTOV <y\v/cvv /cal daivr)' o-TpoyyvXtj oe Kal a<f)\oio<; Kal aTrofyvo-eis e^ovcra /M/cpds, TO yrjflvov TroXXa? oe evpiafcovcnv ev rat? <T/ca\07riaiS' %aipei, jap Kal (TvXXeyei TO %wov.

  • H 8e TOV Orjaeiov TTJ /j,ev yevcrei TriKpd, Tpi-

Be tcot,\iav viroKaOaipei. tyapfjiaKwBeis Be elcri Kal erepai, TTO\\WV Be OVTC (f>ap/LiaK(*>- OVTC eBwBi/jLoi. Kal avrai pev ev rat? pifais at Siaffropai.

XIII. Kara Be TCL <j>v\\a rot? re fjteyefteaiv Kal rot? cr^^acriv. 6 fjiev acr^oSeXo? jj,aKpbv Kal (TTevoTepov Kal vTfo f y\,i(T'%pov e%ei TO <f)vX\,ov, rj Be <TKi\\a Tr\aTV KOI evBtaipeTov, TO Be (frdcryavov VTTO Tiva)v Be Ka\ov^evov t<c>9 %i$oei$e$, odev 0"%e Kal Tovvo/^a, i] Be Ipis KaXa/JiwBeaTepov TO Be TOV apov Trpos TTJ TrXarurT/rt Kal e<yKoi\ov Kal a iKvw^es ecTTiv 6 Be vapKia'ao^ aTevov Kal TTO\V Kal \iTrapov /3oX/3o? Be Kal Ta /3o\/3a)Bti iravTe-

(TTeva Kal TOV KpoKov B' en aTevoTepov. KavXov Be Ta fiev OVK e^ei TO o\ov ovB* avOos, TO apov TO eBcoBi/jiov TO, Be TOV TOV /JLOVOV, wo-Trep 6 vdpKicro-os Kal o KpoKov evia Be e^ei, KaOdirep 77 aKiXKa Kal o {3o\/3bs Kal TO %i$iov jj,e<yi(TTOV Be irdvTwv do~(f)6-


sense doubtful. Sch. andW. mark the word as corrupt. 2 cf. 9. 20. 3 ; Plin. 24. 142 ; Diosc. 2. 166.

126


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VII. xu. 2-xm. 2

do also with purse-tassels, when they lay them by. 1 2 However the root of edder-wort (for a kind of cuckoo-pint is so called because of its variegated stem) is not good for food, but is used for drugs.

But the root of the plant called corn-flag is sweet, and, if cooked and pounded up and mixed with the flour, makes the bread sweet and wholesome. It is round and without ' bark,' and has small offsets like the long onion. Many of them are found in moles' runs 3 ; for this animal likes them and collects them.

4 The root of theseion is bitter to the taste, but when pounded purges the bowels. There are also certain others of these roots which have medicinal properties, but of many the roots are neither medicinal nor edible. Such are the differences in the roots.

XIII. 5 In the leaves the differences are in size and shape. Asphodel has a long leaf, which is somewhat narrow and tough, while that of squill is broad and tears easily ; corn-flag, which is called by some xiphos (' sword '), has a sword-like leaf, whence its name, and iris one more like a reed. That of cuckoo- pint, in addition to being broad, is concave and like that of cucumber ; that of the narcissus is narrow substantial and glossy, those of purse-tassels and plants of that character are quite narrow, and that of crocus narrower still.

6 Some have not a stem at all, nor a flower, as the edible cuckoo-pint ; some have only the flower-stem, as narcissus and crocus ; some however have a stem, as squill purse-tassels iris and corn-flag ; but asphodel

3 irapa TCUS <TKa\oiria.'is conj. Sch. ; tv rais OK. conj.W.; rats

  • KO \olais UMAld. 4 Plin. 22. 06. 8 PJin. 21. 108.

6 Plin. 21. 108 and 109.

127


THEOPHRASTUS


o yap dvOepiKO? /jLeyiGTOS' 6 Be rfjs ipi&os e\drTO)v fjLev GtcKr) poT epos Be TO Be o\ov dvdepi- K(0Bi]s. <TTL Be teal Trd\vKapTros 6 acr^>o8eXo?, fcal 6 KapTTos avTov uXcoS^? Trj pev popfyfi Tpiywvos T&> Be Xpco/LiaTi, fjbe\as' yiveTai Be ev TW (TTpoy- yv\(p TW vTro/caTO) TOV av6ov<$, eKiriTTTei Be TOV 3 Oepovs, OTav TOVTO Bia^dvrj. TTJV avOrjcnv


Be TTpWTOV CLTTO T&v KCLTwOev. ev Be TO) a GVvio-TaTai (TK(t)\r)%, 09 et9 a\\o /j,Ta/3d\\ei dvQprjvoeiBes, el& orav 6 dvdepitcos avavOf) Biecr- diov efCTreTdTai. 8o/ceT Be iBiov e^eiv Trpos TCL a\\a TO, \eioKav\a, SIOTI crTevos cov

^~o\\d Be et9 /cal yap 6 av9epiKo<$ 6ev6/jivos Kal TO crrrepfjia (ppvyo/^evov Kal Be [Jbd\io~Ta TI pi^a KOTTTOjJbewr) //-era CTVKOV Kal TrXeicrTrjv ovrjcriv %ei Ka@* f H<rtoSov. 4 "ArravTa /AW ovv <J3i\6a)a ra K(f>a\6ppi^a /jidXiGTa B' r) cr/aAAa' Kal ydp Kpe/navvvjubevy %fj Kal rrXeiaTov ye ^povov Bia/j,evei' BvvaTai Be Kal Ta ffrjo-avpL^ofjieva a-oo^etv, warrep TTJV poav e/mTrrjy- vvjjbevov TOV /jLia^ov, Kal TWV (frvTevo/mevuv 8' evia ySXaerra^et OCLTTOV ev avTrj' \eyeTai Be Kal rrpb TWV Ovpwv r?^9 elo-oBov <$VTevOelo~av d\ej;rjTrjpiov elvai T7J9 eTrKfrepo/jLevrjS Br)\tf crews. rrdvTa Be TavTa dOpoa fyveTai, KaOdjrep Kal TO, KpbfJiva Kal TO, crKopoBa' Trapa[S\a<TTdvov<Ti, yap CLTTO Trjs


1 e7ri7rTi conj. W.; fKir'urTwv Aid.

2 &v6i)(nv conj. Seal.; tivavviv corr. to a&avffiv U; &va.vaiv M ; atiavaiv Aid. ; floret ver paries G.

128


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VII. xm. 2-4

has the tallest of all for the antherikos (asphodel- stalk) is very tall : that of iris is smaller, but tougher, though in general it is like the asphodel-stalk. Asphodel also produces much fruit, and its fruit is woody : in shape it is triangular and in colour black ; it is found in the round vessel which is below the flower, and it falls out l in summer when this splits open. It does not produce all its flowers 2 at once ; in which respect it resembles squill, but the flowering begins at the bottom. In the stalk of asphodel forms a grub which changes into another creature like a hornet, and then, when the stem withers, eats its way out and flies away. A peculiarity of the plant as compared with others which have a smooth stem appears to be that, though it is slender, it has outgrowths at the top. It provides many things useful for food : the stalk is edible when fried, the seed when roasted, and above all the root 3 when cut up with figs ; in fact, as Hesiod says, 4 the plant is extremely profitable.

Now all bulbous plants are tenacious of life, but especially squill ; for this even lives when hung up and continues to do so for a very long time ; it is even able to keep other things that are stored, for instance the pomegranate,' if the stalk of the fruit is set in it ; and some cuttings 5 strike more quickly if set in it ; and it is said that, if planted before the entrance door of a house, it wards off mischief which threatens it. All these bulbs grow in masses, as do onions and garlic ; for they make offsets from the root, and some

3 cf. 7.9. 4; 9. 9. 6.

4 Hes. Op. 41.

5 cf 2. 5. 5; G. P. 5. 6. 10.

b Sc. witchcraft, veneficiorum noxam Plin. 21. 108.

129

VOL. II, R


THEOPHRASTUS


evict, 8e /cal CLTTO TOV


olov 6 re dvOepiKos ical TO \eipiov /cal TO cbdcrya-

\ r /-) A f~\ f

vov Kai o poXpo9.

'AXX' ibiov TOVTO TOV {3o\/3ov \eyeTai, TO firj aTTo irdvTwv fSKacrTciveiv ci^a TWV cnrepfjbdTtov, d\\a TOV fjuev avToeTc? TOV & et9 vewTa, TOV alji\co7rd (fracri KM lov \WTOV. TOVTO ovv etTrep a\r]6es KOIVOV eTepwv. KOIVOV &e /cal TO /jue\\ov \eyecr0ai, ir\r]v ov 7ro\\cit)v, Oav- fj,a<TTOv Se 7rl TCCLVTWV, oirep ITCI re Trjs a/cLXXvjs /cal TOV vapKicrcrov (TVfjL/3aivei' TMV ftev *yap a\\a)v /cal TCOV e% dpxrfi ^VTevojuevcov /cal TO>V /3Aacr- TavovTwv KCL& wpav erou? TO (f>v\\ov dvaTeXXei irpwTOv, elO^ vdTepov o KavXov eirl 3e TOVTWV o /tafXo? nrpoTepov.

ToO vapKitraov &e 6 TOU av6ov /JLOVOV evOv TrpowOwv TO av6o<$' T?}? ^e a/ciXXij? /cad 1 avTov, et? vcrTepov 7rl TOVTO) TO dv9o<} dvLa^ov Trpoa- Ka9ij/jLVov' TroieiTat, Be Ta9 dv6r)o-ei T/oet9, wv r) fjiev TrptoTT) Bo/cel crrjfjiaiveiv TOV TrpwTov apoTov, TJ $e SevTepa TOV jjieaov, rj Se TpiTT) TOV ea^aTOV to? yap av avTai yevcovTai fcal ol apoToi cr^eoov OVTWS eic(3aivovcn,v OTav oe OVTOS dTroyrjpda-rj, TOTC r) TCOV <j)v\\cov pXaaTrjcns TroXXat? rjfjLepais vaTepov ft)cravTO)9 oe teal eirl TOV vapKicrcrov, 7r\r]v ovT6 Kav\ov eTepov e%et nrapa TOV TOV dv- , wcnrep eiiroj^ev, ovTe KapTrbv cfravepov, aXX'


a conj. Sch. from Plin. 21. 103 ; 7Aa>7ra UMAld. 2 ev6v irpowQuiv conj. W. ; evBvirpocapov Ald.H. C/. Plin. 21. 66, where however the statement is transferred to the crocus.

130


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VII. xm. 4-6

plainly are also increased by seed, as the asphodel polyanthus narcissus corn-flag and purse-tassels.

However it is said to be a peculiarity of purse- tassels that all the seeds do not germinate at once, but some in the same year, some the next year ; a like account is given of aigilops 1 and trefoil. If then this is true, it is not peculiar to this plant. Nor perhaps is the following characteristic, which is not found in many -plants and is marvellous wherever it does occur and it is found in squill and narcissus : namely that, whereas in most plants, whether those originally planted or those which are produced from them in season, the leaf comes up first and then presently the stem, in these plants the stem comes up first.

In the case of narcissus it is only the flower-stem which comes up, and it immediately pushes up 2 the flower. But in squill it is the stem 3 proper which thus appears, and presently the flower appears emerging 4 from and sitting on it. And it makes three flowerings, 5 of which the first appears to mark the first seed-time, the second the middle one, and the third the last one ; for, according as these flowerings have occurred, 6 so the crops usually turn out. But, when the flower-stem 7 has waxed old, then the growth of the leaves follows many days later. So also is it with narcissus, except that it has no second stem besides the flower-stem, as we said, nor any visible fruit ; but the flower itself

3 i.e. the whole 'bud.'

  • avlffxov Aid. ; aviaxw conj. Sch. followed by W.

5 Plin. I.e.-, cf. 18. 237.

6 i.e. the flowering is the sign when to sow. The same is said of the fruiting of <rxVos de signis 55.

7 ovros conj. Sch.; OVTUS Aid.


K 2


THEOPHRASTUS

avro TO avQos apa rw /cav\q> icaratyOlvei teal orav avavQr) rare TO, <$>v\\a dvareXket,.

n/>09 fjiev ovv ra d\\a ra avvd^co ravra iBia" 7T/D09 Be ra rrpoavOovvra rwv <f)v\\a)v /cal rwv /cav\wv, orrep Bo/cei TTOielv TO rl<f>vov /cal erepa T>V avOiKWV, en re TWV SevBpcov rj afjLVjSa\rj /jud\L(7Ta r) fjibvov, OTI Tavra per a/za T& avdei, irpofyalvei TO <f>v\\ov rj evOvs KaTOTriv, ware /cal Bia^r)Ti(r0ai TrepL TIVCOV, 67rl Be TOVTWV olov dfi erepas dpxfjs fyalveTai teal Bid TO TrX^^o? TWV rjiJiep&v /cal Sid TO JJLTJ Trporepov /BXaardvetv Trplv TOV fj^ev TO avOos rov Be /cal 6 /cav\b<; 0X09 CLTTO- rj Be fiXdcmjcris TTporepa /j,ev T^9 (T/ci\- varepa Be rov vapKiG-crow TTO\V Be rrXeov TO <j)v\\,ov OUT09 dfarjo-i,, /cai ecrnv rj pi^a avrr) /cal ov /jLeydX-rj, Trpoaefjifyeprjs Be /card TO rw {3o\j3q>, 7r\r)V <ov> \7rvpict)Br)$. ravra ovv e%ei (TKZ'tyiv.

T&v Be (3o\ftwv on rr\eia) yevr) fyavepov, /cal yap rw fjieyeQei /cal ry XP a fc&l TOt9 (j^rn^acfL Bia<f>epovcn /cal Tot9 YuXot9' evia'xpv yap ovrco <y\v/ce2$ wcrT6 /cal O)/JLOV<> eaOleaOai, rcaOdrrep ev Xeppovijcrq> rfj Tavpi/cfj. ^ey'iarr] Be /cal iBicordrrj Bia(f>opd rwv epiofyopayv ecrrt, yap TI yevos roiov- rov, o (j)verat fjuev ev aiyia\ols e%et Be TO epiov VTTO TOU9 7T/OWTOV9 %iTft)z/a9, wcrT6 dvd fjueaov elvai


Aid., c/. C. P. 1. 10. 5; T' ttyvov conj. W.; iphyum GBas.Par. c/. 6. 6. 11. 2 ^ add. Sch.

8 M conj. H.; -xepl UMAld. 4 W. adds &j/.

5 avr)) : sc. apart from offsets.

6 /j.iKpa conj. Sch. j ov P.IKOO, Aid.

I 3 2


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VII. xm. 6-8

perishes with the stem, and when it has withered, then the plant puts up its leaves.

These two plants then, as compared with the other bulbous plants are peculiar ; and, as compared with those which bloom before the leaves and stems appear (as the autumn squill 1 seems to do, and other plants with conspicuous flowers, as well as, among trees, the almond especially, if not alone), there is the distinction that, while these two put forth their leaves along with the flowers or 2 immediately after- wards (so that about some the matter is uncertain) in 3 the case of these two the flower appears, as it were, from a different starting-point, there being a considerable number of days in between, and the growth of the leaves not beginning till, 4 in the case of one of them, the flower, and in the case of the other, the whole stem has withered. Squill produces its leaves before the flower, narcissus afterwards ; but the latter produces much more abundant foliage, and the individual 5 root is small 6 rather than large, resembling purse-tassels in shape, except that it is not formed of scales. 7 About these matters then there is doubt.

Of purse-tassels it is plain that there are several kinds ; for they differ in size colour shape and taste. 8 In some places they are so sweet as to be eaten raw, as in the Tauric Chersonese. But the greatest and most distinct difference is shown by the ' wool-bearing 9 ' purse-tassels ; for there is such a kind, and it grows on 10 the sea-shore, and has the wool beneath the outer tunic, so that it is between

7 ou A.e7ripiw5rjs conj. Sell, from G, non squamata ; ov8* TrvpcaS-r] UMAld. ; ov AeTrupoiSrjs H.

8 Plin. 19. 95 ; Athen. 2. 64.

9 Plin. 19. 32. See Index. 10 lv after ^v add. W.

133


THEOPHRASTUS

rov re e&e*lfjLev TOV eWo9 teal TOV efor vtyaiverai 8e ef avTOv teal rrooeta teal d\\a l/j,dria' Si o

teal 6/UO>&6$ TOUTO tfOM Otn^ OHTTTep TO eV


Se /eal ra /3o\j3(*)Sr) teal eXarra). raOra 5e . . . tcaOdirep TO \evtc6iov /cal /3o\j3ivt] teal OTTITLWV teal tcv'it; teal rpoirov nvd TO criavpiy^iov. /3oX/3coS^ Se ravra OTL (TrpojyvXa ral^ pl^ais- eirel Tot? 76 %p(*)/Jiacri \evted teal ov \eirvp idoSrj. UBiov e TOV o-ia-vpiy^iov TO TT}? pLtylS av^dvecrOai

TO aTO) TTpW'TOV, O Ka\OV(TL . . . ^LfJiWVa, TOV 8'

77/309 vnro$aivovTO<$ TOVTO fj,ev raTreivovaOai TO 8' TO e$ti)8ifAOV av^dveffOai. teal rd p,ev


XIV. "ISia Be /eal ravra ev Tot9 7roi(t)8e<riv, olov TO [Te] eVl ToO dBidvrov Gvybftalvov ovSe yap v<ypaiveTai TO <j>v\\ov /3p%6{Aevoi' ovft eTriBpoaov

(TTL Bid TO /AT) T7JV VOTldV 7Tl/jiVeiV, O06V teal V)

Trpoa^yopia. jVt] Se avrov Svo, TO pev \evicov TO Se /Jie\av, %pij(njjLa 8' d/jLcfrorepa vrpo? eicpvcrtv rpi^wv v eXatco T pi/36 [leva. <f>verai Se


1 5t' & KOL ep. TOVTO : text probably defective. ? St' ft /coi <Xp-nffifj^v TO> e'piwSes TOVTO : ' wherefore this woolly kind is serviceable, which the Indian hairy kind is not.'

2 Plin. 19. 95.

3 Kal e'AaTTw Tavra Se : text corrupt and defective.

4 oirirtuv H. ; o irm'cov Aid.; pithyon Plin. /.c. ; bitniuv and /ci'i'l were possibly earth-nuts.

5 76 conj. Sch ; TC Aid.

134


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VII. xm. 8-xiv. i

the edible inside and the outside : of it are woven felt shoes and other articles of apparel. Wherefore 1 this kind is woolly and distinct from the Indian kind, which is hairy.

2 There are also several kinds of plants of the same class as purse-tassels . . . . 3 such as snowdrop star- flower opition 4 kyix, and to a certain extent Barbary nut. These belong to this class only in having round roots ; for in colour 5 they are white, and the bulbs are not formed of scales. A peculiarity of Barbary nut is that the lower end of the root grows first, and this is called . . . . ; it grows 6 during winter, but, when spring appears, it decreases, while the upper part, which is edible, grows, Such are the differ- ences in these plants.

Of certain properties and habits peculiar to certain herbaceous plants.

XIV. There are also the' following peculiarities in herbaceous plants, for instance that 7 which we find in ' wet-proof (maidenhair) ; 8 the leaf does not even get wet when it is watered, nor does it catch the dew, 9 because the dew does not 10 rest on it ; whence its name. n There are two kinds, the white ' wet-proof ' (English maidenhair), and the black (maidenhair) ; and both are useful to prevent the falling off of the hair of the head, for which purpose they are pounded up and mixed with olive-oil. They grow

6 'Grows' supplied from G and Plin. I.e., who have no trace of ft KaXovai.

7 I have bracketed re. 8 Plin. 22. 62-65.

9 firitipoffov conj. W. ; firi8ri\ov UP 2 MAld.; nee quicquam adhaesisse humoris constat G.

10 /^j before T V add. W.

11 Piin. I.e.-, 27. 138; 25. 132 ?

'35


THEOPHRASTUS


/J,a\lO'Ta 7Ty9O9 TCI vBprjXd. O>9 $6 OlOVTCLi TIV$,

KCLI Trpos (JTpayyovpiav TO Tpi^o/JLave^ Troiei' e%ei Be TOV rcav\bv O/JLOLOV rco dBidvT<p T& fjue\avi, (f)v\\a Be fJiiKpa o-(f)6Bpa KOI Trv/cva KO! tr


2 Twv Be KCLTCL jnepos dvOovvTwv iBiov TO nrepl TO dvOe/jiOV, OTI TCOV fiev dXXwv TrdvTwv TCL fcaTW TrpwTOV diravOel TOVTOV Be TCL dvco' Tvy^dvei ft avTOv TO fjiev KVK\W TO \evfcbv av6o<$ TO Be ev T& fjiecrw TO %\a)p6v' KOI Kapirbs 09 eKTriTTTei, KaOd- Trep ro?9 dicavO^eai, KaToXiTrcov Trjv Trpoa^vcnv /cevtfv eiBrj S' avTov TrXeiw.

3 "IBtov Be Kal TO Trepl TTJV dTrapivrjv, r) /cat TWV IfiaTitov avrkyeiai Bid TTJV Tpa%VT7)Ta /cat ' Bvcra(f)aipTOV' ev TOVTM yap eyyLveTai T& '

TO avOos ov Trpoibv ovB$ eK<^alvov d\\ y ev

7TTTO/J,eVOV fCCtl <T7TpjjLOyOVOVV' 0)(7T TTapO/JLOiOV

eivai TO (rvjjiftaivov &(JTrep ejrl TWV ya\ewv /cal e/ceivd re yap ev eavTols I, /cal avTTj TO av0o<$ ev eavTy /cat TreTTOvcra /capTTOTO/cei.

XV. f/ O<ra Be r9 dvO^aei^ \a/ji/3dvov<ri dtco-

\OV0OVVTa, TOt9 d(TTpOi<;, olov TO r)\lOTp07TLOV

Ka\ov[JLVov KOLI o cr/roXf/xo9, dpa yap rat9 Tpo- 7ra?9 /cal OVTOS, TL Be TO %G\iB6i>iov, Kal yap TOVTO d/Aa T& %\i8ovia dvOel, TavTa Be B6et,ev dv TT) jjuev (fivo'iK'rjv e%iv TTJV aliiav Ty Be


i.e. the white kind. Sch. followed by G adds rb Ka\ov/j.evov after rb fiev \evtcbv above.


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VII. xiv. i-xv. i

especially in damp places. Some think that irikhomanes l (English maidenhair) is also useful in cases of strangury. Its stem is like that of the black kind,, but it has small leaves, which are close set and grow in opposite pairs ; there is no root below, and the plant loves shady places.

Of those plants which do not flower all at once anthemon has the peculiarity that, while in all others 2 the lower part flowers first, in this plant it is the upper part which does so ; the outer circle of the flower is white, 3 and the centre green 4 ; and the fruit falls off, as in spinous plants, leaving the attach- ment bare. There are several forms of it.

5 Bedstra\v has the peculiarity that it sticks to clothes owing to its roughness, and it is hard to pull away ; indeed it is in this rough part that the flower is contained : it does not project nor show, but matures within itself and produces seed ; so that its habit is like that of weasels and sharks ; for, as these animals c likewise produce eggs in themselves and then bear their young alive, so this plant keeps its flower within itself, matures it and produces fruit.

XV. 7 As to these plants whose flowering time is dependent on the heavenly bodies, 8 as the plant called heliotropion, golden thistle (for this also blooms at the solstice), and also ' swallow-plant ' (greater celandine) for this blooms when the 9 Swallow-wind blows the reason in these cases would seem to be partly in their nature and partly accidental.


2 fSiov after iravrcDv om. W. after Sch.

3 Tb Xtvnbv : ? Aet'/c^ rb. 4 ? om. rJ> before x^ u P^ 5 Plin. 21. 104. 6 cf. Arist. H.A. 6. 11.

7 Athen. 15. 32. 8 &<rrpois conj. St. ; aypiois Aid.

9 T conj. Sch.; TT) MAld. cf. Plin. 2. 122.


137


THEOPHRASTUS

2 IloXXa Be TOtavrd eaii Kal ev erepo^ iBia* olov Kal rj rov dei^wov (fivcris TO Bia/jLeveiv vypbv del Kal 'xXcopov, (f)v\\ov crapKtoBe? e%ov Kal \elov Kal TrpourjKes. (fiverai Be ev re rot? dXnreBois ro9 re eirl TWV Tei^MV dvbrjpois Kal ov% iJKicrra eirl TWV K6pd/J,a)v, orav eTuyevrjTai 77}? rt?


8* av rt? tVo)? \d/3oi Kal erepa Treptrrd. p^/37) Be, wcrTrep TroXXa/ct? eipijrai, ra<; IBiorijTas Oewpelv Kal ra? Biacfropds TT/JO? ra aXXa. rd p,ev ev TrXeiocriv IBeats earl Kal o"%eBbv olov of waTrep o Xa)T09' TOVTOV ydp eiBij 7ro\\d povra Kal c^uXXot? Kal Kav\oi$ Kal av6ecn Kapirols, ev ol? Kal o yueXtXcoro? /caXouyu,ez>o<?' Kal Bvvdjj,ei, Be rfj Kara rrjv irpoafyopdv, en, re rw arj TOU? aurov? TOTroi'? fyrelv. 6jJLOia)$ Be Kal erepa


Ta Be ev eXdrroaiv, wa-jrep 6 arpv^vo^ op,wvv- fiia rivl 7rai>TeXw9 el\r)fifjievo^' o /nev <ydp 6^608^09 Kai wcnrep tfuepov, Kapjrbv e%a)v paycbBrj, erepoi Be Bvo elaiv, wv 6 jjiev VTTVOV 6 Be paviav Bvvarai, irKeiwv B 1 en BoOels Kal Kreivei. Be rovro Kal e'(/)' erepcov earl ~\,a{3eiv, a e\ei Bida-raatv. Trepl /jiev ovv rcov d\\a)v rwv TTOicoB&v iKavws elpriTai. Trepl Be rov CTITOV

Kal TWV <riT,(oB(t)v fierd ravra \eKreov TOVTO ydp en Kard\oi7rov yv.

1 oTovconj.W.; Sib Aid.

2 aAtireSois conj. Sch. ; aArjTre'Sois U ; aATjTre'SoiS M ; aA.07reSots Aid. cf. Xen. Hell. 2. 4. 30.

3 re after TO?S add. W. after Lobeck.

4 e.g. \WTOS and /ue\l\(Tos. See Index, \wros,

5 jueAiAwros conj. Bod.; /ieAms aTroj Aid.

133


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VII. xv. 2-4

Such peculiarities are common in other plants also ; thus l it is the nature of the house-leek to remain always moist and green, its leaf being fleshy smooth and oblong. It grows on flat shores, 2 on the 3 earthy tops of walls, and especially on tiled roofs, when there is on them a sandy accumulation of earth.

Possibly one might mention many other eccen- tricities. But, as has been repeatedly said, we must only observe the peculiarities and differences which one plant has as compared with others. Some plants are found in several forms which have almost 4 the same name, for instance the lotos ; for of this there are many forms differing in leaves stems flowers and fruit, including the plant called melilotos 5 ; there are also forms differing in the virtues for which 6 they are used as food, and again in their fondness for different localities. So too is it with many other plants.

Others are found in fewer forms, as strykhnos? which is a general name covering plants that are quite distinct ; one is edible and like a cultivated plant, having a berry-like fruit, and there are two others, 8 of which the one is said to induce sleep, the other to cause madness, or, if it is administered in a larger dose, death. The same thing may be observed in other plants which are widely dif- ferent. Now about the other herbaceous plants enough has been said ; but concerning corn and corn-like plants we must speak next ; for this subject still lies before us.

6 8e TT? conj. Sch. ; Sirred UM ; Sirra?* Aid.

7 cf. 7. 7. 2 ; Plin. 21. 177-179 ; Diosc. 4. 70-73 ; Index.

8 In 9. 11. 5 these two plants are said to be ffuv<t>vvfj.oi, i.e. different forms of the same plant, whereas the 'edible' (TTpvxvos is the same only in name (dnuw^ta). cf. 9. 12. 5.

? 39


BOOK VIII


I. Tlepl fjiev ovv Twv a\\wv TToiwBwv elpij(T0a)' 7Tpl Be GITOV Kal TWV criTwS&v \ejco/ji6v 6/zoto>9 rot9 Trporepov rovro jap /card\oi7rov r/v

TWV TTOlW^toV.

Auo B avrov yevrj ra fieyiara rv^^dvei' ra fjiev jap <riTO)$rj, olov trvpol KpiOal rltyai %ial ra a\\a ra ofjuoioTTvpa rj ofiotoKpida' TCL Se olov /cva/jios epeftwOos TT^CTO? KOI 0X0)9 ra TTpoa-ajopevo/jieva' rpurov Be Trap avra eXfyao? o-tjaa/jiov Kal a7rXw9 ra eV rot9 dporois dvcovv/na tcoivfj TTpoo-rjjopia.

Be r) fjiev jeveffis avrwv fjiia KOI jap airo o-Trepf^aro^, eav JJLIJ TL airaviov Kal 6\ljov ttTTO T7J9 pt&S' wpai Be rov cnropov rwv ir\eLaTwv Bvo' TT/OCOTT; /j,ev Kal fjid\i(7ra rj Trepl IIX6ta8o9 BVGIV, y Kal 'HaloBos r)Ko\ov0r)K.


1 TUV before irotwSwv om. Sch.

2 Plin. 18. 48-80.

3 ^Aujuos : /j.f\ivr) appears to be the Attic name for this plant. Sch. would restore it for f\v/j.os here and 4. 4. 10 ; 8. 11. 1.

142


BOOK VIII

Or HERBACEOUS PLANTS :" CEREALS, PULSES, AND 'SUMMER CROPS.'

Of the three, classes and the times of sowiwj and of germination.

I. Let the above suffice for an account of the other herbaceous 1 plants ; let us now discuss corn and corn-like plants in the same manner as those already treated ; for this class of herbaceous plants we reserved.

2 'There are two principal classes ; there are the corn-like plants such as wheat barley one-seeded wheat rice-wheat and the others which resemble either of the first two ; and again there are the leguminous plants, as bean chick-pea pea, and in general those to which the name of pulses is given. Besides these there is a third class, which includes millet 3 Italian millet, sesame and in general the plants which belong to the summer seed-time/ which lack any common designation.

There is only one single way of propagating these ; they grow from seed, except that some may grow rarely and scantily from a root. There are two seasons for sowing most of them ; the first and most important is about the setting of the Pleiad 5 ; this rule we find even Hesiod 6 following with

4 cf. 8. 7. 3.

5 n\eja8os conj. Sch.; ir\eic5as U ; ir\fid5wv Aid.

6 Hes. Op. 383.

143


THEOPHRASTUS

/cal a^eBbv ol 7T\eio-roi, Si b /cat KO\OV<TI avrr)V dporov a\\rj B' dp%o/j,evov rov 77,009 fjuerd r9 rporrds rov %6*yu,o>z>o9. ov rcov avrcov Be e/carepa. rd /JLCV yap avrwv (f>i\ei rrpwlarro- peicrdai, ra Be o^jre Sia rb pr) SvvacrOai, fyepeiv TOU? ^etyu-co^a?, ra Be TT/QO? a^orepas ra? w/oa? ov ra/ca>9 ^ei, KCLI rrpos j^eifjioyva teal rrpos eap.

TlpwicrTropa fj,ev ovv ecrri, TTU/OO? /cpiOij, /cal rov- rwv rj fcpiOr) TrpcolcrTropcorepov en Be eia ri(f)7j o\vpa /cal ei n erepov o^oiorrvpov aTrdvrwv jap a%eBbv 6 avros ^povos rrjs ffTropas' rwv Be ^eBpo- TTWV paKiara 009 eirrelv Kva^o^ Kal co^po?" ravra ryap Bia ri~)V daOeveiav r jrpo\a^elv rfj pi^ooo-ei rou? ^eifjiMva^' TrpwtcrTropov Be /cal 6 CLTTO rrjs a\co <ydp $>ao~i Beiv


4 'Q'^rio'Tropa Be rovrwv ye avrwv ocra Biacfrepei TOt9 yeveaiv, olov nvp&v re ri yevos Kal Kpidwv o ica\ovai rpLjJbiivov Bid rb ev roa-ovra) re\eiova9ai'

\ c- \ /r- I \'>j/ /

Kai ra>v %eopO7ra)V ra roiaoe, cpaKos a(paKrj mcros. ev d/jufyorepaw Be rals wpais rwv %eBpO7rwv, KaOd- rrep o/oo/5o9 epe/3iv6o<;' ol Be Kal rov Kva/jiov o-v/re arreipovcriv, edv vo-reptjo-coai ra>v rrpairwv dporcov. a7rXw9 Be rrpdoldrropovai rd /j,ev Bi* lo"^yv 0)9 Bvvd/Lieva fyepeiv rov<$ 'xeifji&vas, rd Be Bi da9e- veiav, O7TO)9 7rpo\d/3(i)cri rais evBiais rrjv av^ijcriv. Bvo fjiev ovv avrai. rpirrj Be rwv Oepivcov r)v


1 A cultural variety of eid. cf. 8. 9. 2.

2 rwv 8e ye Aid. ; ye om. Sell.

8 2>xp s conj.W.; Ktyxpos Aid.; om. G. cf. 8. 3. 1 and 2. 4 cf. 8. 11. 8.

144


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VIII. i. 2-4

most authorities ; wherefore some call it simply ' the seed-time.' Another time is at the beginning of spring after the winter equinox. However different crops are sown at the two seasons. For some of them love to be sown early, some late because they cannot bear the winters, while some will do not amiss at either season, both towards winter and towards spring.

Crops sown early are wheat and barley, and of these the latter is sown the earlier ; also rice-wheat one-seeded wheat olyra, 1 and others which resemble wheat. For all of these the time of sowing is about the same. Of leguminous plants 2 bean and okhros? it may be said, are specially sown at this time ; for these on account of their weakness like to be well rooted before the winter. Lupin is also sown early ; in fact they say it should be sown straight from the threshing-floor. 4

Those which are sown late are certain special varieties 5 of these very kinds, as a certain kind of wheat, and of barley the kind which is called ' three months barley ' because it takes that time to mature ; and among leguminous plants lentil tare pea. However some of these plants are sown at both seasons, as vetch and chick-pea ; some also sow beans late, if they have missed the first seed-time. To speak generally, some crops are sown early because of their robustness, since they can stand the winters, some because of their weakness, so that their growth may be secured 6 in the fine weather. These then are the two seasons ; the third is that of the summer crops of which we

8 rots ytvefftv : TTJ yevefffi W. i.e. 'certain kinds which differ as to their germination.' 6 cj. G. P. 4. 7. 2.

I 45

VOL. II. L


THEOPHRASTUS

, ev rj Key^po^ aTreiperai, /cal /JieXivos Kal , en S' epvcrifiov /cal op/juivov. %p6voi /j,ev

OVV tcd(7Ta)V OVTOi.

JSXa&rdvei Be TO pev OCLTTOV TO Be fipaBvrepov Kal KpiOrj fjiev Kal 7ru/>09 /38o{jiaia jmd\i(Tra' Trpo- repet 8e 77 /cpiOrj jjLa\\ov ra S 1 ocnrpia rerapraia f) Tre/jLTrraia ir\r]V Kvdpwv /cva/ios Be /cal rwv (TiTwBwv evLa 7r\eLoaiv evia^ov >ydp /cal jrevre- /caiBe/caTaios, ore Be /cal el/coa-ralos' Bva^vecrra- TOV yap TOVTO Trdvrcov, eav Be Brj Kal cnrapivTOs ewl ifXiov vBcop eTTiyevrjTai, /cal TravreXw?. el Be TWV ev rot? ypivols dporois OOLTTOV 77 e/c<t>V(Ti<; Bia


rrjv wpav

Be ra? dva3\a(m(rei,$ /cal


Tavra? &>? eVl TO irav Bia\a/3eiv eviore yap evia'xpv Kal ev eXdrrocnv ^yu-e/oai?, KaOdirep ev AlyvTTTO) </cpi0r)>' rpiraiav ydp <f)a<ri /cal rerap- raiav dvare\\ei,v' nrap 1 aXXot? Be ev irXeioai, rcov elpr)ju,evci)v, OTrep /cal ov/c a\o<yov, orav /cal Kal drjp Biaffrepr} /cal Trpcoiaurepov rj dpoarj /cal ra eirvyivo/Aeva dvouoia rvy^dvrj. rj IJ.ev yap fjiavrj Kal Kov^rj /cal evKpdra) dept, Ta%v Kal paBiax; dvaBiBwaiv, rj Be y\io"xpa /cal /Bapela /BpaBews, r) Be Tot? TOTTO*? av^jjitoBecrTepa jSpaBv- repov.

"ETt Be av xeifjbwves eTTiyevcovrai, /cal av%/j,ol Kal evBiai Kal ird\iv vBara' Kal yap ev TOVTOIS TrapaXhdrTovo-iv. axrauTft)? Be Kal eav r]


.; iv Aid. 2 The reason is given C. P. 4. 8. 2. 8 cf. 7. 1. 4.


146


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VIII. i. 4-7

spoke, m which are sown millet Italian millet sesame, and also erysimon and horminon. Such then are the times for each.

Some are quicker in coming up, some slower. Barley and wheat generally come up on the seventh day, but barley is the earlier. Pulses take four or five days, except beans ; for they, like some kinds J of corn, require a longer time ; in some places they take as much as fifteen days, or even twenty. This crop indeed is the slowest to start of all, and if after the sowing there is a long spell of wet weather, it is extremely slow. 2 Whether the sprouting 3 of crops sown at the spring seed-time is quicker because of the season is matter for enquiry.

These times of sprouting or germination must be taken generally ; for at some times and places germination takes fewer days, as with barley 4 in Egypt, where it is said to come up on the third or fourth day ; while elsewhere it takes longer than the period mentioned, which is not surprising when both soil and climate are different, when one makes the sowing earlier or later, and when the crop is subjected to different influences afterwards. For open light soil with a favourable 5 climate produces quick and easy growth, while soil that is sticky and heavy tends to slow growth, and that of a specially dry district to slower growth still.

Moreover the time of growth is affected, according as storms supervene, or droughts, or fine weather or again rain ; for these conditions make wide differences. So too it makes a difference if the

4 K piM) add. W.

6 fvKpdry conj. Seal, from G (benigno caelo) ;


L 2


THEOPHRASTUS


<yr Trpoeipyao-fjievrj /ca Koirpov e%ovo~a /cal edv fjbrjBev TOVTCOV eirel /cal Trepl TO viropeiv efcaara /cal o^iairopelv al %w/o<zt Bia(j>e- povaiv. evioi Be /cal Trepl rrjv *Ei\\dBa TrdvTa Trpwio-Tropelv eiwOacri, Bid ^fV^poTrjra r?)? ol <&a)Kis, OTTO)? av ol


II. T$\ao~Tdvei Be TO, fiev e/c TOV avTov Trjv pi^av d<f>ievTa /cal TO <f)v\\ov, TCL Be e/caTepov ef e/caTepov TOV d/cpov. Trvpos /jiev ovv /cal /cpiOrj /cal Ti<j)rj /cal oX&>9 ocra oriTcoBr) trdvTa e'f e/caTepov wcTTrep ev TO> aTa^vl 7re<f)V/cev, airo jjiev TOV KOLTW TOV 7ra%eo9 Trjv pL^av diro e TOV dvco TOV /5\acr- TOV ev Be Ti /cal o-vve^e^ yiveTai TO d^olv r^9 re pi&$ /cal TOV /cav\ov. /cva/j,o<; Be /cal TCL d\\a %eBp07rd ov% ofJLoiws, aXX' e/c TOV avTov Trjv pi^av /cal TOV /cav\6v, /ca0' b /cal r) 7rpoo~<j)vo~i<i eo~Ti TTpbs TOV \oj36v, ev w /cal e^ovatv olov d t TLva <f>avepdv CTT' evicov Be /cal alBoiwBes (paiveTat, KaOdirep eVl TWV /cvd/Acov /cal T&V epeftivOwv KOI ^oXicTd TWV Oep/jLCov e/c TOVTOV <ydp 77 fjiev pi^a /caTO) TO Be (f)v\\ov /cal 6 Kav\bs dvco ^copec. 2 TavTrj fjiev ovv Trrj Biatyepei. rr} Be o/jiolcos e^et TCO TfdvTd KaTa TTJV TrpocrfyvGiv TOV Xo/3oO /cal TOV o~Ta%vo<; dfyikvai TTJV pi^av /cal fir]


1 ws irpoetpy. Ald.H.; ws om. Sell, from G. 2 cf. 8. 8. 2. 3 caffiTfp conj. Seal. ; irdvTa Aid. (? repeated by mistake), cf. C.P. 4. 7. 4.

148


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VIII. i. y-n. 2

ground has been well tilled l and given dung, or if neither of these things has been done : for the soil makes a difference even as to the early or late germination of each crop. In Hellas some are used to sow everything earlier because of the coldness of the soil, for instance the Phocians ; 2 the object being that the winter may not overtake the crop while it is still tender.

Of differences in the mode of germination and of subsequent development.

II. In germinating some of these plants produce their root and their leaves from the same point, some separately, from either end of the seed. Wheat barley one-seeded wheat, and in general all the cereals produce them from either end, in a manner corresponding to 3 the position of the seed iri the ear, the root growing from the stout lower part, the shoot from the upper part ; but the part corresponding to the root and that corresponding to the stem form a single continuous whole. Beans and other leguminous plants do riot grow in the same manner, but they produce the root and the stem from the same point, namely the point at which the seed is attached to the pod, which, it is plain, is a sort of starting point of fresh growth. In some cases there is also a forma- tion resembling the penis, as in beans chick-peas and especially in lupins; from this 4 the root grows downwards, the leaf and the stem upwards.

There are then these different ways of germinat- ing ; but a point 5 in which all these plants agree is that they all send out their roots at the place where


4 TOVTOV conj. Sch.; TOVTCOV Aid. cf. C.P. 4. 7. 4.

5 cf. C.P. 4. 7. 7.


I 49


THEOPHRASTUS

/caOdirep ev rots BevBpi/cois TKTLV avarca\iv, olov dfj,v<yBa\f) /capvw J3a\dvw TO?? TOIOVTOIS. ev arracn Be 17 pi fa (M/cpa) rrporepov e/c<f>verai rov /cav\ov- (TVfjb^aivei, Be ev ye ncri rwv BevBpayv Mare rov /tei> (B\aaTov ev avrq> rq> o-irepfMari, PXaa-rdveiv Trpwrov, avgavo/mevov Be Biia-rao-Oai TOL (nrep/jLara Trdvra yap TTW? teal ravra Bipeprj, ra Be Brj ^eBpOTra fyavep&s Trdvra BiQvpa KOI avvOera rrjv Be pi^av evOvs e%w irpowOela-dai,' ev Be Tofc aiT'rjpOLS Bt,a TO Ka6* ev avra elvai TOVTO }iev ov av^aivei, irpOTepel Be rj pi^a

fJLLKpOV.

3 ' Avatyverat, Be rj nev /cpidr) /cal 6 irvpos /JLOVO- <f>v\\a, o Be TTHTOS /cal 6 tcvajjios /cal 6 epe/BivQos . pl^av Be %i ra jjiev ^eBpoTra Trdvra /cal fiiav dirb Be ravrr]? /cal d7ro(f)V(Tei<; (3a6vppi%oTarov Be &>? elirelv TOVTWV o epeftivOos, evLoTe Be /cal Trapa/caOirja-iv aXX' o TTU^O? KOI rj /cpiQr) /cal ra a\\a ra (rirwBr) 7ro\vppi%a /cal \e7rr6ppia, Bi o /cal rappcoBij. /cal 7ro\v/c\aBa /cal 7ro\v/cav\a Trdvra ra rotavra. (T^eBov Be ical evavriwa-ls Tt? e/carepwv ea-ri' ra fjiev yap ^eBpOTra fjiovoppi^a ovra TroXXa? avwOev OLTTO rwv /cav\a)V drrofyva-eis e^ei 7T\r)v /cvdfjiov ra Be (Tirrjpa rro\vppi%a vroXXoi;? /JLCV CLVVY]GI


1 &a\dvcp : SioffpaXdvcp Sch. from niBod.

2 riff i T>V SeVSpwv conj. W. ; ffiT&Staii' UMAld. ;

conj. Sch. This and W.'s other conjectures in this section are rather desperate, but are accepted provisionally as at least restoring a satisfactory sense. The passage looks as if it had been deliberately tampered with by someone who misunderstood it.

IS*


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VIII. n. 2-3

the seed is attached to the pod or ear, whereas the contrary is the case with the seeds of certain trees, as almond hazel acorn l and the like. And in all these plants the root begins to grow a little before the stem; whereas in certain trees 2 the bud first begins to grow within the seed itself, and, as it increases in size, the seeds split for all such seeds are in a manner in two halves, and those of leguminous plants again all plainly have two valves and are double and then the root is immediately thrust out; but in cereals, 3 since the seeds are in one piece, 4 this does not 5 occur, but the root grows a little before the bud.

Barley and wheat come up with a single leaf, but peas beans and chick-peas with several. 6 A11 the leguminous plants have a single woody root, and also slender 7 side-roots springing from this. The chick-pea is about the deepest rooting of these, and sometimes it has side-roots ; but wheat barley and the other cereals have a number of fine roots, wherefore they are matted together. 8 Again all such plants have many branches and many stems. And there is a sort of contrast between these two classes ; the leguminous plants, which have a single root, have many side-growths above from the stem all except beans ; while the cereals, which have many roots, send up many shoots, 9 but these have


3 ffntlpois conj. W. ; x e fyo7rois UMAlct.

4 Katf *v avra conj.W.; Kara rb avrb UMAld. 6 ou conj. Seal, from G ; ovv UMAld.

6 Plin. 18. 51.

7 AeTrras conj. St.; AeTrrai Aid. H. s rappdSr) : cf. 6. 7. 4.

9 /j.fv conj. Sch.; yap Ald.H.


THEOPHRASTUS

u?, aTrapd{3\.ao-TOi Be OVTOI, nrKrjv el TI yevos Trvpwv TOIOVTOV, oft? Ka\ovcri airavias /cal


4 Toy /jiev ovv xei/juwva ev rfj %Xo?7 uevei ra aiTtoBrj, BiayeXwa-ijs Be r?}? w/3a? KCLV\OV dtyirjaiv e/c rov /J,(TOV Kal yovarovTai. o-v/j,/3aivei 8' ev0v<$ ev Tft> rpiro) yovari, rot? Be ev ry rerdpra), Kal TOV aTa^vv e^av d\\ ov (pavepov ev TW oyfcy yiverai Se ev rq> o\w Ka\dfjiw ir\eiw

TOVTCOV - WCTT6 O"%&OV afJLCL TO) Ka\a{JLOV(j6ai

o-vvicrracrOat, <rj> [UKpov vcrrepov aXX* ov TT/OO- repov (pavepos ^Lverai Trplv av irpoav^rjdel^ ev rjj Ka\VKi, ryevrjrcu, rare Be rj KVT](TIS (fravepa Sia TOV OJKOV.

6 'A7roXu#el? S' evOvs dvOel fj,6& rj/jiepas rerra/oa? rj irevre KOI TTU/JO? Kal KpiOr) KOI dv9el cr^eBov . ra? icras, ol Be Ta? TrXetVra? \eyovres ev rat 9 eirrd fyaaiv dir'avOelv. aXXa TCOV %eBp07T(t)v %povio<> i] av9i]ais' ^povicordrtj Be TOW fjiev d\\(ov opofiov Kal epeftivOov, TOVTCDV 5' dirdvTwv TOV Kvdjmov Kal ev /jLeyio-rrj Biafopa' rerrapaKOvra <ydp rjfjuepcov dvOelv Xeyovcri' 7r\rjv ol fj,ev del vTos erepov Kal erepov \ejovai,, Kara <ydp dvOelv, ol Be a?rXco9. r} yap avO^ais W ara^vtjpMV dOpows TWV Be e\\o/3o)B(ov Kal ^eBpOTrwv Trdvrcov Kara jjuepo^' jrpwra yap dvOel rd KaTco, Kal oTav ravra dTrav9r)o~r) rd , Kal OVTCOS alel {3aBiei TT/OO? ra dvco.


1 Plin. 18. 52. 2 Plin. 18. 56.

3 c f . 7. 7. 1 ; 8. 4. 3.


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VIII. n. 3-5

no side-shoots except such sorts of wheat as are called sitanias and krithanias (' barley-wheat ').

1 During winter cereals remain in the blade, but, as the season begins to smile, they send up a stem from the midst and it becomes jointed. 2 And it comes to pass that the ear also at once appears in the third, or in some cases in the fourth joint, though it is not distinctly seen in the mass of growth (the whole stem contains more joints than three or four), so that it must be formed at the same time that the straw grows or but a little later ; though it does not become conspicuous till it has first swollen and formed in the sheath, 3 and by that time its size makes its development visible.

Four or five days after being set free 4 wheat and barley flower and remain in bloom for a like number of days ; those who put the period at the longest say that the bloom is shed in seven days. 5 On the other hand the flowering period of leguminous plants lasts a long time ; that of vetch and chick-pea is longer than that of most, but that of the bean is far longer than that of any of them ; they say that it is in bloom for forty days ; some however give this period absolutely, others say that at different times different parts are in flower, 6 since the whole plant does not flower at once. For plants with an ear bloom all at once, but plants with pods and all leguminous plants bloom part at a time ; the lower part blooms first, and, when this bloom has fallen, the part next above it, and so on up to the top.


4 So. from the sheath. avoXvOels AW.H.; airox^Bels conj. Sch. followed by W. cf. airoxvffis 8. 3. 4.

5 Plin. 18.59.

6 xapavdovi'Tos conj. H. ; TrapavOovvrfs Aid.

153


THEOPHRASTUS


St o 7ro\\a rcov 6po{3a)v TiXkerai rd /j,ev /cdrco tcareppvij/coTa TO, ' dvco %\(t)pd 7rd/j,7rav.

6 Mera Be rrjv aTrdvOqaiv dBpvvovrat. /cal re\- eiovvrai, Trvpb? fJLev /cal /cpidrj reTTapa/coo-rata fjbd\Lcna' TrapaTrXrjo-icos Be real Ti<f>r) KOI ra\\a ra roiavra. rerrapaKoo-raiov Be (paat teal TOV Kva/jLov, wcrTe ev tVat9 av9elv /cal reXeiovaOar ra 8' a\\a ev e\drTOcri,v e'Xa^tVrat? Be 6 epe- (3iv9os, elnrep CLTTO TT}? (rrropas ev rerrapd/copTa T6\tovrai, rat? avracrat? wcrTre/) r^e? fyaaw eirel TO 7* o\ov on rd^io-ra fyavepov. ol Be Ke<y%poi /cal TO, o-tfaa/jLa /cal ol fjie\ii>oi /cal oXw? ra depivd (T^eBbv 6fio\oyelTai rds rerrapd/covO 1 r)/j,epa<; \a^dveiv ol Be (pao-i /cal eXarrou?.

7 Aia(f)pei, Be real TT/JO? rrjv Te\eLwcrw X(*>pa re %co/)a? /cal dr)p depos' ev eXdrroat <ydp evtai So/covo-iv e/c<f)epeiv, axnrep a\\at, re real /j^dXiara

? AIJVTTTOS' etcei yap KpiOal fjLev ev Trvpol Be ev TU> e{3B6/jLq) Oepi^ovrat' Trepl Be Trjv 'EXXa&a KpiOal pev ev ru> eftBo/jLW Trapd Be rot? 7r\,L(7TOL<; oyBoq), Trvpol Be en, TrpoaeTn- \a/jL/3dvov(Ti,v. ov fjirjv ovBe e/cel TO 76 TTCLV 7r\7)0os ouTft)?, aXX' o&ov et? d7rap%)jv Ko^i^erai yap 7T/309 tepcov TIVWV %peiav d\<f)iTa vea TW e/crw ^vl /cal ravra e/c rwv dvco TOTTWV vrrep Me/A^iv.

8 Aeyerai Be /cal ev ^t,/ce\ia r^9 Mea-o-yvLas ev


1 nc\woi Ald.H.; fAvyuoi Vo.Vin. cf. 8. 1. 1 n. 154


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VIII. n. 5-8

Wherefore, at the time when some of the vetches are gathered, the lower seeds have already fallen, while the upper ones are still quite green.

After the flowering is over wheat and barley develop and mature in about forty days ; one-seeded wheat and other such plants take about the same time. So too, they say, does the bean, which blooms and matures in a like number of days : but the others take fewer, and fewest of all the chick-pea, since, as some say, it takes only forty days from the time when it is sown to that when it is mature ; and in any case it is clear that the plant as a whole develops very rapidly. Millet sesame Italian millet l and the summer crops in general, it is fairly well agreed, take the same number of days, that is, forty ; though some say that they take less.

Of differences in development due to soil or climate.

2 Again as to the development of the plant there are differences according to soil and climate. Some soils seem to produce the crop in fewer days ; for instance, Egypt may be given as a specially con- spicuous example ; in that country barley is reaped in six months and wheat in seven : while in Hellas the barley 3 harvest is in the seventh month, or in most parts in the eighth, and wheat requires an even longer time. However even in Egypt the whole harvest is not gathered at such an early date, but only what is required for the first-fruits ; for they gather new grain for the meal required in certain sacrifices in the sixth month, and that too in the regions high up the Nile, above Memphis.

It is said also that in the Messeniari district in

2 Plin. 18. 49. 8 KptOal conj. Sch.; irvpol UMAld.

155


THEOPHRASTUS

Ka\ov/jLevai<; MuXeu? ra^etdv riva

TT)V Te\eito(TlV TWV O^TIWV TOV T&V

yap crTropTjTov If fj,r)vas, TOV Be TO) vo~TaT(t) o-jreipavTa 6epl^eiv afia rot? TTpwTOW dyaOrjv Se elvcu rrjv ^wpav, ware Tpt,a/covrd^oa Be /cal i/o/ia? Oav/jLaardf; KOI v\rjv. ev M^Xw Se TI 0avfj,a(7ict)repov \eyovaiv ev yap rpid/covra rj Terrapd/covra rjfjiepais cnrapevra Oepl^ovGi, Bi* o Kal \eyeiv avrov? on TOVTOV Sel o-ireipeiv ew? av i8rj ylveaOai 8e ovre ocnrpia roiavra ovre 7ro\\d Trap* aurot?. Seivrjv Be rtva SiaBovvai, rrjv %a)pav Tpo(j)rjv' /cal yap clvai aiTO(f)6pov fjiev Kal e\aio- (f)6pov dyadrjv a/jL7re\o<j)6pov Be aerpiav.

"TTrepffdXXov S' eri TOVTOV Kal rrdvTCov Oavpa- o~ict)Tpov TO rrepl XaX/tta^ TTJV vf)o~ov TTJV 'PoBiunt ytvo/jievov eicel yap (fracriv elvai Tiva TOTTOV Trpwiov ovTco Kai eixfropov co? o~7rapet,(Twv rat? aXXai? OeplaavTes raura? Trd\iv, elra depl^ovonv a/Aa rot?

jj,ev ovv, elirep d\r)dr)<;, avTij ^a(j)opd. TO yap els eTepav y&pav fJLTeve\9evTa oiacfrepeiv, &o~Trep K KiXt/cta? fyaalv els KairTraBoKLav Kal oX<w? TTJV eTcerceiva TOV Tavpov, TJTTOV CITOTTOV cfravepa yap TJ TWV TOTTCDV Bido~Tacrt$.


156


conj. Sch. ; TpidxovTa x&s Aid. 2 cf. C.P. 4. 11. 8.


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VIII. 11. 8-9

Sicily at the place called Mylae the late sown crops mature rapidly ; thus the sowing of pulses goes on for six months, but he that made the last sowing- gathers his crop at the same time as the first : also that the soil is exceedingly good, so that it yields thirty- fold l ; and there are also wonderful pastures and forest-land. They tell of an even more wonder- ful thing in Melos 2 ; there they reap thirty or forty days after sowing ; wherefore it is a saying of the islanders that " one should continue sowing till one sees a swathe." However it is said that pulses 3 in their country do not grow like this, nor are they abundant. Yet they say that the soil is wonderfully productive ; for it is good both for corn and olives, and fairly good for vines.

However what occurs in Chalkia, 4 an island belonging to the Rhodians, goes even beyond this and is more extraordinary than all the instances given ; there they say that there is a, place which is so early and so fertile that, when the barley is sown after reaping the crop with the other crops, they then sow again, and then reap the crop thus sown at the same time as the remaining crops ; this then, if it be true, marks a difference greater than we find anywhere else. For it is less surprising that there should be a difference in crops transferred 5 to another region, as they say occurs when they are transferred from Cilicia to Cappadocia or in general beyond the Taurus ; for these regions are obviously very dissimilar.

3 offirpia Toiavra I conj. ; oif /xa ravra UAld. ; etyiua ravra. M.G ; P omits ravra.

4 cf. Thuc. 8. 41 foil.

6 /j.erfvexGfvra SiaQfptiv conj. Sch. and W. from G ; pcrey- retpfiv Aid.

157


THEOPHRASTUS

10 To Be rrjv avrrjv Bicfrope'iy, ev wrrep ye arraj~ al a\\ai, ffvvopov ovaav /cal jjiiav OavfJiao-itorarov avrr) /j,ev ovv ev fjieylarrj Bia<f)opa.

Ta Be Kara rds aXXa? %a>pas ov 7ro\\rjv 97 ovBe/jiiav a>9 eljTetv TOV ye. %povov \afA/3dvi Sida-rao-iv TT pore pel yap rat? wpai? ra *K6r)- vrja't TWV irepl t Ei\\rf(T'7rovTOV rj/jiepais Tpid/covTa fjLa\i(7Ta TI ov TroXXw 7T\eio(nv el pev ovv real o (TTroprjTos Trporepov, ^eTaOea-^ av elr) rfjs wpas- el &' ayua, 8fj\ov on, 7r\ei(i)v av o %p6vo<;.

11 Ov /jbifcpdv Be iToiovo'L Bia<f)opdv ovBe ol TOTTOL, KdiTrep evioi avveyyvs oWe?* rd yap ev SaXayiuw irpoTepel TTO\V TWV d\\a)V TMV ev Trj A.TTiKrj KOI

ra e7ri0a\aTTia KOI et? ravra real et9 TOU9 /capTTOvs, to? fa irepl Trjv 'A/crrjv Ka\ov- jj,evrjv 7^9 HeKoTTovvijaov teal ra ev <&a\vK(p T?)9 MeyapiBos' 7r\r}v evravOd ye (rv/j,{3d\\eTai KOL rb \7rr6yea)V elvai /cal tyafftapav Trjv Kal rd /j,ev jrepl rrjv yeveo~iv /cal rrjv


III. kiafyepei Be Ka6' o\a ra 76^7; rd fjbeva Tcov yevwv, olov crtro9 %eBpO7rd rd Oepivd, /cal KaO^ e/caarov yevos rd opoyevr). rd fjiev ydp TO (f>v\\ov e%ei Ka\dfJLOV, rwv Be %eBpo-


1 i.e. and so in part account for the difference. ef?j rf)s &pas conj. Sell.; fj TTJS xpos MP ; e^rj TTJS x^pas Ald.H.

2 i.e. we cannot say how far the difference is due to climate without knowing whether the seed-time at either place is the same.

158


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VIII. 11. lo-m. i

But that one particular land should produce two crops in the time that other lands to which it is close take to produce one, is very remarkable ; wherefore Chalkia exhibits the greatest difference.

The crops grown in other regions show not much, if any, dissimilarity as to time ; those grown at Athens are only about thirty days or not much more before those of the Hellespont region. Now, if the sowing should turn out to be also earlier, that would shift the season back l ; if it is at the same time, it is plain that the difference of time would be greater. 2

Again the particular district makes a considerable difference, even as between places which are not far apart ; thus the crops of Salamis are far earlier than those of the rest of Attica, and so in general are those of places by the sea ; and this applies to other fruits as well as these : for instance, those of the place called Akte in the Peloponnese and of Phalykos 3 in the Megarid are early ; but here something is contributed by the fact that the soil is light and crumbling. Such are the facts in regard to growth and development.

Of differences between the parts of cereals, pulses, and summer crop* respectively.

III. There are also differences between 4 the whole classes which we have mentioned, namely cereals leguminous plants 5 and summer crops, as well as between the several members 6 of the same class. Cereals have the leaf of a reed, while of

3 tv *a\vK<? I conj. : cf. 2. 8. 1; eV 4>aA^/cy conj. W.; tya\vK(p U ; e/c (t>a\T)K(p M ; c/c (f>a\T]Kov Aid.

4 Katf conj. Sch.; xal Ald.H. 6 cf. 8. 1. 1. 6 6/j.oycvr} conj. Sch.; 6fj.oioyevrj Aid.

159


THEOPHRASTUS


TTWV rd jjuev rrepifyepes, olov b Kva/jios KOI <r%eBbv rd 7r\L(7Ta, rd Be Trpo/jbrjKe&repov, olov 6 TTJCTO? KOI b \d9vpo<$ Kal o o>%/90? Kal rd roiavra. Kal rd /Jiev lv(0Brj rd 8* d(j)\/3a /cdi diva. TO Be o-rfaa/jiov Kal rb epvcL^ov IBiwrepa rrapd ravra.

Iid\iv 6 /cav\bs rwv fjiev yovarooSrjs Kal Bi o Kal Ka\6irai Kakajios' o Be rou


e o epe/3iv0o$' rwv Be Oepivwv fjLV Kal f.<,e\ivov Ka\a/j,a)Sr)s, G-ijffdjjbov Be Kal epvcTifjiov vap@rjKo!)8r)<; /j,d\\ov. Kal rd /j,ev eanv op&oKav\a, KaQdrrep rrvpos Kal Kpi6r) Kal rd <7ira)fy Kal 6epivd, rd Be rika^ioKavKa olov epeftwOos opoySo? <^a/co?, rd B 1 em- yLOKav\a s KaOdrcep w%/oo? maos \d9vpos- o Be 8oXi%09, edv rcapaKaramfi^r) n<$ %v\a paKpa, dvafBaivei Kal yiverat, KapirifMo^, el Be /xr;, <f)av\o$ Kal epvo-iffwBrjs' povos & r) fjidkiara ra>v TTWV bp6oKav\o<$ b Kvafio^.

"E%et Be KOI rd dvOrf Biacfropdv Kal rf) Kal rrj Bevei, rrepl wv a^eSbv tV rot? Ka0' 6\ou Biefao/Jiev, on rd /j,ev %vocoBrj, KaOdrcep crirov Kal rravros rov ara^vcoBov^' rd Be (frvXXwBrj, KaOd- rrep r&v %eBp07rwv, Kal rcov rrkeicrrwv Ko\o/3d'

1 Plin. 18. 58. 2 i.e. 'summer crops'; c/. 8. 1. 1.

1 Sc. but not jointed. W. suggests that the original text may have been TWV Se Sio\ov /co?Aos olov 6 rov KVO./J.OV.

4 fif\lvov Ald.H.; e\i>t*ov V; *AtJ/*oi; Vin. c/. 8. 1. 1 ; 8. 1. 6.

6 ^ add. St.; om. Ald.H.G. 6 1. 13. 1 (?)

7 x^o^Sr;. No rendering seems quite satisfactory : the

1 60


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VIII. in. 1-3

leguminous plants some have a round leaf, as beans and most others, some a more oblong leaf, as pea lathyros okhros and the like. x Some again have fibrous leaves, others leaves without veins and fibres. Again sesame 2 and erysimon 2 have leaves quite distinct from these.

Again the stem of cereals is jointed and hollow ; wherefore it is called the ' reed,' while that of the bean is hollow, 3 and that of the other leguminous plants is more woody, that of chick-pea woodiest of all ; of the summer crops that of millet and Italian millet 4 is reed-like, that of sesame and erysimon is more like the stem of ferula. Some again have erect stems, as wheat barley and in general the cereals and summer crops ; some have rather a crooked stem, as chick-pea vetch lentil ; some a creeping stem as okhros pea lathyros ; while calavance, if long stakes are set by it, climbs them and becomes fruitful, whereas otherwise the plant is unhealthy and liable to rust ; the bean, most of all leguminous .plants, if not 5 alone among them, has an erect stem.

The flowers also shew differences in character and in position (of which matters we have to some extent treated in our general account) 6 ; thus some are ' downy,' 7 as those of corn 8 and of any plant that has an ' ear ' ; others are ' leafy,' 9 as those of leguminous plants, and in most cases they are irregular 10 flowers ; for most of these have

meaning is that such flowers may be classed with those distinguished by this term in 1. 13. 1, as not being petaloid. 8 airov Kol Travrlts rov ffraxvwSovs conj. Sch. from dl, tit omnium fere gerenfium spicam ; irov Kal -navrbs rov x^w5ous UMAld. 9 Sc. petaloid.

10 cf. 6. 5. 3. i.e. they depart from radial symmetry.

161

VOL. II. M


THEOPHRASTUS

ra yap TroXXa K0\o/3av0r)' ^i/ocoSe? Be ical TO

TOV KeJXpOV Kal fjLe\LVOV TOV Be CTTJCrdflOV Kal

TOV epvcrLfjLov (j)v\\(oBe<f. /ecu on Brj ra /JLCV

7Tpl aVTOV TOV KapTTOV, oloV TO, (TLTCoBrj KOI

Trepl TOV crra^w TO, Be ^eBporrd ef avTOV 7TO)9 TOV av6ov<$ rj arro ye TTJS avTrjs /O%T}? ryiveTai,. KOI TTJV avOrjcriv, OTL TCL p,ev aOpoav TO, Be KCLTO, yu.e/90? TTOieiTai' real raXXa ^e ra TrapctTrXtfo-ia TOVTOIS.

r Oyuotft)5 Be Kal TO, /caTa rov9 tcapTrovs, OTI TO, e^ei aTa^vv, TO, Be %eBp07ra Xo/36v, TCL Be <t>6/3r)V f] Be KdXajLLGoBijs aTTO^va^ (f)6/3ij. TO B* o\ov evay<yi6<nrep/j,a, TCL Be evv- fjuevao-Trepfjia, TO, Be <yvpv6cr7rep/jLa' Kal ert ra p,ev d/cpo/cap7ra, TO, Be TrXayio/capTra, /ecu ocra Brj aXXa


f/ OXa>9 Be Tro'KvKapTroTepa Kal 7ro\v%ov(TTepa TO, %eBpO7rd, TOVTCOV B* ?TI, yLtaXXoz/ TCL Oepiva /ceryXpos KOL crtfcrajAOV, MVTWV Be TWV %eBpo7rwv 6 /jLaXuTTa ^>aA:o9. 7rXw9 Be TCL fJiLKpoa-Trep/JLOTepa fjid\\ov ft>9 elrrelv, cocrTrep Kal TCOV \a%avQ)Bct)v KV/JLIVOV drrdvTwv OVTCOV TcdKvcrTrep^wv. la^vpo- Tepa Be 737)09 fiev TOV %etyLtwra Kal 0X0)9 TCL TOV ae/oo9 TCL dTripd, 77009 Be Trjv


  • /j-fXlvov Ald.H.; *\v}*ov Vo.Vin. cf. 8. 3. 2 and reff.

2 cf. 8. 3. 3 n. 3 Plin. 18. 53.

4 aTroxvffis conj. Sch. from G ; airotyvais P 2 Ald. cf. 4. 4. 10, iiroxTo ; 8. 10. 4 ; G.P. 3. 21. 5.

5 rb 5' '6\ov : ? TO 8' oiov.

162


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VIII. HI. 3-5

such flowers. Those of millet and Italian millet 1 are also ' downy/ 2 those of sesame and erysimon ' leafy.' Another difference is that in some cases the flowers are round the fruit ; thus those of corn and millet are round the ear ; while in leguminous plants the fruit comes as it were from the flower itself, or at least from the same starting-point. Another difference is that some produce all their flowers at once, others in succession. And there are other differences akin to these.

In like manner there are differences in the fruits ; some have an 'ear/ leguminous plants a pod, and millet-like plants a ' plume ' 3 which is the name given to an inflorescence 4 such as reeds have. Again, generally speaking, 5 some have their seeds in a vessel, 6 some in pods, 7 some naked ; and further some bear their fruit at the top, some at the sides ; and there are other differences which bear on this enquiry.

In general the leguminous plants produce more fruit and are more prolific, and the summer crops millet and sesame are even more so than these, while among the leguminous plants themselves lentil is the most prolific. 8 Generally speaking, those that have small seeds are more prolific, as cummin among pot-herbs, which are all prolific of seed. The seeds of cereals are more robust as to standing winter and conditions of climate generally, while those of leguminous plants are stronger as to providing food. 9 However it may be that in this respect

6 /jLfV vayyft6<nrep/j.a conj. Sch. ; (j.cv eyyL6ff-irep/ui.aP 2 A\d. cf. C.P. 4. 7. 5.

7 cf. 1. 11. 2. 8 cf. C.P. 4. 15. 2.

9 i.e. what has just been said perhaps applies only to human food. Sense fixed by 8. 9. 3 ad Jin.: cf. Plin. 18. 50.

163 M 2


THEOPHRASTUS

rd^a Be TOVTO ye r^jCiv rot? aXX<H9


dvdiraXiv.

IV. Ta [lev ovv o\a yevrj roiavras e%6i Bia- <f>opd$- ra Be o/jioyevr) Bij\ov on tcara rrjv TWV avwfJiaXiav, olov TWV o-LTwS&v Trvpos crT6vo(f)vXX,6Tpov teal \eioKav\oTepov teal

TTV/CVOTCpOV KOI y\l(7^p6TpOV %6l TOV KCLV\OV

Kal SvcrOXao-TOTepov djma Be teal 6 ^ev v TToXXot? r) 8e yv/jivov /JidkicrTa jap Srj r; tcpiOrj. TToKvkoTrov Be Kal rj ri(j)rj /cal f) 6\vpa Kal Travra ra rotavra Kal lici\HTTa TrdvTcov ew? elirelv o ftpo/jios. ecrri Be Kal v^jrr)\6repo<; 6 Kd\a/j,os TOV irvpov 77 TI)? KpiOfjS, Kal TOV <TTa"xyv aTc^pTri^kvov e%et, TOV <uXXof /uaXXov 6 Trvpos.

"iBiov Be Kal TO ci'xypov TOV KpiOivov TO Trvpivov eyxyXoTepov yap Kal fJutkaKWTepov. Bta^epet, Be

2 7) KplOr] Kal TOVTCp TWV TTVpWV r] /JLV yap (7TOI-

%ei<*>Br)s, 6 Be Trvpbs aa-rot%09 Kal


To) fjuev ovv oXft) yevei TT/QO? 76^09

elo~i Bia<f)0pai. Katf eKaTepov Be TOVTWV 7rd\iv, olov Trvpwv Kal KpiOwv, TroXXa yevrj Kal rot9 KapTTols avTois Bia^epovTa Kal roi9 Kal rat9 aXXat9 J,o>als Kal ert


1 c/.-7. 4. 9.

2 After Sta^opas UM add TO 6^01076^, Aid. ra f om. Sch. and W. after G.

3 6/j.oyev?i conj. Sch.; dpoioyevr) UMAld. cf. 8. 3. 1.

4 SvffdXaffT^Tfpov conj. Seal, from G, ruptu dijficiliorem ; SvffaX&aTWTfpov UMAld.

5 Plin. 18. 61. 7roAuAo7roj> conj. Salm. ; Tro\v\oftov Aid.

164


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VIII. m. 5~iv. 2

the other animals are affected in the opposite l way to men.

Of the differences between cereals.

IV. There are then these differences 2 between the various classes ; and as between plants of the same class 3 there are plainly differences due to the unlike- ness in the various parts. Thus among cereals wheat as compared with barley has a narrower leaf, and a smoother stem of closer texture tougher and less brittle. 4 Again the seed of wheat has several coats/ that of barley is naked, that plant having its seeds specially naked. Also one-seeded wheat rice-wheat and all such plants have their seed in several coats, and above all, it may be said, is this true of oats. 6 Also the ' reed ' of wheat is taller than 7 that of barley, and wheat has its ear less distant from the ' leaf.'

Further the husk of wheat is distinct 8 from that of barley, being less dry and softer. Barley also differs from wheat in this respect ; it has grains in a regular row, 9 whereas those of wheat are not in a row, but the ear is as it were quite simple in form. 10

Such then are the differences as between one whole kind and another. But in each of these kinds again, for instance in barley and wheat, there are many sub-divisions differing both in the actual fruits, in the ear, and in the other characteristic

6 Ppdpos conj. Seal, from Plin, Lc. and G ; Kp6p.os PM ; Kpoicos Aid.; fip}/j.os Vin.

7 t) conj. Sch. from Plin. I.e. and G; ical Ald.H.

8 rSioz/ Aid.; jj5ioi> Yin.H. from G: so Sch. and W. cf Col. 6. 3. 3.

9 <TTotXi^8rjs. ? <rroix57}s : v. LS. 10 6/j.a^s conj. Sch.; fyaA^ UMAM.

165


THEOPHRASTUS

/cal To?9 irdOeGi. TWV /mev icpiOwv al fiev elat, BifTTOi%Oi al Be rpia-roL^oL al Be rerpdaToi^oi

KOI TTCVrdo-TOlX 01 ' trXiO"TW S' e%d(TTOi'%OV, KOI

yap TOIOVTO TI yevo? eari. Trv/cvoTepai, Be del /card TTJV Oecnv 009 eVl TTCLV al Bia(f)opd Be fjiyd\rj /cal TO elvai, KaOdirep eiTTOfiev rrjv 'IvBitcrfv. teal ol Be TWV pev fJLeyd\oi /cal pavoTepoi ral<; TWV Be eA-arrof? KOL Trv/cvorepoi, /cal Be TOV (f)vX\ov TMV jJiev irdXv TWI> Be fjii/cpov, wa-irep rwv ' A%i\\eict)V /ca\ovfj,evcov. /cal avrwv Be TWV /cpiOwv al fjuev (7rpojju\6repai /cal eXarrof? al Be irpo/juj/cearepai, /cal /Wbi/9 /cal fjuavorepai, /card TOV dTd^yv. en Be al /JLCV \ev- Kdiy al Be fji6\aivai KOI e'jrnropfyvpi^ova'ai, a^irep fcal 7ro\vd\<f)LTOi, Bo/covaiv elvai /cal irpbs TOL? %6iyu.coi/a? Be /cal rd Trvev^ara /cal oXft>? TOV depa TWV \evfcwv la"%vpoTepai.

IloXXa Be yevTj fcal TWV Trvpwv ecrriv evOvs dnro TMV %copwv e%ovTa ra? eTrwvv/jiias, olov Ai/Bv/col HovTitcol pa/ces 'Acrcrvpioi ALJUTTTIOI i. Bia<f)opd<$ Be /cal rat? ^poials /cal rofr n /cal rot? eiBeat /cal ra?9 IBiorrjo-iv /cal ev rat? Bvvd/j,ecri, ra?9 re aXXa9 /cal fjid\i<TTa rat9 Trpbs TYJV O-ITTJCTLV. Tives /cal CLTC

1 Explained below, 8. 4. 4 ; cf. 8. 4. 3.

2 7rc{06<n : cf. 1. 1. 1 n. 3 Plin. 18. 78.

4 irXflarov 8' e^dffToixov, /col 70^ TOIOVTO conj. W.; irXflffTov f^da-Toixof TOLOVTOV UM ; irXfiffrai /col f^dffTixoi' /cat yap TOI- OVTOV Ald.H.

166


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VIII. iv. 2-3

features ; and again in capacities 1 and properties. 2 3 Of barley different sorts have respectively two, three, four, and five rows of seeds ; the largest number 4 known is six, for there is a kind which bears that number. And those which have more rows have generally the grains set closer together. Another great difference is that of having side-shoots, as we said of the Indian kind. 5 Again in barley 6 the ears are in some kinds large and of looser make, in some smaller and set closer; in some kinds the ear is some way from the 'leaf,' in some it is nearer to it, as in the kind called ' Achillean.' 7 Again of the grains themselves some are rounder and smaller, some more oblong and larger and set at wider intervals on the ear. Moreover some are white, some black or reddish, and the latter are thought to produce much meal and to be more robust than the white as to bearing winter wind or conditions of climate generally.

There are 8 also many kinds of wheat which take their names simply from the places where they grow, 9 as Libyan Pontic 10 Thracian Assyrian Egyptian Sicilian. They show differences n in colour size form and individual character, and also 12 as regards their capacities 13 in general and especially their value as food. Some again get

5 Referred to 4. 4. 9, but without mention of this feature. 8 TOLS KpiOais conj. W. ; TTJS Kpi6rjs Aid.

7 cf. C.P. 3. 21. 3; 3. 22. 2.

8 effTiv evOvs conj. W.; fvQvs IffTiv Aid.

9 cf. C.P. 3. 21. 2; Plin. 18. 2.

10 TlovTiicol conj. Sch. ; -n 6vrtoi Aid.

11 Siacpopas conj. W. ; Sia^fpovrcs Ald.H.

12 Kal conj. W. ; 5 Aid.

13 Explained below, 8. 4. 4 : pace of growth.

167


THEOPHRASTUS


, olov

yvs 'A\e%dvBpeios' wv aTravrcov ev rofr el ra9 Bia(f)opds \7j7TTeov. ov% r)KLGTa B* ol/ceiai ei Tt9 \ajjL(3dvoi ra9 roiavras' olov elo~tv ol fjuev Trpwiot 01 Be otyioi, teal evav^el? real 7ro\,v%oi ol Be <fjiiKpol> Kal 6\tyo^oi, /cal fieyaXoa-rd^ve^ ol e fjLiKpoo-T dive's. Kal ol /jt,ev ev KaXvKi TTO\VV xpovov ol 8' 6\iyov evovres, axTTrep 6 Aiffvfcos. Kal K(i\a- ol fiev \eirTov ol Be Tra^vv Kal rovro 6 Ai- vv Be Kal 6 Kay%pvBia<;. eri B& ol fJiev 6\iyov$ ol Be TroXXou?, &<J7rep o Kal 6 /Jiev /jLovoKa\a/j,o<; 6 Be 7ro\v/cd- , Kal fjioXkov Be Kal TJTTOV.

4 'OyU,Otft>9 Be Kttl L Tl 7rapa7T\^(Tl,OV TOVTOIS

f) T0i9 Trporepov elprj/Aevois Kara ra9 Bwdpeis. al yap roiavrai (frvcriKdoTarai Bo^aiev av elvai TWV Biacf)opa)v. ev al<; Kal TO TWV Tpi^vwv Kal

TO T&V OLfJil]V(DV Kttl L Tl 76^09 V eKaTTOCTlV

r)/j,epais re\eiovrai, KaOdirep (^acrlv elvai Trepl rrjv Alvelav, 01 rerrapaKovra rj/jLepais avro r>}9 (TTropas dBpvvovrai Kal reXo9 LCT^OVCTIV' elvai B* la^vpov TOVTOV Kal ftapvv ov% wanrep rov rpi- fj,r)vov Kovcfrov, St' o Kal roi9 otKerai^ Trap- exeiv, Kal yap ovBe irirvpov e^eiv TTO\V. o-rrra- fj,ev ovv Kal ra%OT09 ct? Te\LQ)o~iv


1 tfr\eyyvs. Sir W. Thiselton-Dyer conjectures ffi\iyvis : cf. Plin. 18. 184, LS. aiXlyviov.

2 cf. Geop. 3. 3. 11. 3 i.e. colour, size, etc.

4 piKpol add.W. to correspond to evav^s (conj. Sch.; evafets

Aid.)- 168


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VIII. iv. 3-4

their distinctive names for other reasons, as kankh- rydias stlengys 1 ' Alexandrian ' 2 ; all of which must be distinguished by the above-mentioned 3 characters. Again, if one takes such differences as the following, they are quite characteristic thus some are early, some late, some are vigorous and prolific, some are small 4 and produce little, some have a large, some a small ear. The ears of some remain 5 a long time in the sheath, 6 of some it remains but a short time, as that of the Libyan kind. 7 Again some have a slender, some a stout haulm ; the Libyan kind has this characteristic also, and that of kankhrydias is also stout. Again the grain of some has few coats, 8 of some many, for instance the Thracian. 9 Some kinds have a single f reed,' some more than one, and in the latter class the number varies.

10 So too must we distinguish any differences like these or those mentioned above which are found in the several capacities ; for these would seem to be the most essential differences. In this connexion we may distinguish kinds which mature in three or in two months, and those, if there be such, which take a less number of days ; for instance, they say that in the region of Aineia there is a kind which ripens and attains perfection within forty days from the time of sowing ; they say too that this grain is strong and heavy, not light like that which takes three months ; wherefore they give it even to the servants, for it also does not contain much bran. Now this kind is the rarest and the quickest to


5 Hvovrfs conj. W. ; exovres Aid.

6 c/. 8. 2. 4. 7 Plin. 18. 69. 8 i.e. glumes. fl c/. C.P. 4. 12. 5 j Plin. I.e. 10 Plin. 18. 70.

169


THEOPHRASTUS

ovros. elcrl Be /cal Bifjujvoi rives oiTrep KOI etc ^i/ce\ias eKoulcrOrjcrav els 'A^aiav oKiyo^ooi Be /cal okiyoyovoi /cal Kovcpoi Kara rrjv rcpocrfyopav fcal rjBels. /cal a\\oi Be rives ol rrepl ^vftoiav elcrl /cal adXicrra ev rfj Kapvcrriq. rpi/jLrjvoi Be 7ro\\ol /cal Travra^ov /covcfroi ovroi KOI o\iyo%6oi /cal fjLovo/cd\auoi, Kara rrjv eicfyvcriv Kal ro o\ov

5 acrOevels. Kovfyoraros JJLGV ovv o>9 a?rXw9 eLTrelv

o Tlovritcos' fiapvrepos Be rwv els rrjv Trapayivouevcov 6 2iK\6s' rovrov B* en ftapvrepos o Botwro?' o-rjuelov Be \eyovo-iv on ol fjiev a0\rjral ev ry Boj&ma rpi rj uo\is ava\ia-/cov(nv, 'AOtfva^e Be orav TrevP rjai^OiVL/ca paBiws* /cov(f)os Be /cal 6 ev rfi Aa/ccovi/cfj. rovrwv fj^ev ovv ev re rats %cw- pais Kal TO) aepL ro alnov ejrel /cal rrepl rrjv 'Aviav ov TToppo) TSaKrpcov ev pev rivi TOTTW ovrcos aBpov elvai (f>ao-{, rbv alrov axrre Trvpfjvos e\aias aeyeOos \a/jL/3dveiv } ev Be rols Tlicro-drois /caXovaevois ovrcos lar%vpbv war el ris rr\elov irpoaeve^KOLro BiapprjyvvaQai, /cal rcov Ma/ee- Bovcov /cal TTO\\OVS rovro rraOelv. arorrov Be Kal dvojj,o\oyov/jLevov trpbs rrjv rcov rpi^vcov /cov(j)6rvjra rb rcepl rovs TLovri/covs crvp,f3alvov' elcrl yap ol aev cr/c\rjpol rjpivol ol Be ua\aKol %ei/jiepi,voi' TToXu yap Btatyepei, rfj /covcfrorijri 6

6 /j,a\aKos. [oaoicos Be /cal Bvo dporovs cos eoi/ce

1 rpi' -Yi/JLixoiftKa conj. Sch.; Tpir)/j.i(r^olviKa M ; P 2 Ald.H.

170


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VIII. iv. 4-6

mature. But there is also a kind which takes two months ; this was brought to Achaia from Sicily ; it is not however prolific nor fertile, though as food it is light and sweet. There is another such kind which grows in Euboea and especially in the region of Karystos. There are several kinds that take three months, and these, wherever they are found, are light and not prolific ; their growth consists of a single ' reed,' and in general they are not robust. Lightest of all we may say is the Politic wheat ; the Sicilian is heavier than most of those imported into Hellas, but heavier still than this is the Boeotian ; in proof of which it is said that the athletes in Boeotia consume scarcely three pints, 1 while, when they come to Athens, they easily manage five. 2 The Laconian kind is also light. The reason for these differences is to be found in the respective soils and in the climate ; 3 for in Asia not far from Bactra they say that in a certain place the corn is so vigorous that the grains grow as large as an olive-stone, while in the country called that of the Pissatoi it is so strong that, if a man eats too much of it, he bursts, which was actually the fate of many of the Macedonians. 4 There is one curious thing about the corn of Pontus, which is an exception 5 to the rule as to the lightness of crops raised in three months ; for there the hard crops are those of the spring, the soft ones those of the winter ; for soft kinds are exceedingly light. Two sowings, as it appears, are made of all corn


2 Trtvtf y/jLixoiviKa conj. Sch. ; TrevdrifjUcrxoiviKa M ; ir

XoiviKa P 2 Ald.H. 3 Plin. 18. 70.

  • i.e. in Alexander's army.

6 b.vop.o\oyovi.evov : cf. G.P. 4. 8. 2 ; Plat. Oorg. 495 A.


iyi


THEOPHRASTUS


TOV CTiTOV TTOLOVVTai, TOV JJL6V ^l/JiplVOV

TOV Be rjpivov, ev w KOI TO, ocnrpia


Rial Be Kal ol /Jiev KaOapol alp&v, wcnrep 6 TiKos Kal 6 AlyvTTTW Ka6apo<$ Be /cal 6 ^U/ceXo9 /cal jjidXio-ra 6 OVK alpot)Sr]<>.

'D Be St/ceXo? UBiov e%et TO fji\dfATrvpov rca\ov- pevov, o e<TTLV a/9Xa^e? KOI ov% (bairep rj alpa j3api> Kal Ke^)a\aXye^. a\\a ra fiev roiavra, fcaOdirep e'A,e%#??, rat? %w^ai? avaOereov Kal oaov eVtySaXXet rot? yeveaiv.

V. 'Ey Be roi? oairpiois ov% O/AOLCOS earl \aftelv r9 roiavras BtcKfropas, elr ovv Bia TO fj,r) e^eTa^ei,v ofjioiws eire teal Bia TO /jLovoeiBe- (TTepa Tvy%dveiv efa> yap epeftivOov KOI (pa/cov /cal eV 6\iyov Kvdj^ov Kal opoftov, Ka& OGOV fj TWV %pa) [Jbdrtov Kal rwv %v\wv Biafopd, rwv

a\\a)V ov TTOIOIHJLV t'Sea?. ol Be


Tot? /JieyeOeat Kal TOL$ ^uXot? Kal L? Bi


Kal TCU9 /AOptyaL? Biacfrepovo-iv, olov Kptol bpoftialoi ol dvd ineaov. evrl Tracri Be rd \evKO, yXvKvrepa' Kal ydp 6 opofios Kal 0a/eo9 Kal epe{3iv0o<; Kal Kva/Jios Kal cnjaa/Jiov' ecrri, ydp Kai cnjcrajjiov \evKov.

2 'AXXa yu-aXXoz^ ev TOi9 TOioi&Be iroielv e&TL olov, ejrel Trdvra ravT* eXXo/Sa, Ta


1 <5/.ua>s . . . Ko.TaftdxXovffu' bracketed by Sch. as a gloss.

2 But c/. 8. 8. 3. 3 c/. Uiosc. 4. 116.

4 i.e. when it gets into the bread.

5 c/. Plin. 18. 156 ; Diosc. 2. 100.

6 So-fly e7Tia'AA.ei : c/. Arist. PoL 1. 13. 8,


172


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VIII. iv. 6-v. 2

alike, one in winter and one in spring, at which time they also plant the seed of the pulses. 1

Some kinds are free from darnel, as the Pontic and the Egyptian ; the Sicilian is also fairly free from it, and that of Akragas is especially immune from darnel.

2 Peculiar however to the Sicilian is the plant called mclampyron? which is harmless 4 and not, like the darnel, injurious and productive of headache. 5 However such peculiarities, as was said, must be ascribed to the soil, and to a certain extent 6 to the different characters of different kinds.

Of the differences between pulses.

V. In pulses we cannot find such differences to the same extent, whether for the want of equally careful enquiry or because there is actually less diversity in these plants. 7 For, apart from chick- pea lentil and to a certain extent bean and vetch (in so far as in these we find differences of colour and taste), among the rest 8 no distinct forms are recognised. Chick-peas however differ in size colour taste and shape; thus there are the varieties called ' rams,' ' vetch-like ' chick-peas and the intermediate forms. 9 In all pulses the white are the sweeter, and this applies to vetch lentil chick-pea bean and sesame, of which also there is a white form.

10 However it is more possible to recognise the differences in such points as these : all these plants have pods, 11 but whereas the pods in some kinds have

7 Plin. 18. 124. 8 7' conj. Sch.; T' Ald.H.

9 ot after bpifiiaioi add. Dalec. For ava /j.e<rov cf. 3. 18. 2. 10 Plin 18. 125.

31 e \\o0a conj. Seal, from G ; e'AAe'/Sopa Ald.H.; ^AAjo/jaU; eTrel irdvra ravr' conj. W.; ^rl iravra TO, Ald.H.

173


THEOPHRASTUS


avrwv dBidtfrpa/cra /cal warcep (rvfjutyavovra rvy- %dvei,, KaOdirep opoftos Trieo? KOI a-^eBbv TO, 7rXe- o-ra, rd Be BiaTre^payfjieva, KaOdirep Oeppos, en Be /jia\\ov /cal lBia)s TO aijo-a/jiov. /cal TO, jj,ev paKpoKofta rd Be /cal <rrpoy<yv\6\o/3a, /caOdirep 6 epefSivOos. dvd \6yov S* dico\ov6el /cal rd rwv crirepi^dTwv eXarrco yap ev rot?

ev re TO> TWV epeftivutvv /cal ev TW


Kal 7rapa7r\^criaL Se IVw? al roiavrai /cal 0,9 eVl TWV ai.Trjpwv e\eyo/jL6V irepl rcov ara^vcov /cal avrcov TWV Kapirwv ejrel KOI ol Ka\ovjjievoi XoySot o-%eSbv d/c6\ov0oi rot? o-Trep^aaiv elaiv, ol fj,ev eVtTrXarefc, waTrep ol rov <pa/cov /cal rr}? d<pd/cr), ol oe /cv\iv$p(*)86is fjba\\ov, &>9 ol rov opofSov /cal rov TTLO-QV' rd yap orTrep^ara e/carepfov rotavra TO?? <r%77/uiaT dXXa rd<; /JLV roiavras oia<popd<; 7roXXa9 dv Ti9 evpoi /ca& e/cacrrov, wv al p,ev Koival irdcnv al oe tSiai /card 76^09. f/ Ori Be irdvra irpocnrefyvKe T049 \o/3ois /cal


tcaddirep dp^rfv TIVCL, rd jjiev irpoe'xp wairep o Kvajjios /cal 6 epe(3iv6os, rd Be /cal


eyrcoiXov, wcnrep Sepias /cal aXX* arra, rd Be ovrco fjiev ov fyavepdv eXdrrco Be /cal wcnrep diro- <rr)fjiaivov(Tav pbvov, BTJ\OV fjiev diro 7^9 otyews- ef ^9 /cal orav o-Trapfj {3\aardvet, /cal pt&vrat,, KaOdirep eXe^Orj, /car 1 a/o%9 Be /cal avrd rpe- r$> Xo/9w, ^XP L v av


conj. Seal, from G, non intersepta ; Ald.H. a cf. 1. 11. 5.

3 Sia.TTfQpay/uifi'a conj. Sell.; Acta Tre^o-y^eVa Ald.H.

4 cf. 3. 18. 13.

174


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VIII. v. 2-4

no divisions, 1 but the seeds as it were touch one another, 2 as in vetch pea and most kinds, in some there are divisions, 3 as in lupin and still more in sesame, in which the divisions are of a peculiar kind. 4 Again some have long, some round pods, as chick-pea. And the number of seeds follows in proportion, since they are fewer in the small pods, as in those of chick-pea and lentil.

Possibly these differences correspond to those which we mentioned in the case of cereals as to the ears and the actual fruits ; for what are called ' pods ' also 5 fairly correspond to the shape of the seeds, some being flat, as those of lentil and tare, some more or less cylindrical, as those of vetch and pea 6 : for in the case of either pair of plants the seeds correspond in shape. However one might discover and distinguish many such differences, of which some are common to a whole kind, 7 others special to particular varieties.

In all cases the seeds are attached to the pods and have a sort of starting-point, which in some cases projects, as in bean and chick-pea, in some is hollow, as in lupin and some others, and in some is not thus conspicuous but smaller and, as it \vere, only indicated ; this is plain from observation ; it is from this point that the seeds germinate and take root when they are sown, as was said 8 : but to start with they are themselves nourished by being so attached to the pod until they are matured. This

5 i.e. as does the form of the ear in cereals.

6 Kal rov irtffov- TO. yap conj. Seal, from Plin. I.e. and G ; rov TTHTOV yhp ra UMAld.

7 i.e. which either differentiate (e.g. ) pea from lentil, or one variety of pea from another, cf. 8. 4. 2 n.

8 8. 2. 1.

175


THEOPHRASTUS

re\ei(jd0fr fyavepov Be ecrrt, real e/c r&v vvv KOI etc rwv Trpoeiprj/jLevcov. irepl pev ovv rwv Kara ra?


VI. ^ireipeiv Be ^v/jityepej, irdvra ev rot? ft>pcu'09 aporow ov JJL^V d\\a KOI ev rtz/e? fcaTaftaXkovvi, KOI oi>% TJKiara Trvpovs /cal KpiOa? ft>9 fJiaXia-ra avTapicelv SvvdfAeva, OITOV fir} opvi&iv f) aXXot? Qrjpiois eirLfnvr)*; rj X(*>pa. Bo/cei yap eo9 7rl irav o TT/OWTO? a/?oro? a^eivwv eivai, %et/?t<7T09 Be o-Tropos ev rat? r)/M/3p6xoi$' 7roX- \vrai yap KCLI Kya\aKTOvTai Ta (jTreyOyLtara, real apa ^vfi^aivei nroav ava^veo-Oai 7ro\\rjv. pera Be Trjv (TTTOpav vBcop 7riyiV(T0ai iracri %v/ji<f)epei, TT\r)V ocra Bvcr/3\a(rrrj yiverat, jAa\\ov, wcnrep o re Bofcet /cal rwv Oepwwv (rrjaajuioi' /cal KV- fcal epvaijjiov.

Tlv/cvocTTTopeiv Be Kal /jLavoffTropeiv real TT/QO? ra? \e7rovTa %pvj' TT\elov yap TJ metpa Kal aya6r) Bvvarai (frepeiv r% v^dfjb^ov re /cal XeTrr^?. /cairoi Xe'yerai T9 Xoyo9 0)9 ore /nev rrXeov ore Be eXarrov rj avrrj Be^erai %w^a* /cal olwvi^ovrai TO 7r\eov W9 OVK ayaOov, rreivrjv yap evOvs (fraai, rrjv yrjv ouro9 fJ<ev ovv icrax; evrjOecrrepos ^0709. el Be Tfc9 7T/909 Ta aTrep/Jiara Oecopoirj /cal fJbd\i(Trd ye 7T/309 aurou9 TOi/9 T07TOU9 a/j.a TW eBdffrei, /cal rr)v Oecnv avaOeoopwv ri^v ye rrpos ra rcvev-


Aid. ; avrapxtlv U.

2 firia-iv^s conj. Dalec. ; eiriv^s UM Aid. ; obnoxia G.

3 i.e. after the rains.


I 7 6


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VIII. v. 4 -vi. 2

is clear both from what is said now and from what was said before. Enough then about the points of difference.

Of sowing, manuring, and watering.

VI. It is expedient to sow all these, if possible, at the early seed-time ; however some plant the seed even in dry ground, and especially wheat and barley, on the theory that they are most likely to hold their own 1 at a time when the ground is not in- fested 2 with birds or other creatures. For it appears that in general the first sowing is better, and worst that which is made in half- soaked ground ; 3 for then the seeds perish and become ' milky ' ; 4 moreover many weeds come up at that time. After the sowing however it is beneficial for all that rain should fall on them, except in the case of some which appear to germinate then with more difficulty, as seems 5 to be the case with beans, and among summer crops with sesame cummin and crysimon.

6 As to sowing thickly or scantily one should have regard to the soil as well as to other considerations ; for a fat good soil can bear more than one which is sandy and light. However there is a saying that the same soil can take at one time more, at another less seed ; and in general the former condition is taken as an unfavourable omen, for then they say at once that the soil is hungry ; however this is perhaps a rather foolish saying. If a man should have regard to the kind of the seed and especially to the actual situation, considering the aspect in respect of winds


4 cf. yaXdKTwffis, C. P. 4. 4. 7 and 8.

5 So/mconj.W.; ttcfaet Aid. Plin. 18. 190.

177

VOL. II, N


THEOPHRASTUS

aara teal rov ri\iov, olfceiorepov av


\6yov Be e%e* teal 77 KQirpicris rot? cnropois Tr/309 ra9 %o)pas' veto? ' d/jieivcov TI xei/jiepios 7-779 eapwris. evia%ov Be ov t;v[jufyepeLv ftaOelav apo- rpiav, wcTTrep Kal ev %vpia, Bi b fjii/cpois aporpois

Trap* aXXot? Be TO \iav , KaOdirep ev %i/ce\ia, BS b Kal rwv a>9 eoi/C 7ro\\ol BiaaapTavovcri. iravra /Jbev ovv 7T/309 ra9 %&)/3a9.

Be Kal ra crTrepf^ara Troia irolov ev <yap rat9 ^ei/juepival^ irvpov TJ Kpi6r)V, Kal oX&)9 (Tirov ev rat9 %e/3croi9 Kal Bid %p6vov yap avrai irvpbv (frepovo-i, fjbd\\ov rj KpiOijv. Be- ^erat Be Kal evOft/Sp&iv paXkov Trvpbs r?)9 Kpi0fj$, Kal ev rot9 aKOTrpois (frepei fjid\\ov. ODaavro)^ Be Kal avrwv TWV Trvpwv ?rot09 Ty Troia 7rp6a<popo<;, olov dyaOfj Kal nneipa Kal tyafyapa Kal \e7rrfj <Kal> rat9 a\Xa^9 o^oLw^.

e "TB(t)p Be orav uev %\or}<f>oprj(rr] Kal TrXelov aTrao-i ^vfJifyepei' dvOovai Be irvpols Kal KpiQals Kal TOI<> crircoBecri (B\a(Bepov a?roX-


1 &i/ Xapfiavoi conj. Sch.; avaXa^dvoi Ald.H.

2 Koirptcris conj. Sell. ; K6-jrpr]aris Aid.

3 cf. C. P. 3. 20. 7. 4 cf. C.P. 3. 20. 5.

5 TCO.VTO. jj.fv ovv M; TOVTO p.tv Ald.H.; ravra /u.tv oi>v conj. Scb. followed by W.

fl Kf\Gvov<nv conj. W. ; Kal '6\us Ald.H.

7 Kivovp.4va.is conj. Sch. (cf. C.P. 3. 21. 4, f/ Sta XP OVOV 7wp- yrj) ; Kevovfifvais UAld. ; Kaivov/j.4vais Vin.


I 7 8


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VIII. vi. 2-5

and sun, as well as the soil itself, he would more properly gauge 1 the differences.

Similarly manuring 2 for the sown crops should be done with regard to the soil ; and it is better to turn up fallow 3 land in winter than in spring. And there are some 4 places in which deep ploughing is not expedient, as in Syria; wherefore they use small plough-shares. In other parts to work the ground too much is injurious, as in Sicily : wherefore many settlers in the country, it appears, make a mistake. From every point of view b therefore the soil must be considered.

The seeds are also classified according as each suits a particular soil ; in wintry lands wheat is sown rather than barley, and in general they say 6 that corn rather than leguminous plants should be sown in barren soils which are only disturbed 7 at long intervals ; and such soils bear wheat better than barley. 8 Moreover wheat welcomes abundant rain 9 more than barley, and bears better on land which is not manured. 10 In like manner they dis- tinguish among wheats themselves which suits which kind of soil, namely which grows best in good 11 fat soil and which in crumbling light soil, and 12 so on with other kinds of soil.

13 More abundant rain is beneficial to all crops when they have come into leaf and formed the flower; however it is harmful to wheats and barleys and other cereals when they are actually in flower ; for


8 rf)s xpiQris conj.W. ; /cat xpiGris UM: rj tcpiO^Ald.: ft KpiOk H. of. C.P. Lc.

10 Explained C.P. I.e.

11 oryaflf) conj. Casaub : so Vin. ; ayaOrj Aid. (and so with the other datives). lz Kal add. St.

13 Plin. 18. 151 and 152.

179

N 2


THEOPHRASTUS


\vo~i yap* OVTOL yap a

atya/ceXi^ovTes KOI VTTO /ca/jLTTWv Ivxyporepos Be 6 yu-eXa? epeftwOos KOI o irvppos rov \evKOV' (TV/jL^epei, Be, ^aaiv, ev TO?? e<j)vBpoi,s re aiTeipeiv avrov. Kvapos Be avOwv <f)i\i ^pe^e^Oai, Bi? o /cal OVK e6e- \ovdiv otyicTTropelv, wcrTrep eiTrojjiev, brt TTO\VV yu-era Be TTJV aTravBrjaiv 6\iyov TrdfATrav Belrar Gvve<y<yvs yap rj reXeicoo-^. d\)C aBpvvQfj KOI fiXaTrreiv Bo/cel rd (TircoBrj KOI ijv Be Trvpov /jLa\\ov,

6 'Ei/ AlyvTTTO) Be KOI T3aftv\a>V{, KOI Ba/cr/oot?, OTTOU fir] verat, rj X(*>pa <rj> o-Tram'ws, al Bpocroi TO o\ov e/crpe^ovaiv. en KOI ol 'jrepl Kvptfvrjv ical

TOTTOI. KaipitoTara Be iracriv &>? eiTrelv rd rjpivd' Bi o /cal rj 7ro\\d <ydp rov rjpos /cal yiverai, TOV Be %ei/Jiwvo<; b\iya. fyrel Be rj X67TT07ea)9 TroXXa /card fiiKpov rj Be jrieipa /cal 7r\f)6o<; pev eveyxelv Bvvarai /cal dvBpiav TT^OO? Be rrjv %(t)pa$ avBpiav Trovna Trvev^ara /cal avpai Bo/covcfL v/ji(f)pei,v, aXXa ^e Trap 1 aXXot? roiavra, KaOdirep /cal Trporepov eiprjTai, co9 67rl TO irav Be yitaXXoz^ au^/xo? 77 eTrofjiffpia jfv/ji^epei, T<W airar

7 ol jdp op/Spot, fcal aXXw9 evavrioi /cal 7roXXa/a9 avrd rd (Tirep/jLara Bia(j)0ipovo~i,v, el Be /n,rj TT\IJ-


1 ff<(>a.Ke\iovTes '. cf. 4. 14. 4.

2 6 irvppbs TOV \evKov conj. Seal, from G and Plin. 18. 124 ; 6 Aeu/cbs TOV irvpov UAld ; o \. T. irvppov H.J 6 \. r. vvpbs M.

3 cf. C.P. 3. 22. 3.

4 Setrot conj. Sch.; 8e?o-0at Akl.H.

1 80


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VIII. vi. 5-7

it destroys the flower. But to pulses it is harmless, except to chick-peas ; for these, if the salt is washed off them, perish from rot x or from being eaten by caterpillars. However the black and the red 2 chick-pea are stronger than the white, and it is beneficial, they say, to sow this crop late in moist soil. The bean 3 likes especially to receive rain when it is in flower; wherefore men are unwilling, as we said, to sow it late, because it flowers for a long time ; but after it has shed its flowers, it needs 4 very little water, since its time of maturity is now near. But, when cereals have matured, it appears that water actually injures them, and barley more than wheat.

In Egypt Babylon and Bactra, where the country receives no rain, or 5 but little, the dews are sufficient nourishment ; and so is it also 6 in the regions about Cyrerie and the Euesperides. However to all, generally speaking, it is the spring rains which are the most seasonable ; and that is why Sicily is rich in corn ; for there is abundance of soft rain in spring and little of it in winter. A light soil requires plenty of rain, but little at a time ; while that which is fat can indeed bear both an abundance of rain and a drought ; (for a droughty country sea- winds 7 and breezes seem to be helpful, and various breezes of this kind prevail in various countries, as has been said already). Yet in general drought suits corn better than excessive rain ; for heavy showers, apart from the harm which they do in other ways, often actually destroy the seed, or at

5 % add. Seal, from G : so Vin.

6 ert conj. St. from G (?) ; ^rel Aid.

conj. Sch.; VO.VTO. Aid. cf. 8. 7. 6,

III


THEOPHRASTUS

ye TToiovcn, j3ordvr)s, ware /caraTrviyco'dat, /cal


VII. Tow fjiev ovv a\\a)V aTrep^drdov ovBev et? aXXo 7T6(f)VK fJLTa^d\\Giv fyOeipbfJievov, irvpbv Se /cal tcpiOrjv et? alpdv <aav, Kal fiaXkov rbv TTvpov, 'yiveaOai Se rovr ev rat? biropftpiais /cal fjid\i(TTa ev rot? evv&pois /cal o^put^eai %a OTI 8' OVK eaTiv rjpivov rj alpa KaOdjrep rj Troa, Treipwvrai ydp Tives TOVTO \eyeiv, etceWev brfkov evOvs yap rov %etyLtco^09 (pavepa rylverat 7T(j)V/cvia' /cal Sia^epei 7roXXot9' e%e^ yap TO <pv\\ov vrevov Kal Saa-v /cal \L7rapov, Kal TOVTCOV ISicJOTarov TO \nrapov f) yap SacrvTrjs /cal TOV alyi\G)7ros inrdp^ei, aXX' eK<^avi]^ yiveTai TO6? TOV alyi\wrro<i TOV ^yoo?. TOVTO fjuev ovv TOVTCOV, Kal GTL TOV \Lvov /cal yap CK TOVTOV (f>aal yiveadai, TTJV alpav.

2 Tov 6e epe/3iv0ov Trpos TOL a\\a -^e^poira TO re irepl Trjv avOrfffiv \e%0v Kal TO Td%i(TTa reXeto- KapTrelv Icr^vpoTaTOv ov Kal v\a)Be(TTaTOV, Kal


1 Plin 18. 149 and 150 ; c/. O.P. 4. 5. 2.

2 Tr6a: ? grasses ; c/. 8. 6. 1.

3 veipufTai yap rives H. ; airetpwvTai' alnwvTai yap rives U; & Treipwvrai- alriuvrai yaip rives PM : so also Aid. Bas. Cain, with mark of corruption.

4 6M0us yap rov conj. Sch. ; ev9vs TO TOV Aid.

182


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VIII. vi. y-vii. 2

least cause a luxuriant growth of leafage, so that the grain is choked and becomes abortive.

Of the degeneration of cereals into darnel.

VII. 1 Now, while it is not the nature of any other of these seeds to degenerate and change into something else, they say that wheat and barley change into darnel, and especially wheat ; and that this occurs with heavy rains and especially in well-watered and rainy districts. But that darnel is not a plant of the spring, like other weeds 2 (for some endeavour 3 to make this out) is clear from the following consideration : it springs up and becomes noticeable directly 4 winter comes ; and it is dis- tinguished in many ways ; the foliage 5 is narrow abundant and glossy, and this gloss is the most marked of these differences ; (the 6 leaves of aigi- lops 1 are indeed also abundant, 8 but this character does not shew itself in them till spring). This then is peculiar to the seeds of wheat and barley, and also to those of flax ; for that too, they say, turns into darnel.

Of the peculiar character of chick-pea.

A peculiarity of chick-pea as compared with other leguminous plants is that which has been mentioned as to its flowering ; and also the fact that it is the quickest to mature its fruit, being very strong and woody ; and again there is the fact that in

5 cf. C.P. 4. 4. 11. 6 rots conj. Sch.; rrjs Aid.

  • Plin. 18. 155.

8 aAX' . . . alyl\(i)iros : text a makeshift. Wanting in Aid. and all MSS. except U ; oA\' fKtyave'is yivovrai /col TO?S rov aly. U; fKfavys yiverai conj. Sch.; eirl for Kai conj. W.

183


THEOPHRASTUS

TO o\ov fjirj iroielv veiov <cw?> /capTri^o/jbevov rrjv Be TTOCIV e1~a'JTO\Xv(Tt, KOI fjbd\iaTa Be KOI rd^icrTa TOP Tpi/3o\ov. oX&>9 Be ovBe rj TV%ov<ra Bvvarat, cfrepeiv avTov, d\\a /AeXdyyeiov TLVCL Bel teal pav elvai. TWV Be a\\wv f) apitrn) veibs CLTTO KvdfAwv tcaiTrep Tcvicvocr'Tcopov^kvwv real TTO\VV

KCLpTTOV (ftepOVTWV.

Ta Be ev rot? Qepivols apbroLS oKbyov Bet irdvra, <f>aal Be teal ra va/jLariaia av^epeiv jj,a\\ov avrois TWV IK Bios, jj,e\ivoL Be /cal Key%poi vBarov eav yap fywtn 7r\elov (f>v\\o- la^vporepov Be 6 /ceyX/ 00 ?* ot ' ^ fjue\i,voi <y\vKVTpoi /cal aadevecrTepoi. a^aa^ov ^e oitBev <ft>oi>> ecr8ii xXcopbv ovBe Qkp^ov. el Be fjbrjB 1 epvcri/jiov /jitjBe opfJUVOV (TKeTrreov teal ravra TTiKpd. earl Be rb /jLV epvai/jiov o/jLoiov arjadfjuco TO Be opfiwov KVIMV&?)S jjue\av Be apa /cal TO cnjcra/jLOV. Trepl /Aev ovv TOVTWV (T/ceirreov.

'Ei^ Be rats d'yaOals %ci)pai<> rrpbs TO JJLT) cf)v\\o- /cal emKeipovai TOV O-LTOV,


1 Lit. 'does not make fallow land.' c/. C. P. 4. 8. 3.

2 is Kaptrt^o^vov I conj. after W. (KapTn^6/aevov T^V yri v) ; Kapnos U; Kaptrbs M ; Kapirbv Aid. c/. G. P. I.e. and 4. 8. 1 ; 4. 8. 3 : /J.)) KapTrifcffGai r^]v yriv a\\a ve&v irate'iv (? <i>eois>) Kapiro'is, 'for fresh crops.'

3 5^ conj.W.; ye Aid. 4 c/. C. P. 4. 8. 3.

5 f} apiffrr) veils conj. W. (c/. 8. 9. 1 ; C P. 4. 8. 1); x^'P^-n nrjTrtos U; x ei P^ ffT 'n v v(]Tnos MP ; Ka\\ia~Tri vfibs Aid. c/. also C.P. 3. 20. 7.

184


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VIII. vn. 2-4

general it does not reinvigorate the ground, 1 since it exhausts 2 it ; but it destroys weeds, 3 and above all and soonest caltrop. And in general 4 it is not every kind of soil which suits it ; the soil should be black and fat. Of the other leguminous plants the bean best 5 reinvigorates the ground, even if it is sown thick and produces much fruit.

Of special features of ( summer crops.'

All those crops 6 sown at the summer seed-time need little water, 7 and they say also that spring water is better for them than rain water ; and Italian millet 8 and millet need less water, for, if they have too much, they shed their leaves. Millet is the robuster plant, Italian millet is sweeter and less robust. Sesame and lupin are not eaten green by any animal 9 ; whether the same is true of erysimon and horminon is matter for enquiry ; for these too are bitter. Erysimon is like sesame and is oily ; horminon is like cummin and black, and is sown at the same time as sesame. These matters then require investigation.

Of treatment of cereals peculiar to special localities.

10 In good soils to prevent the crop running wildly to leaf they graze and cut down the young corn,

6 Plin. 18. 96 and 101.

7 oAi'-you, sc. vSaros, but the omission is strange ; perhaps due to misunderstanding of b\iyov Set by a scribe. Sch. joins the words TO Se . . . iravra to the last sentence, and supplies Kapirifcrai TTJI/ yrjv (oXiyov Set = almost).

8 f^f\ivoi Ald.H. ; eAu/iot Vin. cf. 8. 1. 1. n.

9 C$ov add. Sch. from G and Plin. 18. 96. cf. C.P. 6. 12. 12. 10 Plin. 18. 157-162.

185


THEOPHRASTUS

/cal ev erraXta. crvpfBaivei $ av

oTrocraKicrovv jj,r)Bev d KapTTov, av Be 7riKipa)(Tiv aTra% JULOVOV rbv Trvpbv /cal yiveaQai /AaKpov teal ov% dBpov, ov /ca\ov(Ti /ca/Jia/ciav, KOI OVK

cnreipofjievov rovro {j,ev ovv o>9

SerraXol \e<yovcriv. ev >aftv\,wvi Be ael KOI waTrep rerayi^eva)^ eTri/ceipovai /J,ev 8t?, TO Be Tplrov ra TrpoffaTa eTra^iacriv oura) <yap (pvei TOV /cav\6v, el Be JJLI) (j>v\\ofj,ave2' yiveTai Be /JLTJ epyavajjievois TrevTrjKOVTa^oa, rot? Be eVt- e/caTOVTa-^oa. rj Be epyaaia TO &>? Tr\elaTov %povov efji/jieveiv TO vBcop, OTTCO? l\vv TroirjGy 7ro\\rfv TTieipav yap oixrav teal Trv/cvrjv TTJV yfjv Bel Troir\crai fjbavrjv. v\r)v Be ov fyepeu /cal Tfoav wcrTrep ev A^yf TTTft). ra fjuev ovv TOiavTa


Be /cal CLTTO pi^wv Trvpbs Kal TO) vaTepo) eTer avToeT^ Be real airo TWV els Kpda-TLV Ketpofievav eTepov /ca\d/j,ov Trapa- /3\ao-TavovTOs. KxravTws Be tcav VTTO eKirayr)' Trapa/BXacrTavei jap vBaTcov e vo)v' 6 Be GTa'xys areX^? fcal fiiKpos dirb

j3\ao-Tavov(Ti Be TW vo-Tepy eret /cal TWV KaTaTTovov/jiei'WV /cal coo-re ur)Bev elvai Bij\ov co? el^relv, olov


1 l\vv conj. Sch. from Plin. 18. 162 ; v\i)i> Ald.H.

2 Text perhaps defective : c/. Plin. I.e.

186


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VIII. vn. 4-5

for instance in Thessaly. And the result is that, however often they graze it, the crop is not im- paired ; while if they cut it down not more than once, the wheat changes in character and becomes tall and weak what they call f long-shafted ' oorn, and, if seed of this is sown, it does not recover its character. This the Thessalians tell of as having occurred in a few cases. At Babylon however they cut it down twice always and as it were systematically, and after that they let the sheep on to it; for in that case it makes its straw, but otherwise it runs wildly to leaf ; and, if the ground is ill cultivated, it produces fifty fold, if it is care- fully cultivated, a hundred fold. And the c culti- vation' consists in letting the water lie on it as long as possible, so that it may make much silt l ; for the soil being fat and close must be made open. And at Babylon 2 the ground does not produce weeds and grasses, as it does in Egypt. Such are the things which depend on the quality of the soil.

Of cereals which grow a second time from the same stock.

3 Wheat and barley also in many places grow from the root in the next year, or in the same year from crops cut down for fodder, since a second haulm shoots up. The like happens also if the plant has been nipped by winter ; for it shoots again when rain comes ; but such plants produce an ear which is imperfect and under-sized. There is also new growth the next year from plants which are roughly treated or trodden down 4 so that hardly anything remains visible, as happens when an army has marched over

3 c/. G.P. 4. 8. 5. 4 cj. C. P. I.e.

187


THEOPHRASTUS

arparoTreSov, KOI ol era^ves fjuicpol /cal TOVTCOV, 0^9 /ca\ov<riv apvav TWV e xeBpoir&v ovBev Svvarai, TOIOVTOV iroietv rj ov% oyu-otco?. /cal at fi\ao-Tr)(Ti,s Toa r ai/ra%co9.

II/>09 avgrjaiv & /cal rpocfrrjv /neyiGra fjiev rj rov (TV{ji/3d\\eTai,, real 0X0)9 ^ TOV rov<t ev/caipayv yap vSdrcov /cal ev&i&v /cal xeL/jLobvtov ^LVOJJLGVWV airavra i><f>opa /cal iroX-VKapira, /cav ev a\fj,(*)Be(7i, /cal XCTTT oyetois fj- 81 o /cal irapoi/jLia^o/jievoi, \e<yovaiv ov #a/c&>9 on,

i apovpa."

e /cal al ^wpai, $ia(j)povo'iv ov fjibvov rw irieipai /cal \7rral /cal eTro/juftpot, /cal av%fAO)&6is /cal T& aepi, T& irepie^ovri /cal rofc eviat, yap ovaai \7rral /cal <f)av\ai T\a(f)opovori, Sia TO 77^009 ra irvevfjiara ra irovna KelcrOau /^aXw9. aXXa 3e aXXa9 roiavra, KaOdirep 7roXXa/a9 eiprjrai' rals fj>ev yap ra ^etyvpi/cd rat? B ra ffopeia ra?9 8e ra vbna.

Sf/xySaXXerat Be /cal ov pi/cpd 77 epyaala /cal 77 <7rpb> TOV aTTopov /carepyaaOeicra yap e/ctyepei. /cal f) /coTrpo? 8e /j,eyd\a /SorjOet r& SiaOep/jiaiveiv /cal av jjLirerreiv 7rpoTpe%ei, yap rd KoirpL^o/Jieva TMV aKoirpwv /cal GIKOGIV ^epai^'


1 Tovrcav conj. Sch.; TOVTOVS Ald.H.

2 cf. Lewis and Short s.v. agna.

3 C. P. I. c. gives the reason.

4 ToffavTax&s conj. Seal.; roffavrax^s Ald.H.

188


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VIII. vn. 5-7

the field ; the ears in such cases 1 too are under- sized and are called ' lambs.' 2 But no kind of leguminous plant 3 can do anything of the kind, or at least not to the same extent. In these various ways 4 may new growth occur.

Of the effects of climate, soil, and manuring.

For growth and nourishment the climate is the most important factor, and in general the character of the season as a whole ; for when rain, fair weather and storms occur opportunely, all crops bear well and are fruitful, even if they be in soil which is impregnated with salt or poor. Wherefore there is an apt proverbial saying 5 that " it is the year which bears and not the field."

But the soil also makes much difference, according as it is 6 fat or light, well watered or parched, and it also makes quite as much difference what sort of air and of winds prevails in that region ; for some soils, 7 though light and poor, produce a good crop because the land has a fair aspect in regard to sea breezes. But, as has been repeatedly said already, the same breeze has not this effect in all places ; some places are suited by a west, some by a north, some by a south wind.

Again the working of the soil and above all that which is done before 8 the sowing has an important effect ; for when the soil is well worked it bears easily. Also dung is helpful by warming and ripening the soil, for manured land gets the start by as much as twenty days of that which has not been


9 Quoted also G. P. 3. 23. 4. 6 e?z/a add. Sch. ' cf. OP. 3. 23. 5.

. cf.C.P. 3. 20.6.


189


THEOPHRASTUS


artaai Be ov ^vfifyeper Kal ^p'/jo-iaos ov uovov

T0t9 Trepl rbv alrov fl\\a Kal T

irrepiBos, ravrrjv Be ^Oeipeiv (fracrlv

uevrjv. aTToXXurat Be rj Trrepk Kal

TCOV Trpopdrwv, 009 Be rives \eyovcri, /cal rj MrjBi/crj

BlCL TT)V KOTTpOV KCU TO OVpOV.

VIII. Tw^ Be (TTrep/jLaTayv e/cacrra Kal 7T/909 rrjv

T?}9 %COpaS <f)V(7lV apfJLOTTGL, Kal oXftJ9 ^kvY] 7T/309

76^09 Kal ev auro49 rot9 o/jLoyeveo-iv, a Brj Trei- pwvrai, Btaipeiv. fJ,era[Bd\\i Be ra %eviKa rwv yu-ttXtcrra ^ev ev rpicrlv ereaiv 6t9 ra ia. (TVfjL^epei, Be CK TWV akeew&v et9 ra TITTOV aKeeiva Kal eK TWV tyv%eiv(ov ava \6yov TTOieiaOai rrjv yu-6ra/9oX?;V. ra B* eK rwv V ev rot9 rrpwtois oijre aTro^elrai, air av%aov fyOeiperai, eav urj otyiov vBwp Bia rovro Kal ev\a(Bv)reov (fracrl rb fjiicryeiv ra %evtKa rot9 erf^wpioi^ eav arj e% 6/j,olas, on rfj X(*>pa Kara rbv arropov Kal Kara yevecriv, were Kal epyacrias erepas Beirai' ra9 re rfjs 7779 Bia(j)0pas Kal r9 rwv crTrepudrayv Bvvduei? Kal en, rds eKdarwv wpas.

"Orav Be everrjpia yevrjrai, Kal rroXwoarorepa ra (nrepuara yiverai. ^KOrfvrjai <yovv al Kpidal


1 c/. Col. 2. 2. 13. The reference is perhaps to fern grown for litter, or possibly for medicinal use. c/. 9. 20. 5.

2 x^P as conj. Sch.; &pas Aid. 3 & conj. Dalec. ; &v Aid.

4 4/u%6ij/wv conj. W. ; tyvxw&v UM ; fyvxp<*>v Aid.

5 oTroxf'Tot conj. Sch., C/. a-jroxvffis 8. 3. 4 ; airoKf'iTai Aid. c/. 4. 4. 10.

190


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VIII. vn. y-vm. 2

manured. However manure is not good for all crops ; and further it is beneficial not only to corn and the like but to most other things, except fern, 1 which they say it destroys if it is put on. (Fern is also destroyed if sheep lie on it, and, as some say, lucerne is destroyed by their dung and urine.)

Of different qualities of seed.

VIII. There is a particular kind of soil 2 which best suits each kind of seed, whether we compare one class with another or those of the same class ; and attempts are made to distinguish these. 3 Foreign seeds change into the native sorts in about three years. It is well that they should be imported from a warm climate to one that is rather less warm, or from a cold one 4 to one that is rather less cold. Those imported from a wintry climate, if they be those of early crops, are late in coming into ear, 5 so that they get destroyed by drought unless rain late in the season saves them. Wherefore they say that one should take good heed not to mix foreign with native seeds, unless they come from a similar place, since 6 they do not agree with the soil 7 as to the time of being sown and of germinating, and ac- cordingly need different cultivation ; and so that one should take good heed to the differences of soil, the properties of the seed, and further the seasons appropriate to each.

When however there is a good season, the grain also is fuller. 8 For instance at Athens the barley pro-

6 tri conj. Sch.; tn UMAld.

7 x^P? conj. Sch.; 8>pq UMAld.

8 iro\vvo<rr6Tpa : cf. v6<TTi/j.os, C.P. 4. 13. 2, Geop. 2. 16. 1, and other reff. in Sch. 'a exhaustive note.

191


THEOPHRASTUS


ra 7r\i(rra TTOiovffiv a\<f>iTa m KpiOofyopos yap apiary rovro B* ov% orav TrXeiarai yevcovrai aXX* orav \dj3p nvd Kpao~iv. ev $6 ry QcoKiBi rrepl 'Et\dreiav ol rcvpol TTOIOV&IV fjfjbiokia ra a\evpa, real ev SoXo9 T^? KtXj/aa? KOI ol Trvpol KOI at icpiOai' KOI rrap aXXot? a\\a trpbs arrep /cdo~rr). (3eKri< p,ev ovv KOL xeipa* ra KOI Sia rrjv epyaaiav /cal Sia rrjv yfjv yiverar teal yap arra^piovrai KOI rj/juepovrai, KaOdrcep ra SevBpa' KOI oi\ws fj,ra/3d\\i, </card> rrjv %(*)pav, wcrrrep nvd rcov Sevbpcov evOvs earijKe

7T/30? TO ^eipOV.

3 Yevos 8' o\ov ea\\drreiv 649 erepov ovftev a\\o 7re<f)VK 7r\r)V rif^y Kal eid, tcaOdrrep eirfo- /jiV ev T0t9 rrpwroLS \6yoi$, Kal r) alpa 8* e/c ra)V nvpwv Kal KpiOwv Sia<j)0eipOfjLeva)V -r) el pr) rovro d\\d (f>i\,el 76 iLoCkicrra ev rot9 rrvpols jiveaOat, KaOdrcep Kal 6 /-leXayu-Trf^o? o HovriKo? Kal TO ra)v /3o\{3a)V (TTrepfjia, Kal aXXa Se ev aA,Xot9 ro)v erre\ Kal 6 al^i\w^r SoKel fjia\\ov ev ev $e Tot9 <j>aKoi$ apaKos ro rpa%v Kal o-K\i]p6v, ev Be Tat9 d^dKat^ 6 7re\eKivos OJAOIOV rfj otyet, rw Tre'XeKer o-^e^ov Be KaO^ eKaarov ecrn TO o-vveKrpe^o/Jievov Kal crvvava-

1 /cari add. W. c/. 2. 4. 1.

2 TIVCI conj. W.; re P; r$ Aid.; rb H.Vin.Vo. c/. 2. 2. 6.

3 Ceid conj. Seal.; foa Ald.H. 4 2. 4. 1.

192


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VIII. vm. 2-3

duces more meal than anywhere else, since it is an excellent land for that crop ; and this is so, not merely when a very large crop is sown, but when the weather has been favourable for it. And in Phocis about Elateia the wheats produce half as much meal again as elsewhere ; while at Soli in Cilicia this is true of both wheat and barley ; and in other parts there are other crops for which the soil is severally well adapted. Wherefore grain turns out better or worse because of the soil as well as because of cultivation ; for in some places it changes into the cultivated from the wild form, or the reverse, like trees ; and in general it changes according 1 to the soil in which it is grown, just as some 2 trees, when transplanted, forthwith deteriorate.

Of degeneration of cereals, and of the weeds which infest particular crops.

But no kind can change altogether into another, except one-seeded wheat and rice-wheat, 3 as we said 4 in our previous discussions, and darnel which comes from degenerate wheat and barley : at least, if this is not the true account, darnel loves chiefly to appear among wheat, as does the Pontic 5 melampyros and the seed of purse-tassels, 6 even as other seeds appear in other crops ; thus aigihps seems to grow for choice among barley, and among lentils the rough hard kind of arakos, while among tares occurs the axe-weed, 7 which resembles an axe-head in appearance. Indeed in the case of nearly every crop there is a plant which grows up with it and

6 cf. 8. 4. 6, where ^Xa^irvpov was said to be peculiar to Sicily. cf. C.P. 4. 6. 1.

7 Plin. 18. 155 ; 27. 121 ; Diosc. 3. 130; Hesych. a.


193 VOL. II. O


THEOPHRASTUS

eire Bia r9 %ft>yoa9, oirep ov/c akoyov,

4 eiT6 oY a\\r)v Tiva alriav. evict, Be real (fravepws eo~n Koiva 7r\ei6va)V, d\\a Bia TO /xaXtcrra ev

evOevelv i$ia TOVTCOV (fraiverai, /cadaTrep ?; <Y)(r) TWV bpb/3<*>v /cal fj airaplvrj rwv (frctfcwv a\\a f) fj,ev /j,d\HTTa eTri/cparei rwv opoftcov Bta Trjv ao-Oevetav rj Be airapLvr] /jLakicrra ev rot9 <f)a,Koi<$ evrpo(f)6L' rpoirov Se riva KOI 7rapa7r\r}- bv ecrri rfj opo/Say^r) <TW> 7Ti^d\\eiv fcal o\ov wcnTep 7r\eKrdvai<;' airoTrviyei yap , o6ev KOI Tovvofia eiXytye.

5 To T V7TO<f)v6/jl,6VOV 6V0VS K T^9 p^&S Tft)

Kv/jiivq) /cal T& /3ov/cepw TO aljAo&wpov Ka\ov/jLvov /jLaX\ov ISia. ea-Ti Se TO alpoSaypov fJLOvbicav\ov ov/c d7re/j,(j)epes \r& Kav\w\, 7r\rjv /3pa%vTpov re 7ro\v, /cal avtoOev TI /ce<f)a\(*)$6<; e^ei pi^av Be v7roo~Tp6'y<yv\ov ovdev Be erepov d^avaiverai Trapa TO ftov/cepas. jiverai Be ravra ev Tat? Xe?rTat9 ov/c ev Tat9 ineipais, waTrep /cal T% Eu/5ota9 ev TO) A.rj\dvry /juev ov yiverai, Trepl Be TOV }Ldvr9ov /cal et T


conj. Sch. ; &\\T)S riva U; &\\riv Aid.

2 r$ add. Sch.

3 irXfKTavais conj. W.; irXfKTavfS U; irXfKTavrjs M ; ir\KTdvr)i> Aid. ; veluti brachiis G.

4 Plin. 19. 176, who however calls this ai/u.Jticapov. See Index App. (26).

194


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VIII. vm. 3-5

mingles with it, whether this is due to the soil, which is a reasonable explanation, or to some other l cause. Some plants of this character evidently attach themselves to more than one kind of crop, but, because they are specially vigorous in some one particular crop, they are thought to be peculiar to that one, as ' vetch-strangler ' (dodder) to vetches and bedstraw to lentils. But the former gains the mastery over the vetches especially because of the weakness of that plant ; and bedstraw is specially luxuriant among lentils ; to some extent it resembles dodder, in that 2 it overspreads the whole plant and holds it fast as it were in coils, 3 for it is thus that dodder strangles the plant, and this is the origin of its name (' vetch-strangler ').

4 v The plant which springs up straight from the roots of cummin and the plant called broom-rape which .similarly attaches itself to e ox-horn ' 5 (fenu- greek) are somewhat more peculiar in their habits. 6 Broom-rape has a single stem, 7 and is not unlike . . . , 8 but is much shorter and has on the top a sort of head, while its root is more or less round ; and there is no other plant which it starves except fenugreek. These plants grow in light and not in fat soils ; thus in Euboea they do not occur at Lelanton, 9 but only about Kanethos 10 and in districts of like character.

5 Plin. 24. 184. 6


7 cf. G.P. 5. 15. 5, where the same is said of \ei/j.o8copov (c/. Plin. 19. 176). But Aid. Bas. Cam. give al/n.6Swpov here ; hemo- dorum G.

8 r$ Kav\$ probably conceals the name of a plant.

9 c/. Strabo, 10. 1, 9. L. is the name of a Euboean river in Plin. 4. 64.

10 c/. Strabo, 10. 1. 8, Ap. Rhod. 1. 77.

195 o 2


THEOPHRASTUS

ravra /j,ev ovv KOLVO, TrXeiovwv ovra fjba\\ov V TO 9 elpri/Aevots Sid rrjv dadeveiav. (.5 To Se repa/jiov real drepa/jiov Xeyerai /nev eVl rwv ocnrpiwv fjiovov, OVK a\oyov Be KOI eVt rwv (TiTay&wv r jrapa r Tr\rj(7iov rj teal ravro TL a\\a Sia TO fjbrj rrjv avrrjv elvai ^peiav e/jL<f>aves' eVel ovS* eVt TOVTWV a


/cal fyctKwv, etV ovv /cal /jLaXicrra elre teal Sia rrjv %peiav (fraivo/uevcov. >yi,vTai yovv TrXeoz^a^w?* 7ro\\a%ov yap TOTTOI elffiv ol alel ^epovai Tepdfiova /cal a\\oi TTO drepd/jiova' rb Se &>9 eVt Trav ol \67rr6jea) /j,d\\ov 7 repd/jiova' KOI depos /carda-rao-fa rt? Troiei Tr)v roiavTrjv 7rapa\\ayijv <rrj/jLiov Se ori ravrd Kal ofjLoiws epyaadevra fyepei, TTOTC JJLGV <7rore Se dr6pd/mova.> irepl <&i\'nnTovs 8e o Kvafios \i/c/ji(t)/jLevos, edv VTTO Trvev/jLa'TOs ey- %copiov \r)(f)0f), repd/jLcov wv drepd/uLayv yiverai. ravra /JLCV ovv fjLTjvvei SIOTI vroXXa^w? ra>v avrwv


1 c/. 2. 4. 2; C. P. 4. 12; Plin. 18. 155, who makes ateramum, teramum plants.

2 TrAeovaxoJy TroAAax ^ I conj. ; W\4ov iro\\ax(f>s MSS. 8 irore Se aTepd/jLova add. H. from G.

4 c/. C.P. 4. 12. 8 ; Plut. Quaest. Conv. 7. 2. 3 ; Plin. I.e.

196


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VIII. vm. 5-7

The reason then why these plants, which attach themselves to more than one kind, grow stronger when attached to the plants specified, is that the latter are not robust.

Of the conditions in the seeds of pulses known as ' cookable ' and 'uncookable,' and their causes.

J The terms f cookable ' and ' uncookable ' are only applied to pulses, but it is not unreasonable to suppose that conditions like those indicated, if not identical with them, occur also in cereals, though they are not so obvious, since these plants are not put to the same use. Indeed it is said that these terms are not applied even to all pulses alike, but chiefly to beans and lentils, either because these are specially subject to these conditions, or because the use to which they are put makes them more conspicuous. At all events the conditions occur for a variety of reasons ; for in many parts 2 there are places which regularly produce seeds that are ' cookable,' while others again produce seeds that are ' uncookable ' ; in general however it is light soils which tend to produce the former. Now it is a certain condition of the climate which causes this variation ; a proof of which is the fact that the same piece of land, tilled in the same manner, produces sometimes seeds that are ' cookable,' sometimes seeds that are ' uncookable.' 3 In the district of Philippi, if the beans, while being winnowed, 4 are caught by the prevailing wind of the country, they become ' uncookable,' having previously been ' cook- able.' These facts prove that for various reasons, of districts 5 which are close together, have the same

6 O.VTWV conj. W.; Se TWV Aid. c/. a similar expression 8. 2. 10.

197


THEOPHRASTUS

evia o-vvopa ical 6/jioia)<; KaOrjaeva /ecu %oi>Ta Kara rrjv yrfv Biatftopav TO aev Tepduova TO B 1 aTepdjjuova <j>epei, /cal evloTe JJLOVOV


IX. Kapiri&Tai TTJV yrjv /jid\i(TTa Trvpbs eZra r), L o teal 6 ^ev dya6r]V f^ret ^topav r) Be r) SvvaTai fcal ev rat9 tyafyaptoTepais e/c- <f>epeiv TWV Be %e$p07ra)V /j,d\io-Ta epeftuvOos e\d%i(TTOV ^povov ev Ty <yf) fievtov, 6 Be MGirep e\e^6rj, teal a\X&>? ov /3apv /cal

TL KOTTpl^eiV BoKL TT)V ryf)V BlOL fiaVOTTjTa KCil V~

o-Tj-jriav Bt o real ol Trepl Ma/eeBovlav teal 0Tra- \iav OT av avQ&aiv dvaTpeTrovcri ra? dpovpa?. 2 Twv Be opoioTcvpwv KOI ojJioioKpidtov, olov o\vpas Ppopov aiyiXwTTO

Ta tapir i^opevov f] %eid' /cal yap Tro\vppiov Kal ftaOvppi^ov /cal 7ro\Vfed\a/jLOV 6 Be fcapTTOf /covtyoTaTos /cal Trpoo-^^Xr)? Traai rot? fwot9. TWV Be a\\wv o /Spo/zo?* TroXvppi^os yap Kal ouro? /cal TroXu/caXayLto?. 17 Be 6\vpa /^aXa- /c(t)Tpov /cal aa9evecrTepov TOVTMV. rj Be Ti( TravTwv Kov<poTaTov Kai yap Kai <Kal \e7TTOKa\a fiov,> Bi o Kal


1 cf. C.P. 4. 12. 1. 2 c/. C. P. 4. 8. 3.

3 Plin. 18. 120; Varro 1. 23. 3 ; Col. 2. 10. 7.

4 8. 7. 2.

6 i.e. dig in the bean-plants if the soil is poor, before the pods are formed enough to make it worth while to gather the beans. So Varro I.e. 6 Cited by Galen,

198


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VIII. vm. y-ix. 2

aspect and shew no difference of soil, some bear ' cookable ' some ' uncookable ' seeds, and that some- times when there is only l the breadth of a furrow between them.

Of the grains and pulses which most exhaust the soil, or which improve it.

IX. Wheat exhausts the land more than any other crop, and next to it barley ; wherefore the former requires good soil, while barley will bear even on somewhat crumbling soils ; 2 and of leguminous plants chick-pea is the most exhausting, although this crop is in the ground only a very short time. 3 Beans, as was said, 4 are in other ways not a burdensome crop to the ground, they even seem to manure it, because the plant is of loose growth and rots easily ; wherefore the people of Macedonia and Thessaly turn over the ground when it is in flower. 5

6 Of the plants which resemble wheat or barley such as zeia (rice-wheat) one-seeded wheat olyra 7 (rice-wheat) oats aigilops zeia is the strongest 8 and most exhausts the ground ; for it has many roots which run deep and many stems ; but its fruit is the lightest and is welcome to all animals. Of the rest oats 9 is the most exhausting ; for this too has many roots and many stems. Olyra is a more delicate plant and not so robust as these. But one-seeded wheat is the crop which is of all the least burdensome to the soil ; for it has but a single slender stem 10 ; wherefore also it requires a light soil and not, like

i See Index.

8 lffx v ftoro.rov conj. W. from Galen ; lcrx v pdT*poi> Aid.

9 Ppofj-os' iro\vpptos yap conj. Sch.; #. iroA.- nal yap Aid. 10 Ko.1 \fTTTOKoi\afjLoi' add. Bod. from Galen.

199


THEOPHRASTUS

\errrrjv, oi>% wdTrep r) %ia rrleipav /cat dyaOijv. eari Be Bvo ravra /cal o^oLorara rot? rrvpols ij re <&id /cal 77 ri(f>rj,> 6 ' alyi\wfy KOI o /3/3o//,o? wcrjrep ay pi drra /cal dvijfj,epa.

'l&Tri/capTri^erai, Be o~(f)6Spa /cal 6 alyiKw^r rrjv yfjv, /cat, IGTI 7ro\vppiov /cal iro\v/cd\afjLOv rj 8e alpa Tra^reXo)? dTnjyptw/jLevov. T&V Be ev rot? Oepivols a/ooroi? TO (nja-a/mov So/eel ^aXeTrwraToz' elvai Trj yfj /cal jjiaXiaTa /capTri^ecrOai" Kalroi /cal 7ra^v/ca\afjia)Tpov /cal &ia<f>epL Be rd re TT/OO?

yrjv /covcfra /cai ra irpos rrjv rjfjierepav rpo<f)ijv. evia yap eVazma>9, Mairep rd ^eBpoTrd /cal ol /cal rd Trpos ^yita? Be, cb&Trep e\e^0rj y /cal fcoa. /cal irepl fJLev TOVTCOV d\i$. X. Noa-^yLtara Be TWV o-Trepfjidro)!' rd /JLCV KOLVCL rrdvrwv ecrriv, olov r] epvaift'T], rd B* iBid rLva>v, olov o (j^>aK\iafji,o^ rov epeftlvflov, /cal TO vjrti /cajjLTTWv Karea6Leo6ai /cal VTTO ^fXXwz/, nvd Be /cal vrf d\\a)v 07jptBia)v. evia Be /cal tycopia /cal , KaOdrcep /cal TO /cvfjavov. rd fcaa /j,r) e'f avrwv aXX' e/c r&v e%w6ev fiXdirrei. emyiverai ydp rj JAW icavOapls


1 7} re (eia Kai r) ri(f>r) add. W. from Galen.

2 6 8' conj. Seal.; '6 r' Ald.H.; ^ T' UMP.

8 Kalrot conj. W.; al(Ald. c/. C.P. 4. 15. 1.

4 ra add. St. 5 8. 3. 5 ad fin.

/cal rci Aid.; /cai ot ra UMP; ? /cal a5 ra W.

20O


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VIII. ix. 2 -x. i

zeia, one that is fat and good. These last two, 1 zeia and one-seeded wheat, are also those which are likest to wheat, while 2 aigilops and oats are as it were wild and uncultivated things.

Aigilops also greatly exhausts the land, having many roots and many stems ; while darnel is a plant which has become altogether wild. Of the crops sown at the summer seed-time sesame seems to be most severe on the land and to exhaust it most ; yet 3 millet has more numerous and stouter stems and more roots. Moreover there is a difference between crops which 4 are called ' light ' in relation to the soil and those called ' light' in regard to human use. For some, such as leguminous plants and millet, are light in one sense but not in the other; and, as was said, 5 what 6 is light for men is not necessarily so for the other animals. Now enough of these matters.

Of the diseases of cereals and pulses, and of hurtful winds.

X. 7 As to diseases of seeds some are common to all, as rust, some are peculiar to certain kinds ; thus chick-pea is alone subject to rot 8 and to being eaten by caterpillars and by spiders 9 ; and some seeds are eaten 10 by other small creatures. Some again are liable to canker and mildew, 11 as cummin. But creatures which do not come from the plant itself but from without do not do so much harm ; thus the kantharis 1 ^ is a visitor among wheat, the

7 Plin. 18. 152 and 154. 8 cf. 4. 14. 2.

9 if/uAAwv: described by Arist. H.A. 9. 39. 1.

10 Se add. Sch. ; ? KareffQieffBcu- /careo-fl/erai 8e nal virb vj/. W.

11 \bcapia. teal aA/uS conj. W.; tiwpais Kal aAuais Aid. cf. 7.5.4 n.

12 plm.' 18. 156.'

201


THEOPHRASTUS


ev rot? Trvpois, TO Be (frdXdyyiov ev o/oo/3o9, aXXa 8' ev aXXo^9.

'Epva-i/Sa 8' a>9 a7rXw9 elrrelv TO, o-iraiBr) fia\- \ov rwv oGrrpitoV avrwv Be rovrajv /cpidrj 77 Try/oo?' KOI TWV Kpi0wv erepat, erepwv, S' &)9 elirelv rj 'A^iXX^i^. Sia<ppt Be /cal rj

dec is KOI T) fyvcris ov fMi/cpov ra yap /cal fjiereaypa OVK epv(ri,(3a rj fjrrov, aXXa ra ej/coiXa /cal ajrvoa' yiverai Be rj Ipv&iftri TravaeXtTivois yaaXto-ra. avroXXurat Be /cal VTTO TCOV Trvev^drcov /cal irvpos /cal KpiOi], oTav rf avOovvra Xrj^Ofj f) apri aTT^vdrj/cora /cal aaQevr\' IJ,a\\ov Be KpiQr), 7ro\\d/ci<; B* 77877 ev ra> dBpv- ovcra, eav fjueyd\a /cal TrXetw ^pbvov eTTi- %r)paivei ydp /cal dfyavaivei, o Ka\ov(rl et;avefjiova-0ai. Bia7r6\\v(rt, Be /cal 77X^09 o e/cve<f)\o^ afj,(j)a) /cal ^a\\ov Trvpbv rj tcptOrjv, ware ^178' e7riBrj\ov elvat TOV crrd^vp Trj en/ret ovra

KGVOV.

Tbv Be irvpbv a7roXXuofo"t /cal ol a/ca)\r]fC$ ol ev9v^ /career 6 tovres ^vo^evoi r9 pi^as, ol Be av%/JLWvre<i dTTO^vOrfvai /JLTJ Bvvwvrar Tore yap eyyi,vojji6vo<> 6 (T/ca)\r}^ ecrO'iei, TOV pevov /cdXa/jiov evQiei Be ci^pu TOV ard^vos,

1 Plin. 18. 154.

2 epmnySS conj. W. ; tpv<ri8ai Aid. ; els add. Sch. 8 TCI add. Sch. 4 cf. O. P. 3. 22. 2.


202


. . . . . .

5 fpvcriPq. conj. Sch.; fpvffifiai Aid.

6 cf. O.P. 4. 13. 4; Plin. 18. L51.

7 ur : ya\a conj. Sch.; 1*6761X77 UMAld.


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VIII. x. 1-4

pkalangion in vetches, and other pests in other crops.

1 Generally speaking, cereals are more liable to rust 2 than pulses, and among these barley is more liable to it than wheat ; while of barleys some kinds are more liable than others, and most of all, it may be said, the kind called ' Achillean.' More- over the position and character of the land make no small difference in this respect ; for lands which 3 are exposed to the wind 4 and elevated are not liable to rust, 5 or less so, while those that lie low and are not exposed to wind are more so. And rust occurs chiefly at the full moon. 6 Again wheat and barley are destroyed by winds, if they are caught by them either when in flower, or when the flower has just fallen and they are weak ; and this applies specially to barley, indeed it occurs when the grain is already ripening, if the winds are violent 7 and last a long time ; for they dry up and parch the grain, which some call being ' wind-bitten.' Also a hot sun after cloudy weather destroys both, and wheat more than barley, so that the ear is not even conspicuous, since it is empty.

Wheat is also destroyed by grubs ; sometimes they eat the roots, as soon as they appear, 8 sometimes they do their work when by reason of drought the ear cannot be formed 9 ; for at such times the grub is engendered, and eats the haulm as it is becoming unrolled 10 ; it eats right up to the ear and then,

8 Q'jonevot conj. Sch. ; Qvopevov Aid. cf. C.P. 3. 22. 4.

9 O7roxf07jvai conj. Sch. after Vin.Vo.G; avoAvOyvai UM Aid. cf. C. P. 3. 22. 4; 4. 14. 1.

10 aitoiryvi^oiJievov : lit. 'unwinding itself.' All edd. mark the word as corrupt.

203


THEOPHRASTUS

air 6\\vrat' /cal edv fjuev o\ov e/c(f)d<yr) auro9 o rrvpos, lav Be eVt Qdrepov TOV /cal eicftida-rjTai rrjv CLTTO^VO-IV, TOVTO fiev avov TOV ard^vo^ Odrepov Be vyies. yiverai Be ov rravTa^ov TO Trepl rov? rrvpovs, olov ev , d\\a /caTa ^aiyoa? Tivds, wcnrep ev Ty /cal T% EuySota? ev T<p Ar)\dvT(t).

Be yivoVTai /cal ev rot? (h^pois /cal rot? \aOvpois /cal rot? Tnaols, oTav vypavQwo-t /cal 06pjjL7)fj,epiat ryevcovTai, KaOdirep /cal ev rot? epeftlvOois al /cdfjirrai. rrdvTa Be e%ava\<i)aravTa ra? T/oo<^a9 diroXkvTat, /cal ev rot9 ^Xeoyoot? /cal ev rot? f^/aot? /capTTois, olov o'i re ZTTC? /cal ol ev rot? KvdfjLOis e<yyLVO/j,voi, Kai ev rot9 aXXo^?, a>o~7rep ical ev rot? BevBpeo-i, /cal ev rot? fvXo^? e\%&r}, 7r\r)v /cepaaTwv /ca\ovfj,eva)v. TT/JO? airavTa BTJ /jLeyd\a Biatyepovaiv al %wpai ov/c d\6<ya)<;' 6 yap drjp evOvs Bidfopos T& Oepfjios r) tyvxpos elvat, r) v<ypbs fj ^ijpos' OVTO$ 5' yv o ryovevcav Bt o /cal ev 049 el^Baai rylvevOai ov/c del <yivovTai. XI. Twv Be cTTrep/jidTcov ov% y avTr) 6t9 T6 TTJV ft^do'Trja'iv /cal 6^9


1 curbs : sc. the grain, avatverai conj. W.; ? avaiverai curbs.

2 edrepov conj. Sch.; Oarepov Aid.

3 c/.(7P. 3. 22. 3. ^xpots conj. St.; 6'xpois Ald.H.

4 Kaddirep Kal conj. Sch. ; /col K0.9a.irtp Aid.

5 TrdWa conj. W. ; TO Aid.


204


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VIII. x. 4 -xi. i

having consumed it, perishes. And, if it has en- tirely eaten it, the wheat itself 1 perishes ; if however it has only eaten one 2 side of the haulm and the plant has succeeded in forming the ear, half the ear withers away, but the other half remains sound. However it is not everywhere that the wheat is so affected ; for instance this does not occur in Thessaly, but only in certain regions, as in Libya and at Lelanton in Euboea.

Grubs occur also in okhros s lathyros and peas, whenever these crops get too much rain and then hot weather supervenes ; and caterpillars occur in chick-peas under the same conditions. 4 All 5 these pests perish, when they have exhausted their food, whether the fruit in which they occur be green or dry, just as wood-worms do and the grubs found in beans and other plants, as was said of the pests found in growing trees and in felled timber. But the creature called ' horned worm ' 6 is an exception. Now in regard to all these pests the position makes a great difference, as might be expected. For the climate, it need hardly be said, makes a difference according as it is hot or cold, moist or dry ; and it was the climate which gave rise to these pests 7 ; wherefore they are not always found even in places in which they ordinarily occur. 8

Of seeds which keep or do not keep well. XI. The seeds have not all the same capacity for germination and for keeping well. Some germinate

6 cf. 4. 14. 5; C.P. 5. 10. 5.

7 8' fy 6 yovevuv I conj. ; 8' $v 6 j/eiW UAld. ; 8' yvo- vfi'itov M ; 8' zcrriv 6 yovevcov conj. Sch. ; 8' 6 yovtvcav conj. W.

8 i.e. because the atmospheric conditions are not always favourable to the pest.

205


THEOPHRASTUS

evia fjiev yap /3\a<Trdvei /cal re\eiovrai rd^ /cal Orja-avpl^erai /cpdriara, KaOdjrep eXuyito? KOI evia Be /3\acrTcJnsi /JLCV ev Ta^eo)? 8e i, KaOaTrep 6 /cva/jios /cal /j,d\\ov 6 repd- ju 8' rj d(j)d/cr) /cal 6 80X^09* /cpiOrj Be Trvpov <0drrov'> OCLTTOV Be /cal 6 /coviopTwBiys o"tT09 /cal 6 ev ol/cijfAaa'i /coviarois rj d/covidrois. 2 Yiverai Brj <p0eipo/jievois (TTrep/Aaai iBta wa, /caOaTrep eXe^Otj, irKyv epeftlvOow [JLOVOS yap OVTOS ov ^woyovei. /cal cn^TTOfjievoi^ fjtev Tracrt cr/ca)\r) Be fcaO' eicaaTOv iSiov. irdvrcov Be


KOI yooo9, TOV-

en, fjid\\ov o Qepjjbos" dXX* eoi/ce 7' ouro? wcrTre/3 dypiq).

kiafyepei 8e &>9 0i/ce %&)/oa ^coyoa? KOI drjp ae/30? t? TO KOTTTeaOai KOI /JLTJ rd aTrepfjiaTa' ev 'AvroXXco^a yovv rfj Trepl rbv 'loviov OVK eaOie- c 3aL (fracriv oXco? KvajAOV, $i o fcal el<> 07j(Tavpicr- IJLOV aTToriOecrOai' Sia/jievei Se /cal Trepl K^V^IKOV eTrl 7T\ei(D. /Jieya Be TT/)O? Sia/jLov^v /cal TO %r]pd Oepi^eiv eXdrrcov ydp rj vypor^' Oepi^ovdi 8' c /%fXoTe/9a TO. fjiev ^eBpOTrd TT/JO? TO /uaXXoz> /cal paov o-uXXe^a^, ra^v yap /carappel /cal avavOevra


1 eS conj. W.; ob Aid. 2 vfatTai add. W.

3 cf. 8. 8. 6 ; C. P. 5. 18. 2. 4 eaTToi/ add. W.

6 wai 6 KOJ/. . . . aKovidrois conj. W. , cf. G.P. 4. 16. 1.; 6 KOVI- oprwSrjs /cal 6 Koviopros' Kal 6 ev rots Kovioprols ev oL-rrafftv, oiov KOVICLTOIS rj O.KOVIO.TOIS Aid. ; so also UM, but omitting TO?S ; U gives KOVIO.TOIS ; ^ 6 aicoviopdos for /cal 5 Koviopros mBas. cf. Plin. 18. 301, Varro 1. 57. 1, where the use of a cement of pounded marble is recommended,

6 8)7 <pdeipofj.evois conj. Sell.; 8ia4>0eipOjueVois UMAld.

206


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VIII. xi. 1-3

and mature very quickly, and keep excellently, as Italian millet and millet. Some germinate well, 1 but soon rot, 2 as beans, and especially those that are ' cookable 3 ' ; so do tare and calavance ; also barley perishes sooner 4 than wheat ; and dusty 5 grain and that which is kept in plastered store-rooms perishes sooner than that which is kept in unplastered rooms.

Again, as seeds decay, 6 they engender special creatures, except chick-pea, which alone engenders none. As they rot, 7 all produce a grub ; but, as they get worm-eaten, each produces a special creature. Chick-pea and vetch keep best of all, and better still than these lupin ; but this, as it were, is like a wild kind. 8

9 It appears that soil and climate make a difference as to whether the seed gets worm-eaten or not ; at least they say that at Apollonia on the Ionian Sea beans do not get eaten in this way at all, and there- fore they are put away and stored ; and about Cyzicus they keep an even longer time. It also makes a great difference to keeping that the seed should be gathered dry, for then there is less moisture in it. 10 However the seeds of leguminous plants are gathered with a certain amount of moisture in them, 11 because then they can be collected in greater quantity and more easily ; for otherwise they are soon shed and get shrivelled up and split 12 ;

7 i.e. rot is produced in all cases by the same creature (<rKc6\rj), but the condition called being 'worm-eaten' is due in each plant to a different pest.

8 i.e. and so the seed is hard and not liable to these attacks, c/. 8. 11. 8; G.P. 4. 16. 2.

9 cf. G.P. 4. 16. 2. 10 i.e. liability to rot.

11 eyxv\6repa conj. Sch.; euxv^drepa Aid. H. Cam. ; euxr/A^Tcpa Bas. cf. C.P. 4. 13. 3. ia Plin. 18. 125.

207


THEOPHRASTUS

OpVTTTBTai, TOU9 Be TTVpOV? Kal 76^09 Tl

Bid TO /3eXTtof9 et9 rd d\<tnTa yivecrOai un djre-


At' o /cal e/9 6a)fjiov$ crvvTiOeafft Kal Trvpovs Kal al BOKOVCTIV dBpvveo~0ai, ev $&>/&> /jia\,\ov r) \i7roo-apKelv. OVK eeQierai Se crtro?, orav v OepLa-6f)' aOepiGTOs & /JLakiara Siapevei, 6 GTI Be /jia\\ov 6 OepfJLO?' ovBe jap Oe TOVTOV irporepov rj v&wp yvecr0at,, BLO, TO Oepi^ofJLevov Kal a7r6\\vcr0ai TO cnrepfia.

IT/oo? eK(j)V(Tiv Be Kal TTJV o\rjv GTTOpav BoKel Ta evdeva" TO, Be Bieva xeipco Kal Ta Tpieva, TCL 8' VTrepTeivovTa a"%eBbv ayova, irpos Be Trjv GiTri&iv apKovvTa. ySto? yap e&Tiv e^atrrot? (bpicr- fj,evos et? yovrfv. KaiTOi Kal Tavrais 7rapa\\aTTi Bvvd/jiea-t, Bia rot'9 TOTTOU? eV ot? av O^aavpi- TTfS yovv KaTTTraSo/aa? ev ^(wpiw Tivl TO) KaXovfjievw Ilerpa Kal TeTTapaKOVTa Trj Bia- /jueveiv (fraal yovifjia Kal xpij&i/jia TT/JO? o-jropov, et? Be T7)v (TiTrjaiv e^tJKovTa 77 e{3Bo/JiiJKOVTa- TO ydp o\ov ov KOTTTeadai' TO, Be l/jLaTia Kal Trjv a\\r)v KOTTTecrOai. TO jdp %cbpi,ov aXXw? re elvai, Kal CVTTVOVV Kal evavpov alel Kal anr avaTO\r\^ e%oucri Kal Bvaecos Kal


1 ^ \iiroffapKe1v conj. H. ; ^Ataa crwpwv U ; ^At/ca vapKuv M. W. brackets as due to a gloss, cf. C P. 4. 13. 6.

2 '6rav vo-Qels conj. Seal. : so Vo. ; o ravv<r6fts Bas.Cam. 6epiff0fi conj. W.; irepKpvy MSS.

208


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VIII. xi. 3-6

and wheat and one kind of barley are gathered before they are dry, because then they are better for meal.

Wherefore the grain of wheat and barley is put into heaps, and it seems to ripen in a heap rather than to lose substance. 1 (However corn does not get worm-eaten when it is reaped after exposure to rain.) 2 Also corn lasts better than other things if it is left standing, and so does lupin to an even greater extent ; indeed this crop is not even gathered till rain has fallen, 3 because, if it is gathered, the seed springs out arid is lost.

Of the age at which seeds should be sown.

4 For propagation and sowing generally seeds one year old seem to be the best; 5 those two or three years old are inferior,, while those kept a still longer time are infertile, though they are still available as food. For each kind has a definite period of life in regard to reproduction. However these seeds too differ in their capacity according to the place in which they are stored. For instance, in Cap- padocia at a place called Petra they say that seed remains even for forty years fertile and fit for sowing, while as food it is available for sixty or seventy years ; for that it does not get worm- eaten at all like clothes and other stored-up articles . for that the region is, apart from this, elevated and always exposed to fair winds and breezes which prevail alike from 6 the east, the west, and the

3 Trptrepov *} conj. W.; rbv rpoirov UAld. cf. C.P. 4. 13. 3; Plin. 18. 133. 4 Plin. 18. 195.

6 cf. 7. 5. 5 ; Geop. 2. 1(3. 6 air' conj. Sch. ; M P 2 Ald.

209 VOL. ir. p


THEOPHRASTUS

Be Kal ev M.7jBeia /ecu rat? aXXat? rat? ^wpai? Biaueveiv Orjcravpi^ofJLeva TTO\VV epeftivOov Be Brj KOI Oepfjiov Kal opo/3ov Kal Keyxpov /col TO, roiavra Brj\ov on 7r\eia) TOVTWV, wcTTTe/o Kal v rot? 7T6pl Trjv ' T07TO9. aXXa ravra /mev, wcfTrep eiprjrai, TOTTWV iSia.

7 Ao/eet Be KOI yrj rt? elvai irapd THTIV rj Sia- ffvvrrjpel rov Trvpov, wcrTrep ij re ev Kal ev Ktjpivdto rfjs Ety8ota9' Troiel Be fjuev et? rrjv (TLTTJO-LV dSporepov Be rfj ei' TrapaTrdrrovo-i Be ^oivi/ca et9 TO HvpcoQevra Trdvra rd aTrep/^ara ylverai' KaiToi irepi <ye

Kal TOU9 irvpovs eTrl T7J9 d\a> 'TnjBdv, wairep rd <f)pvyo/Jieva' aXXa 8rj\ov on, Biacpopd r/9 ecrn rrjs OepfiOTijTOS, fj a7rXw9 Oep/jLaaia yiverai, [/cat] 77 TrrjBijo-L^. Kal rd roiavra (r%eBbv wairepel Koivd Bo^eiev dv elvai


1 c/. C.P. 5. 18. 3; for millet-seed see J.H.S. vol. xxxv. part i. p. 22.

2 SiaTTOTTOyueVTj conj. H. ; StaTrAaTTO^uefTj UMAld.; SiaKoirro- ivn P 2 . c/. Plin. 18. 305.

3 TrapaTraTTOvo'i conj. Sell., C/, Geop. 2. 21. 3; (e/j.irdo'a'f iv) ;

i UMAld. c/. Varro 1. 57. 1.


2IO


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VIII. xi. 6-7

south. They say that in Media l also and other elevated countries the seed when stored keeps for a long time. And it is plain that chick-pea lupin vetch millet and the like will keep a far longer time than these seeds, as they do even in districts of Hellas. However these peculiarities, as has been said, are due to the particular region.

Of artificial means of preserving seed.

There appears to be a kind of earth in some places, which when sprinkled 2 over the seed helps to make wheat keep, for instance, the earth found at Olynthos and at Kerinthos in Euboea ; this makes the grain inferior for food, but fuller in ap- pearance ; the earth is sprinkled 3 in the proportion of one pint to twenty-four of grain.

Of the effect of heat on seeds.

All seeds if exposed to fire perish and become infertile. Yet they say that at Babylon 4 the grains of barley and wheat jump on the threshing-floor like corn which is being parched. However it is plain that it is some particular kind of warmth 5 which produces this effect : or else the jumping is simply another effect of heat. 6 Such behaviour would appear to be common to most, 7 if not to all kinds.

4 i.e. the grain is there exposed to great s?m-heat. cf. de igne 44.

5 i.e. the sun's heat is different in kind, and therefore in effect, to that of a fire.

6 dep/j.affiq conj. Sell.; 6ep/j.a<ria Akl.H.

7 oxTTrepel KOIVO. conj. Sell, from G ; #<T7rep et/cova UM ; #(T7rep

flKOVfS Aid. II.

211

p 2


THEOPHRASTUS

"EtVia Be e%et nvd IBiortjra /cal rwv BoKovvrayy dypiwv elvai /cal /card rrjv yeve&iv /cal rrjv ', WGTrep 6 Oep/jios /cal 6 alyi\w^f o fiev ydp Oep/AOS Kairrep lv)(vpbraro<$ wv OJULO)?, edv /JLTJ evOvs aTrb TT)? a\w /cara/3\rjdf}, /ca/co^vrjs yii /caOaTrep e\e%0r), /cal TO o\ov Be OVK e

t rfj yy, i o Kal ov% vnapovvres 7roXXart9 Be tcdv et9 v\rjv TI /3ordvr)v nvd irecrrj, Biwa djievos ravrfjv crvvdrrreL rr/v pi^av rfj yfj Kal (3\acrrdvei,. %(*)pav Be v(f)afji/jio Kal <t>av\rjv fjid\\ov, TO Be o\ov OVK <f)vea-0ai ev Bietpyaa-fAevrj.

9 r O Be alyL\(D^r dvdrra'Kiv ev ydp rfj yewpyov- f-ievrj fcd\\iov Kal evia%ov Be rrporepov d/3\aa-rrjs wv edv yewpyrjOfj (SKaardvet, Kal yiverai 7roXu9, Kal 0X0)9 ^e (f)i\el %(t)pav dyaOrjV. tBiov Be avrov \eyerai rrpos rd aXXa rd crirtoBrj (nrep^ara Kal rj Trap 1 eviavrov ^\d(7rrj(7^ eKarepov rwv arrep- Bi o /cal ol /3ov~\.6jiivoi, TeXect)9 (f)@eipai, ydp Brj (f)V(rei, rvy^dveL, T9 dpovpas darcopov^ errl Bvo erTj, Kal orav dva- (B\a<Trr}(Tr) rd rrpoftara Irrafyidai rroiXXaKis, 60)9 av eKvefirjOwGi, Kal avrrj yiverai $6opd rravre- Be rovro fjiaprvpel Kal rrjv rrapd


1 /col conj. Sch.; *) Ald.H.

2 cf. 8. 1. 3. 3 cf.C.P. 4. 7.3.

4 inrapovvres conj. H. ; v-rrairopovi'Tes UMAld. cf. C.P. 3. 20. 8.


212


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VIII. xi. 8-9

Of certain peculiarities of the seed of lupin and aigilops.

Some even 1 of those kinds which seem to be more or less wild have peculiarities as to their germination and growth, for instance, lupin and aigilops. For lupin, although it is very robust, unless it is planted immediately after leaving the threshing-floor, 2 turns out of poor growth, as was said, and refuses altogether to be buried in the ground ; 3 wherefore they sow it without first ploughing 4 the land. And often if the seed has fallen amid thick undergrowth or herbage, 5 it thrusts this aside, fastens on to the earth with its root and grows vigorously. It seeks sandy and poor soil for choice, and will not grow at all in 6 cultivated 7 soil.

Aigilops has the opposite character ; it grows better in tilled soil ; and in some places where at first it would not grow, if the ground is tilled, it grows and yields a large crop, and in general it likes good soil. A peculiarity 8 mentioned in regard to it as compared with other cereal seeds is that one seed in two does not germinate for a year. Where- fore those who wish to destroy it entirely, (since it is naturally hard to destroy), leave the fields unsown for two years, and, when it springs up, send in 9 the sheep several times till they have grazed it down, and this is a way of completely destroying it. At the same time this testifies to the fact that the seed does not all germinate at once.

5 cf. 1. 7. 3 ; Plin. 18. 134. 6 eV conj. W.; TTJ Ald.H.

7 cf. 8. 11. 2. 8 cf. C. P. 4. 6. 1.

i conj. Sch., cf. 8. 7. 4; a<t>ir)fft M ; d</>trj(rt P; Aid.


213


BOOK IX


I. f H vypoTfjs ol/ceia Twixpvrwv, TJV Brj TW69 birov ovoubaTi KOLvS) Trpocrayopevovres' Bvva- JMV Be e%ej 8rj\ov on rrjv /cap avrrjv e/cdcrrrj. Be rat? pev fia\\ov rat? 8' rJTrov cucoKovOel, S' oXco? OVK av 86eiv, ourco? acdevrj^ /cal rt9 crri. ir\i(rrti fjLev ovv V7rdp^i Trdai Kara TTJV /3\d(TT'r]<nv ) Icr^vpordrr) Be /cal /j.d\i(rTa e/ctyaivovaa ryv eavTrjs (frvcriv OTCLV ijBr] Travar^rai, /cal ^acTTavovra /cal /capTroyovovvra. avjjipaivei Be TLGI TCOV (f)vrwv /cal %po<Z9 IBia? e^eiv rot? pels \ev/cd<? olov rot9 OTrcoBeo-t, ro?9 8? aljAarcoBeis olov TO* /cevravpiw /cal rfj drpaKTV\i,8i, Ka\ovjjbevr] dtcdvOr), ro?9 Be x\c0p6v, rot9 S* eV dX\.rj XP a ' ev8r]\a Be /jid\\ov ravra ev rot9 lirereioi? /cal


f H B 1 vypoTTjs TWV iJLev Trd-^o^ e%et povov, MO-IT ep oTTwBcov T&V Be /cal Ba/cpvcoBvjs yiverat,, Ka6d- e\drr)s TrevK^ repe(3iv6ov TTITVOS d/jLvy8a\fjs tcepdaov TT pov yu-^^9 dp/cevdov /ceBpov T?}9 d/cdvOrjs , /cal <ydp avrtj <pepei,


1 cf. C.P. 6. 11. 16.

2 1 have omitted 71 and restored Se before %x fl ( om - Seal. ; found in UMAld.).

3 r$ Kevravpiif conj. Seal. cf. Plin. 25. 32; KevravpiSt conj. St.; KevT-npla. PgAld.G, cf. 9. 8. 7.


BOOK IX

OF THE JUICES OF PLANTS, AND OF THE MEDICINAL PROPERTIES or HERBS.

Of the various kinds of plant-juices and the methods of collecting them.

I. * Moisture belongs to plants as such and some call it the ' sap/ to give it a general name ; and it plainly has 2 special qualities in each plant. This moisture is attended by a taste, in some cases more, in some less, while in some it would seem to have none, so weak and watery is it. Now all plants have most moisture at the time of making growth, but it is strongest and most shows its character when the plant has ceased to grow and to bear fruit. Again in some plants the juice has a special colour ; in some it is white, as in those which have a milky juice ; in some blood-red, as in centaury 3 and the spinous plant which is called distaff-thistle ; in some green : and in some of other colours. And these qualities are more obvious in annual 4 plants and those with annual stems than in trees.

Again in some plants the juice is merely thick, as in those in which it is of milky character ; but in some it is of gummy character, as in silver-fir fir terebinth Aleppo pine almond kerasos (bird-cherry) bullace Phoenician cedar prickly cedar acacia elm. 5 For

4 fv inserted here by W. instead of before Tols firerdois.

5 irrcAe'as after /ce'Spou P 2 Ald.; transposed by Sch. after Tobias Aldinus. c/. Plin. 13. 67.

217


THEOPHRASTUS


7T\7)V OVK e/C TOV $\OiOV aXX* 6V T& KCOpVKO), Tl

Be d<fi wv 6 \ij3avos /cal rj o-fj,vpva, Bd/cpva yap /cal Tavra, teal rb /3d\(rafJLOv /cal <r}>

Kal 1 Tl TOLOVTOV T6pOV, ol6v (j)ao~i T7JV

TTJV 'IvSucijv, d<f>' ^5 yiverai TI opoiov rfj

Be /cal eirl rrj^ cr^ivov /cal eVl


Be ravra evoo-fjua /cal <j%e$ov ocra riva e%6t Kal \i7ros' ocra 8' d\i7rrj ravra 8* docr/aa, tcaOdirep TO Ko/jufja /cal TO T^? Ba\r)s. e%6t Be Bd/cpvov /cal r] l%ia r] ev /cal 77 Tpa<yd/cav6a /ca\ov i^evrf ravTrjv Be Trpo- repov WOVTO JJLOVOV ev K^O^T^ tpveaOai, vvv Be (f>avepd Kal ev ^A^a'lBi T^9 TIe\o7rovvijorov /cal d\\o9i /cal T^? 'Atrta? irepl rrjv MtfBeiav. /cal TOVTWV fjiev Trdvrwv ev re Tot? /cav\ofc /cal rot? aTeKe^ecn /cal T0t9 d/cpe/uoori rb Ba/cpvov evicov B* ev Tat? pt^ais, wairep TOV l7nrocre\ivov Kal T}?


rwv Be Kal ev TW Kav\u> Kal ev rf) pity' /cal yap TOV KavKov OTTi^ovcnv eviwv Kal Ta? pi^as, war-jrep Kal TOV criXtyiov.

To fj,ev ovv TOV l7T7roo-e\ivov Trapo/jioi.ov TTJ Kai Tiz/69 d/covaavTes tw? evTevOev TJ rjyovvTat, /3\ao-Taveiv ef


1 KupvKy conj. Sch. ; ayyeiy H. ; 076^ P. 2 Ald. probably a gloss on KcapvKcp, for which cf. 2. 8. 3 and reff. in note. Plin. I.e. has preserved the right word through an absurd blunder in Coryco montejOiliciae.

218


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IX. i. 2-4

this last also produces a gum, though it does not exude from the bark, but is found in the ' bag ' l of the leaves ; there are also the juices from which come frankincense and myrrh ; for these too are gums ; so too are balsam of Mecca khalbane 2 and any others of the kind that there may be, such as, they say, the Indian akantha, from which comes some- thing 8 resembling myrrh ; and a similar substance forms on mastich and the spinous plant called urine (pine-thistle), whence mastic-gum is made.

All these have a fragrant odour, as in general have those which contain a viscous substance and are fatty ; while those that are not fatty have no scent, as gum and the juice which exudes from the almond. The pine-thistle 4 of Crete has also a gum, and so has the plant called tragacanth ; 5 this was formerly supposed to grow only in Crete, but now it is well known to grow also in Achaia in the Peloponnese and elsewhere in Hellas and in Asia in the Median country. In all these plants the gum occurs in the stems the trunks and the branches, but in some plants it is found in the roots, as in alexanders scammony and many other medicinal plants. In some it is found in the stem and also in the root ; 6 for of some 7 plants they tap the stem and the roots as well, as is done with silphium.

Now the juice of alexanders is like myrrh, and some, having heard that myrrh comes from it, have supposed that, if myrrh is sown, alexanders comes up

2 (jalbanum. cf. Plin. 12. 121; 24. 21. Verg. G. 3. 415 ; 4. 264. See 9. 7. 2 ; 9. 9. 2 n.

3 Til con j. ; rb MSS. * itfo = ttfvij. See Index. 5 Plin. 13. 115. 6 cf. C.P. 6. 11. 15.

7 fvlwv KOI conj. Sch. ; xal Iviwv Aid.

219


THEOPHRASTUS


\LVOV <f)VTveTat yap, wo-jrep e\6%0ij, teal CLTTO Ba/cpvov TO iTTTroGeXivov, KaOdirep rj Kpivwvla /cal aXXa. TO Be TOV cri\<$)iov Bpi/u,v, /caBdirep avTO TO ffi\<f)iov 6 yap OTTO? /caXou/<tej>09 TOV o~i\(f)iov Sd/cpvov IVTLV. TI Be a-fcaiJLiiwvia KOI e'l TI aXXo TOIOVTOV, axnrep e\6%0rj, (papfAa/cwSeis e^ovai ra?


TidvTWv Be TWV elprj/jLevtov TCL avvio-TaTai, TO. S' air* evTOjuvjs, TO, & dfJL(f>OTepwdev Tejmvovai, oe Sf)\ov OTI Ta ^ptjcn/na KOI Ta fjia\\ov 7ri%r)TOi>jUL6va. TOV & ttTTO TT}? d/*vySa\f)s ov- Be/jiia XP e ^ a &0>Kpvov, Si b KOV/C d<f)6\Kov(Ti. Tc\r]v 6Klv6 ye (pavepbv OTI wv auroyu-aro? 7; TTT)^?

6 TOVTWV TT\ei(DV T) tTTlppOT) TT)S VypOTrjTO^. OV Tr)V

avTrjv $ wpav aTrdvTwv al evTo/Jial /cal 77 aXXa TO fjiev TT}? d/jL7re\ov /j,d\i(TTa <f>aaiv eav fjiiicpov rrpo TTJS (SXaGTrjcred TOV Be {iT07T(t)pov teal dp%o/JLevov TOV rJTTov KaiTOi Trpo? 76 KapTTOTo/ciav al ^ rat? 76 TrXetcrrat? avTai. r?}? oe TepfjuLvOov /cal T7^5 7reu^9 fcal el e/c Tivwv ak\wv prjTivr) yivcTat, yLtera rrjv PXda-Trja-w TO 8* o\ov ov/c eVerao? r) TOVTWV, aXX' et? TrXeta) %povov 77 eVro/^r;. TOV e \ij3avwTov /cal TIJV afivpvav VTTO K.vva (fracrl /cal rat? OepiAOTdTctis i)juiepai<; evTepveiv coo-aura)? oe /cal TO ev %vpia /3d\a-ajuov.

7 'A/cpi/3ecrTepa Be /cal eXaTTcov r) /cal TOVTWV


1 e| aurrjs conj. Seal.: cf. Plin. 19. 162, where smyrnium 'u given as a synonym ; e/ avro'is Aid.

2 cf. 2. 2 1 ;6. 6. 8; C.P. 1. 4. 6.

3 9. 1. 3. 4 cf. C.P. 6. 11. 15.

220


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IX. i. 4-7

from it ; 1 for, as was said, 2 this plant can be grown from an exudation, like the krinonia (lily) and other plants. The juice of silphium is pungent like the plant itself; for what is called the ' juice ' of silphium is a gum. Scammony and similar plants, as was said, 3 have medicinal properties.

In all the plants mentioned the juice either forms naturally, or when incisions are made, or in both ways, 4 but it is obvious that men only make incisions in plants whose juice is of use and is specially sought after. 5 Now there is no use in the gum which exudes from the almond, wherefore men do not tap it. 6 However it is plain that in plants whose gum forms naturally the flow of juice is greater. The incisions and the clotting of the juice do not take place at the same season in all cases ; 7 but the juice of the vine clots best they say if the incision is made a little before budding begins, less well in the autumn or at the beginning of w r inter ; (although in regard to production of fruit these 8 seasons are the best in the case of most 9 vines). However with terebinth fir or any other tree which produces resin the best time is after the period of budding ; yet in general these trees are not cut every year, but at longer intervals. The frankincense and myrrh trees they say should be cut at the rising of the Dogstar and on the hottest days, and so also the e Syrian balsam ' (balsam of Mecca).

The cutting of these is also a more delicate matter


5 fj.a\\oi> fTTL^Tov/^fva- rov S' airb TTJS a. conj. W. supported by G ; /ULO.\\OV enl yovf rb air)) TTJS a. UMAld.

6 KOVK a(f>G\Kovcriv conj. Seal., c/. 9. 2. 1 ; KOLV a^eA/coi/cnv U; K av &<t>f\Kuffi MAld. c/. Plin. 24. 105.

7 Plin. 24. 106. 8 a /conj.W.; ical UPAld. 9 7 e conj. Sch.; 8e Aid. cf. O.P. 3. 13. 2.


221


THEOPHRASTUS

fcal yap f) avppor) rr)? vyporrjTO? wv Be Kal 6 /cav\bs evTejjLverai /col rj TOVTCOV 6 Kav\bs nrpoTepov, wairep KOI TOV

<f>iOV, Kal Ka\OV(Tl $ TWV OTTWV TOVTCOV TOV

Kav\iav TOV 8e pi^iav /cat ecm {3e\TiQ)v 6 Kadapos <yap Kal Sia^avrjs /cal grjporepos. 6 /cav\ia<; vyporepo?' /cal Sia rovro akevpov TrepiirdTTOvai TT^O? rr)V wijPw. rrjv &pav rijs evrofii^ laaaiv ol Ai/Bve<$' ovroi jap ol aiX^iov \6<yovTS. oxravro)? Be /cal ol pt^oro/jioi /cal ol TOU? (frapfia/cwBeLS OTTOU? cruXXe^o^Te?' /cal yap OVTOL Tou? icavkovs OTri^ovai Trporepov. aTrXco? Be Trdvre? /cal ol ra? pifas Kal ol TOU? OTTOVS av\- Xe^o^re? rrjv ol/ceiav wpav e/cdcrTCtfv rr)pov(7i. /cal

TOVTO /jLV Br) KOIVOV.

II. C H ^e prjrivrj yiverai, rovBe rbv rpOTrov ev uev rf) TrevKrj orav a^eX/ea^etV??? rj Ba<$ e^aipeOfj, crvppel yap eh TO eX/cco/ma TOVTO irXeicov rj vyporrjs, ev Be rfj e\drrj /cal rfj rriTvl oTav yeuad^evoi TMV d<f>e\K(*)o-(i)<Ti,v ov yap ira^ a^opfo-yu-o? a<j>e\Kovo-i yap Kal ra? repuivOovs ev d/jbtyolv /cal ev TW o-TeXe%et /cal ev rot? alel Be Tfkeiwv /cal fteXritov f) et9 TO crvppeovcra TT)

et? TOU? aKpeuovas. 

Aia(f>epovo-i Be Kal Kara ra BevBpa. aev yap 77 TepfUvOivi}' Kal yap a-vvearTjKvla /cal evcoBeo'TaT'T} Kal KOV^oTarrj TTJ ocT/jifj aXX' 6\iyrj. Bevrepa Be 77 e\arivr) Kal TTiTvtvr), Kov<poTepai yap rrjs TrevKivr)?. TrXetcrrT; Be rj TrevKivr) Kal

1 c/. 6. 3. 2; O.P. 6. 11. 16.

2 <ri\<f)iov conj. St.; <ri\<f>iov UM ; <ri\(j>io\4yovTGs PAld.

222


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IX. i. 7-11. 2

and is done on a smaller scale ; for the flow of juice is less. In those plants whose stem and root are both cut the stem is cut first, as also with silphium ; and the juices so obtained are called respectively stalk-juice and root-juice, of which the latter is the better, for it is clear transparent and less liquid. The stalk-juice is more liquid, and for this reason they sprinkle meal l over it to make it clot. The Libyans know the season for cutting, for it is they that gather the silphium. 2 So also do the root- diggers and those that collect medicinal juices, for these too tap the stems earlier. And in general all those who collect whether roots or juices observe the season which is appropriate in each case. And this remark applies generally.

Of resinous trees and the methods of collecting resin and pitch.

II. 3 Resin is made in the following manner : in fir it is done by removing the resinous wood after the tree has been tapped ; for then the juice flows into the hole so made in greater abundance ; in silver-fir and Aleppo pine it is done by tapping the wood, after tasting it. For there is no fixed rule for all alike ; thus with terebinth they tap both the stem and the branches ; but the juice which runs into the stem is always more abundant and better than that which flows into the branches.

There are also differences in 4 the resin obtained from different trees. The best is that of terebinth ; for it sets firm, is the most fragrant, arid has the most delicate smell ; but the yield is not abundant. Next comes that of silver-fir and Aleppo pine, for these are more delicate than that of the fir. But that of the fir 8 PliD. 16. 57. 4 Kara conj. W.; ravra Ald.H.

223


THEOPHRASTUS

KOI TriTTCoBecrTdTr) Bta TO evBaBov elvat rrjv TTGVK^V. ayerai, 8e ev vypd, KatreiTa ovra) avvio-rarai. KaiTOi $>a<rl Kal

T7JV TepfJLLvOoV 7TlTTOKaVTlCr0ai TTepl ^VplCLV (TTL

yap 0/009, KaOaTrep ev rot? epTrpocrOev eiTro^ev, fteya v pea-Toy aTrav /jbyd\a>v. Be $>a(Ji /cat Tr]v TTLTVV Kal TTJV /ceSpov Be d\\a ravra fiev 0)9 ev^e^ofjieva \r)7TTeov $ia TO cnrdviov ejrel 01 ye Trepl Ma/ce- Soviav ov$e Trjv Trevfcrjv 7riTTO/cavTov(7iv aXX' TJ Trjv appeva" tca\ov(Ti yap appeva Trjv //.?) xap- 7ro(j)6pov. T?}9 Be 6ri\eias edv iiva TWV pi^wv \djBwcriv aTracra jap evSaoos Trev/cr) rafc pi^ais. Ka\\i(TTrj 8e iriTTa yiveTai Kal KaOapwTaTij j] e/c (TcfroBpa TrpoaeiXcov /cal irpoaffoppcov, etc 8e 7ra\i(TKLCi)v jB\o<TVpu>Tepa Kal /SopfiopcoSrjs' ev yap ro?9 crtyoSpa Tra\i(TKioi<; ov$e (frvcTai, Trev/cr) TO Trapdirav.

"Eo-rt Be Kal dtyopia Ti9 teal evfopia Kal 7r\rj- 6ov<$ Kal KaXkovfjS" OTav /lev yap ^etfMCDv /j,eTpios yivrjTai, 7ro\\rj yiveTai Kal Ka\r) Kai r \,evKOTepa, OTav Be loyypfa, 6\iyrj Kal Tepa. Kal raOra ye eaTi TO, opi^ovTa 7T\r)0os Kal

Ka\\OV7)V 7T/TT7y9, OV% V] TTO^VKapTTia TWV


conj. 8ch., cf. 9. 3. 4 ; TurTOKavOiffai U; TriTT(a0etffai Aid. * 3. 2. 6.

3 Sc conj. W.; /col Ald.H. cf. 3. 12. 3.

4 IJL^ conj. W.; ye Ald.H.; ye ^ Cod.Casaub.Vin.j ye ^v Vo. (r}]v &Kapirov mBas.). cf. 3. 9. 2.

5 Plin. 16. 59.

224


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IX. n. 2-4

is the most abundant, the grossest and the most pitch- like, because this tree has the greatest amount of resinous wood. It is carried about in baskets in a liquid state, and so acquires the more solid form which we know. However they say that in Syria pitch is extracted even from the terebinth by burning 1 ; for there is in that land a mountain which, as we said before, 2 is all covered with great terebinths.

Some 3 say the same of Aleppo pine and also of Phoenician cedar ; but this must be taken as only indicating what can be done, the practice not being common ; for the people of Macedonia do not extract pitch by burning even from fir, except from the e male ' kind (they call the kind which bears no fruit 4 the ' male ') ; the ' female ' kind they only treat in this way when they have found roots con- taining pitch ; for all firs have resinous wood ex- tending to the roots. 5 The finest and purest pitch is that obtained from trees growing in a sunny position and facing north 6 ; that obtained from trees growing in shade is coarser 7 and muddy ; (in ex- ceedingly shady places the fir does not even grow at all).

Again the yield may be either good or bad as to amount and as to quality ; thus, when there is a moderate winter, it is abundant and good and whiter in colour, but, when there is a severe winter, it is scanty and of inferior quality. And it is these conditions, and not the tree's capacity for bearing fruit, which determine the amount and quality of pitch.

6 Apparently because this is the dry quarter in the Balkan peninsula.

7 &\o(T(apcaTfpa conj. Sch.; fipoffripoTcpa M ; ft\oo"r)poTfpa Aid. of C. p. 6. 12. 5.

22 5

VOL. II. Q


fHEOPHRASTUS

5 Ol Be irepl TTJV "iBrjv $aai, BiaipovvTes ra? TrevKas /cal Tr)V fj,ev KCL\OVVT<> 'IBaiav T?]V Be 7rapa\iav, TTJV K rrfi 'IoW9 7r\eio) /cal (jieKav- Tepav tyiveaOai teal ^\VKvrepav real TO o\ov evwSe&repav WJJLI^V, e-^rr)6ei<rav Be eXttrrw IK- ftaiveiv 7r\eta> yap e%eiv TOV oppov, 81 o /cal \?7TTOTepav elvai. TTJV Se 7779 Tra/oaXta? %av0o- Tepav Kal Tra^urepav w/Atjv, cbcrre teal rrjv a<f>\lnv e'XaTTft) ylveaOai, SaScoSearepav 3e Tr]v 'ISaiav. to? &e a7rXa>9 elTrelv e/c 7^9 6(7779 8a8o9 TrXetft) /cal vSapearepav ev rat9 &Tropftpiai$ ytveaQai YI eV Tot9 av%/jioi<;, /cal e/c rcov xei/jiepivwv Kal TTO\I-

GKIWV TOTTWV 7} e/C TWV eVl\WV Kttl vBl6lV(t)V.

ravra /juev ovv o#ra>9 e/cdrepoi Xeyovaiv.

6 'Ava7r\r)pov(70ai Be avuftaivzi ra ?r/)09 TO 7rd\iv e^aipelv T&V jjiev dyaOwv eviavrw, TCOV Be fjierpicorepcov ev Bvcrlv ereai,

Be fJLO'xpripMV ev -rpiaiv. r) Be avaTrkrjpwGis ov TOV gv\ov /cal r^9 o-vjj,<f)V(Tea)S d\\a TT)S TTLTT^ eariv eVel TO v\ov dBvvaTOV av^vvai /cal ev <yevecr0ai 7rd\t,v } aXV TJ epjaaia Bia TOO-OVTOV Xpbvov jiveTai T?}9 TTITT^' dvay/calov Be Bfj\ov OTI Kal TO) v\<p yiveo-Qai Tiva Trpoo-^vaiv, elirep


1 Plin. 16. 60.

2 evocfifffTepav H. ; evKpiVduSeffTepav UMAld. ; ? Kal euwSeo-Tepoj/ W. C/ 3. 9. 2.

3 Plin. I.e.

220


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IX. 11. 5-6

The people of Mount Ida distinguish different kinds of fir, calling one ( that of Mount Ida ' (Corsican pine), another the ' fir of the seashore/ (Aleppo pine); 1 and they say that the pitch obtained from the former is more abundant blacker sweeter and generally more fragrant 2 in the raw state, but that boiling down reduces the amount ; for that it contains a larger proportion of watery matter, wherefore it is less substantial ; but that derived from the ' fir of the seashore ' is browner and thicker in the raw state, so that the amount is less reduced by boiling down ; that the ' fir of Mount Ida ' how- ever contains more resinous wood. And, speaking generally, they say that from an equal amount of resinous wood more pitch is obtained and in a more liquid state in wet weather than during a drought, and from a wintry and shady position than from one that is sunny and enjoys fair weather. Such is the account given by the peoples of Mount Ida and of Macedonia respectively.

3 The holes for the pitch fill up, so that the pitch can be again removed/ in good firs in a year, in those of more moderate quality in two years, in poor trees in three. The filling-up is composed of the pitch ; it is not caused by closing up of the wood ; for the wood cannot close up and become one again, but the effect which takes the time mentioned is due to the formation of the pitch. 5 However it is clearly in- evitable that there should be some new growth of the wood too, seeing that the resinous wood is

4 fl-aipe'iv conj. Sch. ; tl-aipfiv Ald.H.

5 So W. explains aAAa . . . TTITTTJS. Or perhaps (as Sch.), ' however this is the interval which must elapse before the pitch can be worked again.'

227 Q 2


THEOPHRASTUS

e^aipov fjLe.wr)s Trjs BqBbs KOI /caio/mev^s TT)? TI eKporj. TOVTO juev ovv OVTCD \rfjTreov.

Ol Be Trepl rrjv "IBrjv fyaoriv, OTCLV \e7rio-a) on rb o*TeA,e%09, XeTri^ovai, Be TO 717)09 ij\iov fiepos 7rl Bvo TI r/?et9 TT^ei? a?ro TT)? 77)9 evravOa T?}? eTTipporis yivo/jievrjs evSaSovaQcu eviavrw fjid- \t,ara, TOVTO S' orav eKirekeKrjacoGLV ev ere/Oft) TTakiv ev&qbovo-Oai /cal TO TpiTOV axravTcos, /JLCTO, & TavTa Sia TTJV {jTroTo^v e/cTTiTTTeiv TO SevSpov VTTO TWV TrvevfjiaTCdv oraTTev TOT6 8' avTov TJ]V /capSlav, TOVTO jap [JiakiaTa egaipeiv Se e/c TWV pit.wv KOI <yap TavTas, wo~7Tp 6iTro/jiV, evSaSovs TTCLO-WV.

OTL T9 TOVTO opav

Tr\elovo<$ xpovov Kal Tajuevofjievcov fjie vTe^ew, eav oe Traaav e^atpwviv S* co9 eotAre Tpels p,a\,LQ-Ta

vTropeveiv. ov% d/jia Se Kapirofyo poverty al Trevfcai Kal SaSotyopovcrr fcapTrofyopovcn ryap evOvs vkai> SqSotyopovcri Be vaTepov


III. Trjv Be TTLTTCIV Kaiovcri TovBe TOP TpoTrov OTav KaTacTKevdvwonv o/^aX?} TOTTOV wcrTrep d\a)


1 i.e. and so this kind of wood at least is replaced by fresh growth. 2 Plin. 16. 57.

3 TTJS tTTipporis yit>ofj.fvrjs ev$a5ovff6ai conj. W.; ytvo/j.fvr)v ^SaSoi/ Aid. ; rrjs eiripporjs yit>o/j.*Vf)s conj. Sch.

228


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IX. n. 6-m. i

removed 1 and burnt when the discharge of pitch takes place. So much for this account.

2 The people of Mount Ida however say that, when they bark the stem, and they bark the side towards the sun to a height of two or three cubits from the ground, the flow of pitch takes place in that part, 3 and in about a year the wood becomes full of pitch ; and that, when they have hewn this part out, pitch forms again in the next year, and in the third year in like manner ; after which 4 that the tree, because it has been cut away underneath, is rotted by the winds and falls ; and that then 5 they take out its heart, for that is especially full of pitch, and that they also extract pitch from ti the roots ; for that these too, as we said, 7 are full of pitch in all firs.

Now it is plainly to be expected that they should, as was said, repeatedly thus treat a good tree, but an inferior one at longer intervals, and that, if the tree is husbanded, the supply should hold out longer, while, if they remove all the pitch, it will not hold out so long ; it appears as a matter of fact that the tree will stand about three such removals of its substance. 8 However firs do not produce both fruit and pitch at once ; they begin to bear fruit when they are quite young, but they only produce pitch much later, when they are older.

Of the making of pitch in Macedonia and in Syria.

III. This is the manner in which they make pitch by fire : having prepared a level piece of ground,

4 fj.era Se TOVTO conj. Sch.; TO. Se ravra UM ; TO. 5e rotavra AH

6 T<*T6 conj. Sch. from G; rovs Aid.

6 eV Aid.; K al conj.W.

7 9. 2. 3. 8 cf. O.P. 5. 16. 2.

229


THEOPHRASTUS

e^ovcrav ei? TO fieo-ov avpporfv /cal ravrrjv eBa(f>i<Tcoo-i,, KaTao"%ivavT<t TOVS /cop/uovs <jvvTi0ea(Ti 7rapa7T\r]cri,av avvOecnv r^9 TWV dv- 0pa/cev6vTa)v, Tr\r)V ov/c /A/3o0pov aXXa ra? cr^ta9 opOas TT/OO? d\\rj\a<>, ware \afA/3dv6iv v\jro^ alel tcara 7r\fj@o<i' rylvecrOai Be (fracriv, orav rj crvvOecris rj KVK\W fjiev oySoiJKOvra /cal e/carov


KOVTCL TJ CKOLTOV a[jL<)OTepoi<$, evirep TI

crvvQevres ovv avryv OUTO>? teal /cara-

Karafcpinrrov- TO Trvp, cnroXkvTat,

TTiTTa TOVTOV (TV/ji/3dvTOS. V(j)d7TTOV(Tl, Be

Kara TTJV V7ro\6i7rofj,ei>7)v SioBov elra Be /cal ravra TTi<ppdj;avT6$ rfj ii\y KOI eTTL^wcravTe^ TTjpovcriv avaftaivovres Kara K\i/uLa/co$, rj av opwcn rov KCLTTVOV a)0ov/jivov, /cal eTnj3d\\ova-i,v alel OTTO)? jirjB' dva\dj,r). /careo-Kevacrrai,


Be O%TO? rf} Trirrrj Bia TT}? (rvv0eorea>$

dTTOppofjS 66? (BodvVOV OGOV IfJT k^OVT d

/caiBe/ca Trfyew rj B* cnroppeovora TTJS "^rv^pa ryiverai, Kara Tr)v d(j)ijv. fcaierai, Be /Jtd- \t(7ra Bvo rjjjiepas KOI vvfcras' ry yap vcrrepaia irpo r)\iov Bvvavro? e/c/ce/cav/jievr) ryLverai /cal evBeBa)Kv TI Trvpd" rovro yap av jubftaivei /ay/ceri peovar) 1 ?. TOVTOV Be TOV ^pbvov aTcavra TTjpovaiv

1 f$a<t>lff<afft : cf. 9. 4. 4.

2 cf. 5. 9, where however the 'pit' is not described.

3 yivffdai Se. Something seems to have dropped out at the beginning of this clause. ? "and they say that the pile at largest is 180 " . . .: so Sch. supplying pey'tcrri] after $. The omitted words might also throw light on the preceding sentence.

230


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IX. m. 1-3

which they make like a threshing-floor with a slope for the pitch to run towards the middle, and having made it smooth, 1 they cleave the logs and place them in an arrangement like that used by charcoal-burners, 2 except that there is no pit ; but the billets are set upright against one another, so that the pile goes on growing in height according to the number used. And they say that the erection is complete, 3 when the pile is 180 cubits in circumference, and fifty, or at most- sixty, in height ; or again when it is a hundred cubits in circumference and a hundred in height, 4 if the wood happens to be rich in pitch. Having then thus arranged the pile and having covered it in with timber they throw on earth and completely cover it, so that the fire may not by any means show through ; for, if this happens, the pitch is ruined. Then they kindle the pile where the passage is left, and then, having 5 filled that part 6 up too with the timber and piled on earth, they mount a ladder and watch wherever they see the smoke pushing its way out, and keep on piling on the earth, so that the fire may not even shew itself. And a conduit is prepared for the pitch right though the pile, so that it may flow into a hole about fifteen cubits off, and the pitch as it flows out is now cold to the touch. The pile burns for nearly two days and nights ; for on the second day before sunset it has burnt itself out and the pile has fallen in ; for this occurs if the pitch is no longer flowing. All this time 7 they keep watch and do not

4 a/j.(f>OTfpois : a.^.(por4pu>ffe conj. Sell.

5 eTri(bpdavTes conj. Seal, from G, stipant ; eird^avrfs UM Aid. ; firiffd^avres H.

6 ravra Aid.; Ta.vTt]v W. after Sch.'s conj.

7 TOVTOV 8e rbv xpovov conj. Sch. from G, totum tempus ; T<$v8e

,

2 3 l


THEOPHRASTUS


dypvTrvovvTes, 07ro)9 p^ ^iakdjjiTrr), KOI OVOVVL Be KOI eoprd^ovcnv ev^ofjievoi, TroXKriv re /cal Ka\r)i> ytveaOat, TTJV TTirrav ol fiev Brj Trepl MaKeBoviav /caiovcri TOV TpoTcov TOVTOV.

'Ez^ Be rfj 'Aaia (ftaal Trepl ^vplav OVK eic- TreXeK&VTas rrjv BaBa d\\ J eV avrw TW BevBpw irpoGKaieiv (pepovras opyavov n TrepiTreTroitj/jievov Koi TOVTW TrepidTTTOvras, eW orav KTija)<Ti ravrrjv ira\iv eV a\\o Kal a\\o peTafyepeiv opos Be eo-riv avrois rt9 /cal aTj^eta TOV iravevdai ical /jidXiara Bf)\ov ori TO fj,r)fceTi pelv. TTITTO- KavTovcri Be, wajrep Kal rrpbrepov e^e^Or), T<X? TepfJilvOovs' irev/crjv yap ov (frepovaw ol TOTTOI. TCL /jiev ovv Trepl TTJV prjTivrjv /cal Trjv

TTiTTaV OUTft)? %l.

IV. Hepl Be \i/3ava)TOv /cal a-/jLvpvr)s /cal /3a\- crdfiov Kai ei TL TOIOVTOV eTepov OTL /JLCV /cal CLTC yiveTai /cal avTO/jidTO)? eiprjTai. iroLa Be r] T&V BevBpwv fyvcns Kal el TI Trepl TTJV yeve- T) TTJV (TvXXoyrjv r) TWV a\\a>v iBiov avTol? xet, 'ireipaTeov eLTreiv, ooaavTO)^ Be /cal Trepl \onrwv evoa/jLcov (T%eBbv yap TCL ye Tr\el(7Ta o TWV Toirayv ecrrl TCOV re 7T/J09 ju,eo-r}jj,/3ptav /cal

fjiev ovv o \i(Bavo<$ Kal f) GfjLvpva Kal rj Kal eTi TO Kivd^w/jiov ev TTJ TWV 'Apd/3cov Trepi re ^aftd Kal 'ABpajAVTa /cal


1 eKirf\K(avras conj. W.; ^irAe/coVT6S U; titirXeovTes M ; e/c

TTA.TJTTOI'TeS Aid.

2 The sense given to Trepureiroi'rj/j.tt'oi' is unexampled, and the word may be corrupt.

232


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IX. m. 3 -iv. 2

go to rest, in case the fire should come through ; and they offer sacrifice and keep holiday, praying that the pitch may be abundant and good. Such is the manner in which the people of Macedonia make pitch by fire.

They say that in Asia in the Syrian region they do not extract the pitch by cutting l out of the tree the wood containing it, but use fire to the tree itself, applying an instrument fashioned on purpose, 2 with which they set fire to it. 3 And then, when they have melted out the pitch at once place, they shift the instrument to another. But they have a limit and indications when to stop, chiefly of course the fact that the pitch ceases to flow. They also, as was said before, 4 use fire to get pitch out of the terebinth ; for the places where this tree grows do not produce the fir. Such are the facts about resin and pitch.

Of frankincense and myrrh : various accounts.

IV. As to frankincense myrrh balsam of Mecca and similar plants it has been said that the gum is produced both by incision and naturally. Now we must endeavour to say what 5 is the natural character of these trees and to mention any peculiarities as to the origin of the gum or its collection or anything 6 else. So too concerning the other fragrant plants ; most of these come from places in the south and east.

Now frankincense myrrh cassia and also cin- namon are found in the Arabian peninsula 7 about

3 Tovrcf irfpiairrovras seems to have been G's reading (Seal.) ; TOVTO irepia\fi<povTas MSS. * 9. 2. 2.

6 irola conj. W.; TTOAATJ Aid. 6 TI before r>v add. Sch. conj. Salm.j X'fy? vi\ff(f Aid. cf. Plin. 6. 28.


THEOPHRASTUS

KOI Ma/taXt. (frverai, Be rd rov Xt-

/3aVC0rOV Kal T?;? (TfJLVpVT)^ BevBpa TO, /UV V Tft>

opei ra B J ev rals IBiai? yecopyiat^ vrrb rrjv VTTO)-

> > l\ \ \ \ /J / \ >/ . \ M

peiav, oi o KCLI TO, fjuev ueparreverai ra o ov TO o opo? eivai a<Jiv v"^rri\ov /cal Saav tcai pelv 8' e^' avrov teal 7rora/mov<> 6/9 TO elvai Be TO jj^ev rov \i(Bavu>rov BevBpov ov

Be n KOI 7ro\VK\aBov, (f>v\\ov B* e/ji(f)6pes rf) air La, 7r\rjv e\arrov TTO\V fcal ra) %pu>jjiari TrowSe? o-(f)6Bpa, /caOdrrep TO rc^avov \ei6<f)\oiov Be rrav, loarrep rrjv Bdfpv^v.

Trjv Be cr/jivpvav e\arrov en r& jjieyeOei /cal Oa/jLVCoBearepov Be, TO Be are\exos e%eiv orK\ijpov /cal o-vve'jrpafjbfjievov errl T% 7%, rra-^vrepov Be rj /cvrj/jLOTra^e^- <J>\oiov Be eyeiv \elov OIJLOIOV rfj dvBpd'X\r]. erepoi Be oi fyda'tcovres reOewpiiicevai irepl /Jiev rov fjieyeOovs o"%eBbv (jv^^ddvoixjiv ov- Berepov <yap elvai /j,eya rwv BevBpwv, eXarrov Be TO TT}? (T/jLvpwrjs /cal rarreivoTepov <fyv\\ov Be TO ToO \i(3avwrov BafaoeiBes /cal \eio$\oiov elvar TO Be rrjs <r/jivpvr)<; d/cavOwBes /cal ov \elov, (jji>X\ov Be 7rpo(refA<j)6pe<? e^eiv rfj TrreXea, rr\r]v ov\ov et; a/cpov Be eira/cavOi^ov, wcrrrep TO T?}?

TTpiVOV.

Be ovroi Kara rbv rrapdrrXovv ov e erroiovvro KQ\TCOV ^rjrelv eKftdvres vBwp ev rw opei /cal ovro) dewprjaai rd BevBpa /cal rrjv (rv\\oyr)v. elvai, S' dfi^orepwv evrer/ju^fjieva /cal

1 Plin. 12. 55 and 56. 2 Pliri. 12. 67.

3 rxeiv conj. Sch. ; *x" P 2 Ald.

4 Ai/3afo>ToG Sa^roeiSes Kal \ei6(f)\oioi> S' elvai conj. Sch.; At^Sa- vov rov Sa^yoeiSes Kal \i j^vAAov 8' elvai UM j \tfidvov

234


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IX. iv. 2-4

Saba Hadramyta Kitibaina and Mamali. The trees of frankincense and myrrh grow partly in the mountains, partly on private estates at the foot of the mountains ; wherefore some are under cultivation, others not ; the mountains, they say, are lofty, forest-covered and subject to snow, and rivers from them flow down to the plain. The frankincense-tree, 1 it is said, is not tall, about five cubits high, and it is much branched ; it has a leaf like that of the pear, but much smaller and very grassy in colour, like rue ; the bark is altogether smooth like that of bay.

The myrrh-tree 2 is said to be still smaller in stature and more bushy ; it is said to have 3 a tough stem, which is contorted near the ground, and is stouter than a man's leg ; and to have a smooth bark like that of andrachne. Others who say that they have seen it agree pretty closely about the size ; neither of these trees, they say, is large, but that which bears myrrh is the smaller and of lower growth ; however they say that, while the frankin- cense-tree 4 has a leaf like that of bay and smooth bark, that which bears myrrh is spinous and not smooth, and has a leaf like that of the elm, except that it is tiurly and spinous 5 at the tip like that of kermes-oak.

6 These said that on the coasting voyage which they made from the bay of the Heroes they landed to look for water on the mountains and so saw these trees and the manner of collecting their gums. 7 They reported that with both trees incisions had

Kal Ae/J^Aoiov 5' elvat P 2 ; Xiftavov a\\a rov juev Sa<f>voi$es Kal At6<pv\\ov e'lvat Ald.H. c/. Plin. 12. 57.

5 c/. 3. 10. 1; 3. 11.3.

6 c/. Arr. Anal). 3. 5. 4 ; 7. 20. 1 and 2, ' Pliii. 12. 58-62,

235


THEOPHRASTUS


ra aT\6%r) KOI TOU? tc\dBov<>, a\\a TCL d^ivrj Boteeiv T6TjJLrj(r0ai, TOU9 Be \e7TTOTepas T9 evTOfJtds' TO Be Bdtepvov TO ftev TO Be KOI 7T/009 TW BevBpti) TTpoae^edOai. fj,ev v7ro/3/3\f)cr0cu tyidOovs etc (poiviKcov fji&vas, Ivid'Xpv Be TO e8a^>o? JJLOVOV ^a^iaOai KOI KaOapov elvar real rbv ^ev eVt TWV ^riaQwv \i/3ava)TOV etvcii teal KaOapov /col Sta(f)avrj, rov 8' eVt TT)? 77)9 rjTTOV TOV S' eVl TOt9 Sev&pois irpoor- e^ofJievov cnro^veiv cn&rfpoiSy Si b teal (f)\oibv eviois

5 Trpoo-elvai. rb Be 0/009 airav jA6/j,epicr(}ai Tot9 'Zaffaiois, TOVTOV? yap eivai tcvpiovs, SiKalow; Be TO, 7T/309 aXX77\of9, Bi b KOI ovSeva Trjpelv oOev /cal avTol Batyi\co<; 6t*9 Ta irXoia Xa/9oz/Te9 evOi- aQai TOV \ij3ava)TOv ical T>}9 vfJivpvris epr^^ia^ ovo-ris teal aTro7r\elv. e\eyov 8' OVTOI teal ToBe teal efyaaav dtcoveiv, OTI (rvvdyeTai TcavTa^odev f) (T/jivpva teal 6 \i(3ava)Tos els TO lepbv TO TOU fj\iov TOVTO B* elvai JAW TWV ^aftaiwv dyiwTaTov Be 7ro\v TWV Tcepl TOV TOTCOV, TTjpeiv Be Tivas "Apa-

6 /3a9 eVo7rXou9* OTav Be KOHIGWCTLV, etcaaTov crwpev- oravTa TOV avTOv teal Trjv cr/jivpvav ofAoio \nrelv TOL$ ejrl T% (t>v\a/eij$, TiQevai Be eVl a-wpov Trivd/eiov ypacfrrjv e%ov TOV Te 7r\r)0ov^ /jieTpwv teal T^9 Ttyu^9 ^9 Bel TrpaOrjvai TO eteao-TOV OTav Be ol e^Tropoi TrapayevcovTai, arteo- Trelv T9 7/?a</>a9, ocrT^9 B 9 av


1 irpaOrjvai conj. Sch. from G; vpaaOrlvai U; Aid.


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IX. iv. 4-6

been made both in the stems and in the branches, but that, while the stems looked as if they had been cut with an axe, in the branches the incisions were slighter ; also that in some cases the gum was dropping, but that in others it remained sticking to the tree ; and that in some places mats woven of palm-leaves were put underneath, while in some the ground underneath was merely made level and clean; and that the frankincense on the mats was clear and transparent, that collected on the ground less so ; and that that which remained sticking to the trees they scraped off with iron tools, wherefore sometimes pieces of bark remained in it. The whole range, they said, belongs to the portion of the Sabaeans ; for it is under their sway, and they are honest in their dealings with one another. Wherefore no one keeps watch ; so that these sailors greedily took, they said, and put on board their ships some of the frankincense and myrrh, since there was no one about, and sailed away. They also reported another thing which they said they had been told, that the myrrh and frankincense are collected from all parts into the temple of the sun ; and that this temple is the most sacred thing which the Sabaeans of that region possess, and it is guarded by certain Arabians in arms. Arid that when they have brought it, each man piles up his own contribution of frankincense and the myrrh in like manner, and leaves it with those on guard ; and 011 the pile he puts a tablet on which is stated the number of measures which it contains, and the price for which each measure should be sold l ; and that, when the merchants come, they look at the tablets, and whichsoever pile pleases them, they

237


THEOPHRASTUS

TiOevai Trjv TifJLTjv 6t? TOVTO TO %a)pi,ov evdev av eXayvrai, teal TOV lepea Trapayevo- fjievov TO TpiTOV fiepos \afBovTa T>}? TL/JL^ TW 6ea>

TO \OL7TOV aVTOV KaToXlTCelv KOi TOVTO (TWV elvdl

rot? KvpLots, eft)? av e\wvTai Trapayevo/jievoi.

7 "AXXoi 8e Tives TO fiev TOV \i(3avwTov Sevbpov

elvai (fracri, o~%ivq) icai TOV Kapirov rat? <pv\\ov Be vTrepvOpov elvai Be TOV /JLEV etc veo)v \(,/3avcoTov \VKoTpov /cal aoSf^oTepov, TOV & IK TWV TraprjfCfjba/coTWV ^avOoTepov fcal evocr/jiOTepov TO Be rr;? o-/j,vpvr)<t O/JLOIOV Ty Tep- fjiivOw, Tpa^vTepov 6 /cal dtcavQatBeo-Tepov, (f)v\- \ov Be fjLi/cpw o-Tpo<y<yv\oTepov, TTJ Be yevcrei Bia- /zacrft)//,ei>o? o/jLoiov rw r^? TepfjiivOov elvai Be /cal TOVTCOV Ta TraptjKfjia/coTa evoG fjuoTepa.

8 YlveaOai Be a^oTepa ev T& avTw TOTT^T T^V Be jrji' V7rdpji\ov teal 7r\a/c(oBr], teal vBaTa jrrjyala aTcdvia. TavTa /j,ev ovv virevavTia TW vi<f)ea~0ai teal veaOai teal TTOTa/JLOVs e^ievar TO Be Trapo/noiov elvai TO BevBpov Ty TepfJiivdw /cal a\\oi Xeyovo-iv, ol Be teal oXco? TpfJ4V0ov elvar o-0r)vai yap ^v\a 77/009 'AvTijovov VTTO TWV *A.pd- /3wv TWV TOV \t,(3avu>Tov tcaTajovTcov, a ovBev Bie^epe TWV TT}? Tepfjiivdov ir'krjv OVTOI ye


1 Plin. 12. 66 and 67. 2 Plin. 12. 53.

3 TrAojcwSr/ : lit. 'with a crust'; so W., but the word does not seem to occur elsewhere in this sense.

4 cf. 9. 4. 2.

238


MQUIRY INTO PLANTS, ix. iv. 6-8

measure, and put down the price on the spot whence they have taken the wares, and then the priest comes and, having taken the third part of the price for the god, leaves the rest of it where it was, and this remains safe for the owners until they come and claim it.

Others report that the tree which produces the frankincense is like mastich, and its fruit is like the fruit of that tree, but the leaf is reddish : also that the frankincense derived from young trees is whiter and less fragrant, while that derived from those which have passed their prime is yellower and more fragrant ; also that the tree which produces myrrh is like the terebinth, but rougher and more thorny ; that the leaf is somewhat rounder, and that, if one chews it, it resembles that of the terebinth in taste ; also that of myrrh-trees too those that are past their prime give more fragrant myrrh.

1 Both trees, it is said, grow in the same region ; the soil is clayey 2 and caked, 3 and spring waters are scarce. Now these reports are contradictory to 4 that which says that the country is subject to snow and rain and sends forth rivers. However others make the statement 5 that the tree is like the tere- binth ; in fact some say that it is the same tree ; for that logs of it were brought to Antigonus by the Arabs who brought the frankincense down to the sea, and that these did not differ at all from logs of terebinth. 6 However these informants were guilty

5 i.e. the statement quoted of the myrrh-tree, 7. The ' tree ' is here the Xi&avwros, but these authorities did not distinguish it from the myrrh -tree. See below.

6 ruv conj. Sch.; T< UAld.

239


THEOPHRASTUS

eTepov dyvorj/jia Trpoa-rjyvoovv WOVTO yap e/c TOV avTOV BevBpov TOV re Xiffavwrbv yivecrOat, KOI TT)V

9 o~fjLvpvav BioTrep ercelvos o \6yos TriOavwrepos 6 Trapd TWV dvaTr\evo"dvTU)V e% 'Upaxav TroXews' eTrel KOL TO virep ^dpBecov TrecfrvKos TOV \t,/3ava)- TOV SevBpov ev iepa> TIVL ScKfrvoeio'es e%et TO <f>v\- \ov, el TL Set GTadnaadai TOVTO" 6 \i(BavwTo<$ & eyei, KOI o etc TOV o-reXe^ou? Kal o eic TWV aicpe- fjbovtov, o/Jioiws /cal Trj offset Kal TTJ oo-fjif} Ov/jiia)- lievos TO) d\\w \i/3ava)TO). 7re(f)VK Be TOVTO povov TO BevSpov ovoejjuas Tvy%dveiv <6epaireia^>.

10 "Etvioi Be \eyovo-iv 009 7r\eio)v jjiev o Xt/8az/&)To? eV Ty *A/3a/3m yiveTai, Ka\\Lwv Be ev rat? eTTiKei- /Jievais vijcrois &v eirdp^ovaLv evTavda yap Kal o-%r)fjLaT07roielv eVt TWV BevBpwv olov av tfeXewar KOI Ta%a TOVTO ye OVK aTrlOavov evBe^eTai, <yap> OTTOiav av fSov\wvTai, Troielv Trjv emo/jujv. elcrl Be Tives Kal jj,eyd\oi o~(f)6Bpa TWV %6vBp(ov, W<TT' elvai TO) fjiev oyKy i ^eipOTc\r]diaiov^ o~Tadfjiw Be Tc\eov rj TpiTov yite/oo? fjbvas. dpybs Be KO^i^eTai Tra? o Xt/9a^a)T09, O/MLOS Be Ty tTpoao^rei (frXoiy.

Be rj fjuev (TTaKTr) 7} Be 7r~\,ao~Tij. S' 97 fjiev d/Aeivoov Trj yevcrei,, Kal TIJV 6fj,6%pQ)v \a^dvovai. . Trepl ovv ~\,i/3ava)TOv Kal o-fj,vpvr)$ <r%eBbv d%pi ye TOV vvv.


1 Plin. 15. 57 ; c/. 16. 135.

3 5' e^et conj. W. ; Stferot P 2 Ald.; om. H.

3 depairdas add. Sch. from G ; oirSe^ums rvyxdveiv UMAld. ; ov fj.ias Tvyx& vetv ^*2- But there is no sign of a lacuna in the MSS., and ovSeplas is probably corrupt, as W. suggests. oi5e Qep. is inconsistent with 9. 4. 2.

4 TrAeiW conj.W.; yttwv P 2 Ald.

240


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IX. iv. 8-10

of a further more important piece of ignorance ; for they believed that the frankincense and the myrrh were produced by the same tree. Wherefore the account derived from those who sailed from the city of Heroes is more to be believed ; 1 in fact the frankincense-tree which grows above Sardes in a certain sacred precinct has 2 a leaf like that of bay, if we may judge at all by this ; and the frankincense derived both from its stem and its branches is like in appearance and in smell, when it is burnt as incense, to other frankincense. This is the only tree which can never be cultivated. 3

Some say that the frankincense-tree is more abundant 4 in Arabia, but finer in the adjacent islands 5 over which the Arabians bear rule ; 6 for there it is said that they mould the gum on the trees to any shape that they please. And perhaps this is not incredible, since it is possible to make any kind of incision that they like. Some of the lumps 7 of gum are very large, so that one is large enough in bulk to fill the hand and in weight is more than a third of a pound. All frankincense is gathered in the rough and is like bark in appearance. Myrrh s is either ' fluid ' 9 (myrrh-oil) or ' solid ' (agglutinated). That of better quality is tested by its taste, and of this they select that which is of uniform colour. 10 Now of frankincense and myrrh these are about all the facts that have come to our notice at present.

5 Plin. 12. 60.

6 fTrdpxova-LV conj. Coraes ; tvuirdpxovo-i P 2 Ald.

7 r<av x^^pco^ conj. Sch.: T<$ x^vSp^ P 2 Ald.

8 i.e. here the commodity so called.

9 c/. Odor. 29.

10 &/j.6xpo>v conj. Sch. ; &/j.6xpw UM ; o^xpovv Aid. ; r^v erepav


241 VOL. II. K


THEOPHRASTUS

Y. Tlepl Be Ktva/jLco^ov Kal Kao-'ias TaBe \e- ddfjivovs IJLCV d/jicfioTepa TavT elvai ov fJL6<yd\ov<i aXV rjXiKov? ayvov, 7ro\vK\dBov$ Be real ^v'XtoBei.s. orav Be eKKotywaiv, o\ov TO Kiva- fj,co/j,ov Biaipelv els Trevre fjieprj' TOVTWV Be TO irpG)-

TOV 7T/009 T0t9 /SXaCTTOfc? j3e\Tt(TTOl> elvdl, O TfJL-

veTdi (TTTida/jiiaiov rj /MKpw pel^ov erro/Jievov Be TO SevTepov, o /ecu T{J TO/A?} eKaTTOv elra TO TpiTov KOI TtTapTov ecrxaTOv Be TO ^eipucTov TO TT/JO? Ty pi^rj' tykoiov yap e\d^L(7Tov e^eiv %prfo~i,[jiO<; Be euro?, ov TO %v\ov Bi o Kal TO dxpoipves Kpd- TIGTOV, Tr\el(TTov jap e^eiv Kal TOV (f>\oiov. ol OVTW \eyovo-iv.

AX\oi Be 6afjLv&$es jjiev Kal CTI /jia\\ov <f)pv- s elvai fyaori" Bvo S* avTOv yevr), TO /mew fj,e\av TO Be \evKov. Xeyerat Be Ti9 Kal /jivOos vrrep avTov' fyveoOai fJ,ev <ydp fyaviv ev <f)dpay%iv, ev TavTais S* o(^e^9 elvai TTO\\OVS BijyfjLa Oavdat- IJLOV e%oz/ra9, 737)09 0^9 typa^djji TOU9 7roSa9 KaTa(3aivov(Ti Kal OTav egeveyKwai 5teXo^T69 Tpa povvTai 7rpb<5 TOV r)\iov, Kal TJV av ^d%r) o KaTa\i7rovcnv CLTCIOVT^ B* evOvs opav $a<Ji KCLLO- fievrjv TavTrjv OVTO? fiev ovv TO* ovii fj,v0o<;.

Trjv Be Kaaiav (ftaal r9 fJ,ev pd/SBovs rra^v- Tepa<; e^eiv, IvcoBeis Be o~(f)6Bpa Kal OVK elvai TTpi<t)\ev<raL' ^p^aifjiov Be Kal TavTT) TOV <f)\oiov.


1 Plin. 12. 85-94.

2 A similar tale is told of frankincense by Herodotus (3. 107), who has an equally surprising tale about cinnamon (3. 111).

242


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IX. v. 1-3

Of cinnamon and cassia : various accounts.

V. l Of cinnamon and cassia the following account is given : both are shrubs, it is said, and not of large size, but of the same size as bushes of chaste-tree, with many branches and woody. When they cut down the whole cinnamon-tree, they divide it into five parts ; of these the first is that which grows next the branches and this is the best : this is cut in lengths a span long or a little longer ; next comes the second kind, which is cut in shorter lengths ; then come the third and the fourth, and last the least valuable wood, which grows next the root ; for this has least bark, and it is the bark and not the wood which is serviceable ; wherefore the part which grows high up the tree is the best, since it has the most bark. Such is the account given by some.

Others say that cinnamon is shrubby or rather like an under-shrub ; and that there are two kinds, one black, the other white. 2 And there is also a tale told about it ; they say that it grows in deep glens, and that in these there are numerous snakes which have a deadly bite ; against these they protect their hands and feet before they go down into the glens, and then, when they have brought up the cinnamon, they divide it in three parts and draw lots for it with the sun ; and whatever portion falls to the lot of the sun they leave behind ; and they say that, as soon as they leave the spot, they see this take fire. Now this is sheer fable.

3 Cassia, they say, has stouter branches, which are very fibrous and difficult to strip of the bark 4 ; and it is the bark of this tree also which is serviceable.

3 Plin. 12. 95-97.

4 irept^AoTcrai H. ; TrepHptevffai UMP 2 Ald. cf. de ignt 72.

243

R 2


THEOPHRASTUS

ra? pdft&ovs, KaraKOTrreiv o>9 B(,BdKTV\aTo /j,7JKO$ rj fju/cpw fjiei^w, ravra B* 6/9 veoBopov fivptrav KarappaTrreiv elr etc KOI TG>V v\c0v crrjTro fjievwv dKO)\r)Ki a TO IJLCV %v\ov tear eaOiei, TOV (f>\oiov aTrrerat $ia rr)V TTi/cpor^ra /cal Spi/jLVTrjTa TT}?

0(7^9. Kal TTCpl /JL6V /CaCTld? KOI KLVajJb(t)jJiOV

roa-avra Xeyercu.

VI. To Be paXaa/jiov yiveTai pev ev T& av\a)vi TW irepl ^vpiav. TrapaSeiaovs 8' elval fyacri &vo

flOVOV 9, TOV fJLGV 0(TOV eiKOCTl TT\eOptoV TOV ' GTCpOV

eKaTTOva. TO Be BevBpov /jueyeOo? /JLCV poa ijiyd\rj 7ro\VK\a&ov Be a(f)6Bpa' Be e^eiv O/JLOIOV TT^CLVW, 7r\r)v e/c\evKov, dei<f>v\\ov Be elval' /capjrbv Be Trapojmoiov TTJ Tp/j,iv0w fcal jjueyedei /cal d^^aii Kal xptoaaTf ev&Bes o-(j)6Bpa /cal TOVTO /cal aa\\ov TOV Ba/cpvov. To Be Bd/cpvov aTro evTo/j,?)? <rv\\e<yeiv, evTe/ju- veiv Be ovv^i criBiypOLS VTTO TO acrTpov, oTav fjLa\icr- TO TTvL^rj axri,, /cal Ta o-reXe^ /cal Ta dvco. Trjv Be o-v\\o r yr)v o\ov TO 9epo<; TroielcrOai' OVK elvai Be TTO\V TO peov, a\V ev rjf^epa TOV dvBpa av\\e- <yetv ocrov /coy)(r)v' TTJV 3' oa/jLrjv Bia^epovaav /cal 7ro\\r)V, a>(TT aTTO fjU/cpov 7TO\vv efyitcvelaOai, TO- TTOV. d\\* ov (f)oiTav evTavOa d/cpaTOV d\\d TO o-vvr)yibLei>ov /ce/cpafievov iro\\r}v yap


j. Sch. ; vctfcpov P 2 Ald. 2 Plin. 12 111-123. 3 euwSes . . . TOVTO P 2 Ald. ; evwS-rj . . . TOVTOV W. after Sch.'s conj. But the clause begins without a conjunction, and some


244


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IX. v. 3 -vi. 2

When then they cut off the branches, they chop them up into lengths of about two fingers' breadth or rather more, and these they sew up in raw l hide ; and then from the leather and the decaying wood little worms are engendered, which devour the wood but do not touch the bark, because it is bitter and has a pungent odour. This is all .the in- formation forthcoming about cinnamon and cassia.

Of balsam of Mecca.

VI. 2 Balsam of Mecca grows in the valley of Syria. They say that there are only two parks in which it grows, one of about four acres, the other much smaller. The tree is as tall as a good-sized pomegranate and is much branched ; it has a leaf like that of rue, but it is pale ; and it is evergreen ; the fruit is like that of the terebinth, in size shape and colour, and this too is very fragrant, 3 indeed more so than the gum.

4 The gum, they say, is collected by making incisions, which is done with bent pieces of iron at the time of the Dog-star, when there is scorching heat ; and the incisions are made both in the trunks and in the upper parts of the tree. The collecting goes on throughout the summer; but the quantity which flows is not large ; in a day a single man can collect a shell-full 5 ; the fragrance is exceeding great and rich, so that that which comes from a small amount is perceived for a wide distance. However it does not reach us in a pure state ; what is collected is mixed with other things ; for it mixes freely with

words about the flower may have dropped out, to which this clause refers ; cf. however Odor. 32. 4 Diosc. 1. 19. B Plin. 12. 117.

245


THEOPHRASTUS

Kpacnv KOI TO ev rf) *Q\\dBi TroXXa/a? elvai KKpa/jLvov evoa/jia Be o~<j)6Bpa Kal ra paffBia' Kadaipeiv yap Kal T&vBe eve/ca KCLL TOV Bia<j)6pov Tcco\elo-dai <yap> rifua. KOI TTJV epyaaiav Trjv irepl TO, SevSpa o-^eBov ev ravrrj alria elvai /cal rrjv ftpo^riv ^pe^ea^ai yap crvve^S)^. avvairiav Se Sofceiv elvai TOV fir) fieyd\a yivecrOai TO, SevBpa Kal T?)V T&V pa/3oio)v TOfirjv. Bia yap TO vroXXa- KIS eiriKeipeaOai pdft&ovs d<j)ievai Kal OVK et? ev e/CTeiveiv Trjv opfjirjv.

"A.ypwv Be ovBev elvai /3d\<ra/iiov ovBa/jiov' yi- veaOai, Be etc /*ev TOV /Ltetfoi/o? TrapaBei&ov dyyeu- Bia BaBe/ca oo~ov rjfjbixoaia, eic Be TOV eTepov Bvo IJLOVOV Tra)\eladai, Be TO /j,ev atcpaTOV t? TT/?O? dpyvpiov TO 8' aXXo KaTa \6yov r^9 /xtfea)?* Kal TOVTO jjbev Bt,a(f>epov TI fyalvzTai KaTa TTJV evocr- fj,iav.

VII. ? O Be Ka\a/jLO<i yiveTai Kal 6 a^olvos vTcep- ftaXkovTi, TOV Ai/3avov /zera^v TOV re Aiffdvov Kal aXXou rtz/o? oyoou? /j,iKpov ev T> avXwviaKw TOVTtt), Kal ou% w? Tives <f>ao~i TOV 'AimXt/3az>oir o yap 'AvTi\i/3avo$ f^cCKpav airiyzi TOV Ai{3dvov Kal jjLTav TOUTCOV eorT\v ov av\S)va KO\OVO~I Tre- BLov TroXu Kal Ka\6v. OTTOV Be o KaXa/jios Kal 6 f)VTai \ip,vr) /jLeydX.^ Tvy^dvei,, TT/OO? Be ev TW e\ei TW dve^pajm/jLeva) Tr


1 TOV I conj. ; TOV MSS. G's rendering shews that the explanation of the 'different reason' (i.e. to strengthen the tree) has dropped out of our texts. 2 70^ add. Sch.

246


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IX. vi. 2-vn. i

other things ; and what is known in Hellas is generally mixed with something else. The boughs are also very fragrant. In fact it is on account of these boughs, they say, that the tree is pruned (as well as for a different reason l ), since 2 the boughs cut off can be sold for a good price. In fact the culture of the trees has the same motive 3 as the irrigation (for they are constantly irrigated). And the cutting of the boughs seems likewise to be partly the reason why the trees do not grow tall ; for, since they are often cut about, they send out branches instead of putting out all their energy in one direction.

Balsam is said not to grow wild anywhere. From the larger park are obtained twelve vessels con- taining each about three pints, from the other only two such vessels ; the pure gum sells for twice its weight in silver, the mixed sort at a price propor- tionate to its purity. Balsam then appears to be of exceptional fragrance.

Of other aromatic plants all oriental, except the iris,

VII. 4 Sweet-flag and ginger-grass grow beyond the Libanus between that range and another small range, in the depression thus formed ; and not, as some say, between Libanus and Anti-Libanus. For Anti-Libanus is a long way from Libanus, and between them is a wide fair plain called ( The Valley.' But, where the sweet-flag and ginger- grass grow, there is a large lake, 5 and they grow near it in the dried up marshes, covering an extent

3 The 'motive' is the production of boughs, tv ravry alria I conj. ; ravrtjv antav UMP 2 Ald.; eV ravry atria conj. W.

4 Plin. 12. 104 and 105. 6 cf. C.P. 6. 18. 2.

247


THEOPHRASTUS


T07TOV Be e^OVCTl 7T\LOV T) TQiaKOVTa

OVK o^ovo-i Be / )(\wpol aXXa grjpavQevTes, TTJ Trpocro^rei Be ovBev Biacfrepovcrt, TWV a\,\a)V elcr-

/3d\\OVTl, B* 6t9 TOV T07TOV ev6v$ OCTyU-77 7TpO(T-

2 /3d\\ei' ov fir]V TroppwTepw ye 77 aTTOTrvorj yiveTai, KaOdirep Tives &acn, Tat9 Trpofftbepotievais vaval

V \ / < ' "\ * / 9 > V

7Ty009 T7)V %Gt)paV' KttL yap T07T09 OWTO9 rtTTO

^aXaTT779 drre'^ei TrXelovs 77 eKaTov TrevTijKOVTa GTaBiovs' a\V ev TT} ' Apaftia TTJV djroTrvorjv elvai <>acri TTJV diro TTJS %a)pa<> evoff/jiov.

'Ez/ fjbev ovv %vp[a Ta TrepiTTa TTJ barfjiy o"%eBbv TavT eo-Tiv 77 yap ^aX/Sdvrj.^apvTepov Kal fjia\- \ov (frapfJiaKwBes' eirel Kal avTrj yweTcu Trepl %vpiav K TOV TravaKovs KO\OV /jievov . Ta Be aXXa TfdvTa Ta evocrfj,a o?9 7T/oo9 Ta dpco/jiaTa %pwvTai, Ta fjiev e 'ItvBcov Kop,i^eTai KaKeWev eTrl Od\aTTdv KaTaTre/LLTreTai, Ta 8' ef 'Apa/3ta9, oloz^ 7T/909 TW KivafJLco/uq) Kal TTJ KaaLa Kal Kc&fjLaKov erepov 8' elvai TO Koo/jiaKov KapTrov TO 8' eTepov irapa^Lo'- yovaiv ei9 Ta (TTrovBaioTaTa TCOV pvptov. TO Be KapBdjjico/jLOV Kal dp,a)/j,ov ol fiev K M?7ta9, ol B* ef 'IvBwv Kal TavTa Kal T?)V vdpBov Kal Ta aXXa 77 Ta 7r\ei<TTa.

3 Ot9 fjuev ovv 6/9 Ta dpcojjiaTa ^pcovTai o"%eBbv TaBe ecrTi' Kaala Kivd/ucofAOV KapBd/jia)ju,ov vdpBos valpov /3d\(rafjLov d(nrd\aQo<$ orTvpat; Ipis vdpTij


1 OVK uovffi conj. Guilandinus, c/. G. P. 6. 14. 8 ; ov SOKOVO-I P 2 Ald.H.

2 C/. G. P. 6. 18. 1. TUJV &\\(DV : sc. KaXa[JL<av Kal ffxotvcav.

3 7rpoo'^)6po J aVats vavffl irpbs conj. Seal. ; 7rpo<r<. clrat Trpbs P 2 Aid.

4 c/. 9. 9. 2 n. ' The plant,' i.e. one of the plants so called. 6 Plin. 12. 135 ; c/. 13. 18.

248


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IX. VH. 1-3

of more than thirty furlongs. They have 110 fragrance 1 when they are green, but only when they are dried, and in appearance they do not differ 2 from ordinary reeds and rushes ; but, as you approach the spot, immediately a sweet smell strikes you. However it is not true, as some say, that the fragrance is wafted to ships approaching 3 the country ; for indeed this district is more than 150 furlongs from the sea. However it is said that in Arabia the breezes wafted from the land are fragrant.

Such then are the plants in Syria which have remarkable fragrance. For that of khalbane is more oppressive and somewhat medicinal; 4 for this perfume also is produced in Syria from the plant called all- heal. As to all the other fragrant plants used for aromatic odours, they come partly from India whence they are sent over sea, and partly from Arabia, for instance, komakon^ as well as cinnamon and cassia. The fruit called komakon is said to be distinct 6 from this ; the komakon of which we are speaking is a perfume which they mix with the choicest unguents. Cardamom and Nepaul cardamom some say come from Media ; others say that these come from India, as well as spikenard and most, if not all, of the other species.

Now this is a general list of the plants used for perfumes : cassia cinnamon cardamom spikenard natron balsam of Mecca aspalathos storax iris narte

6 elvat has no government, and W. considers the passage corrupt. Comparison of Plin. I.e. suggests that the original text may have been something like this : rb K(*>/j.aKoi> Kapirbv ov rbi/ 5e x"^j> f.r.\., i.e. ' komakon is of different character from these, being a fruit, whose juice .' Plin. calls , a kind of cinnamon.

249


THEOPHRASTUS


TrvaKes /cpofcos (T/jbvpva KVTreipov /cd\afjios djudpaKOV XWTO? dvvrjros. rovrwv Be ra fiev pi^ai ra Be (j)\oiol TO, Be K\wve<; rd Be v\a rd Be air ep par a ra Be BaKpva ra Be dvOrj. ical rd fjiev Tro\\a%ov yiverai, ra Be irepirrorara real evoBporara irdvra etc r^? 'Acrta? teal e/c rwv d\eeivwv rorrwv. etc yap avrfjs EU/JCOTTT;? ovBev eariv ^co r?}9 ipi$o<>.

Avrij 8* dpicrrr) ev *\\\vpiols, ov/c ev rfj TT/OO? 6d\arrav X^P a > a ^^ & T ?7 dvaKe^wpi^KvLa Kei- fJiGvr) Be fia\\ov TT/OO? dp/crov. roTroi Be rorcwv Sia<f>epovcriv ev ot9 djAeivw epyaaia Be Trepl av- rrjv ovSe/Aia 7r\r)v rov rrepLicaOrjpavra dvaj;rjpdvai.

Ta yap ev ry pd/crj (fivoueva pi^ta, KaOdrrep TO re rfj vdpBw irpocre/ji^eprj rr)v oa/jLrjv e%ov fcal erep drra, fii/cpdv nva fcal daOevrj rrjv evcoBiav Kal Trepl fjiev rwv evoa^v eVi roaovrov


VIII. Ile/H Be rwv OTT&V ocra yitr; trporepov el- prjrai, \ejco B* olov et rives (f>ap/jiaKa)Be^ rj Kal aXXa? e'Xpvcn Bvvd/jieis, rreipareov oyLto/&)9 eljrelv" d/j,a Be /cal Trepl pi^wv, Kal yap rwv OTTWV rives e/c rovrwv Kal %&)/H9 avral Ka9* avrd? 7ro\Xa9 Kal Travroias e%ovcn Bvvd/j,ei$, oX&>9 Be Trepl irdvrwv (j>ap/J.aKcoBwv, olov KapTrov %V\KT JJLOV (f>v\\cov pi- wv 7roa,9' Ka\oi)(Ti yap Kal rroav evia rwv <pap- ol


1 c/. G. P. 6. 14. 8 ; 6. 18. 12 ; Plin. 21. 40. 3 See Index App. (25).

250


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IX. VH. 3-vm. i

kostos all-heal saffron-crocus myrrh kypeiron ginger- grass sweet-flag sweet marjoram lotos dill. Of these it is the roots, bark, branches, wood, seeds, gum or flowers which in different cases yield the perfume. Some of them grow in many places, but the most excellent and most fragrant all come from Asia and sunny regions. From Europe itself comes none of them except the iris.

x This is best in Illyria, not in the part near the sea, but in that which is further inland and lies more to the north. In different districts it varies in quality ; no special attention is needed, except to scrape the roots clean and dry them.

As for the roots which grow in Thrace, such as one 2 which has a smell like spikenard and certain others, their fragrance is but slight and feeble. Let this suffice for an account of sweet- smelling plants.

Of the medicinal juices of plants and the collection of them : general account.

VIII. Now we must endeavour to speak in like manner of those juices which have not been mentioned already, I mean, such as are medicinal or have other properties ; and at the same time we must speak of roots ; for some of the juices are derived from roots, and apart from that roots have in themselves divers properties of all kinds ; and in general we must discuss medicinal things of all kinds, as fruit, extracted juice, 3 leaves, roots, ' herbs ' ; for the herb-diggers call some medicinal things by this name.

3 x v ^ lff Hv P 2 Ald.H ; KO.V\OV conj. W. The list is of the aspects in which the herbalist would regard the plant, not of the parts of the plant.

25 1


THEOPHRASTUS

B piffiv TrXetou? /JLCV elaw at &vvd/n,i,<; KOI TrXetor fyrovvrai, >e ^oKiaTd at (f>ap/ma- ft>? xpTiai/jicoTaTai, Bia^epovo-ai rw re prj

TTyOO? TdVTd KCtl TO) fJLrj 6V T0? dVTol^ 6%IV TT)V

&)? S' ovv eVl TTCLV al TrXetcrrat /j,ev ev KCU roi? fcapTrols KOI rot? OTTO??, eviai Be KOI ev rot? 0vXXot?' ra? 3e (^uXXeoSet? 8vvd/jbt,s ra? ?roXX? a^e^ov Troa? fca\ovcriv, wa-

7T6p ipr)Tai fJLLKpS) TTpOTepOV, Ol

r O /ze^ o5^ OTTtfryLto? yiverat

eTTfc TO TToXu TOO 6epOV<$, TWV fJ,V Vl(TTafjiei'OV $6 TTyOOeX^Xf^OTO?. 77 ^6 pl^OTO/jiia ryiVTaL TIVWV KOI V7TO TTVpOTOfJiiaV Kdl JJLUCpS) 1TpOTpOV, OV fJir]V aXX' ^ 76 7T\iCt)V TOV /jLT07T(i)pOV JUL6T *Ap/CTOVpOV,

orav (frvXXopporjcrcoaiv, oawv Se KOI o tcapTro? , orav afjiepOaxn TOV tcapirov. <TTL 8e o

OLTTO TWV KdvK&V, WCT7T6/3 TOV Tl0V/ild\-

\ov KOI TT)? piafcivr]s KCU o-^eSbv TWV

rj CLTTO rcov pi^wv, rj -rplrov airo ri)<; fce(f)a\f]<;, M

T?;? fjutf/ccovos' TavTrjS yap fjLovrjs ovrco KCLI rovr

1&IOV aVTTj^. TWV /JLV OVV KOI aVTOyLtttTO? OTTO?


1 From this point to 9. 19. 4, ytvecrOai, the text is repeated in U, with considerable variations, as a tenth book. Aid. also repeats the first few lines of this passage (down to end of 1) as a fragment of a tenth book. The two Medicean MSS also repeat 9. 8. 1, ruv 8e fri&v, down to 9. 10. 3, jSe'ATKTTot Se KO\ ols, as part of a tenth book. The ' tenth book ' readings in each case are distinguished by a *.

2 piaJv : fria signifies a medicinal plant in general (c/. pt^orofjLot) as well as 'root'; the double sense makes transla- tion of this section awkward : I print it ' root ' where it has the wider sense.

252


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IX. vm. 1-2

1 The properties of ' roots ' 2 are numerous and they have numerous uses; but those which have medicinal virtues are especially sought after, as being the most useful ; and they differ in not all being applied to the same 3 purposes and in not all having their virtue in the same parts of them. 4 To speak generally, most ( roots ' have it in themselves 5 ; or else it is found in the fruits or the juices of the plant ; and in some cases in the leaves as well, and it is to the virtues of the leaves in most cases that the herb- diggers refer, when they speak, as has just been said/ of ' herbs.'

The collection of the juice from plants from which it is collected is mostly done in summer, in some cases at the beginning of that season, in others when it is well advanced. The digging of roots is done in some cases at the time of wheat-harvest or a little earlier, but the greater part of it in autumn after the rising of Arcturus when the plants have shed their leaves, and, in the case of those whose fruit is serviceable, when they have lost their fruit. The collection of juice is made either from the stalks, 7 as with tithymallos (spurge) wild lettuce and the majority of plants, or from the roots, or thirdly from the head, as in the case of the poppy ; for this is the only plant which is so treated 8 and this is its peculiarity. In some plants the juice collects of its own accord in

3 ravra conj. Seal, from G ; TO.VTO. Aid.

4 After Svya/juv U*Ald.* add ftvirep efpTjrat fjuitpQ Trp6repov ; omitted here by Sch.: see below. 5 Sc. in the roots.

G o&<T7rep . . . irpdrepov inserted here by Sch. : see above ;

faffTTCp efy>7JTCft Aid.

7 navXwv Vin.Vo.Cod.Cas.: so also G ; Kapir&v Ald.HM*.

8 fj.6vris ovrca Kal conj. W. ; ^6vtis /ecu Ald.H ; povov ovrta KCU M*.

253


THEOPHRASTUS

Ba/cpvtoBrjs rts, &o~ f jrep KOI rrjs rpaya- ravrrjv yap ovBe rep,veiv eeri- rwv Be

7T\6l(TTCOV a-TTO TT)^ VTO/J,fj<$. 0)V CVIOVS JJL6V 6V0VS

els dyyeia avvdyovo~iv, axrTrep teal rov rov tiQv- fid\\ov rj fjirj/cwviov, fcahovai, yap d/jL^orepws, KOI a7rXo)9 ova 7ro\vo7ra Tvy%dvi' TWV Be /JLIJ TTO\VO- TTCOV epio) \a^avov(Jiv wcnrep /cal rrj^

'QvitoV S' OuS' 07TiO-yLt09 X\' OLOV

eariv, w&Trep ocra Ko-fyavres rj Tptyavres real v8a)p eVr^eWre? aTrrjOovat real \a^dvov(Ji rrjv VTTO- o-racnv f 77/009 Be Brj\ov on KOI e\drra)V 6 TOVTWV. eari Be rwv /Jiev d\\wv piwv TO jj,a ddOevecnepov rov tcapTrov, TOV /cwveiov Be Icr^vporepov, Kal rrjv d7ra\\a>yr)v pda) Troiel teal ddrrco /jiiKpbv Trdvv /caraTrortov BoQev evepyo- repov Be real 6t9 r9 aXX9 %/>eta9. lo"xypov Be /cal TO T7)9 Oa-^rLa^. TO, Be aXXa irdvra dadeve- o-repa. ol /j,ev ovv OTTta/jiol o-%eBbv TocravTa^M^ yivovrai.

T?}9 Be pi^oTojjiias OVK eart roiavrrj Bia<j)opd yv ev raw &pais olov Oepovs r) /jieroTroopov, /cal r dcrBe rj rdo-Be TWV pi^wv olov rov e\\e/36pov /carco rd$ Xe7TTa9' rrjv ydp ava) rrjv rra^elav rr)V /ee</>aXft)6"?7 (fraalv d^pelov elvat /cal BiBovai

1 c/. Diosc. 2. 136 ; Plin. 20. 58.

2 c/. Diosc. 3. 7.

3 fide* conj. Sch.; ^oto U; a8/a>s M*Ald.

254


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IX. vm. 2-4

the form of a sort of gum,, as with tragacanth ; for incision of this plant cannot be made ; but in most it is obtained by incision. In some cases the juice is collected straight into vessels, for instance that of tithymallos (spurge) or mekonion (for the plant has both names) and in general the juice of specially juicy plants is so collected. But that of those which do not yield abundant juice is taken with a piece of wool, as also that of wild lettuce. 1

2 In some cases there can be no collection of juice, but there is a sort of extraction of it, for instance in the case of plants which are cut down or bruised ; they then pour water over them and strain off the fluid, keeping the sediment ; but it is plain that in these cases the juice obtained is dry and less copious. In most ' roots ' the juice thus extracted is less powerful than that of the fruit, but in hemlock it is stronger and it causes an easier 3 and speedier 4 death even when administered in a quite small pill ; and it is also more effective for other uses. 5 That of thapsia is also powerful, while all the rest are less so. Such then is a general account of the various ways of obtaining the juices of plants.

Of the cutting of roots for medicinal purposes, and of certain superstitions connected therewith.

As to cutting of the roots there is no such diversity of practice, except as to the season, which may be summer or autumn, and as to the particular roots selected. 6 Thus in hellebore the slender lower roots are taken, for they say that the thick upper part 7 which forms a sort of head is useless, and that


4 edrrw conj. Sell.; eAarro) UM ; Qarrov U*M*Ald.

5 cf. Plin. 13. 125. 6 Plin. 25. 53. 7 i.e. rhizome.


2 55


THEOPHRASTUS

ra?9 Kvalv OTav ftoiiKwvTai KaOalpeiv. Kal e</> CTepcov Be TLVWV ToiavTas \eyov(7t Stafyopas.

5 "EiTi Be ova ol (frapuaKO7rco\ai /cal ol pi Ta uev t<7ft>9 olKeicos TCL Be /cal eiriT

\eyovcn. KeXevovat, yap r<&9 uev KaT aveuov lo-Tauevovs Tepveiv, wcnrep eTepas re Tivas Kal Trjv Oatylav, d\ei^rduevov \iira' TO yap aw/Aa dvoiBelv eav ef eVazma9. KCLT aveaov Be Kal TOV KWOfffiaTOV TOV KapTTOV o~v\\eyeiv, el Be [JUTJ KIV- Svvov elvat, TWV o^da\^wv. r9 Be vvKTCop r9 Be ueO' rjuepav, evlas Be irplv TOV rj\Lov e7ri/3d\-

\LV, oloV Kal TO KO\OVaVOV K\V/JLVOV.

6 Kal TavTa aev Kal TO, TrapaTT^tjaia rourot9 rcr^' av OVK d\\OTpt,6)$ Bo^eiev \eyeiv em (rivets yap TLVWV at Bvvduew eEdiTTeiv yap (bacriv OHT-

  • I ^ fit

Trep Tcvp Kal KaTaKaieiv eirel Kal 6 e'XXe/3oyoo9 v Kaprj/Bapetv TTOLCL, Kal ov BvvavTai TTO\VV opvTTeiv, Bi o Kal irpoeo-OLovai orKopoBa Kal aKpaTOV eTTLTTivovo-LV. d\\a TCL ToiavTa cocnrep eTTiOeTa Kal nroppwOev, olov Trjv ol Be y\vKv<riBrjv Ka\ovvi, vvKTcop opvTTeiv' eav yap rjaepas Kal o(f)@f] Ti9 VTTO Bpvo- Ko\a7TTOv TOV fjiev Kapjrbv aTToXeywv KivBvveveiv Tot9 6(j)da\aoi<f, Tr)v Be pi^av Teavcov KTciTtTiv Trjv eBpav.

1 en 8e oao. conj. Sch. from G ; en 5' us U*; en 5e us Aid. H ; ecrrt 8e us M*.

256


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IX. vm. 4-6

it is only given to dogs when it is desired to purge them. And in certain other plants also such differences are mentioned.

Further we may l add statements made by druggists and herb-diggers, which in some cases may be to the point, but in others contain exaggeration. Thus they enjoin that in cutting some roots one should stand to windward, for instance, in cutting thapsia among others, and that one should first anoint oneself with oil, 2 for that one's body will swell up if one stands the other way. Also that the fruit of the wild rose must be gathered standing to wind- ward, since otherwise there is danger to the eyes. Also that some roots should be gathered at night, others by day, and some before the sun strikes on them, for instance those of the plant called honeysuckle. 3

These and similar remarks may well seem to be not off the point, for the properties of these plants are hurtful ; they take hold, it is said, like fire and burn ; 4 for hellebore too soon makes the head heavy, and men cannot go on digging it up for long ; where- fore they first eat garlic and take a draught of neat wine therewith. On the other hand the following ideas may be considered far-fetched and irrelevant ; 5 for instance they say that the peony, which some call glykyside, should be dug up at night, for, if a man does it in the day-time and is observed by a wood- pecker while he is gathering the fruit, he risks the loss of his eyesight ; and, if he is cutting the root at the time, he gets prolapsus ani.

2 Plin. 13. 124 ; Diosc. 4. 153. 8 cf. 9. 18. 6. 4 Plin. 25. 50.

6 Plin. 27. 85 ; 25. 29.

257

VOL. II. 8


THEOPHRASTUS

<&v\dTTcr0ai, Be teal TTJV KevTavpiBa re/JLVOvra Tpiopxyv, 07ro)9 av arpcoro^ aire\0y. Kal a\Xas Be Tivas alrtas. TO 8' eirev^o/jievov Tefjuveiv ovOev LCTCOS droTTOV d)OC el TI /cal d\\o Trpocmdeaaiv, olov orav TO irdvaKes TO ' ' K<TK\r]TrieLov KaXovfj-evov di>T6fji/3d\\iv yap TTJ yfj Tray/capTTiav </cal>

& TT)V %iplV, Tpl/jirjV

fjaaOov Te/Jiveiv Be d

%i<f>ei, Trepiypd-fyavTa els r/otV Kal OTI av TjuLrjOf) /jiGTecopov e%eiv eW* OVTCO TO eTepov

Kal aAAa Se ToiavTa TrXeia). 7repiypd(f)iv 3e /cal TOV jjiavSpayopav els Tpl$ ^ityei, re/Avew Be 717309 eairepav fSkeirovTa. TOP & eTepov KVK\M irepiop^elcrOai Kal \eyeiv &>9 7r\elaTa Trepl d(f>- po$K7i(0v. TOVTO $ ofJLOiov eoiKe TW 7repl TOV \eyofjievw KaTa TTJV ftXacr^rj/miav OTav Trepiypdtyetv Se Kal TOV e\\e/3opov TOV /Ji6\ava Kal Te/Aveiv [(JTCL^VOV Trpos ew Kal deTOV Be (f)v\dTTecr0ai Kal IK Kal ef dpiVTepas' KivBvvov yap elvai TOLS edvTrep eyyvs e7riyevr]Tai 6 aero9, cnro-


1 Plin. 25. 69 adds that this plant was therefore also called

cf. Diosc. 4. 162.

2 Kal . . . alrias U*M*; ? KCU &\\a Se roiavTa W.

3 Plin. 25. 30 and 31.


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IX. vm. 7-8

It is also said that, while cutting feverwort l one must beware of the buzzard-hawk, if one wishes to come off unhurt ; and other reasons for caution - are also given. That one should be bidden to pray while cutting is not perhaps unreasonable, but the additions made to this injunction are absurd ; for instance as to cutting the kind of all-heal which is called that of Asklepios ; 3 for then it is said that one should put in the ground in its place an offering made of all kinds of fruits and a cake ; and that, when one is cutting gladwyn, 4 one should put in its place to pay for it cakes of meal from spring-sown wheat, 5 and that one should cut it with a two-edged sword, first making a circle round it three times, 6 and that the piece first cut must be held up in the air while the rest is being cut.

And many similar notions are mentioned. Thus it is said that one should draw three circles round mandrake with a sword, and cut it with one's face towards the west ; and at the cutting of the second piece one should dance round the plant and say as many things as possible about the mysteries of love. (This seems to be like the direction given about cummin, 7 that one should utter curses at the time of sowing.) One should also, it is said, draw a circle round the black hellebore and cut it standing towards the east and saying prayers, and one should look out for an eagle both on the right and on the left ; for that there is danger to those that cut, if your eagle should come near, that

4 cf. Plin. 21. 42, who read Ipiv. cf. Diosc. 4. 22, where vpis is called a kind of Jpis ; so also Plin. 21. 142.

5 rpi/j.Tjvov conj. Salm. ; rpi^vovs M*Ald.H.

6 Tp\s conj. Sell, ; rpetj U*M*P 2 Ald. So also in next section.

7 cf. 7. 3. 3.

259

8 2


THEOPHRASTUS


eviavTw. ravra fjLev ovv e eoiKev, cbcrTTep eiprjTai. rpoTrot, o OVK elcrl TWV


IX. "Ecr-u Be, wo-TTep eXe^Ofj, rwv pev irdvra Xpijori/jia Kal rj pia fcal 6 /capTrbs /cal 6 OTTO?, wvirep a\\o)V re /cal TOV Travaicovs' TWV 8e 77 pi^a /cal 6 OTTOS, olov rrjs o-Ka/jLjuLcovias Kal TOV KVK\a/uiii'ov Kal rfjs Oatyias Kal erepwv, /cadaTrep Kal TOV [AavSpayopov TOV 'yap /jiavSpayopov TO (f)v\\ov ^prjcrifjiov elval (fracri Trpbs TCL \Kr) yu,er' a\<f>LTOV, Trjv & pi^av TT/OO? epucrtTreXa? ^vaOeladv T6 Kal o^ei SevOelcrav Kal TT/OO? Ta rroSaypiKa Kal rrpbs vTfvov Kal 737309 (f)i\Tpa' Si&oaa-i S' ev oivw rj o^er T6/j,vov(7i Be Tpo^icTKOvs wvTrep pa(f)avi&os Kal IveipavTes vrrep <y\evKov<; eKpe^aaav eirl


2 f O Be eXXe/9o/?o? eVt ravra TTJ re pity Kal rcS S) eijrep oi ev 'AvTiKvpa, KaOdirep , TW Kaprrtt) Ka6aipovo~iv fyei Be <TOV>

TOVTOV.

TlXetco Be Kal TOV TravaKovs Ta ^prjcnfjia Kal ov 7T/309 Ta avid' a\V o /Jiev Kaprrbs TTpbs ra9 Kal ra9 Bva-ovpias, 6 Be OTTOS rj Ka'X.ov/nev'ij 71/509 re ra9 e'fa/^/^Xwa-et?

7T/009 TCi CTTTttCTyLtaTa Kal TOVS TOtOVTOVS

TTOVOVS, Ti Be TTpbs Ta a)T Kal Ta9 (f


tyyvs eiriy4vqra.i conj. W. ; eav Se 6 fyyvs /.ify airoTffj.vr} airoQvtiffKei sviavrQ UMAld. Similar confusion with variations in U*M*PP 9 : restoration a makeshift, c/. Plin. 25. 50. 2 9. 8. 1.

3 Diosc. 4. 75 ; Plin. 26. 104 and 121.

4 c/. 9. 12. 1.

260


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IX. vin. 8-ix. 2

they may die l within the year. These notions then seem to be irrelevant, as has been said. There are however no methods of root-cutting besides those which we have mentioned.

Of the medicinal -uses of divers parts of plants.

IX. As was said, 2 of some plants the root, fruit and juice are all serviceable, as of all-heal among others ; of some the root and the juice, as of scammony 3 cyclamen thapsia and others, such as mandrake ; for the leaf of this, they say, used with meal, is useful for wounds, and the root for erysipelas, when scraped and steeped in vinegar, and also for gout, for sleep- lessness, and for love potions. It is administered in wine or vinegar ; they cut little balls of it, as of 4 radishes, and making a string of them hang them up in the smoke over must.

5 Of hellebore both root and fruit are useful for the same purposes, 6 if it is true, as is said, that the people of Anticyra use the fruit as a purge ; this fruit contains the w r ell-known 7 drug called sesamodes.

Various parts of all-heal are also useful, and not all for the same purposes ; the fruit is used in cases of miscarriage and for disorders of the bladder, while the juice, 8 which is called khalbane, is used in cases of miscarriage and also for sprains and such-like troubles ; also for the ears, and to strengthen the

5 Diosc. 4. 108, 109 and 162.

6 ravTa conj. Sch. from G ; TO.VTO. U*M*Ald.

7 I have inserted rbv. cf. 9. 14. 4 ; Plin. 22. 133 ; 25. 52 and 64 ; Diosc. I.e. The drug was actually called o-T?<ra,uoet8es or a-Tjo-ajuoetSTjy. For the sense of TOVTOV cf. 3. 7. 3 ; 3. 8. 3 and reff.

8 This seems to be a mistake, cf. 9. 7. 2 ; Diosc. 3. S3 ; Plin. 12. 126.

261


THEOPHRASTUS

77 Be pia TT/OO? re TOL? TO/COVS KOI ra yvvai/ceia

KCll 7T/909 V7TO^Vyi(n)V (j)V(Ta<>' ^pliai/JLTj Be Kal 7T/)09

TO i'pivov fjbvpov Bia rrjv evcoBiav la")(yporepov Be TO (T7rep/j,a rfjs pi^ri^. yiverat Be Trepl ^vpiav KOI Te/juverai irepl irvpa^rov.

3 ToO Se KvicXafjilvov 77 /j,ev pi^a TT/JO? Te T?

K7TV1J(TIS TWV (f)\yfJLOVWV Kdl TTpbadeTO

KOI 7T/909 ra e\rcr) ev yueX^Tr o Se OTTO? TT/OO? CITTO K<f)a\ijs KaOcipcreis ev fjieXin 7^60/^6^09, KCLI 7T/00? TO jJieOva-tcew, lav ev o'lvw Bta^pe^wv &&&> Tt? Tr'iveiv. ayaOr]V Se rrjv pi^av /cal ODKVTOKWI

TTepiaTTTOV KOi 669 (f)L\Tp(l' OTCLV $6 Opvgwai,, KaTCL-

Kaiovcnv eir* olvw SevcravTes T pokier KOVS Troiovcriv, too-Tre/o T^9 rpvyb? fj pvirro/jLefla.

4 Kal TOU (TIKVOV $6 TOO djpiOV T7]V fjiV pl^CtV

<7Tyoo9> a\(>ov<> /cal tya)pa<; /Bocr/crj/jidTcov TO Be ajrepi^a xv\i(r9ev iroiel TO ekarrjpiov. crv\\e- yerai Se rov (frfltvoTroopov rare yap (3e\TLGTOv.

5 Tr)9 3e %a/jLai8pvos ra p,ev (pv\\a Trpos ra prfy/jbara teal trpbs ra rpav/^ara ev e\aiw rpi{36-

fjL6Va KOI 7T/J09 TO, VfJi6/jiVa \KT]' TOV $6 KdpTTOV

KaOaipeiv ^o\rjv ayaOov &e Kal ocfrOaX/nols' 77/309 Se ra apye/j,a irpocrdyeiv TO (f>v\\ov rpityavra ev e\aiw. eyei Be (f)i>\\a /Jiev old-nep Spvs, TO Be di'ddTrj/jia TTJS oA?^9 oo~o^ aTriOajjaatov' evocrjjiov Be ical rjBv.

To fj,ev ovv (JLTf ?r/)09 ravrb Trdvra ra /jiep^ rvy^dveiv OVK tVft)9 aroTrov TO Be T^9


rvhaeis conj. Coraes from Plin. 26. 120, eruptiones

-eis M*Ald. 2 Diosc. 2. 164; Plin. 25. 133; 26. 149. a cf. Plin. 23. 63.


262


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IX. ix. 2-5

voice. The root is used in childbirth, for diseases of women, and for flatulence in beasts of burden. It is also useful in making the iris-perfume because of its fragrance ; but the seed is stronger than the root. It grows in Syria and is cut at the time of wheat-harvest.

Of cyclamen the root is used for suppurating 1 boils ; also as a pessary for women and, mixed with honey, for dressing wounds ; the juice for purgings of the head, 2 for which purpose it is mixed with honey and poured in ; it also conduces to drunken- ness, if one is given a draught of wine in which it has been steeped. They say also that the root is a good charm for inducing rapid delivery and as a love potion; 3 when they have dug it up, they burn it, and then, having steeped the ashes in wine, make little balls like those made of wine-lees which we use as soap.

4 Of ' wild cucumber ' (squirting cucumber) the root is used for 5 white leprosy and for mange in sheep, while the extracted juice makes the drug called ' the driver.' G It is collected in autumn, for then it is best.

Of germander the leaves pounded up in olive-oil are used for fractures and wounds and for spreading sores ; the fruit purges bile, and is good also for the eyes ; for ulcers 7 in the eye they pound up the leaf in olive-oil before applying it. It has leaves like the oak, but its entire growth is only about a palm high ; and it is sweet both to smell and taste.

Now that all parts are not serviceable for the same purpose is perhaps not strange ; it is more


4 Diosc. 4. 150 ; Plin. 20. 3. 5 *pl> 5 add. St. 6 cf. 9. 14. 1 and 2. "' cf. 7. 6. 2 ; Diosc. 3. 98.


263


THEOPHRASTUS

auT?;<? pi&s TO fiev avw TO be Kara) icaOaipeiv Oav^aai^Tepov, olov KOI rrjs Oa^jrias teal T?}?

t<7%ao9, Ol B* UTTIOV Ka\OV(TL, teal TTJS \t,^aV(DTL-

So9' OTI <yap av KOI /cdrco /cal civa ravra BvvaTai

[/caOaipeiv], /caQdirep TO eXarrjpiov, ovOev aroirov.

"fi^6i Be TI Oa^ria (f)V\\ov fj,ev O/JUOLOV TM

fiapddw Tr\r)v irXarvrepov Kav\ov Be


C H 8' fc

/3pa%v /cav\ov$ 8' pi^av Be o'lavirep o acr^o r)' <j)i\el Be opeiva x&)pia /cal KW&I. avXX.eyerai Be rov rjpos. rovro fjiev ovv iBiov T&V 6ipr)/j,eva)V.

X. 'O &e eXXe/9o/)o? o re yueXa? /cal 6 Xeu/co? aivovTCii' Trepl Be TT}? 6S/rea)9 ol ^ev <yap o/Wof? elvai, ir\r)v TU>

[JLOVOV Bia<f)p6lV TT]V p'i^aV TOV JJLV

v TOV Be /jLe\aivav ol Be TOV fjiev yu-eXa^o? TO (frvXXov BaffrvwBes TOV Be \evtcov TrpaacoBes, Ta? Be pi^as oyLtota? 7r\r)v TWV xpco/jLaTcov. ol S* ovv Oyu-otof? Xe^o^Te? Toidv&e <f>acrlv elvai, TTJV jjLOp(f)ijv Kav\ov jjiev dvOepitccoBr) Ppa^vv cr^oBpa' <pv\\ov Be irKaTva-^ia-Tov, irapo^oiov crfyoBpa TU> TOV vdpOriKos, p,r)KO<$ B* eyov evOv 8' etc T?}? pi


1 OTI yap conj.W. ; oVa yap UU*M*; ra yap ]\I ; T? yap Aid.

2 Diosc. 4. 153 ; Plin. 13. 124. 8 Diosc. 4, 175.

264


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IX. ix, s-x. i

surprising that part of the same ' root ' should purge upwards and another part downwards, as is the case with thapsia and iskhas which some call apios (spurge) and with libanotis ; for 1 it is not strange that on the other hand the same parts should purge both upwards and downwards, as is the case with ' the driver.'

2 Thapsia has a leaf like fennel, but broader, a stalk like that of ferula, and a white root.

3 Iskhas (or apios) has a leaf like rue and short, three or four prostrate stems, and a root like that of asphodel, except that it is composed of scales ; 4 it loves mountain districts with a gravelly soil. It is collected in spring. Now this account applies only to the above-mentioned plants.

Of hellebores, the white and the black: their uses and distribution.

X. 5 The white and the black hellebore appear to have nothing in common except the name. But accounts differ as to the appearance of the plants ; some say that the two are alike and differ only in colour, the root of the one being white, of the other black; some however say that the leaf of the ' black' is like that of bay, that of the white like that of the leek, but that the roots are alike except for their respective colours. Now those who say that the two plants are alike describe the appearance 6 as follows : the stem is like that of asphodel and very short ; the leaf has broad divisions, and is extremely like that of ferula, but is long ; it is closely attached to the root and

4 c/. Diosc. 3. 134.

6 Plin. 25. 47-61. See Index, c/. 9. 11. 5 n. 6 i.e. of the two plants regarded as one ; but the text of the following description seems to be hopelessly confused.


THEOPHRASTUS


fcal eTTiyeiotyvXhov 7ro\vppL%ov &' ev fjia\a rat? XeTrrat? /cal xprjo-ljAOis.

'Avaipeiv Be rbv fiev /j,e\ava /cal iV'Trou? KOI /3oO? /cal <?, Bi o /cal ovBev ve^eaOai rovrwv rbv Be \ev/cbv vefjLe(rOat rd rrpofBara /cal e/c rovrov Trpwrov GVVO$9r)vaL T^V Bvvafuv /ca6aipo/ji6i>a)i> e/celvcov topalos Be ///er OTTO) pov, rov &' ^05 awpos' a\\a TT/oo? Tr]V 7rv\aiav ol e/c r^? OLTIJS (rv\\e- 7rXet(7T09 jap evravOa (frverai /cal apiGTos' v Be ^verai r?}? Olr?;? irepl TTJV Tlvpdv. M.io-<yerai Be Trpb? rrjv irocnv, OTTO)? eue/xe? y, TO

ivvis crTrepjAa* TOVTO 8' ecrrl Trodpiov. Be 6 fjiev yLteXa? iravra^pv' /cal yap ev rfj BoiWT/a /cal ev E^y^ota /cal Trap 1 d\\ot<> TTO\- Xoi?' a/otcrro? Be 6 e/c TOV f EXiw^o9, xal oX&>? TO opos ev(f)dpfjiaKOv. o Be \ev/cb$ o\Lya%ov' /3e\- TKJTOI Be /cal 049 xpwvrai yu-aXto-ra rerrape? o OiTalos 6 Tlovri/cbs 6 'EXear??? o MaX^cor?;?. (fraal Be rbv 'RXedrrjv ev rot? djjL7re\w<Ti fyveaOai /cal TTOielv rbv olvov ovrco Biovpyri/cbv ware \ayapovs


elvai Trdvv TOU?


4 "Ap^crro? Be Trdvrcov /cal TOVTMV real TCOV aXXcov 6 Qlraios. o Be Tlapvd&ios /cal 6 AtrwXf/co?, yiverai yap /cal evravOa /cal TroXXol /cal oDVovvrai. /cal TTwXovaiv ov/c elBores, [ov% ore] a/c\7jpol /cal

1 Which were held apparently at Thermopylae regularly in autumn and sometimes in spring : the meeting would give opportunities for sale. dAAa implies a spring meeting.

266


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IX. x. 1-4

creeps on the ground ; the plant has numerous roots,, to wit, the slender roots which are serviceable.

Also they say that the black is fatal to horses oxen and pigs,, wherefore none of these animals eat it ; while the white is eaten by sheep, and from this circumstance the virtue of the plant was first observed, since it purges them ; it is at its prime in autumn, and past its prime when spring comes. However the people of Mount Oeta gather it for the meetings 1 of the Amphictyons ; for it grows there in greatest abundance and best, though at only one place in the district of Oeta, namely about Pyra.

(The seed of rupture-wort is mixed with the potion given to promote easy vomiting ; this plant is a small herb).

The black kind of hellebore grows everywhere ; it is found in Boeotia, in Euboea and in many other places ; but best is that from Mount Helicon, which mountain is in general rich in medicinal herbs. The white occurs in few places ; the best and that which is most used comes from one of four places, Oeta, 2 Pontus, Elea, and Malea. 3 They say that that of Elea grows in the vineyards and makes the wine so diuretic that those who drink it become quite emaciated.

But best of all these and better than that found anywhere else is that of Mount Oeta, while that of Parnassus and that of Aetolia (for the plant is common in these parts too and men buy and sell it, not knowing * the difference) are tough and ex-

2 6 before Olralos add. Sch.

3 Ma\ia>T7js conj, Hahnemann, c/. Strabo 9. 3. 3 ; McKrtrctAi- WTTJS Aid. Plin. I.e. gives Parnassus as the fourth locality: c/- 4.

4 The words o\>x foe may have arisen from OVK et'SJres.

367


THEOPHRASTUS

dyav Trepiv/ceXeis. ravTa jj^ev ovv ojmoia rat? ovra rat? Bwd/jLeai BtacfrepovTa.

Be TOV peXavd rives e/CTO/j,ov MeXa/x-

>9 KIVOV TTpWTOV T/jLOVTO$ KOi aVU-

KaOaipovGi Be KOI oiKias avrw teal Trpo/Sara avveTrabovTes TWO, eTrqybrjv /cal els d\\a

& 7T\eiCt) J(pCt)VTai.

XI. IloXXa Be eari /cal ra Travail] KOI ol TiOv- fjia\\oi teal erep* drra. Trdvaices >yap KaXovai TTpwrov /juev TO 6v ^vpiq, Trepl ov fLLKpw Trporepov eiprjTai. a\\a $6 ra rpia, TO fjbe Ka\ov/J,evov TO 8' ' A.o-K\r)7rieiov TO 8 e^ei $e TO jj,6v Xeipcoveiov (f>v\\o \a,Tca6<> fiel^ov $e /cal 8acrvTpov, avOos Be XP V ~ aoeiBes, pi^av Be fJUKpdv (puXet Be fidX-iaTa TCL ^wpia TO, Triova* %pwvTai Be Trpos T TOVS e%eis /cal TO, (f>a\djyia /cal TOVS afjiras Kal TCL a\\a epireTa BiBoVTes ev Oivqy /cal d\ei(f)ovTes /ACT' e\aiov TOV B* e%e&>9 TO Brjyfjia /cal KaTa7r\aTTOv- T9 teal ev o^ii'rj TTielv BiBovTes" dyaOrjv Be fyacri /cal e\/cwv ev oivw /cal eKalw Kal cfrv/udTcov ev


To 8' 'Aa-KXyTTieiov TTJV pi^av /JLTJ/COS /j,ev to? (TTriOajuirjv \evtcrjv Be /cal Tra^elav a(f)6Bpa, Kal <j)\oiov Tra^vv /cal d\VKO)Br)' /cav\bv Be e%i yova- TcoBr) TravTa^oOev, $v\\ov Be olovirep r) Oa^ria Tra^yrepov dyaObv Be elva'i fyacri epjreTwv


1 From this phrase ^KTO^OV came to be used as a synonym for ' black hellebore.' cf. Tim. 25. 47; Diosc. 4. 149 ; Hesy'ch. and Galen, Lex. Hipp. s.v.

2 9. 9. 2. 3 Plin. 25. 32 ; 26. 139.

4 fjuKpav conj. H. from Plin. 25. 32. radix parva ; /j.&Kpav\J* Aid.

268


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IX. x. 4 -xi. 2

ceeding harsh. These plants then, while resembling the best form in appearance, differ in their virtues.

Some call the black the 'hellebore of Melampus,' 1 saying that he first cut and discovered it. Men also purify horses and sheep with it, at the same time chanting an incantation ; and they put it to several other uses.

Of the various kinds of all-heal.

XI. There are also several kinds of all-heal tithymallos (spurge) and other herbs. To begin with, one plant called all-heal is the one found in Syria, of which we have recently spoken. 2 3 Then come the three other kinds, known as that of Chaeronea, that of Asclepios, and that of Heracles. That of Chae- ronea has a leaf like monk's rhubarb, but larger and rougher, a golden flower, and a small 4 root ; and it specially loves rich ground ; they use it for the bites of snakes, spiders, vipers 5 and other reptiles, ad- ministering it in wine or anointing the place with it mixed with olive-oil. In treating a snake-bite they use a plaster of it, and also give a draught of it mixed with vinegar 6 ; and they also say that it is good for sores 7 when mixed with wine and olive-oil, and for tumours when mixed with honey.

8 The kind called after Asklepios has a white and very stout root about a span long and a thick bark which is crusted with salt 9 ; its stem is jointed all the way up, its leaf like that of thapsia, but thicker ; it is said that it is good to scrape and drink

5 (tTjros conj. Seal., cf. Arist. Mir. Ausc. 164 ; ffr/ras Aid. xal ev o^ivr, conj. Sch., cf. 9. 13. 3 ; eV ofay /eai PAld.

7 For the genitive cf. 2, 3 ; Xen. Mem. 3. 8. 3.

8 Plin. 25. 30 ; Diosc. 3. 49.

9 aAuKwSrj : ? ' has a briny taste. '

269


THEOPHRASTUS

re %vovTa Triveiv, /cal o-jr'Xrjvbs orav alpa Trepl avrbv ev fJLe\LKpdT(p, KOI /ce(pa\aias Tpiftovra ev eXaiqy d\el$eiv /cal aXXo Ti edv Trovfj rt? d(paves, /cal yao'Tpb? oBvvTjs ev ollvw ^vovTa. BvvaaOai Be /cal ra9 yLta/rpa? dppaxiTias e/c/c\iveiv. eireiTa TWV \/cwv TWV fjiev vypcov %7]pov eiriTrdTTovTa Trpo- /caTarc\vovTa ev o"v<p OepfAU), TWV Be ^ijp&v ev oiva) Bevaai /cal /caTa7r\dTTeiv.

To 8' f Hpd/c\eiov <f)i>\\ov fjLev e^et fjueya /cal Kal Tpia-TTiOa/jiov TravTa^, pi^av Be tw? TO ?ra^o9 Bi/cpav rj Tpi/cpav, Ty yevcrei fjCev vTTOTTifcpov TTJ B* ocr/j,f) KaOdirep \(,/3ava>Tov KaOapov' dyaOi-jV Be TT}<? lepas vocrov /jnyvv fjuevr)v TTiTva ocrov TeTapTrjfjiopiov Trivetv, /cal 6Bv- /card ya&Tepa ev OLVM y\v/cei, /cal eX/cwv TMV vypcov ^pdv TWV Be t^ripwv ev fJie\iTi. aviai ovv raura? e^ovai Biatyopds re Kal BvvdjAeis. 4 "AXXa Be Travd/cTj TO jjiev \e7rTO(f)u\\ov TO Be ov' al Be Bvvd/jieis d/4(polv al avTai, irpoo-OeTov re <yvvail /cal /caTdiT\ao'^ia yu-er' aX^trou /cal Ta e\K7) Ta aXXa /cal TT/JO? ra ve^6fj,va. 6 ^VV&VVLLOI Be /cal ol GTQVVVOL Kal ol


conj. Sch. ; /ce^aATjs Aid.

Swv (sic) U*; TW


we^aAaios con. c. ; /ce^aAT

2 TWV e\Ku>v conj. Sch.; TWV 5e Ald.H. cf. 3.

3 PI in. 25. 32 ; Diosc. 3. 48.

4 SiKpav T) rplitpav conj. Sch,; SiKpaf ^ Tpitfav UM ; niKpav U*; Sixpavr) rj TpiKpavf) Aid.


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IX. xi. 2-5

it against bites of reptiles, to take it -in a posset of honey for disorders of the spleen, when the blood collects about it, and against headache l to pound it up in olive-oil and anoint the head ; that it is of use also in other obscure troubles, and against stomach- ache, if scraped and taken in wine. It is said also to be able to prevent long periods of sickness. Again for running sores 2 one may sprinkle it on in hot wine, first washing the place, while for dry sores one may soak it in wine and apply a plaster.

3 The kind named after Herakles has a large broad leaf, three spans each way, a root as thick as a man's finger, forking in two or three 4 ; in taste it is somewhat bitter, in smell like pure frankincense 5 ; 6 it is good to drink it against epilepsy, mixed with the rennet of a seal in the proportion of one to four, or in sweet wine against pain 7 in the stomach ; it may be used dry 8 for running sores, and mixed with honey for dry ones. Such are the special features about these plants and their respective virtues.

9 There are also other kinds of all-heal, of which one has a fine leaf, the other not; the properties of both kinds are the same ; namely they are used as a pessary for women, and a plaster may be made of them mixed with meal for spreading sores as well as for ordinary sores.

Of the various plants called strykhnos. As to strykhnos again and tilhymallos (spurge) there is in either case more than one form of the plant

5 \i/3ai r wTov KO.6a.pov conj. Sch. ; \tfavtarbv KaQapbv UM ; \i- flavuTov U*; \t^av^Toi' itadapwv Ald.H KaOapov perhaps due to K a.edirep. 6 c/. Fr. 1 75 ; Diosc. 2. 75.

7 oSuvijsconj.W.j oMvai UMU*Ald.

conj. Sch.; ^pa U*Ald.; frpa\ M. 9 Plin. 35. 33.

271


THEOPHRASTUS

\oi. rcov yap (TTpv%V(t)V 6 fjuev vTrvcoBrjs 6 Be /jiaviKo^. KOI o /jiev VTTVW^^ epvOpav e^cov rrjv pi^av axTTrep alpa ^paLVO/Lievrjv, opvTTo/jbev^v Be \evKrjv, Kal fcapTrbv epvOpoTepov KpoKov, <f>v\\ov Be Ti6vfjid\\w OJJLOLOV rf /j,rj\ea TTJ <y\vKeia teal avro SCHTV ical Trvy/Arjv fieya. TOVTOV TT}? pi^rjs TOV (f)\oibv KOTTTOVTCS \iav KOI /3pe%ovTs ev oivw (iKpaTw SiSoaai TTielv Kal Trotel KaOev&eiv. <f)ve- TCLI Se ev %apdSpai<? Kal rot? jjivi^fiacnv.

? O Se /jiaviKos, ol Be Opvopov KO\OVGIV avTov ol Se TrepiTTov, \ev/cr}V e%6i rr^v pi^av Kal o>9 Trr^^eo)? Kal K0i\,rjv. SiSorai, 8* avrr)?, eav coo-re TTaifceiV Kal BoKelv eavrw KaXXiaTOV el

aOfjitt)' eav be IJLOL\\OV fiaiveaOai, Kal riva? fyaivecrOai, Svo ^pa^fiai' eav & ware fj,rj TraveaOai fjbaivofJLevov rpet?, Kal CTV/JL- TrapafjLijvvvaL (fraalv OTTOV Kevravpiov eav &e wcrre aTTOKTeivai, reVra/oe?. e%et 8e TO /Jiev <j)v\\ov O/JLOLOV ev^ay/Liw jr\r)v /juel^ov, rbv Be KavXov wa-jrep opyvias, KefyaXyv Be wo-Trep y^Ovov fiel^w Be Kal Baavrepav eotKe Be Kal 7T\ardvou


1 c/. 7. 15. 4, where a third ffTpvxvos is mentioned, which is b^wjj.03, not <rvvuvv/j.os, i.e. which has nothing in common with these two arpv-xyoi except the name. cf. also 9. 15. 5.

2 Kp6i<ov conj. Dalec. from Diosc. 4. 72, Kapirbv . . . Kpoici- frvra ; K&KKOV MSS.

3 irvy^v ptya U; TrvO/j.T]i> fj.eyas U*Ald.H. ; W. adopts Bod.'s conjecture a-niGa/j^v fj.eya.

4 Plin. 21. 177-179 ; Diosc. 4. 73.

5 Qpvopov Ald.H. ; 0pv6pov U*; fipvopov U ; fipvopov MmBas. ;

272


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IX. xi. 5-6

denoted by the name. 1 Of the plants called strykhnos one induces sleep, the other (thorn-apple) causes madness. The first-mentioned has a root which be- comes red like blood as it dries, but when first dug up it is white ; its fruit is a deeper orange than saffron, 2 its leaf like that of tithymallos or the sweet apple ; and it is itself rough, and about a foot high. 3 The ' bark ' of the root of this they bruise severely, and soaking it in neat wine give it as a draught, and it induces sleep. It grows in water-courses and 011 tombs.

4 The kind which produces madness (which some call thryoron b and some peritton Q ) has a white hollow root about a cubit long. Of this three twentieths of an ounce in weight is given, if the patient is to become merely sportive and to think himself a fine fellow ; twice this dose 7 if he is to go mad outright and have delusions 8 ; thrice the dose, if he is to be permanently insane ; (and then they say that the juice of centaury is mixed with it) ; four 9 times the dose is given, if the man is to be killed. The leaf is like that of rocket, but larger, the stem about a fathom long; the 'head' 10 is like that of a long onion, but larger and rougher. And it also resembles the fruit of the plane-tree.

briorem G. Plin. I.e. seems to have read epvQpbv ; Diosc. I.e.


Ald.H., i.e. 'violent'; pittsum G ; Plin. I.e. peris- son; Diosc. I.e. iTfpcriov.

7 SpaxfJ-ai conj. Sch.; Spax/J-as Aid.

8 /col . . . </miVecr0ai om. UM : ungrammatical, and possibly a gloss ; but cf. Diosc. and Plin. I. c.

J rerrapes conj. Sch.; Tfrrapas Aid ; reVaapos U*. 10 7. 4. 10 it was said that yydvov has no 'head,' i.e. bulb; here the ' head ' seems to be the inflorescence, cf. Diosc. and Plin. I.e.

273 VOL. II. T


THEOPHRASTUS

7 Twz> Be Ti0Vfj,d\\a)V 6 aev 7rapd\io<? Ka\ov- /iei'O9 KOKKLVOV <>v\\ov e%e TrepHpepes, Kav\bv Be Kal TO o\ov [AeyeOo? 0)9 <T7ri0ajjLT)<> TOV Be Kaprrbv \evKov. d/ACLTai Be OTav apTi TrepKa^rj o~Ta(f)v\r), Kal %Y)pav6ei<$ o Kaprrbs BiBoTai rriveiv Tpi(j)0el<> offov TpiTov fjiepos ov/3d<f)ov.

8 ? O 8' apprjv Ka\ovfjievo^ TO p,ev (f)v\\ov eXa^w-

TO Be o\ov ae<ve#09 Tnriyvalov. TOVTOV


apa Tpvyrjrw Kal OepaTrevaavTes &>9 Bel xpwvrat,' icaOaipei, 8e KCLTW fj,a\\ov.


TO /lev (j)v\\ov e^et, Kaddjrep 6 /jivppivos, Tr\r)v dKav0w$es air aKpov K\r)fj,aTa 8' dfyi^Giv eVl Ti]V ryrjv to? crmOafJuaZa, raOra 8' ov% a/Ml fyepei TOV KapTrov d\\d Trap 1 ero?, TO, p,ev vvv ra 8' et? vkwTa, 7re(f)VKOTa diro TTJS avTrjS pifys. (piXel Se opeiva ^copia. o Be KapTtos avTov KaXeiTai Kapvov. aiL&ai 8' orav dSpvvwvTai al Kpidal Kal %ripaivovTes Kal dTroKa6aipovTe<$' avTov TOV Kap- TTOV 7r\vvavT<; ev vBaTi Kal Tcakiv IjrjpdvavTes BiSoao-i Trielv av/jL/jLiyvvvres Bvo fJ^epij TT}? fj.e\aivt]^ /jirJKtovos, TO Be avva/JL^oTepov o&ov o%v(Ba$ov Kadaipet, Be <f)*\.ey/j,a KCLTW eav Be TO Kapvov avTo BiBaHTi, TptyavTes ev OLVW <y\VKei BiBoaaiv 77 ev a-rjcrd/uM Tre^pvyfjievw KaTaTpayeiv. TavTa

OVV TOfc? T6 (f)V\\Ol<i Kttl T0t9 07T049 Kal T0t9


1 Plin. 26. 68.

2 K&KKIVOV conj.W. ; K^KKOJ MSS. cf. Plin. I.e. ramis ru- bentibus. 3 Diosc. 4. 164 ; Plin. 26. 62-65.

4 OVTWS us Set xp' conj. Sell.; OVTWS us ty XP- U*; ovrcas XP- Aid.

274


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IX. xi. 7-9

Of the various kinds of tithymallos.

1 Of the various plants called tithymallos (spurge) that which is called sea-spurge has a round scarlet 2 leaf ; the stem (and the size of the plant generally) is about a span long, and the fruit is white. It is gathered when the grape is just turning, and the dried fruit is given in a draught, the dose being the twenty-fourth part of a pint.

3 That which is called the ' male ' has a leaf like the olive, and the height of the whole plant is a cubit. Of this they collect the juice at the time of vintage, and, after preparing it, use it as oc- casion demands 4 ; and it purges chiefly downwards.

5 The kind of tithymallos called ' myrtle-like ' is white ; it has a leaf like the myrtle, but spinous at the tip ; it puts out earthward twigs about a span long, and these bear the fruit 6 not all at the same time but in alternate years, so that from the same root grow fruits partly this and partly next year. It loves hill-country. The fruit of it is called a f nut.' They gather it when the barley is ripening and dry and clean it ; (it is the actual fruit 7 which they clean) ; they wash it in water and, after drying it again, give it in a draught, mixing with it two parts of ' black 8 poppy ' ; and the whole dose amounts to about an eighth of a pint. It purges phlegm downwards. If they administer the f nut' itself, they first pound it up in sweet wine, or give it in parched sesame to bite up. These plants then have leaves juices or fruits which are serviceable.

5 Diosc. 4. 164 ; Plin. 26. 66. 6 cf. C.P. 4. 6. 9.

7 W. adds 8e after a.vr'bv. The treatment of the leaves has perhaps dropped out. cf. Plin. I.e. G's version is even shorter.

8 /j.f\aiva must here mean 'dark,' i.e. red. See Index.

2 75

T 2


THEOPHRASTUS

10 Twi> Be \i{3avc0riBa)v, Bvo yap elaiv, f) fjuev aKaprros 77 Be rcdpTrifJios, 77 /j,ev KOI T&> Kaprrw /cal TO) (j)i>\\(> xprjai/ji'rj 77 Be JJLOVOV rfj pityj. Ka\elrai Be 6 Kaprros Ka%pv. e%ei Be avrij TO pep <f>v\\ov

e\iv(d eXetft) pei^ov Se 7ro\v, KavXov &e 7777^60)9 i) yu,eta>, pl^av Be /jLeyd\r)v /cal Xev/crjv o&vaav waTrep \ifBavwrov, /cap- TTOV Be \evfcov rpa%vv 7rpo/jir)Kq' (frverai Be pd- \iGTa OTTOV av avy^pd ^copia 77 Kal Tr Xprjcri/jL?] Be i] f^ev pi^a irpbs re ra e\/crj Kal ra <yvvaiK6ia irivo^vr] ev olvw av&Trjpq) fjie\avi' 6 Be /ca/OTro? ?rpo? re ra9 crrpayyovpias /cal Trpbs ra wra /cal apye/jia /cal 77^009 ofyOdXjJiias /cal ware yciXa <yvvaij;lv efjuroLetv.

11 'H Be aKaprros e%et TO <f>v\\ov O/JLOLOV OptBa-

  1. 11/779 T?79 mKpas rpa^vrepov Be /cal \evKorepov,

pi^av Be ^pa^elav. (frverat, Be orrowirep epei/cr) TrXeiarr). Bvvarai, Be 77 pla KaBaipeiv Kal dvw Kal Karw rb JJLGV yap 7T/)09 TTJV ^Xaa-rrjv dva), TO Be ?rpo9 rrjv yfjv Karw KwXvei Be Kal et9 i/udria

TOU9 (rrjras. Gv\\e<yerai Be irepl irvpo-


XII. Xa/jiai\e(t)v Be 6 fj^ev \CVKOS 6 Be al Be Bwd/jieis rwv pit^wv Kal avral Be al pi^ai Tot9 el&eai Bidcfropoi. rov jjuev yap \evKij Kal rra^ela Kal y\vKela Kal ocrfATjv e^ovcra /Sapelav v Be fyacn rrpos re TOU9 povs, orav e


1 Diosc. 3. 74 ; Plin. 19. 187.

2 c/. Plin. 24. 99 and 101.


a c/. 7. 6. 2 ; 9. 9. 5.

4 oTrovTrfp epei/cTj conj. Dalec. etc. from Diosc. I.e. ; oVot/Trep


Ald.H.j 67r^Te epet'/cr? U*. 276


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IX. xi. IO-XIL i

Of the two herbs called libanotis.

1 Of the plants called libanotis , (for there are two) one is barren, the other fruitful, the latter having both fruit and leaves that are serviceable, the former only a serviceable root. The fruit is called kakhry. 2 This plant has a leaf like marsh celery, but much larger, a stem a cubit long or more, a large stout white root, which smells like frankincense, and a white rough elongated fruit. It grows chiefly wherever there is parched and rocky soil ; the root is serviceable for sores, and for diseases of women when given in a draught of dry black w r ine. The fruit is good for strangury, for the ears, for ulcers 3 on the eye, for ophthalmia and for producing milk in women.

The barren kind has a leaf like that of the bitter lettuce, but rougher and paler ; the root is short. It grows where there is abundance of heather. 4 The root can purge both upwards and downwards, the upper part being used for the former, that nearer the ground for the latter purpose. Also, if it is put among clothes, it prevents moth. It is gathered at the time of wheat-harvest.

Of the tivo kinds of chamaeleon.

XII. 5 Of chamaeleon there is the white kind and the dark ; the properties of the roots are different, and the roots also differ 6 in appearance. In the one case the root is white stout and sweet, and it has a heavy smell ; they say that when cooked it is serviceable against flux ; it is chopped up like

5 Diosc. 3. 8 ; Plin. 22. 45 and 46, who explains the name (tnutat cnm terra colores). See Index.

6 Smtpepovtrat conj. W. ; Sio^e'pet U; fiiatyfpovcri 8e M; Stdtyopov Aid.

277


THEOPHRASTUS


/caTaTfj,r)0ei(ra KaOdirep pafyavls eveipo/jievr) e< oKocr'Xpivov, /cal 777)09 rrjv e\fjavda rrjv Tr\arelav, orav dara^iBa 7rpo(j)dyr) Trivetv e7n$ovTa ravrrjv ocrov o^vftcxftov ev OLVO) ava-rrjpu). dvaipel Be /cal Kvva Kal GVV tcvva /j,V ev aXffrirois ava^vpaOetaa e\atov /cal v&aros, avv 8e fiera pafydvwv rwv opia)v. yvvat/cl Be BiSorai ev rpvyl j\VKeia rj ev oivy yXv/cel. teal eav ftovXtj- Tai Tt? aaOevovvros dvOpooirov Bicnreipao-Qcu el ftiwcri/jios, \oveiv tce\6vov(Ti rpeis ry/Ae/?a9, fcav irepievey/cr} piwcnfjbos. (frverai Se ojjboiws Travra- %ov, /cal e%et TO <pv\\ov O/JLOIOV arKoKvfiw fiel^ov Be' avro Be TT/JO? rf} 777 nva /c(f>a\,rjv e%ei d/cavo- eiBfj fjLeydXrjv, ol Be /cal a/cavov /ca\ov(Ttv. 2 'O Be //.eXa? r&) jj.ev (J)V\\M 7rap6fj,oio$, (TKO\U- yap e^ei 7r\r)v e\arrov Kal \eiorepov, 8' 0X09 earlv Mcnrep a/ctdBiov, 17 Be pia teal fJieXaiva Biappayeia-a Be viro^avOo^. Be (j)t,\el tyv%pd /cal dpyd' Bvvarat, Be Xeirpav re e^e\avveiv ev 6'fet Tpi/36ju,evos /cal gvcr- ^et? e7ra\ei(f)6fjL6vo<; /cal d\cj)bv toaavTW dvaipel Be /cal rou9 icvvas.

5* elalv aypiai 7rXetof9' r) fJiev /cepa- TO <>v\Xov wcr-


1 cf. 9. 9. 1.

2 cf. Pseudo-Diosc. 4. 175 and Index.

3 axavoetSr] conj. Sell.; KovofiSij U*; /cwroeiSJ) mP ; 6/j.oiav O.KO.VU> PAld.

4 Be after T V om. Sch. ; ? nva Ke<aA V W.

2 7 8


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IX. xn. 1-3

radishes l and the pieces strung on a rush ; it is also good against the broad maw-worm ; the patient first eats a bunch of raisins and then drinks about an eighth of a pint of this scraped up in a draught of dry wine. It is fatal to dogs and pigs ; to kill a dog it is well mixed up in a meal paste with oil and water, to kill a pig it is mixed with f mountain cabbage ' (spurge). 2 It is given to a woman in sweet wine- lees or sweet wine. And if one wishes to discover whether a man that is sick will recover, they say that he should be washed with this for three days, and, if he survives the experience, he will recover. It grows everywhere alike and has a leaf like the golden thistle, but larger ; the plant itself has a large thistle-like 3 head 4 close to the ground ; some actually 5 call it the thistle.

6 The dark kind resembles the other in leaf, which is like that of the golden thistle but smaller and smoother ; the plant itself is in general appearance like a sunshade ; the root is stout and black, and when broken is yellowish. It likes cold uncultivated soil : it has the property of expelling leprosy ; for this it is given pounded up in vinegar, or else scrapings of it are made into a plaster ; and it is also used for the white leprosy. This plant is also fatal to dogs. 7

Of the various plant* called ' 'poppy,'

8 There are several kinds of wild poppy : the one called the horned poppy is black : the leaf of this is

6 Sc /cat a.Kai>ov I conj. ; 8' &KavQav U*mPar., so also Diosc. I.e.-, 8' &KCLVOV PAld.G.

6 Diosc. 3. 9 ; Plin. I.e.

7 KVVO.S : Kvvoppa'iffTas, dog-ticks, conj. Reinesius from Plin. ricinos canum.

8 Diosc. 4. 64 ; Plin. 20. 205 and 206.

279


THEOPHRASTUS


<f)\6{jiov T^? fjieXaivYjs rjTTov Be fjie\av, TOV Be /cav\ov TO 1/^09 &>9 TTrj^valov, pi^a Be Tra^eia teal e7T77roA/uo9, 6 Be Kapiros KdjJiTrvXos wairep /cepd- TLOV a-v\\eyeTai Be irepl Trvporofjiia^. Bvvarai Be KctOaipeiv Koi\iav, TO Be (j>v\\ov apye/jua TT/OO-

Be jrapa dd\arrav, ou


Be ^r\Kwv poi,a<;

rq> dypio), Bi o /cal eo-Oierar ev dpovpaiois Be (frverai, /jidXicrra ev rat9 KpiOais' avOos B* e%ei epvOpov /cwBvav 8' oar^v ovv^a TOV BafcrvXov. crvTO^eyerai Be Trpo TOV depta^ov TWV Be jjia\\ov. KaOaipei Be


'EiTepa Be inrjtcwv r Hpa/c\eia KdKelTai TO /mev (f>v\\ov e^ovaa olov crTpovOos, w TO, oQovia \ev- KaivovGi, pi^av Be \TTT^V eTriTroXaiov, TOV Be /capTTov \evKov. Tavrtj^ 77 pi^a KaOaipct avco- Be Tive$ Trpbs TOU9 eTriXrjTTTOvs ev fjie\i- TavTa fjiev ovv WGTrep O/JLWVV/JHC^ Tivl


XIII. Twz; Be pit^wv /cal ev rot9 ^u/xot9 al Btatyopal KOI ev rat9 ocr/Jiais' al p,ev yap elai Bpi/Aeiai, al Be Trucpal al Be y\vicelai, teal al pev evoB/jtoi al Be jBapelai. y\VKeia /j,ev TJ re vv^fyaia Ka\ovfJLevri' fyveTai, B 1 ev rat9 '\i/J,vais /cal ev TO 9 e\a)Be(Tiv, olov ev TG Trj ^Op^ofjLevia /cal MapaQwvt


1 Sxnrfp Kpdnov conj. W. ; tlxnrep Kepas UM ; S>ffirep ru riuv U*Ald.

2 Diosc. I.e.; Plin. 19. 167-100.

3 Diosc. 4. 66; Plin. 20. 207, 'c/. 19. 21.

280


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IX. xn. 3 -xm. i

like that of the black mullein,, but it is not so black ; the stem grows about a cubit high, the root is stout and shallow, the fruit is twisted like a little horn 1 : it is gathered at the time of wheat harvest. It has the property of purging the belly, and the leaf is used for removing ulcers on sheep's eyes. It grows by the sea, wherever there is rocky ground.

2 Another kind of poppy is that called rhoias, which is like wild chicory, wherefore it is even eaten : it grows in cultivated fields and especially among barley. It has a red flower, and a head as large as a man's finger-nail. It is gathered before the barley-harvest, when it is still somewhat green. It purges downwards.

3 Another kind of poppy is called Herakleia : it has a leaf like soap-wort, with which 4 they bleach linen : the root is slender and does not run deep, and the fruit is white. The root of this plant purges upwards : and some use it in a posset of mead for epileptics.

5 These kinds then are distinct plants, though they come under one name.

Of roots possessing remarkable taste or smell.

XIII. The differences between roots are shown in their tastes G and in their smells : some are pungent, some bitter, some sweet : some again have a pleasant, others a disagreeable smell. The plant called yellow water-lily " is sweet : it grows in lakes and marshy places, as in the district of Orchomenus, at

4 This appears to refer to a-rpovQos, not to 'Hpa/cAeia, as Plin. takes it. cf. 6. 4. 3 and Index, arpovQiov (2).

5 i.e. folds and 'Hpa/cAeia are popularly called ' poppies.' duKW/nia TIVI conj.W.; 6/j.uvvjj.a nva. Aid.; o/n.uivv/ji.a. nvi U*. cf. 7. 15. 4.

6 x v ^ is conj. Soh.; XU\G?S Aid. Plin. 25. 75.

281


THEOPHRASTUS

/cal irepl Kptjrrjv Ka\ovai ' avrrjv ol Botcorol /jiaBwvdiv KOI rbv /capTrbv eaOiovcnv. e^ei Be TO (frvXXiOV i^eya eVt rov vBaros" elvai Be <f>acriv l'o-%ai/LLOv, edv rptyas Ti? eVf- rrjv TrXrjyrjv TTi0fj'

Se KOI TT/JO? Bvo-evrepuav Trivo^evrj. Y\VK6ia Be teal f) ^KvQiKr)' /cal evioi Be KO\OV- evOvs <y\VKeiav avrtfv ryiverai Be Trepl rrjv prja-l/jir} Be TT/OO? re ra aa-B/j,ara teal Tijv ft / r)X a tzvpav /cal 0X0)5 TOU? Trepl rbv

VOVS' Tt, Be 7T/OO? TO, \Kr) ev fJL\lTL'

Bvvarai Be /cal rrjv Btyav Traveiv, edv Tt9 ev TW (TTOjiiaTi, e%?7' Bi o ravrrj re /cal rf) iTTTra/cf) Sidyeiv (j)aa"l rou? 2,/cv0a<i rjfiepas /cal evBe/ca /cal Ba)Be/ca.

['H Be api<jro\o'xia rfj oa'c^ptjcrei fjiev evoB/j,os rfj Be yevcret rrtKpa crcfroBpa rfj XP OL< ? ^ ^e\aiva. fyverai Be ev rot? opecnv rj fte\ria-rij' cf>vX\ov Be e^ei 7rpoa-p,(j)epes rfj akaivrj rr\rjv (rrpojyv\6- repov xprjdi/jir) Be irpb? 7ro\\d, /cal apiary rrpos /ce(f)a\rj$ dyaflr) Be /col Trpbs ra a\\a eX/cy, ical


TT/OO? ra epjrera /ca 7rpo9 VTTVOV /ca TT/QO? vvrepav. ra fjiev ovv TTpoadyeiv Ke\evovcnv ev vBan dva- Bevaavra /cal /cara7r\drrovra, ra Be ci\\a et? yLteXi ev^vaavra /cal eXaiov rrpos Be ra rwv eprcerwv ev oivw b^ivrj rriveiv /cal errl rb Br)y/Aa emrrXdrreiv et? vrrvov Be ev oivw i^e\avL avcrrrjpM edv Be al fj,rjrpai TrpoTreo-wcri, r> vBart


1 Diosc 3. 5 ; Plin. 25. 82.

2 yXvKe'iav : yXvKvpptfav conj. Dalec., whence 'liquorice.' c/. Plin. 11. 284.

a c/. Plin. I.e., who took iiriran-f) to be a plant.

282


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IX. xni. 1-3

Marathon and in parts of Crete : the Boeotians, who eat the fruit, call it madondis. It has a large leaf which lies on the water : and it is said that it acts as a styptic if it is pounded up and put on the wound : it is also serviceable in the form of a draught for dysentery.

1 ' Scythian root ' (liquorice) is also sweet ; some indeed call it simply ' sweet-root.' 2 It is found about Lake Maeotis : it is useful against asthma or a dry cough and in general for troubles in the chest : also, administered in honey, for wounds : also it has the property of quenching thirst, if one holds it in the mouth : wherefore they say that the Scythians, with the help of this and mares' milk cheese 8 can go eleven or twelve days without drinking.

4 [Birthwort is fragrant to the smell but in taste is very bitter : in colour it is black. The best grows on the mountains : it has a leaf like alsine, but rounder : it is useful for many purposes, and is best for sores on the head 5 and other sores, also for bites of reptiles, for inducing sleep and for disorders of the womb. 6 It is directed that it should be applied as a plaster, steeped in water, and for the other purposes should be given shredded into honey and olive-oil : for snake-bites it should be taken in sour wine and also used as a plaster on the bite : to induce sleep it should be scraped up 7 and administered in black dry wine ; in cases of prolapsus uteri a lotion of it mixed with water should be applied.]

4 Diosc. 3. 4 ; Plin. 25. 93. This section is repeated 9. 20. 4. with considerable variations : that seems to be its proper place.

5 Ke^oAyjs conj. W. ; K0a\V Aid. cf. 20, Kc<t>a\66\a(TTa.

6 vtrrtpav conj.W., cf. below, eai> Se at /njrpai AC.T.A. and the duplicate passage 20 ; erepo MSS.

7 Kviffai conj.W.; Kvlaras U*Ald.

283


THEOPHRASTUS


4 A.vrai fj,ev ovv y\VKelat,. a\\ai Be Tri/cpai, al Be (Bapelai rfj yevcrei. yivovrai Be rives rwv y\v/ceio)V al fjiev e/ccrrari/cai, /caOaTrep rj 6/jLoia rq> atcoKvfjLW irepl Teyeav, rjv KOI TldvBeios o dvBpiav- roTroibs (fraywv epya&^evos ev rw iepcp

al $6 OavaTTj^opoi, tcaOanrep 77 irepl ra yu-e ev T0i9 epyois rot? eV parcy Koixfyij Se /cal irdvv rfj <yevarei /cal rov Odvarov VTTVW^I-] iiva Troiovaa /cal eKafypbv. e^ovcn Be /cal rot? XP' jjiaat Btacf)opas ov rc3 \evKW /cal p,e\avi /cal %av6w fjiovov, aXX' eviai /cal otVo^core?, al B' epvOpai, KaOdnrep rj rov epevdeBavov.

5 f H Be rov irevra^vXX.ov T) jrevraTrerovs, /caXovcri yap d/jLffrorepa)?, opvrro/jievrj epvflpa fyipaivofjuevri Be /jL\aiva <yiverai /cal rerpdywvos' e^ei Be ro <f)v\\ov waTrep oivapov fJLitcpov Be /cal rrjv %poiav O/HOLOV /cal av^dverat, /cal (frOivei afj,a ry dfjLrre\w' rrdvra Be Trevre ra cpv\\a, Bi o /cal 77 TT poarjyopia' /cav\ov$ Be eVt yijv I'rjcn XeTrrou? /cal Kv^a^ e^ei.

6 To Be epevOeBavov cj>vX\,ov O/JLOIOV KITTM TT\^V arpoyyvXorepov' (f>verai S' eVt 7% coajrep aypa)- <rris, (j)i\el Be 7ra\iaKia ^wpia. ovprjri/cr) Be, BL* o /cal xpwvrai 77/909 ra rijs oa^vos d\yrnjiara /cal 777309 r9 IcrxidBas.

"Qviai Be lBi6/jiop(f)OL rives, oxrTrep r) re rov a/copTTiov /ca\ovfjievov /cal r) rov r JTO\V7roBiov. rj


1 These words shew that 3 is out of place.

2 cf. C.P. 6.4.5.

3 riconj. Sch.; al U*Ald.

4 ev TO?S epyois TO?S W. from U*. ? a gloss on ret per. -ra iv 0. Aid. H.

5 Plin. 25. 139.

284


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IX. xm. 4-6

1 These then are sweet : other roots are bitter, and some unpleasant to the taste. Of those that are sweet 2 there are some that cause mental derange- ment, as the plant like the golden thistle which grows near Tegea : of this Pandeios the sculptor ate, and went mad while he was working in the temple. Others have fatal effects, as that 3 which grows near the mines in the fields of 4 Thrace : this however is inoffensive and quite sweet to the taste, and the death which it causes is easy and like falling asleep. There are also differences in colour, not merely as to being black or white or yellow, but some are quite wine- coloured and some are red, as the root of madder.

5 The root of pentaphyllon or pentapetes (ciiiquefoil) 6 (for the plant bears both names) is red when it is dug up, but as it dries it becomes black and square : its leaf is like a vine -leaf, and it is small and like it in colour : it grows and fades along with the vine. It only has five leaves in all, whence its name : it sends out long slender stems on the ground, and it has joints. 7

8 Madder has a leaf like ivy, but it is rounder : it grows along the ground like dog's-tooth grass and loves shady spots. It has diuretic properties, where- fore it is used for pains in the loins or hip-disease.

Some roots are of ' peculiar shape, as that of the plant called ' scorpion-plant ' (leopard's bane) 9 and that of polypody. For the former is like a scorpion

6 irej/TaTrerous con]'. Sch. ; n^vra.tr^rov UAld. ; TrevTeireTov M U*. c/. Diosc. 4. 42.

7 /col Kvn/j.as ex et U*; /cat KV. e. TTVKVO.S Aid.; Kal KV(KO.S exet TTvifvds UM. cf. iro\i>Kvn/j.os, Diosc. 3. 94. Text probably de- fective, as nothing is said of the plant's medicinal vise.

8 Diosc. 3. 143 ; Plin. 19. 47. <J c/. 9. 18. 2.

285


THEOPHRASTUS

uev yap o/jLoia cr Kopirlto Kal ^prjo-i/jurj Be 777)0? rrjv 7r\r)yr)v avrov Kal TT/OO? aXX,' drra. rj Be rov 7ro\i>7roBiov Baaeta Kal e^ovcra Korv\ri6vas, axr- Trep at rov TroXiTTToSo? 7r\Krdvai,. KaOalpei Be Kara)' KOV Trepidtyrjrai rt? ov $aaiv

7TO\V7TOVV. %l Be (f)V\\OV OfJLOlOV Trj

fjieydXy Kal (pverai, ev rat? Trer/oat?.

XIY. TTao-w^ Be rwv pi^wv al p-ev

al Be eXdrra) biafjuevovcrw. 6 fjuev

Kal rpiaKovra ertj xprjo-i/juos, rj Be r) ef, %a/jiai\ea)V Be 6 fj,e\as Kevravpls Be BeKa rj BcoBeKa' TTieipa Be rj pi^a Kal TTVKVIJ' trevKeBavov Be Trevre rj e%, a/ui7re\ov Be dypias eviavrov, eav ev Kal aTr\r]KTOS, el Be /Jirj, aaTrpa Kal a\\ai Be aXXou? e^ovaai ' xpovovs. Trdvrwv Be rwv (frapfjidKwv TrXeicrrov Bia/jievei %povov TO , Kal TO Tra^aiorarov apHTTOv. larpbs 8' ovv Tt? eXeyev OVK d\awv ovBe tyevvTY)? co9 eiy Trap* avTw Kal BtaKOGiayv erwv OavfJiaaTOV Be rfj 2 apery, Bovvat, Be avra) nva Bwpov. atria Be T% %pov toreros r) vyporrjs' Bid ydp ravrrjv Kal orav Ko^rwai riOeaat, et? retypav vypov, Kal ovB' w? yiverai ffapov, aXX' a%/ot rrevr^Kovra erwv o-{3ev- vvcri rrpoo-ayofjievov TOU? Xv^fOV?. fyaal Be povov


cf. the mediaeval doctrine of ' signatures.' Diosc. 4. 186.

TIS oil conj. Sch. ; ns us Aid.; TIS UM ; ris &s U*. Plin. 27. 143. 6 cf. 9. 8. 7. 6 cf 9. 20. 3.

&ir\r)KTOs : ? by worms, cf. &KOTTOS.


286


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IX. xm. 6-xiv. 2

and is also useful l against the sting of that creature and for certain other purposes. 2 The root of polypody is rough and has suckers like the tentacles of the polyp. It purges downwards : and, if one wears it as an amulet, they say that one 3 does not get a polypus. It has a leaf like the great fern, and it grows on rocks.

Of the lime for ivhich roots can be kept without losing their virtue.

XIV. 4 Some roots keep a longer, some a shorter time. Hellebore retains its usefulness for as much as thirty years, birthwort five or six, the black chamaeleon for forty, feverwort 5 (whose root is thick and compact) for ten or twelve. Sulphur-wort keeps five or six years, the root of the ' wild vine ' 6 (bryony) for a year, if it be kept in the shade and not damaged : 7 otherwise it rots and becomes spongy. 8 Others keep for various periods. But, to speak generally, of all plants used as drugs the ' driver ' 9 keeps longest, and, the older it is, the better it is. At least a certain physician, who was no boaster nor liar, said that he had some which was 200 years old and of marvellous virtue, and that it was a present to him from some one. The cause of its keeping so long is its moisture : 10 for to secure this, as soon as they have cut it, they put it among ashes without drying it, and not even so does it become dry, but up to fifty years it will put the lamp n out if it is brought near it. And they say that alone of all

8 ffo/j.<f><i!)8r]s conj. Sch. ; (ro-y/caSSTjs Ald.H.

9 A manufactured drug. cf. 9. 9. 4.

10 Diosc. 4. 150 ; Plin. 20. 5.

11 \vxvovs conj 8ch. : so Vin.Cod.Cas.GPlin. I.e. ; avx/J-ovs U*Ald.; xpArs UM.

287


THEOPHRASTUS

YI fjid\iarTa vtrepivov dvw Troielv TWV avTr) /jiev ovv IBioTijs r^9 Bvvd^iew^. 3 Twi^ Be pitwv oaai uev <y\VKVTVTd Tiva


QGCLI 8e Spi.fj.6Lai, TOVTO fjuev fir) Trdo"^eiv a/Jbavpov- a9ai 8* avrwv ra? Svvdpeis /uavov/jievcov KOI

KVOVfjiV(jt)V. TQ)V S' ^O) Ql^lWV d\\

airreTai pi&s ^pifjieia^^ 77 Se a<f>ov$v\i]

TOVTO jJieV OVV 1&IOV T?}9 TOV %O)OV (f)V(TW<>.

Tlacrav $e %etpa> <yiveo-9ai pi^av, edv TeXeicodTJvat /cal d&pvv0r}vai TOV Kapirov waav-

TO)9 Be KOI TOV KCtpTTOV, O,V OTTLdr}^ T1]V f)i^aV' ft)?

eVl TO 7roXu Be at (ajiaKtoBei? OVK


av TO, (TTcep/jLaTa (ap/Aa/CGoi], avTai r) xpTJGOai Be TIV& a<ji /JLO\\OV rat? pi^ais, OTL lo"%vp6Tepo$ 6 Kaptros wo-0' v TO awfjia. (frauveTat Be ov /caO^ o\ov TOVTO ^e?' errel /cal ol ev 'AvTi/cvpa TOV o-rjaa/jLw [e\\e/36pov] BiBoaaiv, [OTL o /capTros O/JLOIC?


XV. <&apfjiaKcoBeis Be BOKOVGIV elvai TOTTOL

TOt)V jJLeV 6^0) T?}9 * \L\\dBo<$ 01 TTCpl Tr)V

fcal T^V AaTivrjv, ev y /cal TTJV KlpKtjp elvai \eyov(TiV' ical GTL yu-aXXoz-' ye, a>9


1 Plin. 27. U3.

2 i.e. not engendered in the root. s A beetle? c/. Arist. H.A. 5. 8.

4 This section is omitted in U*. Plin. 27. 144.

288


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IX. xiv. 2 -xv. i

drugs, or to a greater degree than any, it effects a thorough purge upwards : this then is a virtue peculiar to it.

Those roots which contain any sweetness become worm-eaten in course of time, but those that are pungent are not so affected, though their virtues diminish as they become flabby and waste away. 1 No creature coming from without 2 touches a pungent root, but the sphondyle 3 attacks them all ; this then is a peculiarity of this creature.

4 Any root, they say, deteriorates if one lets the fruit grow to maturity and ripen : and so in like manner does the fruit, if you drain the root of its juice : and in general roots with medicinal properties do not have the juice of their roots taken, and only those whose seeds are medicinal are thus treated. But some say that they use the roots for choice, because the fruit is too powerful for the human body to be able to bear it. However this does not appear to be true as a universal rule, seeing that the people of Anticyra administer 5 doses of the drug G desamodes made from hellebore, which is so called because its fruit is like sesame.

Of the localities which specially produce medicinal herbs.

XV. The places outside Hellas which specially produce medicinal herbs seem to be the parts of Tyrrhenia and Latium (where they say that Circe dwelt), and still more parts of Egypt, as Homer says :

5 i.e. and it is in this case the fruit which is used. The drug in question, as well as the plant, was called <rri(Ta/j.oei$(s or ff-nffafjioeiS^s. cf. 9. 9. 2 n. ; Diosc. 4. 149.

6 Or (if f\\ff$6pov is sound) ' of the sesame-like hellebore,' i.e. he 'black.' on. . . (rrja-dfj.^ I have bracketed, as a gloss on ffrio'a/j.woovs : e\\ffi6pov is probably also a gloss.

289 VOL. II. U


THEOPHRASTUS

<f>r)(ri, TO, Trepl A.iyv7TTOv e/ceWev yap TTJV '

(f>rjcrl \afteiv " eo~0\a TO, ol Ho\vBa/jiva iropev


dpovpa (f)dp/jia/ca, TroXXa [j,ev eo~0\d TroXXa Be \vypd." wv Srj KOI TO

VY)TTev6e<$ KiVO ^(TLV elvdi /COL a%0\OV, WCTT6

\t]6r)v TToielv fcal airdOeiav rwv KCLKWV. KOI avrai /J,ev eoiicaa-iv cocnrep VTTO TWV Troirj- teal yap Atcr^uXo? ev rat? appaKQV \eyei rrjv Tvpprjvuav " Tvpprjvov yevedv, <pap/jiaKO7roibv Wvos" 2 Ot Be TOTTOI Travres TTO)? fyaivovrai fjiere^eiv TWV (^apfJLaKwv, d\\a [TW /uaXXov KOI rjrrov Sia- (j)6piv /col yap ol TTyoo? apKTOv KOL fAecnj/Jiftpiav KOL ol 7T/309 dvaroXa? e^ovcrt, Oavj^ao-ra^ 8vvdfj,eis. ev KiOioTTiq yap 17 rou? oiarovs %piovai pi^a Tt9 <TTI 0avaT7](f)6po^. ev Se ^/cvOaw avrrj re KOI erepai TrXeiov ?, al pev irapaxprjfjLa diraXXdrrovo-ai, TOU? TrpoaeveyKafjievovs, al 8' ev ypovois al fjuev e\drTO(nv al 8' ev TrXeioaiv, UHTT eviovs /cara- (f)@iveiv. ev 'IVSoi? Se /cal erepa yevrj Tr\elw, 8e, eiirep a\rj6ri Xeyovcriv, r] re Svva- TO aljjia Sia^etv KOI olov virofpevyeiv, /cal avvdyovaa fcal TT/OO? eavTrjv eiTLo-TTw^evi-], a Sij (pa&iv ei>prj(T0aL TT/OO? ra TWV o<f>ioiwv TWV


3 Hepl &e TTJV pd/c^v elvai fjiev /cal ere/oa? OVK 0X^70,9, la-^vpOTaTrjv Be &>9 eiTrelv Trjv io"%ai,/jLov, rjv Brj \eyov(7t,v ol /j,e


1 Od. 4. 221 foil.

2 S>i> 8)j conj. Sch. ; wl $y U*; eV ols 87; PAld.

290


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IX. xv. 1-3

for thence he says l that Helen brought " things of virtue which Polydamna, the Egyptian wife of Thon, gave her ; there the grain-bearing earth produces most drugs, many that are good, and many baneful." Among these 2 he says was nepenthes, the famous drug which cures sorrow and passion, so that it causes for- getfulness and indifference to ills. So these lands seem to have been pointed out, as it were, by the poets. For Aeschylus too in his elegies speaks of Tyrrhenia as rich in drugs, for he tells of the " Tyrr- henian stock, a nation that makes drugs."

It seems that almost all places take their share in producing drugs, but that they differ in the extent to which they do so ; for the regions of the North, South, and East have herbs of marvellous virtue. Thus in Ethiopia there is a certain deadly root 3 with which they smear their arrows. And in Scythia there is this and there are also others, some of which kill at once those who eat them, some after an interval, shorter or longer, so that in the latter case men have a lingering death. In India there are many other kinds, 4 but the most extraordinary, 5 if they tell the truth, are these : there is one which has the power to make the blood disperse and as it were to put it to flight, 6 and another which collects it and draws it to itself; these they say were discovered as remedies for the bites of deadly serpents.

In Thrace it is said there are fairly numerous other kinds, but that about the most powerful is ' blood-stancher,' 7 which stops and prevents the flow

8 Somali arrow-poison. Index App. (27). 4 7tvTj conj. Dalec. ; jue/n; Aid.

6 TrepiTT^TOTO COnj. W. ; ireptTTOTCtTTJ Aid.

6 ? add troielv after vTroQevyeiv. 7 Plin. 25. 83.

2 9 I u 2


THEOPHRASTUS


ol Se KOI cr<f)oopoTp(0<; ^iaTfJirfOei^r]^ ia-%eiv /cal /ca)\veiv TTJV ^VCTLV. [ravra pev ovv, wcrjrep eliro- jmev, eoi/ce or)\ovv TO /cotvov.] TWV fjuev ovv efco TOTTWV ol (jyap/jLa/cwoeo-TaTOi OVTOL.

Twv Be 7Tpl TrfV 'EXXa8a TOTTGOV (frappa/caySe- a-TaTov TO re Uij\iov TO ev ^erraXta teal TO Te\@piov TO V Rvftoia /cat 6 Hapvao-6s, GTI $e KOI TI 'Ap/caSio, /col T) AafccoviKif KOI yap (frapjjLaKwoeis d/iKJioTepai' $i o KOI cfi ye 'A el(t)6a<Ttv dvTi TOV (frapjjiafcoTroTe Trepl TO eap, OTCIV ol OTTOL //-aXtcrra TWV TOIOVTWV (f)v\\a)V aK/jid^wa-f Tore yap fyapfJLdKw&eaTaTov TO yd\a" Trivovai 8e ftoeiov So/eel yap TTO\V- vo/j,(t)TCiTOV fcal 7ra/Ji<f)aya)TaTov elvai TCCLVTWV o


oe Trap' avTols o re e'XXe/So^o? d /cal 6 \evfcos teal o yu/eXa? 1 eTi oe Sav/cov Kpo/coev, /cal TJV eicelvoi, /JLCV pd(f)avov dypiav Ka\ovo~i TWV 8' laTpwv Tives /cepdlv, /cal rjv ol jJiev d\6aiav e/ceivoi, 8e fjLa\d%rjv dypiav, /cal rj dpi(TTO\o%ia /cal TO crecreXt /cal TO iTTTroaeXivov Kal TO Trev/ceSavov /cal rj ( Hpdrc\eia /cal 6 aTpv^vo^ a^orepo? o re <f>ou>itcovv e^wv TOV Kapirov /cal 6 fieXava.

QveTai oe /cal 6 cri/cvos 6 aypios, ef ov TO e\aTr}piOV avvTiOeTai' Kal 6 rt^u/AaXXo?, e'^ ov TO tTTTTO^ae?' dpio~Tov $e TOVTO Trepl Teyeav /cd/ceivo fjbd\io'Ta (TTrov&d^eTai' (frveTat 8' e/cei eTrl


1 I omit ravra . . . KOIVOV as apparently out of place and a duplicate of the last sentence of 8.

a Plin. 25. 94 ; cf. 4. 5. 2. 3 Plin. 25. 110.

292


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IX. xv. 3-6

of blood, some say if the vein is merely pricked, others even if it is deeply cut into. 1 These then of the places outside Hellas are those that are most productive of drugs.

2 Of places in Hellas those most productive of drugs are Pelion in Thessaly, Telethrion in Euboea, Parnas- sus, and also Arcadia and Laconia, for both these states produce medicinal herbs ; wherefore the Arca- dians are accustomed, instead of drinking medicine, to drink milk in spring when the juices of such plants are at their best, for then the milk has most medi- cinal virtue. It is cows' milk that they drink, since it appears that the cow eats more than any other animal and is more impartial as to what she eats.

3 Both kinds of hellebore, the white and the black, grow in their country, and also carrot, 4 a saffron- coloured plant like bay, and a plant which the Arcadians call ( wild cabbage ' 5 (spurge) but some physicians kerdis ; also a plant called by some marsh mallow, 6 also birthwort hartwort alexanders sulphur- wort Herakleia, and both kinds of stry/chnos, 7 that which has a scarlet and that which has a black fruit.

There also grow there the ' wild cucumber ' (squirting cucumber), of which the drug ' driver ' 8 is compounded, and the tithymallos (spurge) of which hippophacs 9 is made ; this is best about Tegea, and that kind is much sought after; it grows there in

4 tiavKov. This name recurs 8 and 9. 20. 2. Text must be defective here: the epithets are unintelligible, and perhaps belong to another plant whose name has dropped out. See Index.

5 cf. 9. 12. 1. and Index.

6 a\eaiav conj. Sch., cf. 9. 18. 1 ; a\6fav Aid. cf. Plin. 20. 222.

7 cf. 9. 11.5. 8 cf, 9. 9 4 ; 9. 14. 1.

9 nrTro</>aes is elsewhere the name of a plant : cf. Diosc. 4. 159. e| ov may be corrupt, or the text defective.

293


THEOPHRASTUS

Be Kal Ka\\i(rrov (frverai, Trepl rrjv KXetropiav.

7 'H Be rravciKeia yiverat Kara TO rrerpalov Trepl tyaxfriBa Kal Tr\ei(TTr} /ecu apiary. TO Be fia)\v Trepl <&evebv Kal ev rfj K.v\\tfvrj. fyavl B* elvat, Kal OfJLOiov w 6 "Ofirjpo^ eiprjKe, rrjv aev pi^av e%ov crTpoyyvXrjv TTpoa-e/jL<j)epf) Kpopva) TO Be (f)v\- \ov o/jioiov aKiX\rj' xprjaflai Be avry TT/JO? re ra d\e!;i<f)dpfjLaKa Kal Ta? [Aayeias' ov t arjv

7' elvat, 'xakeirov, a>9 f/ Oyu-?7/909 (f>r](ri,.

8 To Be KMveiov apwrov Trepl SoOo-a Kal ev

Lfi TOTTO^?. yiverat Be Kal ev rf) ra TroXXa rovrwv Kal yap avrrj 7ro\v<f>dp- ev 'A%aia Be v] re rpayaKavOa 7ro\\r) Kal ovBev ^eipwv &)? oiovrai TI}? Kyo^Tt/t?}? d\\a Kal rfj o"^rei Ka\\ia)V Kal BavKov Trepl rrjv Tla- rpalKrjv Bia(f)epov' rovro Be Oep/AavriKOv piav Be e^ei /jueXaivav. fyverai Be ra rovrcov Kal ev ra> TLapvaorw Kal Trepl TO TeXe-

n \^\ ^v' '

Opiov. Kau ravra pev Koiva rrheiovwv %a)p(t)v. XVI. To Be BiKrapvov iBiov rfjs K/O?;TT;?, 6av- Be rfj Bvvdaei Kal 777305 rrXelw %pyj(Ti/jiov Be Trpo? rovs To/cof? rwv yvvaiKwv. ecrn Be TO /lev <j)v\\ov Trapo/JLOiov rfj /3\rj%oi, e%et Be ri Kal Kara rbv ftvXbv e/jLffrepes ra Be K\covia \errrorepa. %pwvrai, Be Tot? 0uXXot5, ov TO?? K\oD<rlv ovBe rw Kaprrw' xprjo-i/jiov Be TT/JO? TroXXa fj.ev Kal aXXa, /jidXiara Be, cocnrep e\e%0ri,


1 Plin. 25. 30-33. 2 arct conj. St.; Kal Ald.H.

3 Plin. 25. 151.

4 SoCtro : c/. 9. 16. 8 ; Aovffa (a town in Arcadia) conj. 8ch. (usually Aova-oi), the other places mentioned being all in

294


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IX. xv. 6-xvi. i

considerable abundance, but in greatest abundance and best about Kleitoria.

1 All-heal grows in great abundance and best in 2 the rocky ground about Psophis, moly about Pheneos and on Mount Kyllene. They say that this plant is like the moly mentioned by Homer, that it has a round root like an onion and a leaf like squill, and that it is used against spells and magic arts, but that it is not, as Homer says, difficult to dig up.

3 Hemlock is best about Susa 4 and in the coldest spots. Most of these plants occur also in Laconia, for this too is a land rich in medicinal herbs. In Achaia tragacanth 5 is abundant and is as good as that of Crete, it is believed, and even fairer in appearance. Daukon 6 again is excellent in the country about Patrai 7 ; this is by nature healing, and it has a black root. Most of these grow also 011 Mount Parnassus and about Telethrion. So these plants are com- mon to several lands.

Of the medicinal herbs peculiar to Crete.

XVI. 8 But dittany is peculiar to Crete. This plant is marvellous in virtue and is useful for many purposes, but especially for women in child-birth. Its leaf is like pennyroyal, to which it also bears some resem- blance in taste ; but the twigs are slenderer. They use the leaves, not the twigs nor the fruit : and the leaf is useful for many other purposes, but above all,

Hellas. But Plin. 25. 154 has Susa : it can hardly be the Persian town.

5 Plin. 13. 115.

6 Repeated 9. 20. 2 ; cf. 9. 15. 5 and Index.

7 narpcuKV conj. Sch., cf. 9.20.2; iraTpiK^v Aid.; ffTrapTta- V U*; a-trapTiK^v MP ; Patrensi ayro G.

8 Plin. 25. 92.

295


THEOPHRASTUS

TMV yvvaiicwv rj yap evTo/celv (fraai TToieiv T) Traveiv ye TOVS irovovs 6fj,o\oyovfjievw BiBoTai Be iriveiv ev vBaTi. awdvLOV Be ecrrt* /cal yap o\iyo<> o TOTTO? o (pepcov, Kai TOVTOV at aiyes e/cve/jbovTai Bid TO ^iX'rjBelv. a\ i rjOe^ Be (f>acrii> elvai /cal TO Trepl TWV /3e\wv, on (frayovvais orav To^evOwat, eK^d\\ei. TO jnev ovv Bi/cra/jivov TOIOVTOV re /cal Toiavras e^eL T? BwdjAets.

To Be tyevBoBi/cra/Jivov TU> fjiev $v\\a> opoiov T0t9 K\a)viois B' eXarrov rfj Bvvd/j,ei Be TTO\V \enr6jjievov. (3oj]9el fjuev yap /cal ravrd, ^elpov Be TroXXw /cal dcrOevea-Tepov. eari Be evOvs ev ry o"TOfJLdTL fyavepa rov Bi/crd/jivov rj Bvva/J,i<i' Bia- 6epfJiaivei yap diro fJLUcpov cr<j)6Bpa. riOeacn Be T9 SecTyLtt^a? ev vdpOrfKt, r) Ka\d^i(d irpo^ TO fir} aTTOTrveiv dorOeveaTepov yap cnroTrvevaav. Xe- yovcri Be Tives ft)? 77 fj,ev $vai /Jiia rj TOV BIK- TafJivov /cal Y) TOV ^revBoBLKTdfivov, Bia Be TO ev evyeiOTepois <$>vea6ai, TOTTO^? ^elpov yiveaOai, KaOdnrep KOI a\~ka Tro\\a TrXetft) TOVTWV Kara T? Bvvd/jieis. TO yap


Be fcal eTepov Bl/cTa/jivov wcnrep OJUWVV/JLOV, OVT Trjv O-^TLV oviie Tr]v Bvva/jiiv e%ov T?JV avTtjv yap e^ei OJULOIOV o-icrv/n/3pi(p TOU9 ^e K\>- Be Trjv ^peiav /cal TTJV Bvva/Liiv


OVK ev T0i9 avTois. TOVTO fjiev ovv, wvTrep

OV d/na /cal iBiov Tf)$ vrjcrov. (pacrl Be


ct conj. Sell.; (K0d\\eit> Aid.

2 Plin. 25. 93.

3 vdp6r]Ki ^ conj Sch. ; vap6f]Ki8'f} fy U ; i>ap6r)Kii T) M ; va.pQi\Ki

KOl Aid.


296


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IX. xvi. 1-3

as was said, against difficult labour in women ; for it is said that either it makes labour quite easy or at least it confessedly makes the pains to cease : it is given as a draught in water. It is a scarce plant : for the region which bears it is not extensive, and the goats graze it down because they are fond of it. The story of the arrows is also said to be true, that, if goats eat it when they have been shot, it rids them * of the arrow. Such then is dittany and such its properties.

2 ' False dittany ' is like it in leaf, but has smaller twigs, and in virtue is far inferior. For it is of service in the same ways, but is feebler and not nearly so powerful. The virtue of dittany is perceived directly it is taken into the mouth : for a small piece of it has a very warming effect. The bunches of it are put in the hollow stem of ferula 3 or a reed, so that it may not exhale its virtue : for, if it does so, it is less effective. Some say that dittany and ' false dittany ' are essentially the same plant, but that the latter is an inferior form produced by growing in places with richer soil ; just as many other things 4 become inferior in their properties for the same cause. For dittany loves rough ground.

5 There is also another plant called ' dittany,' though it has nothing in common with these except the name. This has neither the same appearance nor the same virtue ; for its leaf is like bergamot- mint and its twigs are larger, and further its use and virtue are differently shewn. The true plant is, as was said, marvellous, and is also peculiar to the island of Crete. Indeed some say that the plants

4 irXeio) TOVTCOV Aid., probably a duplicate of &\\a iroAAa ; not represented in G ; dAAotoCrot conj. W. 6 Plin.25. 94.

297


THEOPHRASTUS

oXft)9 TWV <f)vX\(i)V KOI TWV OpoBd/JLVCOV Kal

a7rXo)9 TWV vTrep 7779 ra ev Kptfrr) Bia<f>epeiv, rwv Be a\\ci)v TWV ye TfkeiaTwv ra ev TO* Tiapvacrw.

4 To 8' aKoviTov yiveTai pev KOI ev Kpijrrj KOI ev ZiaKvvda), '7r\elo'TOV &e KOI apiarov ev 'H^a^Xeta rfi ev TIovTw. e^ei Se <f>v\\ov fjiev Ki%optwSe<i, pi^av Be 6/Aoiav TO) d^fian Kal rw ^pcopart tcap&i, Trjv Se Bvva/Jiiv rrjv Qavarrj^opov ev Tavrrj" TO Be (f>v\\ov Kal rbv Kapjrbv ovOev (pavi, Troielv KapTTos Be ecrTi Troa? ov% vX^a-ros. ^pa^ela Be j] Troa /ecu ovBev e^ovaa Trepirrov, a\\a Trapo/jioia TW 0"trct> TO Be (TTrepiJua, ov (TTa%vr)p6v. (j)verai Be 7ravTa%ov Kal OVK ev rat? 'A/coi/at? povov, <' wv e%ei T^V TTpoo-rj^opiav avrrf Be ea-n KCO/JLTJ r^? rwv MftpiavBvvwv (j)i\6i Be /j,a\io'Ta TOU9 TrerpwBeis T07TOVS' ov vefjuerai Be ovre 7rp6/3arov OUT* a\\o

6 fcoov ovBev. cvvTiOeaOai Be rpoTrov nva irpos TO epyd^ecrOai Kal ov Traz^To? elvai' Bi? o Kal TOU9 larpov? OVK eTria-Ta/jievovs avvriQevai O-^ITTIKW re %pr)o-0ai Kal 777)09 a\\a arra' TTIVO/JLCVOV B 1 ovBe/jiiav alo-Orjo-iv iroieiv our ev oivq> our ev /jL\iKpdr(f)' crvvTiOeaOai Be were Kara TaKTOvs avaipelv, olov Bi/jirjvov Tpi^vov eviavrov, TOV9 Be Kal Bvo err)' ^eipio-ra Be a?raX-


this word seems to occur onl} 7 here in T.

2 Diosc. 4. 76 and 77 ; Plin. 27. 9 and 10.

3 KaptSi conj. W. ; Kaptai U; Kapva Aid. c/. Diosc. I.e.

4 cj. 9. 8. 1.

Plin. 6. 4, portus Acone veneno aconito dims. But in 27. 10. he apparently did not recognise 'AJvats as a proper name,

298


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IX. xvi. 3-5

of Crete are superior in leaves boughs 1 and in general all the parts above ground to those of other places ; while those of Parnassus are superior to most of those found elsewhere.

Of wolfs-bane, and its habitat, and of meadow-saffron.

2 Wolf's-bane grows in Crete and in Zakynthos, but is most abundant and best at Herakleia in Pontus. It has a leaf like chicory, a root like in shape and colour to a prawn, 3 and in this root resides its deadly property, whereas they say that the leaf and the fruit produce no effects. The fruit is that of a herb, 4 not that of a shrub or tree. It is a low- growing herb and shows no special feature, but is like corn, except that the seed is not in an ear. It grows everywhere and not only at Akonai, 5 from whence it gets its name (this is a village of the Mariandynoi) 6 : and it specially likes rocky ground. Neither sheep nor any other animals eat it. 7 In order to be effective it is said that it must be com- pounded in a certain manner, and that not everyone can do this : and so that physicians, not knowing how to compound it, use it as a septic and for other purposes : and 8 that, if drunk mixed in wine or a honey-posset, it produces no sensation : but that it can be so compounded as to prove fatal at a certain moment which may be in two three or six months, or in a year, or even in two years : and that the

and translates it in nudis cautibus, misled perhaps by rovs TrerpwStiS r6irovs below.

VlapiavSvvuv conj. Meurs. ; TTfpiavtivvwv U*Ald.H.

7 U* adds here fioijBe'ia.i 5e TOJS eve-y/cajueVois etVi and omits 5, 6 . . . 6t8ei/ai, continuing iro\\<i>as yap fya.a\ TO. avSpdiroSa.

8 Se add. Sch.

299


THEOPHRASTUS


\aTT6iv TOV9 ev TOV a a) pen 09, paara Be TOVS Trapa^pijfjia. Xim- KOV Be (f>dppafcov ov% evprjaOai, Kaddrrep d/covo/iev erepcov TL fyvevOai. XXa TOVS ey^wpiovf dvaa-a)-

%IV Tt,vd<$ fjL6\LTl KOI OlVCt) Kol TOLOVTOIS TiGl,

Be /cal TOVTOV? KOI p<ya>Ba)<;. rov e(f>r)/y,pov TO erepov yap rt pityov elvai o e^rf/ rovro Be (j)vX\ov O^OLOV e%eiv rw e\\e{36p(i) fj r& \eipLw' KOI TOVTO TrdvTas elBevai' Bi? o KOL ra


adac, KaTreira larpevetv avrd TT/OO? TOVTO opfiwvTa, Kal yap ovBe Td^elav rcoteladai TTJV drraXX.ayrjv ouBe l\a<f)pav aXXa Bva^eptj /cal ^poviov el ^ dpa Bid TO evdepdirevTov elvai KCLI aKaTacr/cevacr- TOV co? Bel. (pacrl yovv /cal Trapa^prjfjia aTca\- \aTTeaQai Kal v<?Tepov %povu> TOU? Be /cal et? dyeiv, /cal T9 Boareis dftor)0?JTOVs elvai.


1 i.e. no herb having that effect.

2 trepcDV conj. Sell.; erep^v ri QvfffOat UAlcl. H. ; fTfp6v TI <t>vo/j.evov conj. W. G seems to have had a fuller text.

3 aAAa TOUS yx- UM ; aAXa TIVGS rots evyKafj.vois fior)6eiai ei/'pTj^rai- rovs yap tyx* Ald.H., which the indicative evprjvrat shews to be a gloss.

4 TOV etprj/nepov U ; ra l(p' rj/nepov M ; /col rb ffp^nepov Aid. The passage about e > 4>T) J uepoj>, which interrupts the account of O.KOVITOV, is confused, and the text probably defective ; trans- lation a makeshift. The sense of tl p$ ....'&* Set" being perhaps irrecoverable, the connexion of what follows is obscured. W. gives up the passage.

300


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IX. xvi. 5-6

longer the time the more painful the death, since the body then wastes away, while, if it acts at once, death is quite painless. And it is said that no anti- dote l which can counteract it has been discovered, like the natural antidotes to other 2 poisonous herbs of which we are told : though the country-folk 3 can sometimes save a man with honey and wine and such like things, only however occasionally and with difficulty.

(On the other hand they say that for meadow- saffron 4 the antidote has been found : for that there is another root which counteracts that herb : 5 and that it 6 has a leaf like hellebore 7 or the madonna lily : 8 and that this 9 is generally known. Wherefore they say that slaves often take meadow-saffron when greatly provoked, and then themselves have recourse 10 to the antidote and effect a cure, seeing that the poison does not cause a speedy and easy death, but n one that is lingering and slow, unless indeed, merely because the cure is so easy, 12 the antidote has not been properly prepared. 13 At least they say that though death may ensue at once, sometimes it only occurs after a considerable interval, which in some cases extends to a year, and that in these latter cases the dose given has incurable effects : and that

5 & s<f>T}fj.pov PH. ; 6 ^fjfjLfpaioi/ U ; 6 ec/>' rifj.fpo.1ov M ; 6 OVK

<p-h/J.fpOV Aid.

6 TOVTO oe Aid.; roV&e 8e xal U; ru>t>df 8e ical M.

7 i.e. the 'black ': see Index.

8 \eiplcp conj. Guilandinus from Diosc. 4. 84 (Kplvcf) ; alpiy Ald.H. 9 TOVTO Aid.; TOVTO /j.fv UM.

10 After opfjiSavTO. UM add Kal TOVS ot/cc'ros eVJ TOVTO dp/nav and omit Kal yap . . . 6avaTTi<j>6pwv. n a\\a Aid. ; oiSe U*.

12 evdepdirevTov Aid. ; aOepdirevTOV U*P.

13 In which case apparently the slave outwits himself as well as his master by ' dying on him.'

301


THEOPHRASTUS

ravra Be e^aKpiffwO^vai pdXicrra Trapa rot9 Tvp-

7 pivots Tot9 eV 'H/^a/eXeta. rovro fiev <ovv> ovBev

>, el rpbrrov /jiei> TWO, dfSoi]6r)rov aXXa>9 Be tv, wcrrrep Kal (Irepa rwv Oavarrifybpwv. To Be OKOVlTOV d^prjo-rov, wajrep eiprjrai, rot9 fjirj 6?r terra ftevo ^9 ovBe KeKTijaOai Be e^eivai, aXXa Odvarov rrjv fy/uav rrjv Be rwv xpovcov Bia^opdv aK6\ovOelv Kara ra<; o-fXXoyaV i<ro%p6vovs; yap TOU9 Oavdrov? yiveaflai rot9 aTro r?)9 <TV\\oyfjs Xpovoi?.

8 paava<; 8' o Mazm^ei^ evprJKei TI roiovrov,

T0fc9 07TOfc9 %pCOyL6^09 KtoVGlOV T ATttl

Kal erepcov TOIOVTWV, ware evoyKov elvai &(f)6Bpa Kal fJiiKpov oaov et9 Bpa^rj^ O\KI]V. d/3orj0rjTOV Be TrdvTr) Kal Bvvd OTTOCTOVOVV ^povov Kal ovBev dXXoiov/jievov. (Save Be TO Ktoveiov ov% oOev ervy^avev aXX' CK ^ovuwv Kal i T9 aXXo9 T07T09 ^f^yoo9 Kal Tra- \icrKios' cocrauTa)9 Be Kal TaXXa. avveriOei Be Kal erepa fydpjjiaKa TroXXa :at e/c TroXXw^. Beivo? Be Kal 'AXefta9 o ^a6r]rr]^ avrov Kal yap T^9 a/


oSv add. W.

2 &.voAoi;0etV Kara COllj.W. ; aKoyetf elvai /caraAld.H. ; a/couel wal M.


3 02


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IX. xvi. 6-8

these facts have been most carefully ascertained among the Tyrrhenians of Herakleia. Now l it is not surprising that in some circumstances the effects of the poison should be incurable, and yet in others that a cure should be possible, this being also the case with other deadly poisons.)

To return wolfs bane, as has been said, is useless to those who do not understand it ; in fact it is said that it is not lawful even to have it in one's possession, under pain of death ; also that the length of time which it takes to produce its effects depends on 2 the time when it is gathered ; for that the time which it takes to kill is equal to that which has elapsed since it was gathered.

Of two famous druggists and of the virtues of hemlock.

Thrasyas of Mantineia had discovered, as he said, a poison which produces an easy and painless end ; he used the juices of hemlock poppy and other such herbs, so compounded as to make a dose of con- veniently small size, weighing only somewhat less than a quarter of an ounce. For the effects of this compound there is absolutely no cure, and it will keep any length of time without losing its virtue at all. He used to gather his hemlock, not just anywhere, but at Susa 3 or some other cold and shady spot ; and so too with the other ingredients ; he also used to compound many other poisons, using many ingredients. His pupil Alexias was also clever and no less skilful than his master, being also versed in the science of medicine generally.

3 2otWi> MSS. ; Aavacev conj. Sch. cf. 9. 15. 8 n. The men- tion of Mantineia makes it likely that a place in Arcadia is intended.

303


THEOPHRASTUS

9 Tavra /j,ev ovv vprjar6ai So/eel TTO\\W fjid\\ov vvv r) TTpoTepov. OTI Se 8ia(f>epei, TO %pfyrQ<ai TTco? e/cdvTW (fravepbv e/c 7ro\\wv eVel /cal Keloi TO) Kwveito TrpoTepov ov% ourco a\\a TpifBovres , KaOdjrep ol d\\or vvv 8' ovB* av el? , a\\a irepiTrTicravTe^ KCLI a(f)e\ovT<> TO } TOVTO yap TO TTjv Svcr^epeiav Trape^ov ov, yitera TavTa KOTTTOVCTIV ev TW KOI SiaTTrjcravTes XCTTTOL eVtTraTTO^Te? e^>* Trlvovaiv, wcrre ra^tav KOI e\a(f)pav yive-


XVII. ' A.7rdvT(i)V Se TWV ^apfjidKwv al do-@eve<TTpcu rot? (rvveiOio-jjievois rot? 8e real dv- evepyels TO o\ov. evioi yap e\\e/3opov ecrOi TTO\VV W(TT dva\i(TKiv ^eVytta? oXa? -)(ov<nv oTrep eTTolei KCLI Spaevas SeivoTaTos wv &)? eBo/cei Trepl ra? pi^as. TTOLOVCTL 3e ro00' &>?

OLK Kal TWV VO/JL(i)V TiVS' $1 KOI

(frap/JiafcoTrcofojv TOV 0av/Aa6/j,i>ov &>? pi^av fjiiav rj &vo rrapayevo/jLevos 6 TTOI/ATJV dvaXftMras O\TJV TTJV Bfopcrp iTroirfcrev dbo e\e<yTo 8' OTI icaO* /cdaTr)v rj/JLepav TOVTO iroiel


2 KivSvvevei, yap evia TWV (pap/Aa/ccoi? Ty d Oeia


cf. C.P. 1 14. 4.

2 8mTT7]<rai'Tey conj. Hoffmann from G ; SiairTfiffavTes Ald.H. ; U*mP.


34


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IX. xvi. 9 -xvn. 2

Now these things seem to have been ascertained far better in recent than in former times. And many things go to shew that the method of using the various drugs makes a difference ; thus the people of Ceos formerly did not use hemlock in the way described, but just shredded it up for use, as did other people ; but now not one of them would think of shredding it, but they first strip off the outside and take off the husk, since this is what causes the difficulty, as it is not easily assimilated 1 ; then they bruise it in the mortar, and, after putting- it through a fine sieve, 2 spriqkle it 011 water and so drink it ; and then death is made swift and easy.

How use diminishes the efficacy of drugs, and how they have not the same effect on all constitutions.

XVII. 3 The virtues of all drugs become weaker to those who are accustomed to them, and in some cases become entirely ineffective. Thus some eat enough hellebore to consume whole bundles and yet suffer no hurt ; this is what Thrasyas did, who, as it appeared, was very cunning in the use of herbs. And it appears that shepherds sometimes do the like ; wherefore the shepherd who came before the vendor of drugs (at whom men marvelled because he ate one or two roots) and himself consumed the whole bundle, destroyed the vendor's reputation : it was said that both this man and others did this every day.

For it seems that some poisons become poisonous because they are unfamiliar, or perhaps it is a more ac- curate way of putting it to say that familiarity makes

8 Plin. 27. 144.

305

VOL. II. X


THEOPHRASTUS

elireiv &>9 rfj avvrjOeLa ov <f)dp/jLarca' fjievijs yap rfjs $>vo~ew<$ /cal KaraKpaTOVcr)? ov/cen (j)dp/jLa/ca, KaOdrrep /cal paavas e\eyev eicelvos yap e</>?7 TO avrb rofc uev <f)dpfj,a/cov elvai rot9 S'

yap Belv /cal rjv Seivbs Siayvwvat. Troiei Se n orjXov on 7T/909 rfj <j)vo~ei /cal TO e0o$. Ei;S7;//09 yovv 6 cj)apfjLa/co7r(ai\rj<; evSo/cifAGbv o~(f)6Spa Kara rr)v re^vi]v crvvOefievos urjSei' rreiaea-Oai Trpb rj\iov Svvavro? Kare^aye fAerpiov Trdvv KOI ov ?v8' eKpdrr^aev. b Be X?09 Ei;8?7yLto9 e\\e{3opov OVK Ka6aipero. Kai rcore e(f>rj ev /Mia rj/Aepa Svo Kal eiKoai iroaeu^ ev rij dyopa KaOrjjJLevos eVl rwv ffKevwv Kal ov/c e%ava- CTTJvai Trpb rov SeiXvjv yeveaQai' rore 8' eXOoDV Kal \ovaaa6ai Kal Benrveiv wa-nrep elcoOei, Kal OVK e^e/jueo'ai,' irKrjv ouro9 ye /3oij0eidv nva rrapa- o-Kevacrd/jLevos Karecr^e" Klo-crrjpiv yap ei eV of 09 Bpi/AV melv e(f>rj pera rrjv } Kal 7rd\iv varepov ev ollvw rov avrbv rpbrrov' rrjv

f ^ * 9 / * //I O/ 5/

COCTT eav Tt9 et9 muov ^eovra <oivov> Traveiv rrjv %eo~iv ov rrapa^priiJia povov d\\d Kal Kara^Tjpaivovadv re Brj\ov on Kal dvaBe^o rb Trvev/jia Kal rovro Siielcrav. ovros p,ev ovv rb ye 7rA?j#09 ravrrj rfj ^o^OeLa Karea^ev. 4 "On Be KOI TO 6^09 larvvpbv dtavepbv eK 7ro\\cov


1 This story is quoted by Apollonius, Hist. Mirab. 50. 306


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IX. xvn. 2-4

poisons non-poisonous ; for, when the constitution has accepted them and prevails over them, they cease to be poisons, as Thrasyas also remarked ; for he said that the same thing was a poison to one and not to another ; thus he distinguished between different constitutions, as he thought was right ; and he was clever at observing the differences. Also, besides the constitution, it is plain that use has something to do with it. At least Eudemus, the vendor of drugs, who had a high reputation in his business, after making a wager that he would experience no effect before sunset, drank a quite moderate dose, and it proved too strong for his power of resistance : 1 while the Chiaii Eudemus took a draught of hellebore and was not purged. And on one occasion he said that in a single day he took two and twenty draughts in the market-place as he sat at his stall, and did not leave the place till it was evening, and then he went home and had a bath and dined, and was not sick. However this man was able to hold out because he had provided himself with an antidote ; for he said that after the seventh dose he took a draught of tart vinegar with pumice-stone dust in it, and later on took a draught of the same in wine in like manner ; and that the virtue of the pumice-stone dust is so great that, if one puts it into a boiling pot of wine, 2 it causes it to cease to boil, not merely for the moment, but altogether, clearly because it has a drying effect and it catches the vapour and passes it off. It was then by this antidote that Eudemus was able to contain himself in spite of the large quantity of hellebore which he took.

However many things go to show that use makes

2 otvov add. Sch., cf. Plin. 36. 42; 14. 138.

307 x 2


THEOPHRASTUS


ejrel Kal rb cutyivOiov TCL /Aev evTavOa 7rp6/3ara ov $aai Tives ve/JLeaOai, TCL ' ev TW HOVTW Kal <yiV6TCU Triorepa Kal Ka\\ia) tcai, &>? Sij \eyovcriv, ov/c e^ovra ^p\i]v. a\\a yap ravra fjiev ere/oa? av TWOS eirf QeoypLas.

XVIII. At 8e pi^ai /cal TCL uX^yu-ara, KaOdirep e'tprjTai,, 7ro\\a$ e^ovai vvdjjii<$ ov TT/QO? TCL efi- ^v^a atofjiaTa JJLOVOV d\\a /cal Trpos TCL d^u^a. \eyovai, yap aicavOdv Tiva elvai r) Tr^vvai TO vBwp /u/3a\\,ofj,viy Trrjyvvvat, Se /cal TTJV r?}? d\0aia<; pi^av, edv TI<$ Tptyas ejaffdXr] /cal Of) VTraiOpiov e%i & i] d\6aia $v\\ov i^ev O/AOIOV TTI fjia\d%y 7T\r}v fJiel^ov Kal SavvTepov, rou? ^e v6o<$ Be JJL^\LVOV, Kapirov S' pl^av &6 Ivtobij \evKrjv TYJ yevaei, oe wajrep r% yu-aXa^? o Kavkos' XP<* yVTai 8e avTrj Trpos re TCL ptjy/LLaTa Kal ra? /3?^9 ev oivq* <y\VKi Kal eVt TCL \KTJ ev e\ai(p. 2 '1&Tpav Se Tiva avvetyo/jievijv rot? KpeaffL GVV- dirfeiv et9 TavTO Kal olov iryyvvvar ra? Be Kal \KLV, wcnrep 1} \ido<$ Kal TO rjKeKTpov. Kal TavTa fikv ev rot? dtyv^ois.

To Be 0r)\v(f)ovov, ol Be o-Kopiriov Ka\ovcri Bid TO TIJV pL^av o/Aoiav e^etv TW (TKopiriw, ITTI^VO-


1 c/. Plin. 27. 45.

2 uATtyiara : here a general term for shrubs and under- shrubs, c/. 9. 20. 6.

3 Diosc. 3. 146 ; Plin. 20. 84.

308


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IX. xvn. 4 -xvm. 2

much difference ; 1 thus some say that the sheep of some places do not eat wormwood ; yet those of Pontus not only eat it but become fatter and fairer and, as some say, have 110 bile. But these things may be said to belong to a different enquiry.

Of plants that possess properties affecting lifeless objects.

XVIII. Herbs and shrubs, 2 as has been said, have many virtues which are shown in their effects not only on living bodies but on lifeless ones. Thus they say that there is a kind of akantha (gum arabic) which thickens water, when it is put in it ; 3 and that so also does the root of marsh-mallow if one shreds it and puts it in and stands the water in the open air. Marsh-mallow has a leaf like mallow, but larger and rougher ; the stems are soft, the flower yellow, the fruit like that of mallow, the root fibrous and white, with a taste like that of the stem of mallow. They use it for fractures and for coughs in sweet wine, and for sores in olive-oil.

4 They say that there is another kind which, if cooked with meat, combines with it and as it were sets it hard ; and there are others that attract things to them, like the magnet or amber. So much for effects produced on lifeless things.

Of plants whose properties affect animals other than man.

5 Wolf's bane, which some call ' scorpion-plant be- cause it has a root like a scorpion, kills that animal

4 Referred to by Apollon. Hixt. Mirab. 41. c/. Diosc. 3. 147 ; Plin. 27. 42 ; 25. 67.

5 Referred to by Ael. H. A. 9. 27 ; Apollon. Hist. Mirab. 41. c/. Plin. 25. 122 (c/. 27. 6) ; Diosc. 4. 76. This is evidently a different plant to the a-Kopirios mentioned 9. 13. 6. See Index.

39


THEOPHRASTUS

aTTO/creivet, TOV cr/copTriov edv Be Tt9 e\- \e/3opov \ev/cbv /car air aery, rrd\iv dvlvTavOal dir6\\vori, Be KOI flovs real 7rp6{3ara /cal /cal aTrXw? TTCLV rerpaTrovv eav et9 TO, alBoIa reOfj rj pi^a TJ TO, <f)v\\a avOrifiepov

Se TTyOO? (TKOpTTLOV r 7T\rj'yrjV TTlVOfJieVOV.

Be TO fjuev (f)v\\ov ofjbouov KVK\a/jLivw rrjv Be , &(77T6p e\e%0r), (TKOpTrlw. (frverai Be wcnrep TI aypwcms /cal yovara e%ei' <pt,\el Be ^copia (TKLtoBrj. el Be d\r)0ij TCL Trepl TOV afcopTriov vjBr} /cal ra\\a, ov/c diriOava TCL roiavra. /cal ra Be ov/c aXoyct)? avy/celrai. ev Be rot? -fo/^aai %ft)/ot9 TWV TT/OO? vyeiav teal voaov /cal OdvaTov /cal TT/OO? a\\a Bwd/Aeis e^eiv ov fiovov TWV o-wfAari/ccov d\\d /cal TWV


XIX. 11^09 Be TJ]V ^v^(r]v TOV fjiev ware TrapaKivelv /cal e^Hrrdvai, /caddjrep rrpoTepov, fj Be TOV ovoOijpa pi^a BoOetcra ev oivy rrpaoTepov teal l\apcoTepov rroiel TO rjdos. e%i Be 6 /jiev ovo9r)pas TO /JLCV (frv\\.ov O/JLOLOV d/AvyBa\f) /jii/cpoTepov Be, TO Be avO'os epvOpov &<nrep poBov ai)Tos Be iieyas Qd^vo^' pia Be epvOpd Kal jj,eyd\ij, ofei Be avavBeLa^ wa-Trep oivov (f)i\et Be opeivd %copia. fyalveTai Be ov TOVTO UTOTTOV olov yap 7rpocr(j)opd r^9 yiveTai Bvvajuiv olvcoBr).


1 ffKopiricp conj. W. ; aKopiriov Aid.

2 18. 3, \tyu 5e ffupanicuv ... 18. 11 (the account of the phj'sical effects) is here omitted.

3 9. 11. 6.

310


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IX. xvm. 2 -xix. i

if it is shredded over him ; while if one then sprinkles him with white hellebore, they say that he comes to life again. It is also fatal to oxen sheep beasts of burden and in general to any fourfooted animal, and kills them the same day if the root or leaf is put on the genitals; and it is also useful as a draught against a scorpion's sting. It has a leaf like cyclamen, and a root, as was said, like a scorpion. 1 It grows like dog's-tooth grass, and is jointed, and it loves shady places. Now if what has been told already about the scorpion be true, then other similar tales are not incredible. (Indeed fabulous tales are not composed without some reason). 2 And in relation to our own persons, apart from their effects in regard to health disease and death, it is said that herbs have also other properties affecting not only the bodily but also the mental powers

Of plants possessing properties which affect the mental powers.

XTX. As to those which affect the mind, strykhnos, as was said before, 3 is said to upset the mental powers and make one mad ; 4 while the root of onotheras (oleander) administered in wine makes the temper gentler and more cheerful. This plant has a leaf like the almond, but smaller, 5 and the flower is red like a rose. The plant itself (which loves hilly country) forms a large bush ; the root is red and large, and, if this is dried, it gives off a fragrance like wine. And this does not seem surprising, since there is a sort of ' bouquet ' given off by a thing which has the peculiar quality of wine.

  • Diosc. 4. 117; Plin. 26. 111.

6 /j.tKp6repov conj. W. ; iriKptrepov UM ; TrXarurepov Aid. (so also Diosc. I.e. ). G seems to have read ^a


THEOPHRASTUS

2 'AXXa rdBe evriOearepa KOI dm9avtorepa rd re rwv rrepidrrrwv KOI 0X0)9 r&v d\e%i$apfidKtoV \eyofjLevwv rot9 re cr^^.acri KOI rat? ol/ciais. /cal to? Brj (fraai, rb rpircoXiov /ca@* c Ho~toSoi> /cal M.ovaalov et9 rrdv TTpdy/jia arrovBalo

elvai, i o teal opvrrova-iv avro vv/crayp Trri^dpevoi. /cal ra irepl TT)? evK\eias Be /cal ev$oj;{a<> ofjbolws r) /cal fjuaXkov evicKeiav <ydp fyaai iroielv TO dvrippivov /ca\ov fievov rovro &' O/JLOIOV rfj cLTraplvr)' pi^a Be ou% vireaTiv o Be tocrirep fioo")(ov plvas e%ei. rbv 3' CLTTO

3 TOVTOV d\ei(f)6fjievov evBo^eiv. evBo^eiv Be- /cal edv Tt9 rov eXeio^pvaov TO) avOei, (TTefyavMTai.

paivcov e/c xpva-iov aTrvpov. e%ei Be 6 TO fiev avQos xpv&oeiBes, <f>v\\oi> Be \V/cbv /cal rbv /cav\bv Be \e7rrbv /cal aK\iipbv pl^av Be eTunroKaiov /cal \e7mjv. xpcovrai Be avry ?r/)09 ra Batcerd ev oiva> KOI 7r/oo9 rd Trvpi/cavara tcaratcavo-avres /cal fjiij;avre<; p,e\in. rd /j,ev ovv roiavra, icaOdrrep KOI rcporepov Gvvav^ew povKofJLevwv earl rd$ eavrwv

4 At Be rwv pit^wv /cal rwv Kaprr&v /cal rwv OTTWV

eVet TToXXa? eyovei /cal rravrolas Bvvd- , ocrai ravrb Bvvavrai /cal rwv avrwv alriaL,


conj. Seal. afterG: so also Cod.Cas.Vin.Vo. ; U*; iri6av6Tpa Aid. 2 rpnr6\iov UMU*Ald.; G from Plin. 21. 44 has polium. It may be observed that rpnr6\iov can hardly have occurred in a hexameter. Hesych., however, gives Tpianr6\iov as the name

312


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IX. xix. 2-4

Of plants said to have magical properties.

On the other hand what is said of amulets and charms in general for the body or the house is some- what foolish and incredible. 1 Thus they say that tripoKon 2 according to Hesiod and Musaeus is useful for every good purpose, wherefore they dig it up by night, camping on the spot. So too what is said of good or fair fame as affected by plants is quite as foolish or more so : for they .say that the plant called snapdragon 3 produces fair fame. This plant is like bedstraw but it has no root : and the fruit has what resembles a calf's nostrils. The man who anoints himself with this they say wins fair fame. 4 And they say that the same result follows, if he crowns himself with the flower of gold-flower, sprinkling it with unguent from a vessel of unfired gold. The flower of gold-flower is like gold, the leaf is white. The stem also is white 5 and hard, the root is slender and does not run deep. 6 Men use it in wine against the bites of serpents, and to make a plaster for burns after burning it and mixing the ashes with honey. Such tales then, as was said before, proceed from men who desire to glorify their own crafts.

A problem as to cause and effect.

Now since the natural qualities of roots fruits and juices have many virtues of all sorts, some having the same virtue and causing the same result, while

of a plant. Plin. I.e. seems to combine Diosc.'s account of Tr6\tov (3. 110) with his account of rpnr6\iov (4. 132).

3 rb avripptvov conj. St. from Diosc. 4. 130 ; Plin. 25. 129 ; rb avrippifrv Aid. H. ; r~bv avr. UM ; rJ> avripi^ov U*.

4 Diosc. 4. 57 ; Plin. 21. 66. Cited also by Athen. 15. 27. 6 \cvxbv conj. Sch. ; Xfirrbv UMU*Ald.G.

6 Diosc. I.e.-, Plin. 21. 168 and 169.

313


THEOPHRASTUS

Kal Tfd\iv ovai ra evavria, BiaTroprjo-eiev av TJ?

KOLVOV t'cTft)? CLTTOprj/jia Kal 6(/>' Tpa)V CLTTOpWV,

TTOTepov ocra TWV avTWV aiTiCL Kara fiiav Tiva lv eo-TW, -/) teal a^ erepwv evSe^erai ravro at,. TOVTO fiev ovv ravry r)7ropr)o-0a)' el Be Kal a\\wv ra? <f)v<rei<; rj ra? Svvd/jieis elirelv, ravra prjreov. XX. To 8r/ TreTrepi Kapirbs fiev eari SITTOV $e avrov TO 76^09* TO [lev <yap arpoyyv^ov wcrirep opoffos, /ceXv(f)OS e%ov KCU crdptca Kaddirep al , V7repv6pov TO Be Trpofjbrjtces p,e\av irjicayviKa e%ov la^vporepov Be TTO\V TOVTO BdTepow Oep/jLCLVTiKCi Be a/ji<pw BI? o KCU

TTyOO? TO KCOV610V fiorjOel TCLVTCi T Kal 6 Xt/3<X^ft)T09.

f O Be KviBios KOKKOS aTpo<yyv\oi> Ipv6pov Trj XP 0i ^ p^ov Be TOV Treirepios lo-^vpoTepov Be TTO\V TV] OepfAOTrjTi, Bi? o KOI OTav BiBcocn KaTaTtoTov, BiBoacn jap TT/JO? KoiKias \vaiv, ev apTto rj aTtCLTi 7repi7T\dTTOVT<;' Kaei, yap aXXw? TOI^ cfrapvyya.

QepfJiavTiKov Be KOI rj TOV TrevtceBdvov <pia,> BS o Kal aXei/jL/jid TL TTOIOVO-IV e avTijs cocnrep Kal e d\\wv. BiBoTai Be rj TOV


1 a(/>' conj. Sch.; e</>' U*P ; Aid. omits the preposition.

2 Cited by Athen. 2. 73 ; cf. Diosc. 2. 159.

3 Plin. 27. 70.


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IX. xix. 4 -xx. 2

others have opposite virtues, one might raise a question which is perhaps equally perplexing in regard to other matters, to wit, whether those that produce the same effect do so in virtue of some single virtue which is common to them all, or whether the same result may not come about also from 1 different causes. Let us be content to put the question thus : but now we must proceed to speak of the natural qualities or virtues of any other plants that we can mention.

Of certain plants, not yet ' mentioned, which possess special properties.

XX. 2 Pepper is a fruit, and there are two kinds : one is round like bitter vetch, having a case and flesh like the berries of bay, and it is reddish : the other is elongated and black and has seeds like those of poppy : and this kind is much stronger than the other. Both however are heating : wherefore these, as well as frankincense, are used as antidotes for poisoning by hemlock.

3 The ' Cnidian berry ' is round, red in colour, larger than that of pepper, and far stronger in its heating power ; wherefore, when it is given as a pill 4 (for it is given to open the bowels) they knead it up in a piece of bread or dough : otherwise it burns the throat.

5 The root 6 of sulphur-wort is also heating, where- fore they make of it an ointment to produce a sweat, as with other things so used. This root 6 is also

4 KO.Ta.-n or ov conj. Sch. ; Kara TTOTOV Aid. cf. Kmaironov 9. 8. 3.

5 cf. 9. 14. 1 ; Piin. 25. 117.

6 pl{a. add. W.

315


THEOPHRASTUS

Bdvov pi^a Kal TT/OO? TOU? <rir\rjva^' TO Be arrepfJia ov xpijcri/jiov ovBe 6 OTTO? avrrjS' yiverai Be ev 'ApKaBia.

AavKOV Be rrepl HarpaiKrjv TTJ? 'A^aia? Bia- (pepov, flepaavriKov <ucrer pi^av Be e%et /jbeXaivav.

ep/j,avriKov Be Kal Bpifjiv Kal TT)? d/j,rreXov TT}? dypias pia' Bi? o Kal et?- ^ri\w6pov %prfa(,/j,ov Kal e^w/XtSa? djrdyeiv' rco Be Kaprrw ^iXovcn, rd Bep/jiara. re/jLverai Be irdcrav atpav oTroo^a? ^6


1 Be pia yS/}^a? ev rraveiv ^prjcrifir). Kav\ov Be e^ei rroiKiXov o(j)[,(*)Br)'

/ 5\' ' "

'H Be r/}? Oa^ias e/jLeriKrj' edv Be rt? Karda^rj, KaOaLpet, Kal dvco Kal Karw Bvvarai Be Kal rd rre\id>fjiara e^aipelv VTrcoTria Be rroiel aXXa K~ \evKa. o Be OTTO? la-^vporepo^ avrr/s KaOaipei Kal dvo) Kal Kara)' o-7repfj,ari 8' ov xpwvrar yiverai Be Kal a\\o6i fjuev drdp Kal ev rfj 'ArriKfj' Kal rd poa-KijfjLara ravrys ov% arrrerai rd ey%copia, rd Be geviKa /BoaKerat, Kal Biappoia Bia((>0eiperai. 4 To Be 7ro\v7roBiov perd rd vSara d]

i ^\ y I /

o~rcepiJia oe ov wvsi*

To Be r^? e/3evov v\ov Kara fj,ev rrjv

(^XolaOev Be ae\av yiverai' Be TT/OO? 6<f>0a\fjiias aKovy rpi/36fjievov.


1 cf. 9. 15. 5. 2 cf. 9. 15. 8. n.

3 cf. 9. 14. 1 ; Diosc. 4. 181-183 ; Plin. 23. 19 and 21.

4 cf. 7. 12. 2 ; Diosc. 2. 167. cf. Plin. 24. 89.

5 Diosc. 4. 153 ; Plin. 13. 125 and 126.

316


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IX. xx. 2-4

given for the spleen : but neither its seed nor its juice is of use : it grows in Arcadia. 1

2 Daukon of excellent quality grows in the district of Patrai in Achaia, and is heating by nature : it has a black root.

3 The root of the ' wild vine ' (bryony) is also heating and pungent : wherefore it is useful as a depilatory and to remove freckles : and the fruit is used for smoothing hides. It is cut at any season, but especially in autumn.

4 The root of edderwort given in milk is useful for stopping a cough. It has a variegated snake-like stem : the seed is not used.

5 The root of thapsia has emetic properties : and, if one retains it, it purges both upwards and down- wards. It is also able to remove bruises : and it restores other contusions to a pale colour. 6 Its juice is stronger and purges both upwards and downwards : the seed is riot used. It grows especially in Attica, but also in other places : the cattle of the country do not touch it, but imported cattle feed on it and perish of diarrhoea. 7

8 Polypody springs up 9 after rain, and produces no seed.

10 The wood of ebony is in appearance like box, but when barked it becomes black : it is useful against ophthalmia, and is rubbed on a whetstone for that use.

9 vTrwTTia . . . fKXevKCf. : text perhaps defective.

7 Siappola conj. Sch. ; Sidppoiafi UM : Sidppoia avrols yiverat 1) Akl.G.

8 c/. 9. 13. 6 ; G.P. 2. 17. 4. The account of the virtues of this plant is evidently missing.

9 ava^affrf? conj. W.; alel Bd\\ei Aid.

10 Diosc. 1. 98 ; Plin. 24. 89.


THEOPHRASTUS

f H Be dpi(TTO\o%ia Trayela Kal ea-Oto/jLevrj TriKpa TO) %pa)fj.aTi, /AeXaivo, Kai evoa/jios, TO Be (>v\\ov CTT poyyv\ov , ov TTO\V Be TO inrep r?}? 7779. Be Kal /jid\i,(TTa ev rot? opeor /cal avrt] Tr]V Se %peiav avrr}? et? 7ro\\a apidrrj pev 7r/?o9 Ta K(f>a\,60\a(7Ta, dyaflr) $6 real TT^O? ra aXXa eX^^ #al 77/009 Ta epirera Kal 7r/?o9

VTTVOV KOI 7T/J09 VCTTepdV ft>9 7T6CTO-09, Ta yL6I^ (7W

vbari avaSevopevyi teal fcaraTrXaTTOfjievrj, ra 8' aXXa 6i9 /AeXi ^VO/JLCVIJ Kal eKaiov TWV Se epjrerwv ev otvq* o^Lvrj 7Tivofj,vrj Kal eVl TO Sij<y/na eVt- 7rarro/jivr]' et9 VTTVOV Be ev olvw yueXaw avarTjpo) eav Be al /jifJTpai, TrpoTrecrwo'i, TO) vBari, . avrrj fjbev ovv eotKe Biatyepeiv rfj


wcnrep e evavrias 6 071-09 aXXo 8* ovBev.


JJLOVOV

e\iJLLv9a Be TrXarecav e/c^aXXef Be OUK e'xei ovBe OTTOV TefMveaOaL Be wpaiav trwpov (paaiv.

'H 8' IX/U9 crv/jL^vrov eWoi9 eOvecriv e%ovcri yap a>9 eVt ?ra^ AlyvTmoi "Apafies 'Ap/jievioi, KtXt/c9' paKe$ B* OVK e


ovBe Qpvyes' TWV Be 'EXX^ct)^ 7)j3aioi re ol


Trepl ra <yvu,i'dcria Kal oXw9 BoteoTot* ' AOr^valoi ^ >/ o OL.

Tldvrwv Be TWV ^ap/jidKcov 009 a7rXa>9 elirelv /3e\Tia) Ta e/c TCOV xeifiepivwv Kal irpoa-jBoppwv


1 c/. 9. 13. 3. 2 al /ioAia-ra conj. W.; p-aKurra. /col Aid. 3 au'TTj conj. Seal.; OUT^ Aid.


318


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IX. xx. 4-5

1 Birth wort is a stout plant and is bitter to the taste : it is black in colour and fragrant ; the leaf is round. However there is not much of the plant above ground. It grows especially 2 on mountains, and then 3 it is best. Many uses of it for various purposes are enumerated ; it is best for bruises on the head, good also for other wounds, against snake-bites, to produce sleep, for the womb as a pessary : for some purposes it is soaked with water and applied as a plaster, for others it is scraped into honey and olive- oil : against snake-bites it is drunk in sour wine and also sprinkled over the bite ; to induce sleep it is given pounded up in black dry wine : 4 in cases of prolapsus uteri it is used in water as a lotion. This plant then seems to have a surpassing variety of usefulness.

5 Of scammony, as though by contrast, only the juice is useful and no other part.

Of male-fern no part but the root is useful and it has a sweet astringent taste. It expels the flat worm. It has no seed nor juice : and they say it is ripe for cutting in autumn.

6 (This worm naturally infests certain races : speaking generally the following are liable to it the Egyptians, the Arabians, the Armenians, the Matadides, the Syrians, the Cilicians : the Thracians have it not, nor the Phrygians. Among the Hellenes those Thebans who frequent wrestling-schools and the Boeotians generally are liable to it : but not the Athenians.)

Of all drugs, to speak generally, those are better which come from places that are wintry, face the


4 Cited by Apollon. Hist. Mirab. 29.

a Diosc. 4. 170; Plin. 27. 78-80. 6 Plin. 27. 145.


319


THEOPHRASTUS

Kal t;ijpa)V Si o teal TWV ev Eu/9ota ra ev Alyais fj TO, ev rw TeXeOpia) <f)aat' %r] pore pa yap' TO Be Te\e@piov (TVCTKIOV.

6 Tlepl fjiev ovv T&V pi^wv oaai <pap/jLaK(*)$t<; /cat oiToiaaovv e^ovat Sv vdjjieis ei're eV aurat? etre ev

T0t9 OTTOt? fj KOI a\\(p TLVl TWV fJLOpicOV, Kal TO

o\ov et TL (frpwyavi/cbv fj TrowSe? e%et roiavras ^vvdfJie^t Kal Trepl rwv %u\co^ rwv re evoo-pcov Kal TWV doa/jbcov Kal 6Va? e^ovcri Bt.a(j)opd<;, a f L7Tp ovOev rjrrov <pvaiKai elo-iv, eiprjrat.


320


ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IX. xx. 5-6

north and are dry : wherefore of those which grow in Euboea best, they say, are the drugs of Aigai or Telethrion, these places being dry, while Telethrion is also shady.

1 Thus we have spoken of drugs, those that are medicinal and those that have virtues of whatsoever kind, whether in the root itself, or in the juice, or in any other of their parts, and in general of all the shrubby or herbaceous plants which have such virtues, as well as their tastes, whether they be fragrant or without fragrance, with the differences between them, which are equally part of their essential character.

1 This section begins a tenth book in UMAld.H.O ; cf. 9. 8. 1 n. The concluding words can hardly represent the original text.


321 VOL. ii. v


MINOR WORKS


Y 2


INTRODUCTION TO THE

TREATISES CONCERNING ODOURS AND

CONCERNING WEATHER SIGNS

THE text of the two opuscula given here is re- printed from that of Wimmer in the Teubner series, 1862, and in the Didot edition, 1866; the latter is very carelessly printed : a few slight alterations are mentioned in the notes. Both works are included in the Aldine edition (1497), and in that of Camotius (see p. x). For the de odoribus two MSS., Cod. Vaticanus (A) and Cod. Parisiensis (Q) were collated by Brandis. The text of the de signis is considered by Wimmer to be very corrupt and defective : he has admitted some emendations made by Schneider from an old Latin translation published at Bologna in 1516. Schneider's commentary makes frequent reference to an edition of the opuscula of Theo- phrastus by Turnebus and Daniel Furlanus, printed at Hanau in Prussia in 1605, and reprinted there in 1615.

The de signis was one of Aratus' authorities for his Diosemeia : I have only however made reference to that work where it appears to throw light on the text of Theophrastus. These and most other references for the two fragments I owe chiefly to Schneider.


3 2 4


CONCERNING ODOURS

CONTENTS

SECTIONS.

1-3. Introductory : Of odours in general and the classi- fication of them.

4. Of natural odours : Of those of animals and of the

effect of odours on animals.

5. Of smell and taste.

6. Of odours in plants.

7-13. Of artificial odours in general and their manufac- ture : especially of the use of perfumes in wine.

14-20. Of the oils used as the vehicle of perfumes.

21-26. Of the spices used in making perfumes and their treatment.

27-31. Of the various parts of plants used for perfumes, and of the composition of various notable perfumes.

32-35. Of the properties of various spices.

35-36. Of the medicinal properties of certain perfumes.

37-41. Of rules for the mixture of spices, and of the storing of various perfumes.

42-50. Of the properties of certain perfumes.

51-56. Of other properties and peculiarities of perfumes.

57-59. Of the making of perfume-powders and compound perfumes.

61-63. Of the characteristic smells of animals, and of certain curious facts as to the smell of animal and vege- table products.

64-69. Of odours as compared with other sense-impressions.


3*5


IIEPI O2MHN

I. At OGfjial TO fjiev o\ov e/c yiueft>9 elori, Ka0a7Tp ol %v/zot* TO yap dfjLi/crov cijrav aoB/jiov a%v/jLov, Bio /cat ra arrXa aoB/jua, olov ar)p Trvp' T] Be <yfj ^a/UoV rj


at jJLev worirep aeiSei? KCLI v eirl rwv 'XVJJL&V, al 8' e^ovaai l&eas. al &' IBeat So/covert, fj,ev aKo\ovOeiv rat? ov [Jir]V eftovai ye Trdffai ra? aura? wcnrep ev ro?9 irporepov eiirofjiev, OUT&) Sicopicr/jLevai rot? eiBecriv wcnrep ol %f / aot aXX' 009 av rot? ryeveaiv, on, ra /nev 2 etW/za ra Be /cdfcocr/jia. TTJS S' evcoBtas /cal OVKCTI ra eiBrj KaroDvo/jLaarai KaLirep /j,eyd\a<; etri <y avrwv TWV fcal TTiKpwv, a\\a Spi^ela \e<yerai /cal /cal fjLa\a/crj /cal y~\,VKia /cal ftapeia o&fj,rj' Koival B' eviai rovrwv /cal TMV /ca/ccoBwv.

1 i.e. there is not one set of terms applied to the varieties of ' good ' and another distinct set applied to the varieties of ' evil ' odours, but we get a cross-division, some terms (such as 'strong') being applied to varieties of both classes, cf. 64-66.

326


CONCERNING ODOURS

Introductory : Of odours in general and the classification of them.

I. ODOURS in general, like tastes, are due to mixture : for anything which is uncompounded has no smell, just as it has no taste : wherefore simple substances have no smell, such as water air and fire : on the other hand earth is the only elementary substance which has a smell, or at least it has one to a greater extent than the others, because it is of a more composite character than they.

Of odours some are, as it ware, indistinct and insipid, as is the case with tastes, while some have a distinct character. And these characters appear to correspond to those of tastes, yet they have not in all cases the same names, as we said in a former treatise ; nor in general are they marked off from one another by such specific differences as are tastes : rather the differences are, one may say, in generic character, some things having a good, some an evil odour. 1 But the various kinds of good or evil odour, although they exhibit considerable differences, have not received further distinguishing names, marking off one particular kind of sweetness or of bitterness from another : we speak of an odour as pungent, powerful, faint, sweet, or heavy, though some of these descriptions apply to evil-smelling things as well as to those which have a good odour.

327


THEOPHRASTUS

'H Be tca9o\ov KOI wcTTrep 7rl rraai T09 Bia- <f>0eip0fjbevois a airports, arrav yap TO a-^rco^evov tcatcwBes, el firf Tt9 rrjv o^vrrjra \eyei, rov OLVOV 3 o-airpoTijTa rfj O/JLOLOTIJTI r% (frflopas. ev arracn ' ecrrlv rj rov aaTrpov KaK(0$ia /cal ev <f>VTois /col ev foiof? teal ev rot? atyv^oiS' ev arraai Be &ia(j)@ipofjievoi<; wv /jurj 77 avarao-^ ev0i)s etc \r)$' e^ei yap evia teal rr]V rrjs y\7j^ ov n/r)V eirl irdvTwv ye TOUT* aico\ov6el.

V^P V KCLKCtiBrj TO, K TO)V (Ta7Tp)V, O>9

ouS' ol /jiv/cyres ol etc r^9 KOTrpov (^vo^evoi' ra 8'

etc 7?^eft)9 (fivofjieva fcal avviarrd/jieva

evoa/jia fjiev ovv o>9 a7rXw9 elirelv ra

KOI \errra teal rjKLcrra yewSiy TO yap T7/9

ev dvaTTVofj' KatcwSij Be 8rj\ovori, rdvavria. 7ro\\a

Be tovrrep rwv y\v/cea)v e^aivei nva Tri/cporrjTa,

teal rwv eva)B(ov (Bapvr^ra rais oafjial^.

II. "E%et Be etcaarrov ocr^v IBiav teal teal (f)vr(t)i> teal rwv d-^v^cov oaa ocr/>tft)5>?'

1 And so here we have a term which possibly is applied only to the one class of ' evil ' odours.

2 Which is not an 'evil' odour.

3 i.e. putridity is a quality which things acquire as they decay, and does not necessarily imply that they are them- selves formed out of decaying matter. In fact things so produced are not always ' putrid.'

4 The sense is apparently that ' lighter ' (or less solid) things exhale a lighter and pleasanter odour because in their

32.8


CONCERNING ODOURS, 2-4

Putridity however is a general term, applied, one may say, to anything which is subject to decay 1 : for anything which is decomposing lias an evil odour, unless indeed the name putridity be extended to sourness 2 in wine because the change in the wine is analogous to decomposition. The evil odour of putridity is found iri all things, alike in plants in animals and in inanimate things : it attends the decay of things which are not formed directly out of a substance which is decaying : for some things have also the odour of that substance, though it is not found in every case. 3 Thus in many instances things which are produced by decaying matter have no evil odour : for instance, mushrooms which grow from dung have none : but things which grow from decay and are actually formed out of it have such an odour. To speak generally then, things that have been cooked, delicate things, and things which are least of an earthy nature have a good odour, 4 (odour being a matter of exhalation), and it is obvious that those of an opposite character have an evil odour. But, even as many things pleasant to the taste present a certain bitterness, so many things that have a good odour have a kind of heavy scent.

Of natural odours; of those of animals and of the effect of odours on animals.

II. Every plant animal or inanimate thing that has an odour has one peculiar to itself: but in many

case exhalation is easier. The sense given to avairvori requires illustration (the passages cited by LS. are not in point). Sch. , construing apparently as W. does, ' since smell depends on breathing' (? inhalation), admits that he does not see the point of this clause.

329


THEOPHRASTUS


S* rj/juv ov (fraiverai Bta TO %6ipi(7Trjv e^eiv rrjv aiaOrjdiv ravrrjv ft)9 elirelv. eVet rot? 76 aXXot9 /cal ra TrayreXftw aoSua (fraivoueva SiSwa-i riva rjv, axTTrep al /cpiOal rofc vTro^vyiois al etc T?}? , a? ov/c ea'Olova'iv Sia rrjv

KOi al TWV %(00)V \av9aVOV(TLV TWV O

SofcovvTtov. evcoSia fjiev ovv OV&GV /caO' avrb %aipeiv co? elTrelv, aXX* ocra TT/JO? rrjv Tpo<j)r)v teal rrjv airoXavaiv. irovelv S' evia (f)a,LVTai rat? oa"yaat? /cal rat? evcoSiais, eiTrep a\r]6e<$ TO eirl TWV yvTrwv teal TCOV Kavddpwv. TOVTO Se &i}\ov a)? Si? evavTiwaiv TT}? ev avTois

. to? Be tcaO* eicaaTOV ayu-a Set TTJV ye

Trjv Ka(7TOV teal Tr)V T^


pen ovv eviat, TWV evoo-fjLwv /cal eV rat? t9, olov al TWV d/cpoopvwv /cal diTicov /cal )v' avTai yap avev r?}? Trpoafy /cal /Jia\\ov ft>9 eiTrelv. ov fjirjv aXX' w? 7' a

al aev elai xaff avTa? al oe /caTa crvu- s' al pev TWV %v\cov /cal r^9 T/oo^?)9 /cara iiKos, al & axjirep TWV di>6cov /caO^ avTas. co9 8' eTTLTrav TCL evoa/jia, /caQc'nrep /cal TrpoTepov /cal crTpv(f)va /cal vTro


1 In Thrace, c/. Arist. H.A. 9. 36. Turn, quotes an illus- tration from Scriptor Oavpaaiav o.KovfffjLa.rwv 126.

2 CUwStOIS. ?lw8(Tt.

33


CONCERNING ODOURS, 4-5

cases it is not obvious to us because, one might almost say, our sense of smell is inferior to that ot all other animals. Thus things which appear to us to have no odour give forth an odour of which other animals are conscious : for instance beasts of burden can smell the barley of Kedropolis, 1 and refuse to eat it because of its evil odour. Also we are unaware of the odour of animals which appear to possess one. Now no animal appears to take pleasure in a good odour for its own sake, so to speak, but only in the odour of things which conduce to its nurture and enjoyment. Indeed some animals seem to be annoyed by odours, even good 2 ones, if what is said ot vultures and beetles be true ; the explanation is that their natural character is antipathetic to odours. To appreciate this in particular cases one should take into consideration the temperament of the animal in question and also its power of smell.

Of smell and taste.

Now the odour of some things which have a good odour resides in things which are used for food, for instance that of stone-fruits 3 pears and apples, the smell of which is sweet even if one does not eat them ; indeed it may be said to be sweeter in that case. However, to make a general distinction, some odours exist independently, while others are inci- dental ; 4 those of juices and things used for food are incidental, those of flowers exist independently. And, as was said above, 5 things which have a good odour are generally of unpleasant, astringent or

3 aKpoSpvuv here apparently plurns, peaches, etc.

4 i.e. the smell is a kind of 'accident,' or by-product of the taste. 6 1. 3.

33*


THEOPHRASTUS


Be TMV ev%v JJLWV KOI KaKtoB?), tcaOaTrep Kal TO ALJVTTTLOV /ca\ov/jiei>ov OTVKOV, y\vKV ov, Kal el fjLrj nravTa^ov aXX* eVta%oO. KOI 77 ap/cevOos e/uicfraivei, Tivd rfj /AaGnjcret, KaKwBiai* <y\VKeia ovaa' TO B 1 ovpov TTOLGL euwSe?.

Be TWV OCT^MV at /j,ev eV <pvrois Kal rot? jjiopiois, olov K\wal <f>v\\ SaKpvois, al Be w&Trep BieiXopev ev [Kal cfrv rot?] Kal rot? a^v^ois, avTai {JLCV <f>avepov OTi Tre-^LV eKao-rat \ap,(3dvov(iiv ev TO?? [at?]* Kal TO evwBes Kal KaK&Bes aKo\ov6el Ta? olfceias (frvaeis, 77 Be Trei/a? TW oi ev Be Tot? a^jrv^oi^ Tat? TWV ajrXwv Bvvd/j,<n, Kal ryivovTai Kal fieOiaTavTai KaOdirep ol %fyuot.

III. f/ O<7at Be Brj KaTa Te^vrjv Kal eTrivoiav <ylvovTai Trepl TOVTWV ireipaTeov eiTrelv wcnrep Kal irepl TWV ^v\wv. ev dpfyolv Be Bfj\ov w? del TO {3e\,Ti,ov [^v] rjfjiLV 7) dvatyopd* Tracra <ydp O%afeTat TOVTOV. elal p,ev ovv Kal TO?? 6cr/jiai Tives TT^O? a? crvvepyetv Kal Tat? 7rapa<<TKvai<;, a>? Kal> TT/OO? evcrTOfAtas. ov ^v a\\ a;? <y


1 c/. H.P. 1. 11. 2.

2 i.e. the berry: Sch. would read apKcvOts. cf. H.P. 3. 12. 4, with which this statement is inconsistent. Sch. suggests punctuating y\vKv ov. /col fl /A)] ira.vra.xov a\\'

?; &piteu6os K.T.\. y ical <UTO?S om. Turn.

4 als I omit ; p Kal rb eu. conj. Turn.

332


CONCERNING ODOURS, 5-7

somewhat bitter taste. Again some things which have a good taste have also an evil odour, such as the carob, 1 which is sweet (this is true of some regions, if not of all). Again the Phoenician cedar/ 2 though it is sweet to the taste, when chewed pro- duces a sort of evil odour, though it makes the water fragrant.

Of odours in plants.

. Some odours being found in plants or in their parts as twig, leaf, bark, fruit, gum and others, as we distinguished, in animals 3 and in inanimate things, it is plain that the former are matured each of them in the part to which it belongs ; and 4 a good or evil odour follows according to the natural character of that part, the maturing being due to the warmth which is found in it. On the other hand in inanimate things the odour, like the taste, is formed and modified by the properties of the simple substances of which the thing is made.

Of artificial odours in general and their manufacture : especially of the use of perfumes in wine.

III. Next we must endeavour to speak of those odours, and also those tastes, which are artificially 5 and deliberately produced. In either case it is clear that improvement is always what we have in view ; for that is the aim of every artificial process. Now even uncom pounded substances have certain odours, which men endeavour to assist by artificial means, , even as they try to assist nature in producing palatable tastes. However, to speak generally, the

5 The same phrase occurs in similar connexion C.P. 6. 11. 2.

6 Text defective. Aid Bas.Vo. have marks of omission. W. after Turn, gives rol rats irapcKO-iteuais, us nal> ra'is TWV

uo-To<jLu'oj*>, which I have slightly altered.

333


THEOPHRASTUS

elirelv ev /uf et rb 7r\eov, Kal ovrcos al Bvolv fjiev &>9 r) yevei \a/3eiv, vypov Kal T/oi^o>9 Be yi<.vovrai>, orav rj ofjboyeves o/Jioyevel, r) 7rapd\\arrov ra) irapa\\drrovri, rj vypw vypov rj %ripw r)pov, <rj vypu* ^r/pov>.

'E/c BVOLV yap rovrcov Kal r) rwv f )(v\o)v Kal rwv oo-fjiMV yevecw 009 uev ol rd dpcofjiara Kal rd

(rvvriOevres f^/oot9 7r/?o9 ol rd fJLvpa Kepavvvvres TJ rw OLVW 7T/D09 vypd. rb Be rpirov, o Kal ct>9 ol LLVpeilrol fciypols ?rpo9 vypd' yap fjuvpov Kal %pio- paro*; 77 o~vv6eo~i<$ avrrj. Bet 8* elBevai rrolai 7rotot9 ev/jLiKroi Kal rcolai (Tvvepyovo-w et9 TO rroielv jjbiav wairep eirl XVIACOV. Kal yap CKCL ravrb rovro tyr)rov<Jiv ol jj,iyvvvre<$ Kal olov dprvovres. ravra /JLCV ovv ev 049 Kal i &V al re^vai noiovvrai rd reXrj. 9 Miyvvvrai Be rd jj^ev avrij^ T^9 6cr/^i)9 eveKa Kal 7rpo9 ravrrjv rrjv alo-Q^^LV, rd B* wcrrrep f3ov\6/jt,eva rrjv yev&iv, olov &>9 ol rd rj rd dpco/jiara


1 I have supplied /j.{eis to fill the lacuna marked by W. after OVTUS al : the text to the end of the section is defective, but a makeshift restoration and rendering seem possible : the sense of OVTCOS is obscure.

334


CONCERNING ODOURS, 7-9

result is usually obtained by a mixture, and accord- ingly l such mixtures are of two things (or classes of things), a liquid and a solid : but there are three ways in which the result may be reached (the combination 2 being one either of like with like, or of unlike substances), according as a liquid is com- pounded with another liquid, a solid with another solid, or a solid with a liquid.

For tastes and odours alike are derived from these two things : the method of the makers of spices and perfume-powders 3 is to mix solid with solid, that of those who compound unguents or flavour wines is to mix liquid with liquid : but the third method, which is the commonest, is that of the perfumer, who mixes solid with liquid, that being the way in which all perfumes 4 and ointments are compounded. Further one must know which odours will combine well with which, and what combination makes a good blend, just as in the case of tastes : for there too those who make combinations and, as it were, season their dishes, are aiming at this same object. So much for the ingredients and the methods whereby these arts attain their ends.

The object of the mixture is in the one case simply the production of a particular odour and the gratification of the corresponding sense, in the other there is a desire to produce, as it were, a pleasanter taste : this for instance is the object of flavouring wine with perfumes or of putting spices into it.

2 i.e. given two components we have three possible com- binations, A with A , B with B, or A with B.

3 8ta7rci<r/jLOTa. cf. Plin. 13. 19 ; 21. 125.

4 The difference between /avpou and xp^'A taTOS does not appear ; pvpov seems to be loosely used, as just above it was used of an entirely liquid mixture.

335


THEOPHRASTUS


a yap acrricreis <rvveyyv<$ ovcrai TTOLOVGI TLVCL a,Tr6\avo~iV a\\r)\wv, oOev /ecu avrois rot? yev-

CTTOt? ^rjTOVCTl T9 6VO(7fJiLa<i.

10 'ATTOpijcreie 8' civ TI$ tVo)? Sid rl TTOTC pvpov KOI Ta\\a vocr^a rou? fiev otVou? rjSvvei rwv &

ovBev, a\\a irdvra \v naiverai /ecu teal TreTrvpco/jueva. TO 8' aiiiov VTTO- on av/jL/Saivei, rcov p,ev %r]p&v afyaipel- re TOV ol/ceiov ^v\ov Sia rrjv layvv KOI (TVV7ri(f)aiviv rbv avrov OVTCL arpvtyvov teal vTroTTiKpov airav jap TO evoa-fjiov TOLOVTOV, $LafAa(Ta)/ji6voi<> Be /eal /JLO\\OI> e/jifpaves Bid re Trjv

11 6\i^riv /eal TOfj,rjv /eal GTL TW XpovifeaQai. rov

8' OiVOV OVOTpOV 7TOiL' Kal jap 6 %f\O? l(7^Vp6-

raro? /eal Tc\eiwv et? TO jjur) tepaTeicrOai /eal ovBeva TTJ jevaei %pbvov 6'jrto'iaTpij3a)v dX)C ocrov eVt- Oiyydvwv, UXTTC TO jj^ev rjBv evSi&ovai Trj TO oe TU/epbv /eal BVO-^VJJLOV Ty yeveei /J vew, d\\a av/jiftaiveiv r&5 OVTL KaOdirep tj

ryiV6(T0at, TW TTO/AaTt TY)V 0(T fjUJV TW /J,V

y\v/eel teal fjid\icrTa Seo/jievco Bid TO rot? & aXXoi? wcrTrep [Alas e


1 c/. 67 ; Arist. de Sens. 5. 2 c/. Arist. l.r.

3 As opposed to wine. Sch., misunderstanding this, thinks

corrupt.

4 I have restored KO), which Sch. and W. omit, missing the point of the antithesis fiet> . . . Se.

336


CONCERNING ODOURS, 9-11

1 For the two senses of taste and smell being akin to one another, each provides in a way for the enjoy- ment of the other : wherefore it is through things which appeal to the taste, as well as those which appeal to the sense of smell, that men try to discover fragrant odours.

The question may perhaps be raised why perfume and other fragrant things, while they give a pleasant taste to wine, 2 yet have not this effect on any other article of food, but in all cases spoil food, whether it be cooked or not. The explanation we must take to be that this is what happens the perfume if mixed with solid 3 things is in any case powerful enough to deprive them of their proper taste, and at the same time it makes obtrusive its own taste, which is astringent and somewhat bitter, all per- fumeries having that character, while, if one bites up the food, this effect is even 4 more apparent because the food is crushed and broken up, and also because it remains longer in the mouth. But on wine neither effect is produced, since in this the taste is very strong and too generally diffused to be overpowered : also wine does not linger on the palate for any length of time, but merely touches it, so that, while it makes one conscious of its own pleasant taste, it does not make the palate feel the bitter unpalatable taste of the perfume : in fact the odour of this acts as a sort of relish 5 to the draught. This effect indeed c it has on wine which is sweet and specially needs the addition of perfume, because it has no ( relish ' of its own ; while with other wines the reason is that, as the effect of the mixture, the

5 Sc. ' bouquet.'

6 I have restored yap, omitted by Sch. and W.

337

VOL. II. Z


THEOPHRASTUS

Bid Trjv fAigiv. 6 yap olvos, tocnrep Kal Trporepov


12 "E^et ' curoprjcriv /cal ToBe, Bid ri ra uev dvdtj Kal TO, o-Tetyavco/juaTa daOevecTepa ovra rat?

KOI TTOppcaQev o&t, , t] 8' Ipis /cal TO vdpSov ra\\a TO, euoayia TWV grjpwv Icr^vporepa Kal evid ye TrpoaeveyKafjievois, evia Be /cal Tpityews TrpOG&eirat, Kal Siaipea-ecos, ra 8e /cal irvpoMrews, wa-jrep j] (Tfjivpva Kal o X

13 /cal Trdv TO Ov/juaTov. ainov 8* on T&V

7rnro\rjs TO TTOLOVV rrjv oa-fi^v are /cal ovtc 6%ovTO)v j3d0o<;, TCOV Be pi^wv teal TWV arepewv ev ffdOei, ra 8' e^todev Kal ireTTVKvwfieva' 810 Kal d<j)ia(n Ta9 aTTOTT^ota?, Ta 8' otoi^ dvoi^ea)<; Beovrai Tropcov, 06 ev Biatpov/j,eva Kal Koirro/jieva evcoBea-repa, ra B* avOr] KaKcoBea-repa rpi- /36/jieva' rd /juev yap eK<f>alvei TO oiKelov rd Be TT poa\afjL^dvei TO d\\OTpiov. 6 Be \i/3ava)To? Kal T) Gfjivpva TTVKVOTepav eTi TTJV (frvcriv Trpo&BeovTai, Trvpcoaea)^ /jLa\aKrj<;, fj KUTCL eKOepjJualvovcra Troirfcrei, Trjv avaQvplaGiv. edv yap KOTTTrj TJ9 ^ Tpifty TavTa, TrpoaoiaovTai


1 i.e. of the unadulterated wine and of the perfume.

2 C. P. 6. 19. 2. Seh.'s reasons for bracketing this sentence


seem inadequate.

3 i.e. fragrant

4 Made from the rhizomes : cf. H.P. 1. 7. 2, and Index.

338


3 i.e. fragrant leaves, etc. cf. H.P. 1. 12. 4. e fr


CONCERNING ODOURS, 11-13

two 1 odours combine, as it were, to form one. Wine indeed, as was said before, 2 has a special property of assimilating odours.

Another question also suggests itself, why it is that, while the smell of flowers and other 3 things used for garlands, though it is not so strong, can be perceived even at a great distance, the iris-perfume, 4 spikenard and other fragrant solids smell stronger at a short distance : and of some of these the smell is only perceived when they are eaten, while some need even to be bruised and broken up, and others to be subjected to fire, as myrrh frankincense and anything that is burnt as incense. The explanation is that, whereas in flowers that which causes the smell is on the surface, seeing that the texture of flowers is open and they are not substantial, in all such solid substances as roots the power of producing smell is diffused through a substantial mass, while the exterior parts are dried up and of close texture : and this is why flowers emit the scent which exhales from them to a long distance, while things like roots need an opening of their passages. Hence, when these are broken up or bruised, they are in all cases more fragrant, while, 5 if flowers are crushed, they have a comparatively evil smell : for under such treatment roots give forth the property which belongs to them, but flowers acquire a property which is not their own. Again frankincense and myrrh, since they are by nature of even closer texture than roots, need a gentle application of fire, which, by gradually warming them, will cause the scent to be exhaled. For, if these substances are bruised or crushed, they will indeed present an odour, but it will not be so

5 cf. Arist. Probl 12. 9 ; 13. 3 and 11.

339 z 2


THEOPHRASTUS

ov% o/jLoia)^ Be jjBeiav ovB*


TOVTWV fiev ovv TOiavTa Tives at arai.

14 IV. Twv Be fj,vpa)v j] o-vvOeais real 1}

TO o\ov olov et? Orjcravpia-fjLov eaTi TWV BioTrep et? Tov\aiov TiQwTai' TovTo 'yap TdTOv KOI a/j,a 7T/30? '

7rel (frvaet, fJKHTTa Se/CTifcbv 6cr/jiij$ Bia rrjv TTVKVO- rrjra /cal TO XtTro?, CLVTWV Be TOVTMV TO \i7rapa>- TCITOV, olov TO d/jLvyBd\ii>ov TO Be crrjo-d/jiivov /cal TO e/c TWV eXaiwv fjLd\icrTa.

15 XpaivTai Be /jidXia-Ta TU> e/c TT)? ftakdvov TIJS At<yu7TTta9 teal %vpia<;, ijicio-Ta yap \iTrapov eirel teal TU> e/c TWV eXaiwv yuaXto-ra %p(*)VTai TO> a)/jiOTpi/3ei TT}? <f>av\ia<f BOKCL yap d\iTre<JTaTov

/cat, \7TTOTaTOv KOL TOVTM veq) teal /i-r; TO yap vTrep eviavTov d^pelov 7ra%v- Tepov real \L7rapcoT6pov yevofjuevov. eXaiov {lev ovv TO TOIOVTOV oltceioTaTov, d\nre(TTaTOV ydp. fyacrl Be Tives teal <ev> TO> ^pia-fiaTi TO e/c TMV TTitcpwi' dfjLvyd\u)v iro\\a Be ylveTai Trepl KtXt-

16 Kiav teal jroiovaiv ef avT&v ^picr^a. (fracrl Be /cal et? TCL <T7rovBa1a TWV fjivpwv dpfJLOTTeiv, wGTrep teal TO etc T?)? ftdKdvov /cal avTO' Troiet Be <ra> tc\v(f>r) avTwv evovfjLov els TO e\aiov


1 This passage was misunderstood by Plin. 13. 19. The sense seems to be that the viscous character of oil, though preservative of perfume, is not easily receptive of it.

2 cf. H.P. 4. 2. 1 ; 4. 2. 6. pd\avos, balanites aeyyptiaca. See Index.

340


CONCERNING ODOURS, 13-16

sweet nor so lasting as when they have been sub- jected to fire. Such are the explanations of these difficulties.

Of the oils used as the vehicle ofptrfumes.

IV. Now the composition and preparation of perfumes aim entirely, one may say, at making the odours last. That is why men make oil the vehicle of them, since it keeps a very long time and also is most convenient for use. 1 By nature indeed oil is not at all well suited to take in an odour, because of its close and greasy character : and of particular oils this is specially true of the most viscous, such as almond-oil, while sesame-oil and olive-oil are the least receptive of all.

The oil most used is that derived from the Egyptian 2 or Syrian balanos, since this is the least viscous ; the olive-oil which is most used is that which is pressed from ' coarse olives ' 3 in the raw state, since this is thought to be the least greasy and the least coarse : this is used while it is new, not when it is old, for that which is kept above a year is useless, having become thick and viscous. This then is the kind of olive-oil which is most suitable, since it is the least greasy. Some say that for unguent the oil derived from bitter almonds is best : these are abundant in Cilicia, where an unguent is made from them. It is said that this is suitable for choice perfumes, like the oil of the Egyptian balanos : this is suitable in itself, 4 however the shells of the fruit are thrown into the oil to give it a good odour : indeed they are also thrown into

3 cf. If. P. 2. 2. 12 ; G. P. 6. 8. 3 and 5.

4 avrb conj. Sell.; TOVTO Vulg.W.

341


THEOPHRASTUS


fJt,ei>a' 7Tl Kal TO TMV TTlKpWV. Tj^rf $6 7Tft)9 OVK

evavTiov a/j,a pev TO (wo-fiorarov ^tjTelv, wo"nep Kal TO &>//,OT/o^e9 CK Twv <f)av\io)V, dfia 6" ev Troieiv; Spi/jLVTijra yap e%ei TO

el jmrj ap on TO e\aiov . ravra pev ovv 7ricrfce7rT60V. 17 Xpwvrai ^e TT^O? irdvra TO?? dpu>^acn,

/JLV 7TiaTV<j)OVTe<i TO \CilOV TOt9 ^6 KOI TYjV 6(7/JLrfV

e/c TOVTWV e/jLTTOiovvres. vTroo-Tvcpovfft, yap Trdv et9 TO et;acr6ai fjud\\ov rrjv oo-^rjv, axrTrep rd epia et9 rrjv ftafyrfv. vTroartxperat, Se TOt9 d po^9 TWV dpay/jidrcov, eW^ varepov d<fi ov av fjov\,wvTai rrjv off^v \a(3elv ITTL- tcparel <ydp del TO ea^arov efJi^aXXofievov Kal av e'Xarrov rf olov edv 6t9 KOTV\r)v <T/jLvpvrjs teal varepov e^^XrjdMdi KivafitofjLOV l Svo, KpaTovdiv at TOV KWCL/JLCO/JLOV Svo


18 avjj,dcreie 8' av T^9 laws rovro re Kal Sid TI 7TOT6 rd dpco/jiara r jrpoe^a\\6jjbeva SeKTitcto- repov Troiel rovXaiov oa/jirjv e^ovra' el <ydp dwSes elvai TO Se^o/JLevov, TO Se KaTeCKr^^i^kvov v$> erepov OVK d&Ses, (>o~6* fjrrov e^prjv elvai aiTiov $ dfjL^orepwv TI Trdvrcov TO d yap ovra TO \LTTOS eXrcei Tr/709 e


1 rb conj. Sch.; ra Vulg.W. Sch. also adds a/j.vy8d\<av after

TTlKpCOV.

2 i.e. those derived from the Egyptian halanos and bitter almonds.

342


CONCERNING ODOURS, 16-18

that 1 which is made from bitter almonds. Once more, is it not inconsistent to seek the vehicle which has the least odour of its own, such as the oil which is pressed raw from ' coarse olives/ and yet at the same time to use the above-mentioned 2 oils as vehicles ? (for oil of almonds has a pungent smell). Possibly the explanation is that it is only by being cooked that oil acquires an evil smell. 3 These matters then are subject for enquiry.

They use spices in the making of all perfumes ; some to thicken 4 the oil, some in order to impart their odour. For in all cases they thicken the oil to some extent to make it take the odour better, just as they treat wool for dyeing. The less powerful spices are used for the thickening, and then at a later stage they put in the one whose odour they wish to secure. 5 For that which is put in last always dominates, even if it is in small quantity ; thus, if a pound of myrrh is put into a half-pint of oil, and at a later stage a third of an ounce of cinnamon is added, this small amount dominates.

At this one may well wonder ; and also why it is that the previous addition of spices, which have an odour of their own, renders the oil more receptive : for the vehicle should be scentless, but a substance over which another substance has thus prevailed, cannot be scentless, so that it ought, one would think, to have become less receptive. However both facts, or rather all of them, may be accounted for in the same way : the spices, being solid, attract to

3 So. ' and these oils are used in the raw state ' (?). I do not see how Furlanus' explanation, quoted by Sch., is to be found in the text. The following sentence shews that T. does not claim to have settled the question.

4 i.e. to make it less volatile. 5 cf. Plin. 13. 19.

343


THEOPHRASTUS


Kal dvaBe^erai, Bio /cal rrjv crvve^eiav fjiavbv Be yevofjievov [fcai] rov \i7rov<? d<f)aipe@vros ev & Kal r) oiKeLa adXio-ra 0071,77, BeKriKtbrepov eyevero rov 7ri/3aX\,o/j,evov Bid TO /JLTJ dvrio~Ta-


19 f H Be OLTTO TWV dpwfidTWv oSfirj /cal d

are et9 TO \irrapov dvrjXco/jLevrj, /cal en /care%erai, rovrtp Sia TO rrXr^pwaaL rovs iropovs. Mare Kara \6yov /cav eXarrov fj TO 7n,/3a\\6fj,vov liriKparelv rrjv rovrov ooy^y et? d<j6eve(rrarov yap e^TTiTrrei Kal BeKriKcorepov. dva \6yov 8' e%ei Kal r) TTO\V- Xpoviorrjs j] ev eKdcrra) Kal 77 TT/JO? rrjv rcvpwaiv evaOeveia Kal rd\\a ra roiavra. TO yap BeKn- Kwrarov, olov T?)? {3a\dvov, Kal ^povitorarov, Kal Bid rrjv avrrjv alriav udXicrra yap wcnrep ev ylverai Kal o-vu<f)ve<; TO /jidXiara Be^ofjievov del ydp TO roiovrov Biafj,ov(t>rarov, Bio Kal Trvpov^e- vov fjid\io-ra djraOe^.

20 'Ho-avTft)? Be Kal rwv a\\oyv TO o-rjo-duivov, rovro ydp BeKriKcorarov TO Be dfjLvyBdXivovjrap- aKfid^ei ra%v Kal o\iyo%povi(t)rarov Bid rrjv evav- rlav alriav TO ydp iJKiara Begd/jievov rd%icrra fjL0i?)(ri. rov poBuvov Be fjid\icrra BeKriKov TO


1 I have bracketed Kal.

>2 ~ 2 This passage is omitted, apparently by accident, in both VV.'s texts, though represented in his Latin version. I

344


CONCERNING ODOURS, 18-20

themselves the viscid part of the oil, and so it attaches itself to them ; thus the density of the oil is destroyed : the oil, thus becoming thinner by the removal ! of its viscid part which chiefly contains the characteristic odour, becomes more receptive of the spice which is added to it, because it does not now offer resistance.

Again that odour which is due to the spices be- comes less powerful as it is spent on the viscid part of the oil, while at the same time it is preserved by this because it has entirely filled up its passages. Wherefore it naturally follows that, even if the added spice is in small quantity, its odour pre- dominates, since it passes into a vehicle which is in itself not at all powerful and which is more receptive than itself. A corresponding account may be given of the keeping quality of the several oils, of their power of resisting fire, and other such qualities. Thus that oil which is most receptive, for instance, that of the Egyptian balanos, will also keep longest, and for the same reason ; namely that that oil which is most receptive unites, more than others, into one single substance, as it were, with the spices. Such a substance will always last longer than others ; which also explains why, if exposed to fire, it is less affected than others.

Of the other oils the same applies to that of sesame, this being specially receptive ; 2 but, for the contrary reason, almond-oil soon loses its virtue arid keeps for a shorter time than any other, for that oil which has been least receptive parts soonest with the property received. Sesame-oil however receives rose-perfume better than other oils 2 because of its

have printed it from Sch.'s text. The omission is evidently due to the double occurrence of rb v^craijuvov,

345


THEOPHRASTUS

crrj&d/jiivov Bid TIJV \iTrapOTr)Ta' irvpovfievov Be e^ofei arjcrd/jiov KaOdirep dvaKvofJievov. al ovv TWV eXaicov cfrvcreis KOI Bvvd/uueis roiavrai. 21 V. Ta B* dpa/mara irdwra o-^eBbv KOI 7T\r)v TWV dvO&v %rjpd /cal OepfJLa teal /cal SrjfCTis/cd. rd Se /cal e^pvrd TWO, TriKporrjra, ical ev rot? TrpoTepov ei7ro/j,V, cocnrep (Tfivpva Xt/9a^ft)T09, o>? 8' aTrXw? elwecv /cal rd /Jivpa. /coivorarai Be rwv Svvd/Jiecov TO re orrvTm/cov /cal TO 0ep/j,avTi/c6v, a $rj /cal epyd-


KVpa<$ OCT/Za? eV


22 r T7rocrTV<f)OVTai fj,ev ovv iravra Trvpov^eva, ra?

/cvplas evta \a/jL/3dvet Tfrv%pd /cal . /cal eoifcev Wdirep TWV dvOwv ra

TO. 8e depfJioftafyri /cal eVt TWV oa-fjbwv. TCCLVTWV Be TJ

T6 T7)V VTfQGTV-fylV Kal T? KVpla<$ OCT/Z

TWV dyyeicov vBaTi yiveTai /cal ov/c TW Trvpl %p(i)/2VCi)V' TOVTO Be, OTi /jLa\a/cr)v elvai Bel TTJV 6epfioTr]Ta, /cal aTrovaia 7ro\\r) ^kvoiT av Tfi (f>\oyl %po)/ji,evQ)v, /cal eTi icavcnv dv o^ot,.

23 Tioiei B* eXarrft) TVJV drrovaiav oaa irvpovfjbeva Xapftdvei T9 icvplas oa/Aa? fj.d\\ov rj oaa -fyw^pd Bid TO Trpofyvpdcrdai, ra Trvpovpeva, Ta [lev OIVM evcoBei, Ta Be vBaTi' YJTTOV yap dvaTrlvei' Ta Be T]rv%pd %ripd OPT a /jLa\\ov, KaBdrrep IpiS KOTrelcra.

346


CONCERNING ODOURS, 20-23

viscid quality ; and, when subjected to fire, it gives out a smell of sesame, as though it were being disintegrated. Such are the special characters and properties of the various oils.

Of tlit spices used in making perfumes and their treatment.

V. Almost all spices and sweet scents except flowers are dry hot astringent and mordant. Some also possess a certain bitterness, as we said above, as iris, myrrh, frankincense, and perfumes in general. However the most universal qualities are astringency and the production of heat ; they actually produce these effects.

All spices are given their astringent quality by exposure to fire, but some of them assume their special odours even when cold and not exposed to fire ; and it also appears that, just as with vegetable dyes some are applied hot and some cold, so is it with odours. But in all cases the cooking, whether to produce the astringent quality or to impart the proper odour, is done in vessels standing in water and not in actual contact with the fire ; the reason being that the heating must be gentle, and there would be con- siderable waste if these were in actual contact with the flames ; and further the perfume would smell of burning.

However there is less waste when the perfume obtains its proper odour by exposure to fire than when it does so in a cold state, since those perfumes which are subjected to fire are first steeped either in fragrant wine or in water : for then they absorb J less : while those which are treated in a cold state, being dry, absorb a more, for instance bruised iris-root. Thus, if 1 avairtvet. So Sch. explains, cf. eKirlvuxriv, 24.

347


THEOPHRASTUS

yap TOV djji(f)opea)<> %r)pd<$ iptBo? Krcojj,fj,vr]s /jieBifjivov teal Bvo fjpieKTa 7ro\\rjv Troieiv (fiao'lv cLTTOvdlav, eav be /jLerpCcos <pvpdarj \eiTreiv o<rov Bvo %o9, rot? Be 7roXXo?9 e\arrov. 24 Twer at Be TO /BeXriov ipwov av r) typa real aTTvpcoros r) Ipw a/cpareo-Tepa yap rj SvvafjLi? 77 eav (j)vpaBelcra Kal 7rvpov/j,evr). (rv^aLvet, Be Kal K0\i/3eo-0ai, fia\\ov etc TWV irpo- Sia TO TITTOV ava^e^eaOai Kal ' Trpocrrv^ovTe^ Se ov TTO\VV %/oo- vov ea)(7i TO, apw^Lara aXX* egaipovcrw, OTTW? firj


25 IT/009 eKaarov Se TWV /jivpcov efjbffdXXovffi rot, 7rp6o-(f)0pa TMV. dpco/jLarayv, olov t9 pey TTJV KV- irpov KapbdjUicopov dairdXaOov dvafyvpaaavres rw eva)Sei. et? Be TO poBivov (f^plvov a Ka\a/jLOV. r) 8' avafyvpaGis O^JLOLW^. Kal aXXot? del ra apjjLOTTOvra. rq> poBivy 8' e/ \ovrai Kal a\9 7ro\\ol Kal TOUT' iBiov jrapa rd\\a, Bio Kal TrXetcrT?; airovala yiverar fj,i,y- vvrai yap els rbv d/j,(j)opea Bvo peBi/jivoi.

26 T>)9 Be KVTrpov r) fiev epyaaia 7rapa7T\ija-ia rp

1 Dry measure : the equivalents given are, of course, only approximate.

^ rJ> ySe'Artoj/ tptvov W. after Soh. ; TO fif\Tiov rb Ipivov Vlllg. The article must be omitted in one place or the other.

Kvirpos, called from a tree of that name : not mentioned in H.P. cf. Plin. 12. 119.

4 cf. H.P. 9. 7. 2 and 3. 6 cf. H.P. 9. 7. 3.

348


CONCERNING ODOURS, 23-26

into eight and a half gallons of oil we put thirteen gallons 1 of dry and bruised iris-root, they say that much loss is caused, while if one does not steep it too much, only about eleven pints and a half are wasted : and in the case of most perfumes the waste is less.

However the superior 2 iris-perfume is made by using the root dry and not subjecting it to fire : for then its virtue asserts itself more completely than when it is steeped in a liquid or subjected to fire. It also comes to pass that, if the perfumes have been first steeped, their virtues are, as it were, squeezed out of them to a greater extent, because they take in and absorb less : and so, when they are making them astringent, they do not leave the spices in the oil for long, but take them out, so that they should not absorb an excessive amount.

For making each perfume they put in the suit- able spices. Thus to make kypros* they put in cardamom 4 and aspalathosf having first steeped them in sweet wine. 6 To make rose-perfume they put in ginger-grass aspalathos and sweet-flag : and these are steeped as in the case of kypros. So too into each of the others are put the spices which suit them. Into rose-perfume moreover is put a quantity of salt 7 : this treatment is peculiar to that perfume, and involves a great deal of waste, twenty- three gallons 8 of salt being put to eight gallons and a half of the perfume.

The manufacture of kypros resembles that of

6 T$ fvwSci here evidently means the same as r$ y\vKc7, 44, where r<? otvcf T$ fvuSei occurs just above : c/. ^eAt/c^ary Jj yXvKet, C.P. 6. 17. 2.

7 To prevent decay, as Diosc. 2. 53 explains.

8 Turn, suggests that /le'Si^oi should be p.vat> the initial M having been misunderstood by a copyist.

349


THEOPHRASTUS


rou poBivov 7r\r)V aXV edv ris p, teal aTToO\i^T[) <r/}^ri? eyyivoaevrj (f)0eipet rd fj,vpa Bid rrjv Bv0(i)Biai>' Troiel yap arj^v dvvypai- epyao~ta /cal rov arj\ivov yap eXaiov /cal ra /J,rj\a eyu-^aX- ^aipovai 7rd\iv TTpb rov Kara Trdaas ra? e'ya/3oXa5' /j,6\aivo- /aevcov yap crrj-fris Bta TO avvypaLvea-Oai, icaOdirep

Kal Girl T7J9 KVTTpOV.

27 VI. "A-Tra^Ta Be crvvTiOev-rcu TO, pupa ra /j,ev anr dvOwv ra Be airo fyvXkwv ra Be arro tcKwvos ra 8' ttTro pi&s ra B 1 djro %v\a)v ra 5' drro /cap- TTOV ra B* diro Batcpvcov. at/era Be rrdvO^ a>? el7rii>. art* dvOwv fjuev olov TO poBivov /cal TO \VKolvov. /cal TO VQVGWOV /cal yap rovro e/c rSiV Kplvwv en Be TO aKrvaftpivov /cal TO epirv\-

\IVOV /Cat 7y KVTTpO? /Cat, TTyOO? TOUTOJ9 TO KpOKLVOV

/9eXTio~T09 B 1 ev Alyivrj /cal KiXi/cia. diro Be rwv (f>v\\(ov olov TO re fivppwov Kal TO olvdvQivov avri] B* ev KvTrpqy <f>verai opeivrj /cal TroXvoB/juos' aTrb Be TT}? ev rf) f R\\dBi ov yiverai Bid rb


28 'ATTO pi^wv Be TO re ipivov /cal rb vdpBivov /cal rb d/jLapdfcivov e/c rov Koarov rovro yap bvo-

1 cf. Diosc. 1. 68.

2 I have bracketed KO) as suggested by Sch.

3 This passage, with some variations, is quoted by Athen. 15. 39. 4 cf. Plin. 13. 11.

5 cf. H.P. 6. 6. 11. for the plant, and for the perfume Athen. 15. 38.

350


CONCERNING ODOURS, 26-28

rose-perfume, except that, unless one soon takes out the flowers and squeezes them out, decay sets in and ruins the perfume by giving it a disagreeable smell, since they cause decay as they get soaked. Similar also is the manufacture of quince-perfume l : the oil is first made astringent, and is cold when the quinces 2 are put into it : then they take them out before they turn black, removing each batch before the next is put in : for, as they turn black, decay ensues because they get soaked through just as in the case of kypros.

Of the various parts of plants used for perfumes, and of the composition of various notable perfumes.

VI. 3 Perfumes are compounded from various parts of the plant, flowers leaves twigs root wood fruit and gum : and in most cases the perfume is made from a mixture of several parts. Rose and gilli- flower perfumes are made from the flowers : so also is the perfume called su&inon* this too being made from flowers, namely, lilies : also the perfumes named from bergamot-mint and tufted thyme, kypros, and also the saffron-perfume ; the crocus which produces this is best in Aegina and Cilicia. Instances of those made from the leaves are the perfumes called from myrtle and drop-wort 5 : this grows in Cyprus on the hills and is very fragrant : that which grows in Hellas yields no perfume, being scentless.

6 From roots are made the perfumes named from iris spikenard and sweet marjoram, 7 an ingredient in which is koston ; for it is the root to which this name

6 Instances of perfumes made from twigs seem to be missing. 7 cf. 30. Text perhaps defective.

35'


THEOPHRASTUS


TTJV pL^av. TO Be xpiar/jLa TO K TOV Kvireipov. /co/jii^eTat Be CLTTO TWV Kf K\d- Bwv TO KVTreipov. diro v\ov Be 6 <f>olvi Ka\ov- fjLevos' e^/3d\\ovo~t yap Trjv ovo/^a^o/jie^v cnruOrjv %r]pdvavTes. UTTO /capTrwv Be TO re fjujkivov KOI

TO [JLVpTlVOV KOI TO Bd(f)VlVOV TO & A.iyV7TTlOV /C

7r\eLovwv } K T TOV KivafjLw/jiov teal /c o~/j,vpvr]s Kal


29 "Eri 5' K irXeiovcw TOVTOV TO /j,yd\6iov KOI <yap /c Kiva/j,o)fjt,ov . . . KOI e/c r>?9 o-fJLVpvri<$ KOTTTO- fievrjs e\aiov pel- aTa/CTV] yap Ka\elTat Bia TO

<KCLTO> fJLlKpOV GTa^tlV. O 8l] fJLOVOV TIVGS (JMiaiV

aTT\ovv elvai /ecu devvOeTOV TMV fjivpwv TO, $ d\\a TrdvTa, crvv0Ta, 7T\rjv TO, fj,v tc TT\eibvwv TCL $ ef eXdTTovwv, ef IXa^io-TCov Be TO 'ipivov. ol fiev ovv OVTCO \6yovaiv, ol Be TTJV epyaaiav r^9 aTa/erfy elvai TOidvBe- Trjv cr^ivpvav OTCLV KO^COO-L Kal BtaT^wo-i ev e\aiu> /3a\avivw irvpl /jLaXa/ca) vBwp eiri^elv 6epp.bv' avvi^dvetv B 1 et? ftvOov Tr)v o-fjivpvav Kal Tov\aiov KaOdjrep l\vv oiav Be TOVTO GVjAftr), TO fJiev vBwp djDjOelv TIJV 8' VTTO-


To Be /j,eya\eiov e/c prirlvr)*} /cc/cav/newi? GVV- TiOeaOai /cal e\alov (BaXavivov ^i^vuaQai Be tcacriav tavd^jjiov cr/jivpvav. Tr\eia-Tr)v Be Trpay- l TO /jLya\iov /cal TO AlyviTTiov elvai,


1 c/. H.P. 9. 7. 3; C.P. 6. 11. 13.

2 c/. H.P. 2. 8. 4. aita.Qi)v appears to be a conj. of W. for Vlllg. TrAaTTji/ : e\a.TT}V Turn. C/. LS. S.r.

3 Said to l)e called after the inventor, one Megallos : c/. Plin. 13. 13.

352


CONCERNING ODOURS, 28-30

,1s applied. The Eretrian unguent is made from the root of kypeiron, 1 which is obtained from the Cyclades as well as from Euboea. From wood is made what is called ' palm-perfume ' : for they put in what is called the ' spathe/ 2 having first dried it. From fruits are made the quince-perfume, the myrtle, and the bay. The ( Egyptian ' is made from several ingredients, including cinnamon and myrrh.

Again from several parts of the plant is made the perfume called niegaleion? which is made from cinnamon and . . . . 4 and from the myrrh when it is bruised flows an oil : it is in fact called stakte 5 (in drops) because it comes in drops slowly. Some indeed say that this is the only simple un- compounded perfume, and that all the others are compound, though made from a larger or smaller number of ingredients, and that iris-perfume is made from the smallest number of all. Some assert this, but others declare that the manufacture of stakte (myrrh-oil) is as follows : having bruised the myrrh and dissolved it in oil of balanos over a gentle fire, they pour hot water 011 it : and the myrrh and oil sink to the bottom like a deposit ; and, as soon as this has occurred, they strain off the water and squeeze the sediment in a press.

Megaleio?i, these authorities say, is compounded of burnt resin 6 and oil of balanos, with which are mixed cassia cinnamon and myrrh. They add that this perfume and the Egyptian are the most troublesome

4 The end of the account of megaJeion and the beginning of that of myrrh-perfume seem to be missing. ? Supply ot Kaffias ital cr/uvpi'Tjy.

5 cf. H.P. 9. 4. 10. 6 cf. Plin. 13. 7.

353

VOL. II. A A


/jLe<ya\ei(p Kal TO eXaiov eifreaOai Se%' r)^epa<; KOI BeKa vvKTas, elra OVTOOS rrjv prjrivrjv e/uy&iXXe<7#ac teal raXXa* Se/cTiKwrepov jap d(j)e^lr7]dev. TO 8' ajj,apdfcivov TO XprjaTov etc TWV /3e\TicrTa)v apco- crvvTiOeeOaL %ft>/3t9 d/J,apd/cov TOVTM 8* ov

JJLOVW T&V dpw^eiTwv TOU? t9 ev /jivpov, d\\a 't/reuSaW/to? Ti? 31 HOIOVGI Se real TO, /J,ev a^pdd^dncrTa TCL Se


poSivov /jLeyaXelov ,

7TO\VT\WV AljVTTTLOV firfX-lVOV KVTTpOS, TO, 8* VT\rj TTOLVTCL' TaVTCL & d^pCO/JLaTlCTTa &IOTI TO

pep AlyvTTTiov Kal Trjv KVTTpov \v/cd elvai /3ov- \OVTCU, TO) 8e /jL7]\iv(

8' eVT\6(7LV OV \VCTLT6\el TO

^pwfjLaTi^ovcri, Be ra /JLEV epvOpd TTJ dj^ova-y, TO & dfjiapaKivov TW Ka\ovfMevw ^pa/maTr TOVTO 8'

o ayovcnv IK T7/9 ^vpias.

VII. ^vvepyelv Be BOKOVCTI, Trpbs ra9 yevcreis al oB/jial /Jiovov d\\d /cal at Bpi/jLVTijTe? /cal at OepfJLOT'YjTes evlwv, Bib Kal TWV olvwv Ttal TCL

juyvvvTC? axrTrep KevTpov Be ?] /j,ev fffjivpvri 0p/JLr) Kal


354


CONCERNING ODOURS, 30-32

to make, since no others involve the mixture of so many and such costly ingredients. To make megaleion, they say, the oil is boiled for ten days and nights, and not till then do they put in the resin and the other things, since the oil is more receptive when it has been thoroughly boiled. The superior kind of sweet marjoram-perfume, 1 they say, is made of all the best spices except sweet marjoram : in fact this is the only spice which perfumers do not use for any perfume, and the name is a misnomer.

Some perfumes are made up colourless, some are given a colour. They give a colour to s\veet mar- joram-perfume, rose-perfume, and megaleion, while among expensive kinds the Egyptian, quince-perfume and kypros are colourless, as well as all the cheaper kinds. The reason why these are made without colour is that it is desired that the Egyptian and kypros should look white and that quince-perfume should have the colour of quinces, while it is not worth while to add colour to the cheaper sorts. The dye used for colouring red perfumes is alkanet ; the sweet marjoram-perfume is dyed with the sub- stance called khroma (dye), which is a root imported from Syria.

Of the properties of various spices.

VII. It is thought that riot only the smells of perfumes contribute to a pleasant taste, but also the qualities of pungency and heat which are found in some of them : accordingly some of these perfumes are also mixed with certain wines to give, as it were, ' point' to them. Thus myrrh is hot and has a biting quality as well as being astringent, and it also

1 Clearly distinct from that mentioned in 28.

355

A A '2


THEOPHRASTUS

<TTi/v|reo>9, e%et Be /cal TTi/cpiav. rb Be

Tiva perpiav fjuera OepfMOTijTO^. Trapa- Be KOI TO KOOTTOV. TJ Be /caaia TOVTWV 6ep^oT7]TL /cal BpifjiVTijTi /cal arv^rei. Be /cal arvTrriKr} /cal r) ipis, tcaO^ VTrepf3o\r)v Be /cal Tri/cpa vea ovaa /cal TOV %pwra T&V ojuievcov d<j)6\/col. BrjKTtfcbv Be /cal TO fjiov fiera OepfjLorrjro^. TOV Be (3a\ad[jiov o OTTO? /cal TO KapTTiov dvBpi/ccoTepa TT/JO? d/j,(f)6Tepa TavTa, TO Be %v\ov daOeveaTepov. 7rapa7r\r)aiav 8' e%et TOVTM Bvvafjiiv /cal TO ajmcD^ov.

33 'O Be o")(plvo < s Brj/CTi/co!)Tpov fiev TOV /ca\dfiov /cal OepfjiOTepov, aTVTTTiKa Be O/JLOLO)^ dfjL(f)w.

TOVTWV Be 0~TV7TTlK(*)TpOV TO KVITGlpOV.

Be /cal r) da-Trd\a6os rj evcoBrjs. rj Be Sr}KTi/cr) fjLeTa 6pfj-6Tr)TO<i. TO Be fjbdpov /cal TO TO et9 TO dfjiapaKivov e^fjuyvvfjuevov 6ep- [crvvepyel Be /cal T^? dy%ovcr7]s TO oav T v poBivov /cal TTJS ipiBos.]

34 Nea fjiev ovv bvTa TWV apcofjiaTcov evia b fj.ev evOvs e^ei, ftapeias real Bpipeias,

Be pexpi, T^? d/cfjbijs <y\VKaiveTai, etT 5 dva\veTai 7rd\iv. olov i] ipi? et9 ^ev TTJV epyacriav d/c/j,dei yLteTa Trjv <ru\\o<yrjp Tpia eT?), /cal Siafjuevei Be 7r\el(7TOV "fcpovov eg CTTJ. TO Be /jidpov err) Bvo. rj Be (Tfjivpva Be/ca errj Bia/j,evei (3e\Tiwv <yevojjievr). Be


TOV Kiva/jico/Aov Kai TOV KOO~TOV /cat T/9 0-^0^09 Be /cal /cd\a/jios Trapa/c/md^ei, B 1 dvd&v TCL mev ev6v<$ Xo)?a 6Wa


1 c/. Plin 21. 42. 2 c/. Index, vxolvos (2).

3 c/. Index, /caAayttos o tvwdrjs,

356


CONCERNING ODOURS, 32-34

has a bitter quality. Cinnamon again lias a fair amount of pungency as well as heat. So too is it with koston. Cassia exceeds both of these in heat pungency and astringency. Iris-perfume is hot and astringent, and excessively bitter when it is fresh, 1 in which state it causes sores on the skin of those that work on it. Cardamom has also a biting quality as well as heat. The juice and the fruit of balsam of Mecca are more active in producing both these qualities, while the wood is less so. Nepaul cardamom has also a property similar to this.

Ginger-grass 2 has a more biting quality than sweet-flag,, 3 and is hotter; but both are equally astringent. Kypeiron is however more astringent than either. The sweet-scented aspalathos also has this quality. Spikenard has a biting quality as well as heat. Maron and the khroma which is mixed with sweet marjoram-perfume are heating. 4 The root of alkanet also contributes to the colour of rose-perfume and iris-perfume.

Now some spices when they are fresh have at first heavy and pungent qualities, but in course of time become sweet till they have reached their prime, and then lose their properties again. Thus the iris is at its prime for manufacturing the perfume for three years after it was gathered, and 5 lasts for six years at longest. 5 Maron lasts two years ; myrrh ten, and improves with time. Cinnamon koston and cassia keep at their best for about the same periods as these. Ginger-grass and sweet-flag soon get past their prime. Of flowers some, like the rose, possess

4 This sentence seems irrelevant here.

5 ~ 5 KO). errj. These words are omitted, apparently by accident, in both W.'s editions, though represented in his Latin translation.

357


THEOPHRASTUS

T&9 Bvvdjj,i<; e%i, KaOdirep TO poBov, ra Be rjpav- OevTa, /caOaTrep 6 tcpo/cos fcal 6 fM\t,\c0To<$' yap vypoTepa.

35 T9 fjiev ovv (f)V(Tis Kal Bvvdfieis TWV d etc TOVTWV 6ewpr)Teov.

VIII. Ao/cet Be TO /jLe<yd\eiov a<f)\e<y pavrov

GLVdl 7TCLVTOS TpaVfJLCLTOS' TO $ f)68lVOV CtpHTTOV

7T/909 ra WTO,. TavTa & OVK d\6y(D<?. TOV /J,ev yap rj avvOevis etc ptfrivifj^ Kefcav/jLevTjs, wa-Trep \%0i), /col icacrias KOI Kiva[J,(*>fJ,ov KOI o-/jLvpvrj<?, airavTa Se raOra GTVITTIKCL KOI ^pavTiicd. TO Be poBivov rot? ODO-LV dyaOov OTI ev a\arlv 17 Troirjcrw dvafcrjpaivei yap KOL eicOepiJialvei Bia TOU9 aXa?* Bib /cal rj dXoo-d^vij dyaOov. d\\a TO TT}? OTTpayyovpias \6yov BelTar /cal yap TavTy \eyov<ri fJLa\i(7Ta fiorjOeiv. aiTiov 8' av eltrj BIOTI Trav TO VTre^dyeiv yueXXov dva\vcrai Bel irpoTepov TO v7rea / %07]O'6/iievov TOVTO Be ol a\69 J] B* evwBia Trjv op/jirjv aTreBfo/ce.

36 Ata TI Be TO Ipivov evo(T/j,ov fiev ov iroiel Be opjjiijv; r) BIOTI O-TVTTTLKOV /cal avvdyei roi;9 7ro/30f9, wcrre crvy/cXeicrei /ca)\veiv TTJV BioBov; d\\a /cal /coiXias \VTixr] Bid re Trjv 9epp,OTr]Ta KOI Bid TO aTrodTix^eLV rou9 eirl TTJV KIXJTLV irbpovs' d7ro/c\io/jLeva)v yap TOVTWV 6i9 Tr)V Koi\iav r) avpporj. TO Be o\ov </>a/}yLta/ccoSe9 fcal

J .c/. C. P. G. 14. Sand 11, 358


CONCERNING ODOURS, 34-36

their virtues from the first while they are still fresh, some only after they are dried, as crocus and meUlotos^- these having a certain amount of moisture while they are fresh.

These examples may suffice for study of the characters and properties of spices.

Of the medicinal properties of certain perfumes.

VIII. Megaleion is believed to relieve the in- flammation caused by any wound, and rose-perfume to be excellent for the ears. And this is probable enough. For the former is composed, as was said, of burnt resin cassia cinnamon and myrrh, and all these have astringent and drying properties : while the reason why rose-perfume is good for the ears is that salt is used in the manufacture of it : for it is by reason of the salt that it dries and warms (which is why ' sea-foam 2 ' is also good for the ears). Its use against strangury however needs explanation : for it is said to be specially helpful against this. The explanation may be that anything which is to remove the difficulty must first dissolve that which is to be removed ; and this is the effect of the salt, while the fragrance supplies the necessary stimulus.

Why however, it may be asked, though iris- perfume is fragrant, does it not give the stimulus ? Perhaps it is because it is astringent and closes the passages, so that by shutting them it prevents free course. On the other hand this perfume acts as a laxative on the bowels because of its heating quality and because it astringes the passages leading to the bladder : for, when these are closed, the liquid collects in the bowels. In general iris- ? Said to be a zoophyte : cf. Arist. H.A. 9. 14. 2.

359


THEOPHRASTUS

TO ipivov fcal dX\a rwv /uvpcov. r) o alria 7rdvro)v 0)9 /ca06\ov elrrelv ev rat? Bvvdueo-i rat? elpr]- , OTI crrvTrriKa Kal OepaavrtKa' ra dpa)- jap ra Toiavra (frap/jLaKGoSr). ravra fjuev


ovv eo) T?9 37 IX. K?acrt9 Be Kal t?t9 OVK


TWV apWfJLaTdav, COCTT K Twv avT&v cuel /cal 6/JiOLa ryiveaOai, d\\oia Se a dvcojJLa\iav TOW Swdpewv rwv ev row al'fitU 7rXetou9. apTrois, r) rov ero

avrr) yap iroKv^ovarepa^ ore 8' ra9 Bwdiiei? <iroiel>. erepa Be ev rfj crv\\oyf), TO Trporepfjarai, T7/9 aKfJirj^ rj vcTTeprfaai,' Kal yap rovro ov fALKpbv Siaffcepei. rpirrj ^' 77 fiera TJJV (7V\\oyr)v, oaa %povov SeiTat, 7T/?09 Trjv aK^i]v, wcnrep e\e%0r)' Kal yap evravOd ecm TO Trpore- pelv Kal varepeiv.

To vrw v Be TO jjuev rwv erwv OVK ecjS rjfilv, 7r\rjv et9 TO elBevai ra irola crtfioBpoTepas Kal dcrOeve-

rd Be Kara


rj<> re o"voyr)s Ka p,era rrjv rj/jiLV ecrri, TO) elSori f^d\\ov TO e

f H /nev ovv yeveais Kal crvvOeais r&v /jivpcov K rovra)v. 360


CONCERNING ODOURS, 36-38

perfume, as well as others, has medicinal properties. And the explanation in all cases, to put it generally, lies in the above-mentioned properties of astringency and heating; for it is spices possessing these pro- perties that are medicinal. However these matters lie outside our subject of study.

Of rules for the mixture of spices, and of the storing of various perfumes.

IX. There is no fixed rule for the combination and mixture of spices in the sense that the same components will always produce a satisfactory and a uniform result : the result varies by reason of the varying quality of the virtues found in the spices. For this there are several reasons. One, which applies also to fruits, is the character of the season ; this causes the virtues to be sometimes much more than ordinarily powerful, sometimes less so. Another is to be found in the time of collection, according as it is made before or after the spices are in their prime. A third cause operates after the collection, that is, in the case of those spices which need time to come to their prime, as was said l : for here too it is possible to be too soon or too late.

Of these causes that which depends on the seasons is not within our control, except so far as we can discover which spices in a particular season have powerful, and which weak virtues. 2 But we can control those which depend on collecting them when in their prime, or on keeping them after they are collected, that is, if we know pretty well how to hit the right moment.

So much for the origin and composition of perfumes.

1 34. 2 i.e. and we can select accordingly.

361


THEOPHRASTUS

Tlo\w)(povia)TaTov 8' e<rTt TO r' AlyvTTTiov KOI TO "pivov KOI TO ap,apdtcivov teal TO vdpBivov, TfdvTtov be /JidXidTa r) crra/err;, Biapevei yap QTTOCTOVOVV %pbvov. yu-upOTTcoX??? Be Tt? efyr) Trap 1 avTw /jLe/jLevrjKevai AlyvTTTiov fj,ev OKTO> eTrj, ipivov $k ei/coai, KCtl 6Ti &ia/j,veiv @e\Tiov bv TWV cucfjia^- 6vra)V. r) jjiev ovv ^poviOT^ ev rourot?. 39 Ta S' avOiva TCCLVTCL aaBevr]. crvjjiftaivet, Be rot? avQivois aKfid^eiv [lev &>? eVt TO nrav /JbTa Bifjirjvov, fjiTa/3d\\eiv 8* eVt TO ^elpov eviavTOV nrpoe\,9bvTO real TrepiicaTa\af3ovcr'r]s T% w/oa? eV r) Tr/v d/cfjurjv \afjbj3dvei TO avOos. dva \6yov Be Trj dcrOeveiq Kal TO evTreTravTO, elvai KOI

TO, 8' 6/c TWV pi%a>v KOI TWV 7r\LO)v yap rj OCT/JLTJ Kal lo"^vpoTepa


40 &ia(f)0eipi, Be TO. jjivpa Kal &pa Oep/j,r) TOTTO? Kal 6 ^Xt09, civ TcOcocri,' Bio Kal ol

Ta? ol/aa? virepcpovs Kal fir) OTL fjL,d\iaTa ira\icTKiov^' afyai- yap Ta? o<r//.a? o rjX/o? Kal TO Oep^ov Kal

L<m)<Tl T^}? <^)VO-ft)? /JL(i\\OV TOV

TO Be tyw^pov Kal 6 irdyos, el Kal

Troiel Bia TO o-vo-TeXXeiv, aXX' OVK

ye TTJV Bvva/jiiv TeXea)?. r) Trovrjpa yap

KaOdjrep TWV oivcav Kal TWV a\\cov )(v\ow, TO>

41 TO otKeiov dfyaipelvOai Oepfiov. Bib KOI et? dyyeia fjLO\v]3Ba ey%ovcri KOI TOI>? d\a^daTpov^ ^TJTOVCTI TOIOVTOV \iOov *fyw%pbv yap Kal TTVKVOV Kal Q

362


CONCERNING ODOURS, 38-41

Those which last longest are the Egyptian, the iris, the sweet marjoram and the spikenard perfumes : but myrrh-oil has the longest life of any ; for it will keep any time. A certain perfumer said that he had had Egyptian perfume in his shop for eight years, and iris-perfume for twenty, and that it was still in good case, in fact better than fresh perfume. These are instances of perfumes which will keep a long time.

On the other hand all those made from flowers have little vigour. These are usually at their best after two months, but they deteriorate when a year has past and the season has come round again at which the flowers are at their best. Also, as these perfumes lack vigour, so also do they quickly mellow, and, in most cases, quickly evaporate. Those made from roots and the other parts of the plant last longer, their odour being fuller stronger and more substantial.

Perfumes are ruined by a hot season or place or by being put in the sun. This is why perfumers seek upper rooms which do not face the sun but are shaded as much as possible. For the sun or a hot place deprives the perfumes of their odour, and in general makes them lose their character more than cold treatment : while cold and frost, even if they make them less odorous by congealing them, yet da not altogether deprive them of their virtue. For the most destructive thing that can happen to them, as to wines and other savours, is that they should be deprived of their proper heat. This is why men put them into vessels of lead and try to secure phials of alabaster a stone which has the required effect : for lead is cold and of close texture, and stone has

363


THEOPHRASTUS

yLtoXf/98o<? /cal 6 \iOos 6 TotovTov teal apiaros o ud\L(TTa TOIOVTOS. WCTTG Si'

Kal TW 'tyv'XpW Kal TW 7TVKVW,

%w Trjv oaarjV arfP 6'X&)?

fcal yap f) avairvor) (f)0eipei /cal TO Kal a\\orpiov eVel Kal ra (f)0ipi Kal KaTava\i(TKi, oo" //-?, aXXct)? re Kal ra? JJLT]

42 X. Kecf)a\a\>y7) &e TWV p.ev r Tro\v r re\wv TO a/JLapaKivov Kal TO vdp^wov Kal fjteyaXelov, TWV & evTe\wv oXco? jjilv TCL TrXetcrra /ud\iaTa Be TO Sd^vivov. \a^>poTaTa &e TO poSivov Kal rj KVTrpos, a Kal rot? av$pd(ri p,d\t<TTa apfjiOTTeiv SoKei, Kal ?r/)09 rovrot? TO Kpivov Tat9 Be <yvvai%lv r] crTaKTr) Kai TO jLL<ya\eiov Kal TO KlyviTTiov Kal TO ajjiapaKivov Kal TO vdpoivov Sia yap TIJV

Kal TO Tra^o? OVK evairoTTVoa ouS' evacj)- ' ^TITOVGL < r yap> TOL %povia.

43 'E?ret Be TCL aev daOevr) TCL 8' lo-^vpd, Kal la^ypoTepa TCL CLTTO TWV pi^wv Kal TO, aXXa TCL Trpoeiprj/Jieva, Bia TOVTO TCL aev avOiva /j,rj Tpi- ftoLieva evoo-fjiOTepa, TCL B' CITTO TWV pi^wv Kal Ta \oLira Tpt/36/jiva' TCL jjiev yap BiaTrveiTai T6 Kal aua BcaQepuaivo/jLeva Bia TTJV

Kal a\\OLOVTai, Ta Be Bia TTJV l


1 e.g. alabaster, wliich here at least is spoken of as a kind of stone. 2 yap ins. Sch.

3 6 4


CONCERNING ODOURS, 41-43

the same character, that being the best for keeping perfumes which has it in the highest degree. 1 So that vessels made of these materials keep the perfume well for both reasons, their coolness and their closeness of texture : they neither let the odour pass away through them, nor do they take in anything else. For evaporation destroys the perfume, and so also does any foreign substance which finds its way in : for even draughts of air destroy odours and cause them to waste, as was said, especially those odours which do not belong to a thing's essential nature.

Of the properties of certain perfumes.

X. Headache is caused by sweet marjoram spike- nard and megaleion among costly perfumes : most of the cheap ones have also this effect, notably that made from bay. The lightest are rose-perfume and kypros, which seem to be the best suited to men, as also is lily-perfume. The best for women are myrrh-oil, megaleion, the Egyptian, sweet marjoram, and spikenard : for these owing to their strength and substantial character do not easily evaporate and are not easily made to disperse, and 2 a lasting perfume is what women require.

Inasmuch however as some perfumes are stronger than others, the stronger being those made from roots and the others already mentioned, for this reason those derived from flowers are more fragrant if they are not bruised, while bruising improves those made from roots and the others. For the former kind evaporate and pass off as they are warmed by the bruising, thus losing their character, while the latter owing to their strength have, as it

365


THEOPHRASTUS

avoiyo/jievcov nvwv Tropcov e/c T?79 44 efji^avecrrepav iroiel rrjv CHT/JUJV. o KOI eV avr&v pi^wv /cal oA,o)9 rwv (rrepewv jrep \%0r). Kara, Be T&V dvOwv I wcrre r}rco\ovdr)Kv e/cdrepa rfj dp%fj. TCL 5' e/c

' yap


/ca


KOi <T)> ep/JiOTr)? T)


OVK a\\OTpla, fjLokaKr) rt? ovaa' /cat yap <r)> o-fjLVpva ^rjrel TWO, Trvpwaw. avrXw? Se TTOLV TO 7ro\voS/jiov avr evw&es avre /ca/cwSe? avre Spirit avr of v avr OTTOLOVOVV Tvy%dvrj, KivovfJLevov fJL- ^avearepov Tore yap wGTrep evepyeia avapiyvvrai /jid\\ov TO) depi.

Twz/ e /Jbvpwv TO AiyvTTTiov /cal rj ffTa/crrj /cal ei TI d\\o 7ro\voS/j,ov [/cal] fJuyvv/JLtva r& oivw rut evaiSei, rjBiO)' TrapaipeiTai yap rj jSapvrrjs avT&v 7Tt KOI TI crjjLvpvr) avrr) TT/OO? rrjv dvadvjjiiao'iv /3p%0eicra ev rw y\v/ct, KaOdirep ev T0t9 TTporepov


45 y909 6 T

aroTTOv elvat TO avjjiftalvov eVl TOV poSivow KOV- (f)6rarov yap &v /cal d&OeveaTarov d^avi&i Ta9 TWV aXkwv ocr/ia9 orav Trpo/jLvpio-flwo-i" Sib /cal ol fjivpoTTtoXai TOU9 7Ti8i,(rTdovTa<; /cal fJLrj ODVOV- yu.ei/oi'9 Trap 1 avrwv 7TlfjLVpiov(7l TOVTW 7rpb<; TO fir] alaOdveaOai Ta Trapd T&V aXXcov. aiTiov 8' 6Vi XeTTTOTaTOzv ov /cal TrpocrfyiXes rfj aladrjaei Sia Trjv KovcfrorrjTa f^dXiara Su/cvelrai, /cal <7V/j,-


1 ri ins. W. 2 rj ins. W.

3 The words &vrc $pi/j.b are omitted in both W.'s editions, but represented in his Latin version.

366


CONCERNING ODOURS, 43-45

were, certain passages opened by the bruising, and so their fragrance is made more obvious. This, as was said, also takes place in the case of the roots themselves and of the solid things in general ; but the result in the case of flowers is just tJie opposite, so that both kinds behave according to their origin. That this should apply to the perfumes made from myrrh is quite natural for both reasons ; they mingle more than others with the air, and the heat 1 due to the bruising is not prejudicial, since it is gentle, and myrrh 2 in fact requires a certain amount of heating. And in general any strong odour, whether it be pleasing or the reverse, whether it be pungent 3 or sharp, or whatever its character, becomes more pronounced with movement ; for then it becomes, as it were, active and mingles more with the air.

The Egyptian perfume, myrrh-oil, and any others that have a strong odour become 4 sweeter if they are mixed with fragrant wine ; for then their heavy quality is removed. In fact myrrh itself is made to exhale a more fragrant odour by being steeped in sweet wine, as was said 5 in a former treatise.

If one has regard to the virtues of the perfumes in question, one may well be surprised at what happens in the case of rose-perfume : though it is lighter and less powerful than any other, if one has first been scented w r ith it, it destroys the odour of the others. And this is why perfumers, if a purchaser hesitates and is not inclined to buy this perfume, scent him with it so that he is not able to smell the others. The explanation is that, being very delicate and acceptable to the sense of smell, by reason of its lightness it penetrates as no 4 I have bracketed xal s C.P. 6. 17. 2.

367


THEOPHRASTUS


46 fjLevr) real rr\r)pr)<$ ovcra Kpiveiv dBvvarel. Bvo yap elai rporroi, rd%a Be rpels, ol KwXvovres rrjv Kpiaiv. 69 fJiev o vvv elprj/j,evos' aXXo? 8' o CLTTO TWV la^vpMV waTrep fiedvorKwv rrjv ala-QrjGiv KOI KaprjjBapav TTOLWV rpiros 8' orav TrpoKaTaXij^Of) T& /3e\Tiovi,' TO yap eTreiadyeiv TO ^elpov ov paSiov ov $e%TCU yap rj aicrOrfa-i^, axnrep ov& 7rl TWV %v\(ov KOI 0X0)9 T&V Kara rrjv rpocfrrjv.

47 Kanaxvaiveiv Be So/eel TO pobov /cal rrjv vvv-

6a/jLijv orav yap aK/Jid^rj TO civOos, poSiovo~i rvvOeGeis, dvoiyo/jievai, ' e^o^ovo-t rovrov KOI /jidXio-ra. Traverai Be ra%v /cal \rjyei Bia rr]V aaOeveiav /cal \e7rr6rr]Ta, Bi rjv /cal e^o- a\\a)V \7rrrj yap ovcra 77 avairvor) /cal rfj /caTaK\ei<T6i irporepel re rwv \ot- /cal BiaBiBoTai 7ravra%ov. Bt,a ravro Be TOVTO /cal a7ro\ijyei, ra%v /cal /caraKparelrai TiaKiv dcr6evel yap TO \TTTOV /cal /jLa\a/cov.

48 Hoiovcn Be rives rovro /cal rwv olvwv, ware rrporroOevres dfyavi^eiv rrjv rwv d\\wv rjBovrjv. evioi, 8' cocrT6 yu-?; 7n,Be%o-@at, paBico? rovs a\\ovs,


1 cf. 57, 58. avvQfros 60-^ or avvQeais seems to mean a kind of pot-pourri, which was from time to time renewed with fresh rose-petals. Sch. understands avv6e<ns to mean 'clothes in a wardrobe' (cf. Lat. synthesis), but it must surely have the same meaning here as avvQe-ros oo>u) : Sch.'s citation from 57 does not seem to prove his point, and /jLfvovffi TTO\VV xpovov ot <rvv6fafi$ in 58 is conclusive against him. cf. also 69.

368


CONCERNING ODOURS, 45-48

other can and fills up the passages of the sense, so that being entirely taken up and filled with it, it is unable to judge of others. For the power of judging is inhibited in two, or possibly in three ways ; one is that which has just been mentioned ; another is that the sense of smell is, as it were, intoxicated with its powerful virtues and becomes stupefied : the third is that the sense may be preoccupied with the superior odour ; for then it is not easy to introduce after it what is inferior, since the sense of smell refuses this just as the sense of taste in like case refuses flavours and foods in general.

It is also thought that the rose even weakens the effect of compound perfume l ; for, when the flower is at its best, they treat compound perfumes with it ; and, when these come to be opened, they smell only or chiefly of rose. However this effect is only temporary and transient because of the weakness and delicacy of the rose-scent, (the very quality which also causes it to assert 2 itself over the scent of the other ingredients). For, as it is so delicate and is compressed by confinement, it is exhaled before the others and disperses in all directions. It is also for this reason that the rose-scent only asserts itself for a short time and then is overpowered again ; for anything that is delicate and subtle must be lacking in vigour.

Certain wines have also a similar effect : if they are first drunk, there is no satisfaction in others. Some again make it even difficult to take others


2 i.e. when the pot-pourri is first opened: the 'delicacy'

(1) in

3 6 9


of the rose-scent causes it to be given off quickly and so (1) to be the first scent perceived, (2) to be volatile. this passage is used with gen. in two distinct senses.


VOL. II. B B


THEOPHRASTUS


wcnrep o ^^LpvOpatas oKvicos Tfc? cov teal TTJV alilav <Be> ireipareov IK T&V ofAoiwv \a/ji- ftdvew e^efc Se TOUT* iSiov TO poBivov, waTrep <T%eBov /cal /jLL/cpy Trporepov eiprjraf ra fJLev yap d\\a irdvr rj ra TrXetcrTa K<pa\a\yrj t rovro Be, axTTrep eKe^Or), \VTIKOV KOI jSdpovs teal d\j7jB6vo<i fcal T?)? tt7ro rwv /Jivpcov.

49 f H 8' alria (fravepa Sea TWV Trpoeiprj/jieifwv, einrep e-jn/cparei KOI SiaSverai, Travra^ov. ra JJLGV yap

oVa K(f)a\a\yr] ffapea Sia TO e/c TOIOVTWV ai ra fiev pi^wv ra S' OTTWV rovro Be /cal ry oo-fjif} e\a<f>pbv /cal rf) Oep/jborijTi o-v/JLfjLerpov et9 TO crufjL7r"^rai teal Siavoi^ai TOU9 Tropovs. ol yap Sr} TTOVOL TT}? /C(f>a\f)S r) /caOvypawofjbevr)? rj irvev- fjLarovfj,evr]<; rw evairoKafJi^dvecrOai, warre TO fiev eKKplvai Bel TO $6 ire^rai, rj a<f)\eiv.

50 11/909 ajravra Be 77 Qep/jborr)? ^ptja-i/jiov, /cal 649 a(f)aipecriv /cal eTi fj,a\\ov 6/9 TO Trerreiv /cal Btav- olyew TOU9 ?royOou9, et'9 <TV/jL/3dXXeTa(, TO ev rw d\l TreTTOirjcrdai' /cal yap dvacrro/jiova'i /cal Bia- OepfjLalvova-iv ol a\es. r) B' evoajnia fcal opprjv Tiva iroLel 7T/?09 T7]V KivrfCTiv. dyaOov Be /cal Bo/cei 7T/009 Tot/9 KOTTOV? elvai rfj dep/jLorrjri CTV/JL- fjierpov bv /cal rf) Kov<porr)rt /cal TTJ BiaBvaei 737309 Toi>9 eVT09 Tropovs" o>9 Be rives (f>a(Tiv, ov% rjrrov rj KVTrpos en TOVTOV fJba\afcr) yap rj oa^r) /cal


1 c/. 52. 2 fc ingj W>

3 i.e. the case is so far analogous to that of rose-perfume j but the comparison does not hold as to what follows.

370


CONCERNING ODOURS, 48-50

after them ; this is the effect for instance of wine of Erythrae, 1 which has a taste of brine and is subtle. The 2 explanation one must endeavour to find by comparing analogous cases. 3 However there is one peculiarity which as we have already more or less indicated, is possessed by rose-perfume only ; while all or most of the others are heady, this, as was said, gives actual relief from heaviness and discomfort, even from that caused by other perfumes.

The reason for this is plain in view of what has been already said, seeing that this perfume over- powers others and penetrates everywhere. For the others that are heady are heavy because they are made of heavy substances, whether roots or juices ; while this perfume is both light as to its scent and also by its heat well adapted to bring the passages to a suitable temperature and to open them. For pains in the head are due to an excess of moisture in it, or of air which gets confined in it, so that it is necessary to get rid of the one, and to raise the temperature of the other or to remove it.

And for all such purposes heat is useful, both for removing the moisture or air, and, still more, for raising the temperature of the passages and opening them : and to these ends it is helpful that the perfume should have been prepared with salt, since the effect of salt is to open the passages and to warm them thoroughly. Again the fragrance also supplies a stimulus to movement. This perfume is also considered to be good against lassitude, because its heat and its lightness make it suitable, and also because it penetrates to the inner passages. Some however say that kypros is quite as efficacious : for this too has a delicate scent which is grateful to the

37i

B B 2


THEOPHRASTUS

7rpO(T(f)i,\r)S TO) %/?ft)Tt /cal 77 raur?;?. /cal ravra JJLGV /cal TO, o/moia TOVTOLS wairep tBia av ely.

51 XI. ToO poBivov Be at /uet9 /cal ev rat? ocr/zat? fcal ev ro?9 ^Vyiiofc, eaz> rfp/AOG/jLevai, Twy^avwaiv,

l Tiva %peiav, at /JLCV afyaipovaai rrjv /3apv- ical T^V la^vv, at 8' evoS/*iav riva at Be <y\v/cvTr)Ta ejjLTroiovvai, KaOdirep /cal eVl rwv owwv. /cal yap 6 ev dcra) 6 ev TO) Trpvraveiw OavjjLaaTO^ Tt? w? eoi/ce rrjv rjBovrfv, ecrrtv efJipaXKovGi yap eh TO /cepd- <rrat9 yLteXtrt (frvpdaavTes, were rrjv fj^ev oorfjur)V d?r' avrov, TTJV Be fy\v/cvrijra UTTO TOV cTTatTo? \a/ji/3dviv TOV olvov.

52 ^vfjbfiaiveiv Be TOVTO /cal Kaia r9 TWV ocvcov fjLi^ew olov edv rt? /cepda-y a/c^jpov /cal fjLa\a/cq> /cal aoa-^w, Kaddirep TOV '

/cal TOV 'RpvOpalov, TOV /j,ev TTJV paXa/coT^Ta TOV Be TTJV evoa-fiiav Trapexof^evov crv/j,7riTTTei yap afjia Ta ica/ca d\\rj\a)V a<pavi^etv TTJ /juaXa/coTijTi BaTepov </cal TT) euocryuta 0aTepov>. TroXXa? Be real aXXa? oi ejATreipot, \eyovai /cal laaai /jiigeis. o /cal eVt TWV oa^wv ev\oyov o-vfjiftaiveiv, /cal ejrl TWV xpw/JidTwv av Tt9 \afi/3dv7} ra9 dp/noTTOvaas jjii^ei^. TOVTO n>ev ovv UBiov TOV poBivov.

53 To Be /coivov eirl TrdvTwv aTcopr\^a t TI Bij TTOT

1 Quoted by Athen. 1. 58. 2 c/. 48.

8 This sentence must be defective : as it stands, the effect of only one wine is given, though the effect is said to be

372


CONCERNING ODOURS, 50-53

skin. These and similar properties may be con- sidered peculiar to these particular perfumes.

Of other properties and peculiarities of perfumes.

XI. The admixture of rose-perfume, whether in scents or in flavours, if it be well blended, is bene- ficial, in the one case by removing the heaviness and strength of the scent, in the other by imparting a fragrant scent or a sweet taste to the flavour, as in the case of wines. 1 Thus the wine which is served in the town-hall of Thasos, which appears to be of wonderfully delightful quality, is thus flavoured. For they put into the jar a lump of dough which has been kneaded up with honey, so that the wine gets its fragrance from itself, but its sweet taste from the honeyed dough.

This result also follows, it is said, from the mixture of different wines, for example, if a strong fragrant wine be mixed with one that is mild and without fragrance, (for instance, if wine of Heraclea be mixed with wine of Erythrae), 2 since the latter con- tributes its mildness and the former its fragrance : 3 for the effect is that they simultaneously destroy one another's inferior qualities through the mildness of the one and the fragrance of the other. There are many other such blends mentioned by and known to experts. And it is quite to be expected that such a result should follow from blending odours, as it does from blending colours, if one discovers the suitable combinations. This then is peculiar to rose-perfume.

However there is one question which applies to all perfumes, namely, why it is that they appear to

mutual. I have added al TTJ evoff^la Oarepov after Sch. ; his text however is ffv/j.ir'nrrfi yap a/tta, nal ra KUKO. aAA.TjAwi' atyavifci, rf) yUaActfc^TTjTJ <KOJ TT) euo<r^fa> darfpov.

373


THEOPHRASTUS


airo TOV tcapirov T?}? %ei,pb<; tfBio-Ta (fraiveTai, Bio Kal ol ftvpoTTwXai TOVTO /ivpi^ova-i TO ^ 8' aiTiav IK rov evavTiov XrjTrreov, on TO e^icrTrjori /cat d\\otol' Ta%e2a 8' ^Brj 77 alcr0Tj<ri<; Tot? /jivpois dvajjuyvvfievois TW

64 'A7ro/)etTa< Be BLOTI ol /J

fjLa\\ov efofouo-fc rcov o~vve%w$ fJLVpi^Ofievwv eirj pep yap av \eyLv KOI on, (pavraariai Kal OVK aKriOeidi Bia TO /jirj elw6b<$' el 8' ovv KOI a\r}@es, eoi/ce TO fiev olov o-vvavafiiyvv(T0ai 7r\eiocriv 6or- fjials eTepcus vfi wv a/j,avpovrcu, avyKarajjayvv- fievov /cal TOV xpwros, TO Be wairep d/cepaiov Be%(T@ai TO /jiavbv teal K(f>&iveiV Ty alcrOrjcrei, ^povL^o/Jievov. elr) 8' av Kal evavTiws \a/3eiv co? r}TTov Be%ofj,evov Bia TO dcrvwtjOes, ftpaBvTepov 8' dva/jLiyvvfieva 7r\eico %pbvov e^b^ew. Kal TOVTO jjiev e\aTTOv Kal ov </>az>e/ow? o/

55 e 'A.7TTTai Be p,d\i(TTa TOV

Kal T&V a\\(0v Kal TrKelaTov %pbvov ejA/jievei TO,


1 So. a part of the body which, not being fleshy, does not spoil the scent by its warmth. So Plin. 13. 19. appears to give the point experimentum (unguentorum) inversa manu capitur, ne carnosae partis color vitiet, though it may be questioned whether inversa manu represents Kapirov. Pliny's

374


CONCERNING ODOURS, 53-55

be sweetest when the scent comes from the wrist l ; so that perfumers 2 apply the scent to this part. The explanation must be sought by observing what happens in the contrary case, inasmuch as heat changes or destroys the character of a scent,, and the effect on the sense of smell is immediately perceived when perfumes are brought into close contact with the skin.

The question is also raised why those who do not habitually use perfumes smell of them more strongly, when they do so, than those who use them habitually. The suggestion might be made that this is an illusion due to the fact that the use is not habitual, and does not represent what really happens. If however it does, it would appear that in the one case the perfume becomes, as it were, confused with a number of other scents which weaken its force (the smell of the skin also becoming mixed with it), while in the other case the porous condition of the skin takes in the scent as it were uncontaminated, and so makes it perceptible by the sense of smell, because it lingers for some time. One might also make a suggestion of opposite character, that the skin takes in perfumes less readily because it is not used to them, and so, as the perfumes mingle with it more slowly, they preserve 3 their scent for a longer time. One may add that this is a small point and that all do not agree as to the fact.

Those perfumes whose scent is strongest get the best hold on the skin head and other parts of the body, and last for the longest time : such are

phrase presumably means the back of the hand, and suggests that atrb rov ttapTrov may be corrupt.

2 Sc. in offering samples for choice.

8 Sc. it is not absorbed by the skin.

375


THEOPHRASTUS

la^vporara rat? oay/m?, olov jjieyakelov, Alyv- TTTiOV, d/jLapdtcivov ra ' aaOovr] KOI <ov> TTO\V- oB/ma, Koixfirjv e^ovra rrjv dvaTrvoijv, Tayeiav iroiel /cal Trjv a7ro\ei'fyiv, wcnrep TO re po&ivov /cal rj

KVTTpOS.

56 "Rvia Se teal et? rrjv varepaiav ov ^elpov oei, SiaTretrvevKvias el rt? evrjv {3apvTV)$. ra Be /cal 0X0)9 ejmjuLova /j,a\\ov, wairep rj vdpSo? Kal TO Ipwov, Trdvrayv Se /JLakiara <ra> lo-^vporara. teal ra pev ev re rot? \ovrpol? real rf] ave&ei BiaTrjpei TTft)? Ti)V o(r/jir)V rj ov (rwy/catcvvei' TO, Be tca/cvvo/Aeva 7T\eia) iroiel Bvcrw&lav avrwv rwv IBpcoroov, a>9 av cnjifrecos TWOS rj Bia<j)9opa<$ ywo-


Kal ra pep Trepl TT}? TWV fjuvpcov Troirjo-ecos re teal Bvvd/AetoS eirl TOGOVTOV elprjcrda). 57 XII. Ta Be Trepl Trjv TWV t]pwv /JLL^IV, e a)i> <TO> Biairdor/JLaTa teal al o-vvOecreis, ov/c Ti f^ret pitv TwvBe Tivwv a)piorfjLva)V, aXX' ocrco av Ti?

7T\6L(0 Kal 7TOlKl\.(t)Tpa fJil^rjy TOCTOVTW Kal 1) 6(7/Jirj

\afji7r pore pa teal rjBicov, (Lairep /cal ei; ai)Twv dpa)/jidT(0v TWV Trpo^eipcov et? rauro 7*^0 airavra %p&vTai. ^rjTOvai B' ev TOV- /cal o-Trev&ovaiv wcrre Jbrj evos d\\d


1 TO ins. Sch.

376


CONCERNING ODOURS, 55-57

megaleion, Egyptian perfume and sweet marjoram- perfume. Those on the other hand which are weak and have not a powerful scent, since they are volatile and evaporate, also quickly come to an end : for instance rose-perfume and kypros.

There are some however whose scent is even better on the second day, when any heavy quality that they possessed has evaporated. Some again are altogether more permanent, as spikenard and iris- perfume, and the stronger 1 a perfume is, the longer it lasts. Again some perfumes for some reason keep their scent in the bath when the body is relaxed, or at least do not help to produce a disagreeable effect ; while others become disagreeable and cause an even more unpleasant odour than the sweat, as though some sort of decomposition or decay took place.

Let this suffice for an account of the manufacture and properties of perfumes.

Of the making of perfume-poivders and compound perfumes.

XII. As to the mixing of solid substances to make powders l and compound perfumes, we do not find it here necessary to mix certain specified ingredients : the more numerous and the more various the per- fumes that are mixed, the more distinguished and the more grateful will be the scent just as though one were mixing whatever spices themselves 2 were procurable. As a matter of fact the custom is to use a mixture made of all kinds. Again in perfumes of this class the aim and object is not to make the mixture smell of some one particular thing, but to

2 Sc. the natural products from which the manufactured perfumes are made.

377


THEOPHRASTUS


Tivct Trjv ocf^rjv zlvdi. Bib Kal Sid Tivtov ff/mepwv rb %6%ov e^aipovcnv del KOI T&V lo-%vpwv eXaTTco fuyvvova-iv, wcnrep . . . ra 8' oXo)9 ov jjLiyvvovo~t,v, wairep TO epvcria'K'rjirTpov,

VTTep OV KOI dpTLWS \6^0rj.

58 Bpe'^ofcrt Be crvvTiQkvT<$ T& otvw TW 601K6 8' ovv ^priaifjio^ elvai ?r/309 r ye teal ol /jivpe^fol %p)VTai. fjuevova Be TTO\VV %povov at crvvOea-eis. rj Be XP^ al ^ TOVTCOV fj,ev els TTfv TWV i/juaTLWv 6(7^7)^, T&v Be BiarracT/jLaTcop els

TT)V GTpWllVrjV, 07Tft)9 7Tp09 TOV %pCt)Ta TrpOCrTriTTTr)'

Kal yap airTe,Tai H,CL\\OV KOI e^jjuov^Tepov TOVTO, KOI &GTrep OVT e/celvov TOVTO TTOIOVVIV. ol Be rrpoTepov evefSakov oivq) KaTa/3pe%ovT<; evtoBei Trpbs TO TrapaipelaOai, TTJV oo-/j,rjv, evia Be Kal fjL6\ifcpdT(*) /cal o'lvw (JbiyvvvTes dveBevov, TO, Be Kal avT& TO* fjLe\LKpa.TW. TO yap o\ov dfjtcfra) TavTa o-vvepyei irpbs evoafjiiav. Biajmevovo-i, Be al o~vvdio~ei<;. fyavepov 8' CK TOVTWV oTrep Kal TrpoTepov \%0r), BioTt, TCL ^rjpd Kal evoa/JLOTepa


59 EuXo7ft)9 Be TCL fjivpa (j>ap/jiaKa)Brj Bid Trjv T (61 ^ dptofiaTcov Bvvafjiiv Kal ydp TCL dpw^aTa ToiavTa. Bvj\oi Be Ta T KaTairXdcrfjiaTa Kal a BIJ


1 The example is missing. Turn, supplies costum et amomum from Plin. 13. 16, which does not however certainly refer to this passage ; see 69, where this passage seems to be repeated.

2 The reference of e/cetVov is obscure.

3 /j.ixQfvra add. Turn.

378


CONCERNING ODOURS, 57-59

produce a general scent derived from them all. This is why every few days they open the vessel and remove each time that perfume whose scent is over- powering the others, adding at the same time smaller quantities of the less powerful scents, such as . . -, 1 while some perfumes are never added, such as galingale, of which we spoke just now.

When they make compound perfumes, they moisten the spices with fragrant wine : and this certainly seems to be useful for producing fragrance, seeing that perfumers also use it. These com- pound perfumes last a long time. They are used to impart a pleasant odour to clothes, while the powders are used for bedding, so that they may come in contact with the skin : for this kind of preparation gets a better hold and is more lasting, so that men use it thus instead of scenting their bodies directly. 2 Some, before putting the powder in the bedding, soak it in fragrant wine, so that it may acquire its scent : and some powders they moisten by mixing them with mead and wine, or again simply with mead. For in general both these things help to give them fragrance. Compound perfumes also last well. From which what was said above becomes manifest, inasmuch as solid perfumes, when mixed 3 with one another, acquire a greater fragrance.

4 It is to be expected that perfumes should have medicinal properties in view of the virtues of spices : for these too have such virtues. The effects of

4 In W.'s text, which I have followed, there is some re- arrangement (after Furlanus) of the order of sentences in this chapter and the next : e.g. part of 61 is transferred to 59. Both figures are retained for convenience of reference.

379


THEOPHRASTUS

aa\dyuara Ka\ovcriv ota? arro&eiKvvrai Svvdueis rd re (frvuara /rat ra arrocrri^ara Bia^eovra /cal a\\a rr\elw rwv Kara TO crw/za Sia\\oiovvra, fjiev a\\a Kal ra ev fiddei, olov, dv Kara7r\da-r) ra v7ro%6vSpia /cal ro orrrjQos, s ffi>v rot? evjiols aTroSiBcoa-iv evcoSeis ra?


61 XIII. At e rwv %(i)a)v ocr/ial Kara ra<? Ibi

u<Ji9* eKacrro) yap ecrri ris ol/ceia Kara


rrjv Kpdcrtv. avrai B* rjBeiai uev Kal KaOapai \Kal~\ Kara ra? aKuas Kal orav ev eywaiv eavr&v, en Se rjBiovs d7ra\wv Kal vewv ovrwv. Se Kal KaKcoSeararai rrepl ra? o^eta? Kal avvrrjKOiJLevwv Kal KauvovrcDv o-coadrcov Sib Kal ol rpdyoi Kal ol e\a(f>oL Kal \ajol Kal ra\\a rore ud\icrra o%ei. 62 Sav/jia&rbv Be Kal ibiov rb crvaTrdcr^etv Ta?

(60) / tf r /) / * v

rpayeas, orav r] wpa KaU^Krj rrjs op/Ar)S. ainov Be SyXovon rb vrro^irreadal riva ev r& Bepaari, Bvvauiv fj vyponjra roiavrrjv a^>' ^5 rj opar) yiverai Kal ^covrcav Kivov/j,evr)$ ovv Kal SiaOep- fiatvo/jLevrjs ravrrjs vrro rov aepos ei>\oyov Kal ra Bep/Jiara Ka0* oaov ercL^aKXei. Bib Kal &>?


1 60 on some other medicinal effects of perfumes is omitted. 2 Kal bracketed by W.

380


CONCERNING ODOURS, 59-62

plasters and of what some call ' poultices ' prove what virtues they display, since they disperse tumours and abscesses and produce a distinct effect on various other parts of the body, on its surface, but also on the interior parts : for instance, if one lays a plaster on his abdomen and breast, the patient forthwith produces fragrant odours along with his eructations. 1

Of the characteristic smells of animals, and of certain curious facts as to the smell of animal and vegetable products.

XIII. The smells of animals correspond to their several characters : each has a smell of its own according to its particular composition. These smells are pleasant and pure when 2 the animal is in its prime and in good condition, and even pleasanter when they 3 are young and tender. But the smell is strongest and least pleasant at the breeding season, and generally when the body is wasting or out of condition : wherefore goats stags hares and other animals have most smell at such titties.

It is a remarkable fact and peculiar to the goat that goat-skins 4 are sympathetically affected when the breeding season comes round. The reason plainly is that there remains somehow in the hide the sort of virtue or moisture from which arises the breeding impulse when the animal is alive. It is natural therefore that, when this is excited and warmed by the air, the skin also should be excited 5 so far as it belongs to it to be so affected. Wherefore the original cause as it were of the


3 tavr&v can hardly be sound : ? avra (so. T& a).

4 i.e. the skin of a dead goat. 6 W. adds Ktvtiff&ai after


381


THEOPHRASTUS


atrtov f) SidOeaiS' Tore yap KOI ol fjirj 6%evovT<; Sfpwrt KOI ol dyovoi KOI al alyes oXa>9. r) 8' 6%eia Tore fj,ev fjieyd\r)v pepiBa cru/A/SaXXerat, /cad' avrrjv 8' aliia yiverai f) Bid@e(Ti,<;.

63 2vfi,/3alvi Be rpoTTov iiva KOI ev aXXot? rj Toiavrr) crvfjiTrdOeia' /cal yap 6 dlvos afj,a rfj

.f) So/eel GvvavOelv /cal ra (T/copoSa /cal ra Tore Bpi/jivrarov o^eiv, orav <ra> ev rfj yfj pKacndvr)' 7T\r)V TOVTOIS afia avfji/Saivei /cal aurot? P\ao-TdvLV. oX&)9 Be Trdvra /civeirat, rd <j)\oi6pt,%a /cal (rap/copi^a fjirj d7rej;r)pa/*fJLva /card ra? ySXacrr^T^/ca? wpa?- f] yap evvTrdp^ova-a BvvafjLis ev avTol? /ctvelrai. Oav/Jiacn^raTov Be

T&V TOIOVTWV TO eVl TOV (7T6aTO9 T?)? dp/CTOV

(Tv/j,/3alvov, eiTrep d/jua rafc </)&)Xtat9 eiraiperai /cal e/cir'X.rjpOL rd dyyela.

64 XIV. Tt Bij Trore Arj/jio/cpiTos rou? fjiev 7T/005 rrjv yevaiv dTroBiBaxri, ra9 B' oo-yaa? /cal


eBei yap e/c rwv (j^^aTwv. r) TOVTO ye


7T/?09 aTravra? KOLVOV; airavres ydp ol /JLCV


1 i.e. to form a 'crust.' 2 T& ins. Sch.

3 c/. .ff.P. 1. 6. 7.

4 i.e. when the fat of the living bear becomes abnormally developed. Plin. 8. 128. expresses his surprise at T.'s credulity

332


CONCERNING ODOURS, 62-64

phenomenon is the special condition of the animal at such periods : for at these times even those males which are not breeding have the smell, and the sterile goats and the females in general. In- deed, though at that particular time the fact that animals are actually breeding is a powerful factor in producing the smell, yet their condition is in itself a cause.

Similar sympathetic behaviour is found in a manner in other things also. Thus wine appears to ' bloom ' l at the same time as the growing grape, and stored garlic and onions appear to have the most pungent smell at the season when those 2 in the ground are sprouting : however in this case sprouting takes place in the stored vegetables also. And in general any plant whose root is in layers 3 or fleshy becomes active at the season of sprouting, unless it has been completely dried : for it is the force latent in such plants which is stirred into activity. But the most remarkable phenomenon of the kind is what occurs with bears' grease : it makes active growth at the time of the bear's winter sleep 4 and completely fills the vessels in which it is kept.

Of odours as compared with other sense-impressions.

XIV. What can be the reason why Democritus, though he assigns various flavours to the sense of taste, yet does not in like manner assign various smells and colours to the senses to which they belong ? According to his system he should have done so. Perhaps the same criticism should apply to all who have dealt with the subject : for they all

in this matter : his version (coctas uraorum carries) adds to the marvel.

383


THEOPHRASTUS


ol Be /jLakiffra TavTijs ra TrdOif \eyova~t, /cal ra? &t,a<f>opd<;, ft>9 ev xpw/JLaa-i \eu/cov /cal ^e\av, teal ev xv/jiols y\v/cv fcal irircpov, oi>% OVTCO 8 ev ovBev jap 7r\r)v TO T evoa-fjuov KOI TO ovS* ev aTrrot?' TrXeta) yap evOv ra


65 'AXXa /jLa\\ov ev (fxdvais, ov /cal jBapv. ert 8e Ta fjilv fj,L/CTa ra S' d/mi/cTa. djAi/CTot, ^y\o\ ol fjuev TW /JUT) KaTafJLepi^ecrdai &O-T e% d^olv, olov vScop e\aiov ^Xe^ycta at/ta, oXa>9 Trav TO emveov rj TO Biaipovv, wcnrep TO 0^09 KOI TO yd\a. TO yap Tfi Triecrei /cal Tptyei fjiiyvvfjievov eTepov elSos. d\\ov Be Tporrov ol fir) evfJUKTOi TT/OO? TTJV %peiav rj /cal \VfJLaiv6fJLevoi aXX^Xof?, olov TJ 6d\aTTa /cal TO, viTpooor) /cal m/cpd vSaTa TOU? olvovs /cal Ta TTOTi^a, edv prj evOvs %pijTai r^9.

66 'OcryLtal Se at fj,ev OUTWS d/jii/CToi 7rXetof9 /cal wcrre /caQ6\ov \a/3etv al Ka/cwSeis Ta?9 K,aK,w&e<Ti. ft>9 Be /3e\TLov TI TO e d/j,(j)olv epyov evpelv el


1 i.e. taste.

2 There seems to be some confusion here, as in the first sentence of the section T. complained that colours are not classified. The following passage is unusually elliptical, and the text is probably defective. T.'s complaint seems to be that sense-experiences in general have been inadequately classified (cf. 2) ; and in 66 foil, he specially mentions smells.

384


CONCERNING ODOURS, 64-66

either give the various qualities and distinguish the experiences of this sense l alone or at least com- paratively neglect the others : thus with colours 2 they distinguish white and black, and with flavours sweet and bitter, yet they make no corresponding classification of smells, but merely class them as 'pleasant' or 'unpleasant.' So too they fail to distinguish different experiences of the sense of touch, whereas several belong immediately to this sense, as hardness, softness, roughness, smoothness.

In sounds still more are there differences, as that between shrill and deep. Again some sense- experiences are simple, some compound. Flavours are simple first in the sense that they cannot be resolved into two components 8 : instances are water oil phlegm blood, 4 and in general anything which floats, like milk, 5 or which causes separation, like vinegar. (Where mixture can be produced by pres- sure or crushing, it is quite a different matter). Secondly there are flavours which do not readily combine in another sense, namely for human use, or which even spoil one another if they are mixed, as sea-water, or water with soda in it or which has a bitter taste : these spoil wines or other things that are good to drink, unless they are taken at once.

Now the odours which in this sense do not com- bine are numerous, and, speaking generally, it is the pleasant odours which do not combine with the unpleasant ones. It would indeed be difficult, if not impossible, to find a case in which mixture is an

3 Sch. and W. after Turn, add <ev ylveff0ai>- after au00<V, which seems unnecessary.

4 i.e. a liquid which, in one way or another, refuses to mix with another liquid. 6 ? cream.

385

VOL. II. C C


THEOPHRASTLfS

firj dBvvarov, els rrjv roiavnjv Be Bvvafiiv <ov'\> dirav co? elirelv TTpbs irdv evotf/uov. aXX' evOa [lev I'cTft)? %et/oo) Troiel evOa Be /3e\Tt&>, /caOdtrep 7rl TWV fivpcov rd fjuev jap a<f)aipeiTCU TO dicpa- TOV /col (TKKrfpov, TO, 8' aTTo6rf\,vvei> /cal oacnrep ra? ov^ds. ev Be rot? fypois airaaai


67 Ta yap BiaTrdorpara OCTM av rj ir\eiovwv d/jiiV(t). Trotet Be /cal rj rov otvov Kardfji,i1~i /cal fjivpa evia /cal Ov/jLidfjuara evoo-fjuoTepa, KaOdjrep rrjv (7fj,vpvav. Bo/cel Be /cal TO fjuvpov qBvveiv TOU? otVof?, Bib real ol fjbev ev rfj olvoiroita /niyvvovcriv ol Be o#Tft>5 eTTi^eo/jievov TTIVOVGIV. ov/c dXoyov Be Gvveyyvs ra? alvOrjaeis oi/cra? KOL ev rot? aurot? V7ro/ceifjievoi<> e^eiv Tiva eTu/coivcoviav 009 jap eVl TO irav ovBels ovre ^t>Xos aoo-yu-o? ^uXo?' TOVTO Be on ovBe/jiia e/c JJL


Be /cal /j,6Ta/3d\\eiv T<X? OCT/JLCL^ d/ma Tot? %fXot9, wcnrep eVt T6 ToO otVou /cal eVl fcapTrwv TIVWV eviwv Be /cal ev rS> dvdei Trporepov, wffTrep rwv /Borpvcov rj Be TWV fivpcov els d/c/jirjv IJLOVOV /cal olov $6iaiv. fjLeTaKivovvrai B* ev Tat? em'at? Spats TrdvO' &)? elirelv, ^d\Lcrra Be rd

1 I have inserted oux, suggested by Sch.

2 Like Sch. I fail to see the relevance of this remark. The sense required is 'while the fruit is still on the tree' :

386


CONCERNING ODOURS, 66-68

improvement to the odour: in fact one might say that not 1 every combination of one fragrant thing with another will produce such a quality, but though sometimes the effect of such mixture is an improve- ment, sometimes it may be the reverse, as in the case of perfumes : for while the effect of some admixtures is to remove excessive strength or harshness, in other cases the odour is enfeebled and made, as it were, insipid. With solids however all combinations are possible.

In fact powders are the better, the more in- gredients they have. Also the admixture of wine makes some perfumes and things used for incense more fragrant, for instance myrrh. It appears also that perfume sweetens wines, wherefore some add it in the manufacture, some put it in at the time of drinking. Nor is it unnatural that between "these senses, since they are akin and are affected by the same objects, there should be a sort of reciprocity : for, to speak generally, no taste is unaccompanied by smell and no smell is unaccompanied by taste, the reason being that a thing which has no taste pro- duces no smell.

It is also the case that smells actually change along with tastes, for instance in wine and certain fruits. And in some cases, as with grapes, the change takes place earlier, during 2 the flowering period : while in perfumes it occurs only when they have reached their best and are about, as it were, to go off. Almost all perfumes undergo alteration at certain seasons of the year, and this applies specially to the weakest kinds : in the case of those made

possibly avdfl has got in from below and we should read

387 c c 2


THEOPHRASTUS

da-Oevearara, ra 8' avOiva K,a& r)v wpav dvOel TO


69 [Ta9 crvvOecreLS TTOLOVGIV etc TWV d

Opava-awres TTO\\CL teal /ufaz/re? eU ravro K\ei- ovcriv t9 /ci/3(*)ri,ov, etr' dvoiyovres Std TLVWV fjfj&pwv OTL av /jLaXiara o^eiv 8o/cfj rovr at real ird\i,v 8e KOI 7rd\iv SiaXeljro O7Tft)9 av firj^evos e^o^rj. Qav^ia<JTr]V 8' ocr/jirjv \a/ji/3dvi TO, ipdna els ravra iiOe/Jieva.

To Be r^9 /3a\dvov TTJS AlyvTrrias f^vpov avrb fjiev OVK dyav dvairvei, ^lyvv^evov Be Troiei rd\\a iw fjudkicrra Be TTJV Ipw]. . . .


1 c/. 63.

2 c/. 57, of which this section seems to be a repetition.

3 c/. 15.




388


CONCERNING ODOURS, 68-69

from flowers this period is that at which the plants from which they are made are in bloom. 1

[Compound 2 perfumes are made from spices : they bruise and mix a variety of these and shut them up together in a box. Then after a few days they open the box and take out the spice which seems to have the strongest smell : this treatment is repeated at intervals., so that the smell of no one ingredient may overpower the others. And clothes put away with such perfumes acquire a marvellous fragrance.

The perfume 3 made of the Egyptian balanos, though it has not much scent of its own, when mixed with others, especially iris-perfume, improves them]. . . .*

4 The remaining sentences ( 70, 71) seem to be discon- nected scraps, which perhaps do not belong to this treatise at all. The text of them being defective, it seems not worth while to attempt translation.


IIEPI SHMEION TAATftN KAI HNETMA- THN KAI XEIMHNnN KAI ETAIHN


I. ^rjaela vBaTcov real TrvevudTcov /cal Kal evBiwv &)Be eypd^rajjiev /ca@* ocrov rjv e a uev avTol Trpocr/coTnja'avTes a Be trap

OVK a^OKlfJLWV \a/3oVT<}.

Ta fjiev ovv eVl rot? aarpois Svojjievoi? /cal dvar\\ov(7iv etc T&V darpovofjLiKMv Bel Xa/xySa- 2 vew. elal Be Bixreis Birrai' o'i re yap d<f>avt,a-/j,ol 8vcr6i<} elal' TOVTO Be eartv orav apa o-vvBvvrj TW rfKlw TO acrTpov, Kal orav ayareA-Xo^ro? Bvi>7]. o/xoto)9 Be ical dvaro\al Birral, at fiev ewoi orav 7rpoavaTe\\r) rov r]\Lov TO aaTpov, at B* dfcpo- vvyoi OTav daa Bvo/^eva) dvaTe\\rj.

At fJiev ovv TOV 'Ap/CTOvpov \eyouevat, dvaTo\al da(f)OTepa)<;av/jLf3aivov(Tiv' rj pevyap TOV ^e^wz/o? o ea-Tiv, rj Be peTCOTropivr) ecoa. TWV S' at TrXelcrTat, TWV ovo/jia^o/Aevatv ewai, olov

/cal 'Qpiwvos Kal Ku^o?. Twv Be \oi,TC(av o-rf^eiwv evia ftev iBia


ev at9 oprj

Be ova Trpo$ 6d\aa(rav TWV v^rrf\wv TWV re yap TrvevudTwv TCL ve(f>r) TrpocnriTCTei TT/JO? TOU? TOL-

OUTOf? T07TOV9, KOI jJL,e6 KTTafJLeVWV 649 TOVVaVTIOV


390


CONCERNING WEATHER SIGNS

Introductory : general principles.

I. THE signs of rain wind storm and fair weather we have described so far as was attainable, partly from our own observation; partly from the informa- tion of persons of credit.

Now those signs which belong to the setting or rising of the heavenly bodies must be learnt from astronomy. 1 Their settings are twofold, since they may be said to have set when they become invisible. And this occurs when the star sets along with the sun, and also when it sets at sunrise. In like manner their risings are twofold : there is the morning rising, when the star rises before the sun, and there is the rising at nightfall, when it rises at sunset.

Now what are called the risings of Arcturus occur at both times, his winter rising being at nightfall and his autumn rising at dawn. But the rising of most of the familiar constellations is at dawn, for instance, the Pleiad Orion and the Dog.

Of the remaining signs some belong specially to all such lands as contain high mountains and valleys, specially where such mountains extend down to the sea : for, when the winds begin to blow, the clouds are thrown against such places, and, when the winds

1 Or, perhaps, ' from my astronomical works.'

391


THEOPHRASTUS

avrifjiediaravrai KOI vyporepa ryiv6fj,eva Bid (Sdpos t9 ra Kol\a (rvjKaOi^ei. Sib Set Trpoae^eiv ov dv Ti9 IBpv/jLevos y. ecrn 'yap del nva \a/3eiv roiovrov yvoa/jLova real ecrn o-a$eo~rara cnjjjLela ra


4 A^o Kal ayaBol ryeyevfivrai Kara TOTTOV? darpovofjLOi evioi, olov MarpiKera? ev drro rov Ferrer VJJLVOV, /cal IKXeocrrparos ev

arro TT}<? "I8?/9, Kal Qaeivos 'KOrjvycriv arro rov

Avfca/3r]rrov ra rrepl ra? rporras crvveiBe, 'Trap'

ov MeTft>z> d/covcras rov rov evbs Seovra elfcocnv

eviavr&v <KVK\OV> avvera^ev. fjv Be 6

vo<$ /jieroi/co? 'A.0 lawyer iv o $ Merw^

Kal aXXoi be rov rporrov rovrov rjcrrpo\6jtjo-av.

5 "AXXa ^e ecrn a-ri^ela a \a/A/3dverai, drro re %ooa)v rwv Kar oiKiav tcai erepcov rivcov rorrtdv Kal TraOij/jidrcov, fjudkiara Se KVpiwrara <rd> drro rov ffXiov Kal rfjs cr6\,tjvr]<i' rj yap o-e\rjvij vv/crbs olov ^Xto? ecrri' Bib Kal at &vvo$oi rcov ^ei/juepioL elviv, on drro'\eLrrei rb </>a>9 TTJ?

drro rerpdoos <f>0ivovro<; ^XP L T^T/oaSo? Icrra- /jt,evov. ooarrep ovv ffXiov drro\ei^L^ yiverai Kara rov ofjioiov rpbrrov Kal T^? creX/;V^9

6 Sel ovv rrpocre^eiv fJid\i(Tra rat? dvaro\ai<; rovrcov Kal rals ovaeo-iv brroias av rroiwvrai rov

7TpO<yiV(t)(TKlV.


2 Plin. 5. 140. Of Matriketas nothing is known.

3 Said (Plin. 2. 31) to have first recognised the Ram and the Archer. Athen. (7. 278 6) connects him with Tenedos.

392


CONCERNING WEATHER SIGNS, 3-6

change, the clouds also change l and take a contrary direction, and, as they become laden with moisture, they settle down in the hollows because of their weight. Wherefore good heed must be taken to the local conditions of the region in which one is placed. It is indeed always possible to find such an observer, and the signs learnt from such persons are the most trustworthy.

Thus in some parts have been found good astro- nomers : for instance, 2 Matriketas at Methymna observed the solstices from Mount Lepetymnos, Cleostratus 3 in Tenedos from Mount Ida, Phaeinos at Athens from Mount Lycabettus : Meton, who made the cycle 4 of nineteen years, was the pupil of the last-named. Phaeinos was a resident alien at Athens, while Meton was an Athenian. Others also have made astronomical observations in like manner.

Again there are other signs which are taken from domestic animals or from certain other quarters and happenings. Most important of all are the 5 signs taken from the sun and moon : for the moon is as it were a nocturnal sun. Wherefore also the meetings of the months are stormy, because the moon's light fails from the fourth day from the end of one month to the fourth day from the begin- ning of the next : there is therefore a failure of the moon corresponding to the failure of the sun. Wherefore anyone who desires to forecast the weather must pay especial heed to the character of the risings and settings of these luminaries.

4 Called 'the great year': cf. Aelian. V. H. 10. 7. rbv TOV Irbs Seovra tlKOffiv suavruv <KVK\OV> conj. Sch. tvia.vr'bv conj. W.

6 TO. seems necessary. ? Kvpia r$.

393


THEOPHRASTUS

fjieV OVV \7)7TreOV OTl ttl

T9 wpas, coo-re eirl rovrcov Bel dOpelv /cal evtavrbv KOI /jirjva /cal r^^epav. Bixoro/jLel Be rbv fjiev eviavrbv IlXem? re BvojAevrj /ecu dva- re\\ov(Ta* OLTTO <yap Bvffea)^ pt'X.pi avaio\r\s TO rjfjuffv TOU eviavrov eo-riv. cocrre Bi^a repverai 6

7 7T9 %pOVO<}. OyLtO/ft)? B KCtl dl TpOTTdl KOi l(T1J- fJLpiai TTOiOVCTLV. Ota Ti9 0,^ OVV y KaTdcTTCKTlS

TOV depos IlXetaSo? Bvo yu,e^9,, ovrw e^ei a>5 eVt TO pexpi TpOTrwv, Kciv /jL6Ta/3d\\r), /jiera rpo- eav Be fir) /jiral3d\\r), Bie^ei ew? lo-rj/jiepias, KcuceWev eoo-auTO)? ^XP L riXeta8o9, /cal CLTTO rav- TpOTT&v Oepw&v, teal evreuOev /cal dirb icrtj/Jiepfals


'fl? 3' ai/TO)9 ex^i teal Trepl rbv ^r\va &LX OT l JbO v (7t ' y^P a ^ re TCCiV(Te\r]voi KOI at oyBoai fcal at TerpdBes, ware CLTTO vov^vias &>9 aTr ^ Bel (TKOTTciv. jjLeTajBd\\,ei yap &>9 ejrl TO u ev rfj rerpdBi, eav Be firj, ev rfj 078077, el Be dirb Be 7rav<je\r)vov et9 oyBoijv , teal aTro Taur^9 et9 rerpdBa, diro Be rerpdBos eh rrjv vov^vLav.

f fl9 8' ai/T&)9 xal ejrl rfjs r)fjipa<t e'xovo-iv at 009 errl TO TTO\V. dvaro\r) yap KOI /cal fjieo-rmftpta /cal BeuXr) ical Bixris, /cal ra T?}9 VVKTOS /J<epr) ra dva\oya ravro iroiei To?9 6ipr)fj,evois Trepl Trvev/JLarcov /cal %et//,coz>o9 /cal evBias. /jt,d\to-ra yap eav /*e\\r) n,erajBd\\ei,v, ev

394


CONCERNING WEATHER SIGNS, 6-9

Now the first point to be seized is that the various periods are all divided in half, so that one's study of the year the month or the day should take account of these divisions. The year is divided in half by the setting and rising of the Pleiad x : for from the setting to the rising is a half year. So that to begin with the whole period is divided into halves : and a like division is effected by the solstices and equinoxes. From which it follows that, whatever is the condition of the atmosphere when the Pleiad sets, that it con- tinues in general to be till the winter solstice, and, if it does change, the change only takes place after the solstice : while, if it does not change, it continues the same till the spring equinox : the same principle holds good from that time to the rising of the Pleiad, from that again to the summer solstice, from that again to the autumnal equinox, and from that to the setting of the Pleiad.

So too is it with each month ; the full moon and the eighth 2 and the fourth days make divisions into halves, so that one should make the new moon the starting-point of one's survey. A change most often takes place on the fourth day, or, failing that, on the eighth, or, failing that, at the full moon ; after that the periods are from the full moon to the eighth day from the end of the month, from that to the fourth day from the end, and from that to the new moon.

The divisions of the day follow in general the same principle : there is the sunrise, the mid-morning, noon, mid-afternoon, and sunset; and the corres- ponding divisions of the night have like effects in the matter of winds storms and fair weather ; that is to say, if there is to be a change, it will generally

1 Plin. 18. 280. 2 cf. Arat. 73 f.

395


THEOPHRASTUS

rat? Bi%OTOfJiiai<} /ji6ra/3d\\i. Ka66\ov JJLCV ovv ra? wpa<$ OVTO) Bel TrapaTrjpelv, Ka& e/cao-Ta Be TWV atj/jieicov Kara TOV vTrojeypa^evov TpoTrov. 10 f/ T6\XTO? uev ovv &r) field ra roiavra So/eel elvai. evapyea-TaTOv JJLGV ovv TO ecoOivov, orav irpo r]\iov avaro\fj$ (paivyrai ZTrifyoivicrGOv ct^elov rj yap avOrjfjiepLvov eiriaqjAaiyei ^ rpi&v v/jLepwv co? eVt TO TTO\V. Brj\ol Be Kal ra aXXa o-yfjiela' eav yap y^ TTporepov, rpirala /jLaXicrra (Tij/jiaivei, TO eTTi^Oiviaaov /cat BUVOVTOS, rJTTOv Be r) TO


11 Kat eav Bvvy %ei/Jiwvo<; rj ea/>o? et? vefy

Tpiwv rj/Jiepwv &>9 TCL 7ro\\a ein(Trj[jLaivei. Kal eav pdftBoi voToOev, Tavra Be raOra (Boppa9ev yivofjieva aadeve(7Tepa. /cal eav dvi (Ttj/jielov t0"%?7 Kal eav etc ve(f>e\S>v vBaTi/cov, Kal eav d/cTlves dvicr^ TTplv dvarelXai, KQIVOV i/aro? a^/juelov /cal dve^ov. Kal eav KaTa^epo^evov TOV r)\iov v(f>icrTr)Tai, vecfros, v<f) ov eav a^L^wvTai at ctKTlves, j(eLp,epivov TO arj/jielov. /cal OTav KavpaTias BvrjTai, /cal eXXy, eav fjirj ave^o? ryevrjTai, i/Saro? TO


12 Ta avTa Be orrj/jLaivet, /cal &e\r)vrj

, aaOeveaTepa Be 6 yitet?. eav /juev y , 7rvevjjiaTG!)Br) crrujbaivei TOV /jir/va, eav Be , vBaTcoBr)' atj/^aivei, Be OTI, av o~rj/LLaivrj ojv o


1 rbv viroy. Tpfaov seems to mean the same as the Aristote- lian rbj> v^-nyrj^i'ov rpoirov, e.fj. Eth. Nic. 2. 7. 9. The rendering ' the following method ' would however suit the context.

396


CONCERNING WEATHER SIGNS, 9-12

occur at one of these divisions. In general there- fore one should observe the periods in the way indicated, though as to particular signs we must follow the accepted method. 1

The signs of rain.

Now the signs of rain appear to be as follows: most unmistakable is that which occurs at dawn, when the sky has a reddish appearance before sun- rise ; for this usually indicates rain within three days, if not on that very day. Other signs point the same way : thus a red sky at sunset indicates rain within three days, if not before, though less certainly than a red sky at dawn.

Again, if the sun sets in a cloud in winter or spring, this generally indicates rain within three days. So too, if there are streaks of light from the south, while, if these are seen in the north, it is a less certain sign. Again, if the sun when it rises has a black mark, or if it rises 2 out of clouds, it is a sign of rain ; while, if at sunrise there are rays 3 shooting out before the actual rising, it is a sign of rain and also of wind. Again if, as the sun sinks, a cloud forms below it and this breaks up its rays, it is a sign of stormy weather. Again, if it sets or rises with a burning heat, and there is no wind, it is a sign of rain.

Moonrise gives similar indications, at the time of full moon : they are less certain when the moon is not full. If the moon looks fiery, it indicates breezy weather for that month, if dusky, wet weather ; and, whatever indications the crescent moon gives, are given when it is three days old.

2 cu/e'xfl conj. Soh. 3 Flin. 18. 344.

397


THEOPHRASTUS

13 'A<rre/?9 TroXXot BiaTTOvres v&aros 77 TTVCV- fjuaros, /cal o6ev av BiarTcoatv evrevdev TO rrvev^a 77 TO vBo)p. real eav d/crlves dOpoai dvio")(wo-iv dvibvros TJ BVVOVTOS, arj/jielov <vBaro$>. /cal orav dvio-^ovros rov r)\iov al avyal olov / K\i7rovTO$ Xpto/Jia la^waiv, vSaros (njfjuelov. KOL orav ve$e\cu

TTOATOi? eplWV OfJiOiCLl W(TIV, v8d)p (Tr){J,aiV6l. [vTOV

Be o-rjfjLela] 7rofA<f)6\vyes aviardfjievai TrXe/ou? eVt

TMV TTOTa/JLWV vSwp CTrj^aLVOVCTi 7TO\V. ft)? S' 7Tt

TO TroXu Ipw Trepl \v%vov T) Sia \v%vov ia<f>ai,vo- fievrj voria Gi~nialvei vSara.

u Kat ol fjLVKijTe<i eav voria rj y v&cap ff^fjiaivova-i, e /cal av/j,ov Kara \6jov ft>9 av fcal jueyeOovs, (T/jH/cpol Se /cal /cal \afA7rpol vSwp /cal av/j,ov. /cal orav %et^twvo9 rrjv (f>\6ya <6 Xu%z>o?> airwQri Sia'X.iTTMj? olov TTO/jL^oXvyas, voaros a-fj^elov, /cal eav Trrjowo-iv al d/crtves eV avrov, real eav cnriv-


15 "QpviOes \ovo/jievoi fir] ev vSan ffiovvres vowp rj xei/jicovas a-^/jiaivovo-t. fcal </>pvvr) \ovofjievij teal ftdrpa^oi /jid\\ov aBovres crrj/Miivovcriv vBcop. /cal r) a-avpa (paivofjievrj, r)v /caXovai <ra\a/j,dv8pav, en Be /cal ^Xa)/309 ;SaT/oa^o9 errl BevBpov aBcov vBwp arjfMaivei. ^eXiBoves rrj yacTrpl Ta9 \ijAvas vBcop <jr]^aivovai. Oiav O7r\,rjv Xetfa9 r \eL^wva rj vBcop


eav


1 c/. 37. 2 vSoros ins. Furl. 3 Plin. 18. 3-14.

4 Plin. 18. 356. 5 verov 5e ff-n^a Bracketed by Sch.

6 c/. Arist. Meteor. 3. 4 ; Plut. Quaest. Nat. 1. 2.

' c/. 42.

8 i t, breaks up into small ' grains ' (?). c/. 25, 42, 54.


398


CONCERNING WEATHER SIGNS, 13-15

Many shooting : stars are a sign of rain or wind, and the wind or rain will come from that quarter from which they appear. Again, if at sunrise or sunset the sun's rays appear massed together, it is a sign of rain. 2 Also it is a sign of rain when at sun- rise the rays 3 are coloured as in an eclipse ; and also when there are clouds 4 like a fleece of wool. The rising of bubbles 5 in large numbers on the surface of rivers is a sign of abundant rain. And in general, when a rainbow 6 is seen round or through a lamp, it signifies rain from the south.

Again, if the wind is from the south, the snuff 7 of the lamp-wick indicates rain ; it also indicates wind in proportion to its bulk and size : while if the snuff is small, like millet-seed, 8 and of bright colour, it indicates rain as well as wind. Again, when in winter the lamp rejects 9 the flame but catches, as it were, here and there in spurts, it is a sign of rain : so also is it, if the rays of light leap up on the lamp, or if there are sparks.

It is a sign of rain or storm when birds which are not aquatic take a bath. It is a sign of rain when a toad takes a bath, and still more so when frogs are vocal. So too is the appearance of the lizard known as ( salamander,' 10 and still more the chirruping of the green frog in a tree. It is a sign of rain when swallows n hit the water of the lakes with their belly. It is a sign of storm or rain when the ox

9 i.e. refuses to light properly. The appearance seems to be that described Verg. Geory. 1. 391 (scintillare oleum). In the same passage putres concrescere fungos perhaps illustrates the comparison of the snuff to millet-seed above.

10 cf. de ifjne 60, where it is explained why the salamander puts fire out.

11 Plin. 18. 363 ; Verg. Georg. 1. 377.

399


THEOPHRASTUS

Be et9 rbv ovpavbv dva/cvrrrcov oo-^paivrjrai,, vBcop


16 K.opct)vrj eVfc Trerpas itopvffffop&vr) T)V icv/ma /cara/c\v^ei vBwp o-rj/jiaivei' KOI /coXfyit/3aiera TroX- Xa/a9 /cal TrepiTrerojuLevrj vBwp ari^alvei. /copa% 7roXXa9 jJieraftdXkeiv elwQw (fcwvds, TOVTCOV eav Ta%v Sis (^Oey^rjrai, /cal &irtppoi%ij<Tr] KOI fivafg ra irrepa, vScop arj/jLaivei. real eav verwv ovrwv TroXXa? fjLerapdXXr) (fxovas /cal eav $0ipCijTCU eV e'Xata?. /cal edv re euS/a? edv re vSaros

rfj (fxovfj olov o-Ta\ayfJ,ov<;, vSwp edv re /copa/ces edv re /coXotol avco Trerwvrai /cal Lepa/ci^cocriv, vBwp (j^alvovai. /cal edv Kopa% ev$ia$ /j,rj rrjv elwOvlav fywvrjv ly teal eTTippoiftSf], vS(op o-y/jLaivei.

17 'Eav tepa eVt BevSpov /caOe^o/jievos /cal ei'crw eiGTrero/jievos (frOeipifyrai, v$a)p (TTj/jiaivei. /cal Oepovs orav TroXXol dOpooi <f>avw(Tiv opviQes 01 Piorevov&iv ev vtj(T(p, vScop atj/jiaivovo-iv edv $e /jierpioi, dyaObv al%l /cal ftorofc, edv Be TroXXot v7Tpl3o\ij, av%/j,bv lo-^vpov. oXa>9 ^e opviOes /cal d\etcrpv6ve<; <^9eipi^ofjievoi vBarircbv o-rj^eiov, /cal orav /jLi/jiwvrai vBcop a>9 vov.

18 Kat rj vrjrra ijfjiepos <edv> vmovaa vrrb rd yelaa dTrorrrepvyi^rjrat,, vBwp arj^aivei, O/JLOLOX; Be /cal /co\OLol /cal d\e/crpv6ves, edv re ejrl \i/jivrj rj 0a\drry aTTOTrrepvyifavrai, ft>9 vfjrra vBcop <rij-


1 Plin. 18. 364; Verg. Georg. 1. 375.

2 eirippoitfffr). Sc. with his wings probably ; not, as LS. 'croaks.' Plin. (18. 362) seems to have had a fuller text, or to have drawn alsp on some other authority.

3 VZTWV oj'Twv can hardly mean ' while it is raining.'

400


CONCERNING WEATHER SIGNS, 15-18

licks his fore-hoof; if he puts 1 his head up towards the sky and snuffs the air, it is a sign of rain.

It is a sign of rain when a crow puts back its head on a rock which is washed by waves, or when it often dives or hovers over the water. It is a sign of rain if the raven, who is accustomed to make many different sounds, repeats one of these twice quickly and makes a whirring 2 sound and shakes his wings. So too if, during a rainy season, 8 he utters many different sounds, or if he searches for lice perched on an olive-tree. And if, whether in fair or wet weather, he imitates, as it were, with his voice falling drops, it is a sign of rain. So too is it if ravens or jack- daws fly high and scream 4 like hawks. And, if a raven in fair weather does not utter his accustomed note and makes a whirring with his wings, 5 it is a sign of rain.

It is a sign of rain if a hawk perches on a tree, flies right into it and proceeds to search for lice : also, when in summer a number of birds living on an island pack together : if a moderate number collect, it is a good sign for goats and flocks, while if the number is exceedingly large, it portends a severe drought. And in general it is a sign of rain when cocks and hens search for lice ; as also when they make a noise like that of falling rain.

Again it is a sign of rain when a tame 6 duck gets under the eaves and flaps its wings. Also it is a sign of rain when jackdaws and fowls flap their wings whether on a lake or on the sea like the duck. It

4 UpaKifafftv. ? 'hover like hawks.' However, Arat. 231 understood it to refer to the voice : so LS.

5 firippoi&Sri. Exact sense uncertain, cf. Soph. Ant. 1004.

6 ri/j.pos. 1


401 VOL. II. D D


THEOPHRASTUS

fiaivei. teal epwBibs opOpiov ffrfleyyoaevos vScop r) TTvevfia arj/jiaivei,' teal eav eVt 0d\arrav Trero- aevos ftoa, jjLa\\ov v&aros arjfjielov r) KOI 6'A,&>9 ftowv dve/j,w>e<;.

19 Kal o (nrivos ev OLKLO, oi/covfjievy eav ewdev, vScop cnj/jiaivei, r) %6i/JLa>va. real (nrivOrjpi^ovora 7rd(ra TrepiTrXews vSaTos

KOi IOV\01 TToXXot 7T/009 TofyoV GpTTOVTeS

SeX^l? Trapa <yrjv /coXvjjifBwv /cal dva&v6/JLvo<> TTVtcva vBcop rj xeijuwva a^jjiaivei.

20 r "Tfjir)TTO<; e\aTTCi)v, avvSpos fcaXov/jievos, eav T&>

ve<f)e\iov e^y, vSaro? cnjfieiov Kal eav o / Tyu.77TT09 TO) Oepovs e^rj ve(f)e\a<$ avwdev l etc 7r\a<yiov, #Saro9 arj/melov. /cal eav 6 avv- 8/309 f/ T^TT09 \evrcds e%Y) avaOev Kal e/c 7r\a<yiov. Kal eav Trepl layfJiepiav \l^r Trvevarj, vScop cri;-


21 A/ Be ftpovral al pev ^ei/jieptval Kal ew6wal fjia\\ov <ave/jiov rj> vScop ari^aivovcnv al Be depival jueo-rj/jippias Kal ea-Trepival fipovral vSari- KOV o-rj/jieiov. dcrrpaTral Se eav j TravTayjoQev yevtovrai, vSaros av TJ dvefiov o-rjjmeiov, Kal ecnrepival wGavTws. Kal eav aKpwplas vorov TTveovTO? voroOev d<7Tpd\jfr), v8o)p crrjfjiaivei rj dve- fjiov. Kal %e(f)vpo<; do-rpaTrrcov 77/009 /Bopeiov rj XeijAWva TI v8a)p a-rjaaivei. Kal Oepovs al ecr- Trepiai darpaTral vScop avrcKa crrj^aivova'tv rj


1 Sch. cites Plin. 18. 364, vermes terreni erumpentes, as representing this, which seems doubtful.

2 c/. Plin. 18. 361 ; Cic. Div. 2. 70.

3 eav rif. ? eaj/ iv T$.

402


CONCERNING WEATHER SIGNS, 18-21

is a sign of wind or rain when a heron utters his note at early morning : if, as he flies towards the sea, he utters his cry, it is a sign of rain rather than of wind, and in general, if he makes a loud cry, it portends wind.

It is a sign of rain or storm if a chaffinch kept in the house utters its note at dawn. It is also a sign if any pot filled with water causes sparks to fly when it is put on the fire. It is also a sign of rain when a number of millepedes * are seen crawling up a wall. A dolphin 2 diving near land and frequently re- appearing indicates rain or storm.

If the lesser Mount Hymettus, which is called the Dry Hill, has cloud in 3 its hollows, it is a sign of rain : so also is it, if the greater Hymettus has clouds in summer on the top and on the sides : or if the Dry Hymettus has white clouds on the top and on the sides ; also if the south-west wind 4 blows at the equinox.

Thunder in winter and at dawn indicates wind 5 rather than rain ; thunder in summer at midday or in the evening is a sign of rain. If lightning is seen from all sides, it will be a sign of rain or wind, and also if it occurs in the evening. Again, if when the south wind 6 is blowing at early dawn, 7 there is lightning from the same quarter, it indicates rain or wind. When the west wind is accompanied by lightning from the north, it indicates either storm or rain. Lightning in the evening in summer time indicates rain within three days, if not immediately.

4 cf. Arist. Probt. 26. 26.

6 6v6/xoj/ *) add. Furl, from Plin. 18. 354.

(i cf. Soph. Aj. 257 ; Arist. Probt . 26. 20.

7 aKpwpias. cf. 42. So Arat. 216 renders.

403 D O 2


THEOPHRASTUS

rpiwv r)/j,epwv. teal OTrco/ja? jBoppdOev darpajral vBantcbv arj^elov.

'H Eu/3ota 07 av Biafaa-Of) fleet], vBatp Bid Ta^eajv. /cal edv ejrl TO T\.I^\LOV ve(f>e\t] oOev av Trpocri^r), evrevOev vBwp r) avejJLOv orav Ipis <yevr)rai, 67rio">]/jiaivei,' edv re TroXXai <yeva)VTai,, o-rjjjiaivei vBcop eVt TTO\V. d\\d teal ol ofet? tf\ioi, orav etc ev KOI\W ^wpiu* edv TU cod e e/c r^? fjLVp/jir)Kid<> eTrl TO v^rj\bv %wpiov, v&wp <Ti)[jbaivov(nv, edv Be Kara(f)ep(i)<riv, evSiav. edv 7raprf\ioi Svo yevwvrai fcal 6 /J,ev voro6ev 6 Be ftoppdOev, KOI aXo)? a/xa vScop Bid ra^ewv vovo-i. teal a\o)9 at fjuekaivai vBariKov /cat \ov al Bei\r)$.

23 'El/ TO) ^.apKlVW BvO ttO"T6/36? i(TiV, 01 KCL\OV-

fjievoi "Ovoi, MV TO fjLeragv TO ve$e\iov 77 Qdrvrj Ka\ovfjievr). rovro edv ^otyayBes yevrjrai, vBaritcov. edv fir) eVl Kvvl 1/0-77 17 eirl 'ApfcrovpM, w? eVl TO TroXu 7T/J09 la^jjiepiav vBwp TJ dvep,os. real TO Br)/ji6(Tiov TO irepl T9 /J-Via^ Xeyo/juevov d\r)0es' orav ydp Bd/cvcocrt (rcfroBpa, vBaros crrj^etov. arrives (frfleyyoiLLevos ecoOev /JLCV vBayp (T^^aivei T) %eifji(*)va, oWX?;? ^e vBcop.

24 TT)? Be VVKTOS orav rbv "T/jiijrTov KarwOev rwv aKpwv ve(j)e\rj Bia^axrrj XCUA^ KOI /jLa/cpd, vBcop

a>9 TO. TroXXa f^erpicov rj/Aepwv. /cal edv


1 Evidently an Attic saying, of days when only the upper part of the Euboean mountains was visible.

404


CONCERNING WEATHER SIGNS, 21-24

Lightning from the north in late summer is a sign ot rain.

1 When Euboea has a girdle about it up to the waist, there will be rain in a short space. If cloud clings about Mount Pel ion, it is an indication of rain or wind from the quarter to which it clings. When a rainbow appears, it is an indication of rain ; if many rainbows appear, it is an indication of long- continued rain. So too is it often when the sun appears 2 suddenly out of cloud. It is a sign of rain if ants 3 in a hollow place carry their eggs up from the ant-hill to the high ground, a sign of fair weather if they carry them down. If two mock- suns 4 appear, one to the south, the other to the north, and there is at the same time a halo, these indicate that it will shortly rain. A dark halo round the sun indicates rain, especially if it occurs in the afternoon.

In the Crab are two stars called the Asses, and the nebulous space between them is called the Manger 5 ; if this appears dark, it is a sign of rain. If there is no rain at the rising of the Dog or of Arcturus, there will generally be rain or wind to- wards the equinox. Also the popular saying about flies is true ; when they bite excessively, it is a sign of rain. If a chaffinch 6 utters its note at dawn, it is a sign of rain or storm, if in the afternoon, of rain.

When at night a long stretch of white cloud en- compasses Hymettus below the peaks, there will generally be rain in a few days. If cloud settles on

2 cf. B.P. 8. 10. 3.

3 Plin. IS. 364 ; Verg. Georg. 1. 379.

4 cf. 29. 5 cf. 43, 51.

6 cf. 19, of which this seems to be in part a repetition.

405


THEOPHRASTUS

ev Klryivr) [/cal] eirl TOV Ato? TOV ve(f>e\t] /caQifyrat,, of>9 ra TroXXa vBwp <yiverai. edv vbara TroXXa ryivrjrai yj-ipzpivd, TO cap a>9 ra TToXXa ylveTai avx/j,r)p6v eav B' 6 x ei ^ v > T a P ^SarcoSe?. orav ryivwrai, a>9 ra ?roXXa everrjpia yiverai. 25 <I>a<7! Se r^z^e? Acal el ev avOpafy \afjLirpa yjjC e7ri<f)aivrfTai, yaXa^av Trpoar)^aiveiv &)? ra eav Be wcrirep /ceyxpoi /jut/cpol \a/u,7rpol TroXXot, avefjiov fjiev ovros evBuav, yu,^ ave^ov Be vBcop ?] dve/jiov. ean S' a^eivov Trpwrov ^iveaOai (Sopetov vBcop voriov /cal rot? (frvo/jievois /cal rot? fcoot?- Bel Be ry\vKi> elvai /cal fir) dXfivpbv rot? yevojAevois. Kal 0X0)9 ero? /3e\rLOv voriov ffopeiov Kal vyiei- vorepov. /cal orav <TTO\IV> o^vwvrai 7rp6/3ara


26 II. r/ TSaro9 i^ev ovv ravra \ejerat

dve/jiov Be /cal 7TV6V/j,dro)v rdBe. dvare\\a)v 6

^Xi09 KavjJiaTias, /eav /JUT) d7ro<TTi\/3y,

TO a^jjielov Kal eav /coi\os tfraivrjrai 6 r/

rj vBaros TO crrj/Aeiov. /cal edv 7rl ?roXXa9 Kav^aTia^, a^/iOiW /cal dve/Aovs TroXf-

crrj/jLaivei. edv at a/cTives at /jiev floppav at Be 777)09 VOTOV ayi^toVTai TOVTOV


1 So called also by Find. Nem. 5. 19. Pans. 2. 30. 3 calls it the temple of ZeGs Tlat>e\\-fii>ios. Kal bracketed by Sch. a c/. C. P. 2. 2.

406


CONCERNING WEATHER SIGNS, 24-26

the temple of Zeus Hellanios 1 in Aegina, usually rain follows. If a great deal of rain falls in winter, the spring is usually dry ; if the winter has been dry, the spring is usually wet. When there is much 2 snow in winter, a good season generally follows.

Some say that, if in the embers 3 there is an ap- pearance as of shining hail-stones, it generally prognosticates hail ; while, if the appearance is like a number of small shining millet-seeds, 4 it portends fair weather, if there is wind at the time, but, if there is no wind, rain or wind. It is better both for plants and for animals that rain should come from the north before it comes from the south ; it must however be fresh and not briny to the taste. And in general a season 5 in which a north wind prevails is better and healthier than one in which southerly winds prevail. It is a sign of a long winter when sheep or goats have a second 6 breeding season.

The signs of wind.

II. Such then are said to be the signs of rain. The following are signs of wind and breezes. 7 If the sun rises with a burning heat but does not shine bril- liantly, it is a sign of wind. If the sun has a hollow appearance, it is a sign of wind or rain. If it blazes with a burning heat for several days, it portends long-continued drought or wind. If at dawn its rays are parted, some pointing to the north and some

3 &j/6>pa|t conj. Sch., supported by Plin. 18. 358 ; Arat. 309. ampdai MSS.

4 cf. 14, 42, 54, 5 cf. C.P. 2. 2.

6 TTO.XIV ins. Sch.; text probably defective.

7 Plin. 18. 342.

407


THEOPHRASTUS

tear opOpov, KOLVOV t/Saro? /cal dve/jiov


27 "E(7T Be o-yfiela ev r)\lq> KOI crekrjvr), ra ^ev fjiekava vSaros ra & epvOpa Trvev/JLaros. eav Be /cal 6 yu-et? ftopeiov 6Vro? opOos elcrrtj/crj, %e(j)vpoi eltoOaaiv eTmrvelv KOI o fjirjv %ei,fjLpivbs Biarekel. orav jJiev r) Kepaia <r) ava rov fjLyvos 7riKVTTTy, ftopeios 6 /ACL?' orav 8' rj KarwOev, VOTIOS' eav 8' opOos KOI /jur] /caXco? yKerc\ijji6i>os ^XP 1 TTpa-%o<$ KOI ei>fcvfc\o<;, eiwde i^d%iv fi\pi Si%ofjLi]V

cbv vBcop TrvpcoSrjs


28 AWviai /cal vr)rrai [Trrepvyi^ovo-ai] teal ciypicu KOI rtOaaaal vBwp /JLCV crrjfAalvovo-i, Trrepvyi^ovorai, Be dve/jiov. ol /cen ovo-rjs OTTOI av TreTwvrai av6/j,ov <TTpov6ol %ei,/jL(*)vos a<' eaTrepas Oopvpovvres rj fj,ra/3o\r)V (T^^alvovaiv rj v8a)p veriov. CLTTO 6a\d(T(jr]^ TreToyu-e^o? /cal arj/jieiov earr /cal 6'Xa>9 ftowv


29 Kuwz/ KV\iv$ov/jivo<; xa/Jial fjueyeflos dve/jiov dpd-^via TroXXa ^epo^eva Trvevfjia r) crrj/juaivei. rj afJLTrwn^ fibpeiov Trvev/jia , TT\rjf.ifjivpa Be vbriov. eav jj^ev yap etc ftopeiwv 7r\7]jjL/Avpa tf/cr), et? VOTIOV fJLeTa(3d\\ei, eav S' e/c voriwv d^Trcoris yivijTai, et? /Bopeiov


1 Plin. 18. 343 suggests that this is the meaning : text perhaps defective, cf. Verg. Georg. 1. 445.

2 cf. 38.

3 Lit. 'the crescent moon has a northerly character.' i/ &i>a> add. Furl.


CONCERNING WEATHER SIGNS, 26-29

to the south, while the orb itself is 1 clearly seen between, it is a sign of rain and wind.

Also black spots on the sun or moon indicate rain, red spots wind. Again, if, while a north wind blows, the horns 2 of the crescent moon stand out straight, westerly winds will generally succeed, and the rest of the month will be stormy. When the upper horn of the crescent moon is bent, northerly winds 3 will prevail for that part of the month : when the lower horn is bent, southerly winds will prevail. 4 If however the horns up to the fourth day point straight and have not a graceful bend inwards but round to a circle, it will generally be stormy till the middle of the month. If the moon is dusky, it indicates rain, if fiery, it indicates wind.

It is a sign of rain when gulls and ducks, whether wild or tame, plunge under water, a sign of wind when they flap their wings. Wherever the bird called kepphos flies during a calm, it is a sign of coming wind. If sparrows in winter begin to be clamorous at evening, it is a sign of a coming change or of a fall of rain. A heron flying from the sea and screaming is a sign that a breeze is coming : so is it in general a sign of wind when he screams loudly.

A dog rolling on the ground is a sign of violent wind. A number of cobwebs 5 in motion portends wind or storm. The ebb-tide indicates a north wind, the flowing tide a wind from the south. For, if the flowing tide sets from the north, there is a change to the south, and if an ebb-tide comes from the south, there is a change to the north. It is

  • cf. 38 ; Plin. 18. 347 ; Verg. Georg. i. 428 ; the English

sign, ' the young moon with the old moon in her arm.' 6 Plin. 11. 84 ; Arist. Probl. 26. 61.

409


THEOPHRASTUS

fjiraftd\\ei. QaXacrcra olBovaa real d/cral fiowcrai, /cal alyia\b<; ^%wi^ dvejjiwBr)?. fcal 6 pev ftopeas \r)<ya)v e\drro)v 6 Be voro? dp%6uevos. orcoOev civ y vBcop 77 dveaov <Ti)/j,aivei,. 30 H rrefiTrrr) /cal Be/cdrij drro rporrwv rwv Xeifjiepivtov a)? ra 7ro\\a vonos. ftopeicov $e rytvoju,eva)v ^tjpaivei, iravra, voriwv Be vypaivei. eav Be VOTLWV OVTWV ^ro(f)fj <.n> TMV KKO\\rj- /jLevwv, et9 TO, voTia o"yj /active i rrjv /jLTa/3o\tjv eav Be TroSe? olBwcri, VOTICL tj /A6ray5oX^. TO Be avro teal e/cvetyiov. /cal oBa^ayv rov Be^iov. o xepcralos a-rjfjLavriKov Troielrai Be Bvo OTra? OTTOV av olfcfj, rrjv fj,ev 777)09 ftoppav TIJV Be voroOev OTTorepav S' av a,7ro(f) parry, evrevOev 7rvevfj,a (TTjfjiaiveL, eav 8' d{j,<f)orepa$, ave^ov


31 'Rav opos . . ., 7T/30? ffoppa ave^ov eav ev Oa\drrrj ej;ai<j)vr)s rrvevfju yivrjrai, fJberafto\,r)V irvev[j,aro^ r) eiriBoo-iv. eav a/cpat aerecopot, (fraivcovrai rj Kal vrjo-oi etc /Mas TrXe^ou?, voriav fj,era/3o\rjv arjfjiaiver 777 re /-te- \atva V7ro(f)aivo/jivr) </36peiov>, \evfcrj Be voriov. al a\a)ve<; rrepl rrjv ae\rjvr]v Trvev/JiarwBeis jjiaXKov rj rrepl jj\iov o-rj/j,aivov(Ti Be rrvev/jia payeia-ai rrepl d^co, /cal y av payy ravrrj rrvevfAa. ejrt-


1 c/. 40 ; Plin. 18. 359 ; Verg. Georg. 1. 356.

2 c/. Arist. Probl. 26. 12 ad fin.

3 fypaivei, vypatvei seem to be used quasi- impersonally ; but the text is perhaps defective.

4 vormMSS. ; ptpeia conj. Furl., surely with good reason, c/. Arist. Probl. 1. 24.

5 After 56i&? Sch. and W. mark a lacuna, which does not seem necessary. 6 c/. Arist. H.A. 9. 6 ad fin.

410


CONCERNING WEATHER SIGNS, 29-31

a sign of wind when the sea 1 has a swell or promon- tories moan or there is loud noise on the beach. Now the north wind has less force as it ceases to blow, the south wind as it begins. A mock sun, in whatever quarter it appears, indicates rain or wind.

The fifteenth 2 day after the winter solstice is generally marked by southerly winds. If there is a northerly wind, everything gets dried 3 up, if a southerly, there is abundant moisture. If, while a south wind is blowing, glued articles make a cracking sound, it indicates a change to a south 4 wind. If the feet swell, there will be a change to a south wind. This also sometimes indicates a hurricane. So too does it, if a man has a shooting pain in the right foot. 5 The behaviour 6 of the hedgehog is also significant : this animal makes two holes wherever he lives, one towards the north, the other towards the south : now whichever hole he blocks up, it indicates wind from that quarter, and, if he closes both, it indicates violent wind.

If a mountain ... , 7 it indicates wind from the north. If at sea during a wind there is a sudden calm, it indicates a change or an increase of wind. If promontories 8 seem to stand high out of the sea, or a single island looks like several, it indicates a change to south wind. If the land looks black from the sea, it indicates a north wind, 9 if white, a south wind. A halo 10 about the moon signifies wind more certainly than a halo about the sun : but in either case, if there is a break in the halo, it indicates wind, which will come from the quarter in which the break is. If the sky is overcast in whatever quarter

7 I have marked a lacuna after opos. Furl, renders si mons versus aquilonem extenditur, venti signum est, with what meaning I cannot see. 8 cf. Arist. Meteor. 3. 4 ad inif.

9 fitpeiov add. Furl. ie cf. 51.

411


THEOPHRASTUS

v oOev dv dvaTe\\r)rai, evrevOev aveuo?. al KrfKd^es ve(f)\ai Oepovs dvefjiov at] fjiaiv overt. 32 'Ea^ do"r pairr] TravTa%b9ev yivijrai, vBcop O-TJ- {taivei, Kal 60ev av al dcrrpairal TTVKval yivcov- rai, evrevOev Trvevfiara jiverai. Oepovs oOev av aa-rpairal Kal ffpovral yivcovrai, evrevOev Trvev/jLara yiverai la^vpd' eav /*ev a(f)6Spa Kal laxypov do-TpaTTTrj, OaTrov Kal o-^oBporepov irvev- GOVCTLV, eav S* rjpefia Kal /Jbavws, /car' o\iyov. TOV e CIAWVOS Kal OivoTrwov rovvavriov


iravovGt, yap ra Trvev/^ara a arpaira' Ka ocrw av la-^vporepat ^ivwvrai da-rpaTral Kal ftpovrai, TOO-OVTW fjia\\ov Travovrar TOV 8' e'apo? fjrrov av ravra (jr^Lela \ejd), cocnrep Kal ^ei^wvo^.

'Eaz/ VOTOV TTveovro? ftoppaOev darpdTnr), irav- erai' eav ecodev darpaTrrrj eiwOe TraveaQai rpt- rato?, ol Be a\\oi ire/jLTrraloi efiBo/Aaioi evvaTaloi, ol Be Bei\ivol ra%v iravovrai. ol ffopeat, Travovrai a)? eVl TO TroXu ev Trepirrai^ ol Be VOTOL e ave/j,oi aipovrai d/ju 7]\iw dvare\\ovTi eav dvare\\u>v o rj\io<$ Kal o-e\rfvrj eTTiTeivei rd TTvevjuiara' xpovitorepa Be Kal l porepa rd TrvevfAara ylverai ra r)/j,epas f) vvKrcop


34 'Eidv errjaiai TTO\VV ^povov irveva-wai Kal evrjTai dve/juwBes, 6 xei/Awv vr)ve^o^ , ev S' evavria)?, Kal 6 ^eifjicbv evavrios.


1 Ki)\d8es, i.e. a 'mackerel sky'(?) The word seems to occur nowhere else except in Hesych., who renders frvvtipos : derivation obscure. It should probably be read in 51 for Koi\d5es. 2 Plin. 18. 351.

3 &t>. Sc. elvai, which perhaps should be added.

412


CONCERNING WEATHER SIGNS, 31-34

the sun is first seen, there will be wind from that quarter. Light 1 clouds in summer-time indicate wind.

If lightning comes from all sides, it indicates rain, and from any quarter from which the flashes come in quick succession there will be wind. In summer 2 from whatever quarter lightning and thunder come, there will be violent winds : if the flashes are brilliant and startling, the wind will come sooner and be more violent ; if they are of gentler character and come at longer intervals, the wind will get up gradually. In winter and autumn however the reverse happens, for the lightning causes the wind, to cease : and, the more violent the lightning and thunder are, the more will the wind be reduced. In spring I consider that the indications would 3 not so invariably have the same meaning, and this is also true of winter.

If, while a south wind is blowing, there comes lightning from the north, the wind ceases. If there is lightning at dawn, the wind generally ceases on the third day : other winds than a south wind however do not cease till the fifth seventh or ninth day, though a wind which got up in the after- noon will cease sooner. A north 4 wind generally ceases in an odd, a south wind in an even number of days. Winds get up at sunrise or moonrise. If the rising sun or moon have caused the wind to cease, presently 5 it gets up again with more force, and winds which begin to blow in the day-time last longer and are stronger than those which begin at night.

If periodic winds have been blowing for a long time, and a windy autumn follows, the winter is wind- less : if however the contrary happens, the character

4 Plin. 2. 129.

8 80 Furl, renders : W. inserts ^rj after <re\i]vi).

413


THEOPHRASTUS


7T/009


av V(f>e\rj

ave/jios Trvevaeirai. al ve$e\ai ere v TTpoa-'i^ovGai /cat OTTiaOev Trvevo-ovvrai,. "A#o>9 /ie<709 Sie&wy/jLevos VOTIOS, /cal oXw? ra oprj Siefacr jJLeva voTia 0)9 TO, TroXXa. ol KojjL7JraL a<TTe/369 &)9 TO, TroXXa irveufjiaTa (Tr)/jLaivov(riv, lav be TroXXot, ^at av%uov. uera yjiova VOTOS, aera Trd^vrjv /Bopeas eicoOe irvetv. {jLit/crjTes e/rl \v^yov VQTIQV TrvevjJia 77 vScop arjaaivovo'iv.

35 At Be (TTGLffeiS TWV TTVeVfJia'TWV Oi;TW9 %OV(TIV

009 ev rq> rypd/jbaaTi SitopKrrai. TWV 8' avepwv en TTveovai rofc aXXoi9 eTriTriTrrova-i /jLaXia-ra aTrapfcrias Opatcias dpye(TTrj$. orav be urj VTT d\\r)\wv &ta\va)VTat, ra Trvev/mara, aXX' avra

t9 TOU9


i c/. 22. 2 c ^ 57<

3 c/. dt Ventis 50 ; Arist. ProU. 26. 3. 4 c/. 14, 25, 42, 54. 6 The ' figure ' (giving points of the compass) has not been preserved. Arist. Meteor. 2. 6. describes such a figure (viro- ), which may be reconstructed thus :



414


CONCERNING WEATHER SIGNS, 3-4-35

of winter is also reversed. From whatever quarter cloud streams out from a mountain peak, wind will blow in the direction thus indicated. Clouds which cling to the back of the mountain will also produce wind from the back of it. If there is a girdle * of cloud half way up Mount Athos, and if mountains in general wear such a girdle, there will generally follow a southerly wind. Comets 2 usually indicate wind, arid, if there are many of them, drought is also indicated. After snow 3 a south wind, after hoar-frost a north wind generally blows. Snuff 4 in a lamp indicates wind or rain from the south.

The points from which the winds come are as they are given in the figure. 5 The winds which most often come on the top of other winds while these are still blowing are the north wind (aparktias)? the north-north-east and the north-west. When however the winds are not dispersed by one another but die down of their own accord, they change 7 to the next winds on the figure, reckoning from left

Arist. does not seem to distinguish #opeos and airapKrias : his OpaffKlas is T.'s Opavias : his eight principal winds (underlined in diagram) correspond to those represented on the famous Tower of the Winds at Athens, built about two hundred years later.

6 cf. Arist. I.e. 7 Plin. 2. 128.

4'5


THEOPHRASTUS

vovs eVl Be%id, wcnrep f] TOV fj\iov e^ei <f>opd. 6 voros dp-^ofjievo^ f^po? re\evrS)v Be 1/7/30?. KOI o evpos. 6 B* a7rr]\icJt)T'r)s CLTTO dvaro\fj<> l<jr\- fjiepivrjs vBartoBiys' Bid XCTTTWV Be djei ra vSara.

36 "Typol Be fJbd\ivTa o re KaiKias KOL \fy'

8r}<; 8* (nrapKrias /cat Opatcias /cal dp- vi<j>T(0$r)$ Be o re /j,e(Trj<; [rj ffopeas] /cal

Kav/jLartoBr)? Be voros /cal /cal L>po?* ol fjuev ols dv e/c 7re\dyov<> a-iv, ol Be 0^9 dv Bid 7779. Ba<rvvov(Ti S* ovpavov vefafTi, teal Ka\v7rTOVcri KaiKias ^dkicrra elra X(/^. KOI 01 fiev d\\oi dvefjioi d<j) eavrcov ra vefyr) a)0ovo-i, /cai/cia$ Be JJLQVOS Trvewv efc eavrov. aWpioi Be fJLd\L<rra Opatclas fcal dpyecrrrj^ /cal TWV \OITTWV dTrap/crias' e/cvefaai Be fj,d\io~Ta o re dirapKria^ /cal 6 0pa/cia /cal 6 dpyeart^.

37 Yivovrai Be e/cvetfriai orav t9 d\\r}\ov$ /JL- TrtTTTaxjt Trveovres /j,d\io"ra fjiev /jLeroTroopov rwv Be \OITTWV e'a/309. d<rr paTraios Be Opafcias /cal

teal dirapKria^ /cal //,6crr;9. edv ev rfj rj iraTTTroi fyepwvrai iro\\ol ol diro TWV d/cai'Qwv, dvefJiov (rrj/uLaivovaiv e fieyav. oOev dv dcrrepe^ Biarrcocri 7ro\\oi,


1 I have bracketed 4) /Jope'as as probably a gloss on airapxrias ; ^ is difficult to account for otherwise, See diagram.

2 Plin. 18. 360.

416


CONCERNING WEATHER SIGNS, 35-37

to right according to the course of the sun. When the south wind begins to blow, it is dry, but it becomes wet before it ceases : so too does the south- east wind. The east wind, coming from the quarter where the sun rises at the equinox, is wet : but it brings the rain in light showers.

The north-east and south-west are the wettest winds ; the north the north-north-east and the north- east bring hail ; snow comes with the north-north- east 1 and north. The south, the west, and the south-east winds bring heat. Some of these have their effect on places which they strike as they come from the sea, others on places which they visit as they come over land. The winds which more than any others make the sky thick with cloud and completely cover it are the north-east and the south- west, especially the former. While the other winds repel the clouds from themselves, the north-east alone attracts them as it blows. Those winds which chiefly bring a clear sky are the north-north- west and the north-west, and next after them the north. Those which most have the character of a hurricane are the north the north-north-west and the north- west.

They acquire this character when they fall upon one another as they blow, especially in autumn, but to some extent in spring. Those which are accompanied by lightning are the north-north-west the north- west the north and the north-north-east. If at sea 2 a quantity of down is seen blown along, which has come from thistles, it indicates that there will be a great wind. Wind 3 may be expected from any quarter in which a number of shooting stars are

3 cf. 13 ; Plin. 18. 352 ; Verg. Georg. 1. 365.

417

VOL. II. E E


THEOPHRASTUS

evTevOev eav Be 7ravTa%66ev o/<iotft>9, TroAAa Trveu-


fjuev ovv (Tij/Aeia ravra.

38 III. X6/-ia>i/o9 Be TaBe. r/At09 Bvopevos et? /JLTJ KaOapov. Kal co? av uepKrOfj Bvouevos, OUTO)? at rjfjLepai 7rire\ovvrai. olov el TO rpirov yLte^oo? aTro\ei,<t)6eir} rj TO tffj,i(rv. TO cre\rjviov eav opOov

s /cal el evfcv/c\op, %ei/jido-ei f^e^pt yepavoi eav irpwl TreTcovTai, /cal aOpooi, Trpon' ftei/jidcrei, eav Be otye /cal iro\vv %povov, otye 'XeifidaeL. /cal eav vTroo-Tpa^w&i TreTo/ievai, %ei- fiwva (rrj/jiaivov(Ti.

39 X?}z>65 /3oc5^T69 fJid\\OV T) 7Tpl (TITOV

'Xeipepiov* O-TTIVOS crTpovOos aTrl^wv ewOev fjuepiov. opxiXos [&>?] elaioov /cal elcrBvo/jievos o?ra9 'XeijJi&va ari^aivovai /cal epi6ev<$ fcopwvr) eav Tayv Bl$ /cpa>r) /cal Tpirov, /cal Kopcovrj /cal /copa /cal /co\oio<> otye ^eifiepioi. GTpovOos eav \evtco<$ rj %e\iBcov i] a\\o TL T&V pr) elwOoTwv \v/c)v, xei/A&va fteyav crrj/jiaivovcnv, axrTrep tcai, /JieXaves eav 7ro\\ol (fravwcnv, vBcop.

40 Kal eav e/c 7re\dyov<i opviOes (fievycocri, %ei/j,a)va

/cal CTTTLVOS ev ol/cia ol/covfjievrj ^eLfJuepiov. ocra vBwp cni/jiaivet, %ei- dyei, eav fjt,rj vBcop, ^Lova Kal


1 i.e. and the succeeding day will be more or less stormy in proportion. airo\el(t>6flri. ? a.tro\r](f)deii] = ' may be obscured.'

2 cf. 27. i.e. it is possible, more or less, to see the whole circle.

418


CONCERNING WEATHER SIGNS, 37-40

seen. If these appear in every quarter alike, it in- dicates many winds.

Such then are the signs of winds.

III. The following are signs of storm. The sun becoming obscured as it sinks indicates storm. And, according as its orb is divided as it sets, so the succeeding days turn out ; for instance, a third or a half of the orb may remain visible. 1 If the horns 2 of the moon point straight up till the fourth day, and if it rounds to a circle, it will be stormy till the middle of the month. If cranes fly early and in flocks, it will be an early winter ' 6 ; if they fly late and for a long time, it will be a late winter ; and, if they wheel as they fly, it indicates stormy weather.

4 It is a sign of storm when geese make more clamour than usual or fight for their food ; so too is it when a sparrow or chaffinch twitters at dawn. It indicates a storm when the goldcrest 5 goes into holes and hides itself; so also when the redbreast does the same. It is a sign of storm when the crow caws twice in quick succession and then a third time ; also when the crow or raven or jackdaw makes its call late. It is a sign of a great storm when a white sparrow or swallow is seen, or a white specimen of any other bird which is not usually white, even as the appearance of a large number of such birds of a dark colour signifies rain.

It is also an indication of storm when birds flee from the sea. A chaffinch uttering its note in an inhabited house is a sign of storm. All the signs which indicate rain bring stormy weather, that is to say, snow and storm, if not rain. If the raven utters

3 So Arat. 343 f. interprets. 4 Plin. 18. 363.

5 d>s bracketed by Sch.

419 E E 2


THEOPHRASTUS


%ei/jiepiov. Ko\oiol IK TOV VOTOV Trero/jievoi KOI TevQi&es 'xeijj.epiai. (jxovrj ev \ifJLevi airo^o^ovcra KOI Tro\vTr\OKOv fyovaa ^ei/^eptov. Kal ol rrvev- fjuoves ol Oa\aTTioi eav TroXXot fyaivwwrai ev r& 7T\djt., 'xeijjiepivov 6TOV9 <J7] fj,elov '. Trpopara eav Trpco'l o%evr)Tai, Trpwlov xei/jiwva o-rjfAaivova-i. 41 MeroTTCo/jft) eav 7rp6/3ara T) /3o69 opvrrcoo-i KOI KOifAWVTai a6p6oi rcpos a\\ij\ov<; e%oz/re? r9 Ace^aXa?, TOV %ifjiwva xeipepiov arf/^aivei. ev Se TO) HOVTW (paaiv, orav 'Ap/crovpos avareiKr) Qarrov, evavriovs rw floppa ve/JLecrdai. /Soe fjiaXkov eaQiovres TOV elwOoTOS teal eVl TO Segib


iv


/ca cra /cpovcov

Kal f^a^o/jieva Trpoffara KOI opvi0es Trepl GITQV IT a pa TO eOos* irpoTrapacrfcevd^ovTai, yap' teal fives rpi^ovres Kal op^ovfievoi %ei[Jiepi,ov. 42 Kal KVCOV Tot9 TTOcrlv opvrrovo-a Kal o\o\vya)v aSov&a /JLOVIJ aKpwpias ^eifiepiov. 7779 evrepa TroXXa <f>aiv6/j,va ^ei/JLMva o-rjfjiaivei. Kal eav 7rvp jmr) 0e\rj ajrreaOai, ^eifjiipiov Kal eav Xv^vos urj eOekrj, ^eifiMva <Tr}fULLVf Kal re(f)pa vifyerov. Xu^o9 evbias ^crv^alo^ ^eifiwva o-rj/Aaivei,' Kal eav %e/yu,a>^o9 OI/T09 fiVKai fjue\aivai eTTiyivcovrai, ^eifiwva crrj- Kal eav wcrTrep Key%poi,<> 7roXXot9 Kard-


The word is perhaps corrupt and conceals the name of a bird. 2 c/. 21, 29. iroXv-nKoKov is Furlanus' conj. for Vulg.


z iTVfvfj.ovfs. Pliu. 18. 359. pulmones : c/. 9. 154. 420


CONCERNING WEATHER SIGNS, 40-42

a great variety of sounds in winter, it is a sign of storm. Jackdaws flying from the south are a sign of storm, and so are cuttle-fish. 1 It is a sign of storm when a loud 2 voice is heard in harbour, which is re- echoed many times. It is a sign of a stormy season when a number of jelly-fish 3 appear in the sea. It indicates an early winter when the breeding season of sheep begins early.

If in autumn sheep or oxen dig holes and lie keeping their heads close to one another, it indicates a severe winter. They say that in Pontus when Arcturus rises, (the cattle 4 ) face northwards as they graze. It is a sign of storm when cattle eat more than usual and lie down on their right sides. 5 So is it when the ass shakes 6 his ears, or when sheep or birds fight for their food more than usual, since they are then trying to secure a store against bad weather : also when mice squeak and dance.

A bitch digging holes with her paws and a tree- frog croaking alone at early dawn 7 are signs of storm : it indicates storm when a number of the worms 8 called 'the earth's entrails' appear. It is a sign of storm if the fire refuses to catch, or if a lamp refuses to light : while, if much ash is formed, it is a sign of snow. If a lamp burns steadily in fine weather, it is a sign of storm : so is it if in winter- time dark snuff 9 forms : if it is, as it were, full of numerous millet-seeds, there will be stormy weather ;

4 QUTTOV is clearly corrupt, and words indicating what the sign portends are missing. 5 cf. 54.

6 &ra Kpovwv doubtful. Sch. suggests ovSas for 2>ra.

7 ojepapfey, cf. 21.

8 7775 evrepa. So Arat. 225 explains. One might guess ' worm-casts.'

9 cf. 14, 25, 34, 54.

421


THEOPHRASTUS


7rXeo>9 77, %eifJLepi(Tr ical edv KVK\W nrepl TO \afjLTTpov wcriv evBias ovo"r], yioviKQV.

43 'H ToO ovov <&drvrj el avvio-rarai ical yiverai, %ei/j,a>va o-yfMaivei. KOI edv

\afJb7Tpd /JLT) 6V Tft> ttUTOJ fACVrj, X6l/ijL6plOV. eVl

Svofjievy eav \djjL^r) /card Hdpv^Qa /cal /cal r "T/j,rjTTOV, edv fiev airawra fcara- fAeyav %eiyu-o>va cTTjjAaivei,, edv Be rd Svo, edv Be TLdpvr)6a /JLOVOV, evBieivov /cal edv ovros vefyeKr) /j,aKpd eVt rbv f/ T/jir]rTov y, eTTiracnv arjiJLaivet,. "A^cw? /cal "OXu//,- Kai 6Xft>9 opecov /copv(f>ai /care^o/jievai VTTO ve(f>e\(Jt)v 'xeifiepiov. edv evSlas ryivo/jbevrj^ ve- <j)e\iov <f>aivr)Tai ev T> depi Traparerafjievov /cal ri\\ofjievov, ovTTQ) TTaverai 6 'xeiiiutv.

44 'Rdv TO /jLCToircopov evBieivbv irapd TO etVo? yevrjrai,, TO eap ryiverai ^rv^pov o>9 rd TroXXa. edv Trpcot ^eifjid^eiv dpgrjrai, Trpw'l jraverai ical eap /ca\6v, edv Be rovvavriov, /cal eap otyiov ea-rai. edv %ei/jiOt)V veTios, TO eap avx/nijpov, edv 8'

o? o xeifitov, TO eap /ca\6v. edv f) oTrcopa eiriei/crjs, rd 7ro\\d jiverat, TO?? ^yU-09. edv TO eap /cal TO Oe , ij re oirwpa yuverai, /cal <TO> Trvtyrjpbv /cal ov/c dve/jicoBes.

45 Ol TTplvoL edv evKapirwai, ^ei^wve^ TroXXol G(f)6Bpa yivovrai. edv eirl /copvcfrrjs opovs vefas oObv GTr)> %ei,[jLwva crrmaivet, oOev /cal 'A/

" T\av% opa' (SaOvs ydp ijBrj


1 ovov <f>a.Tvr). cf. 23, 51. See LS, *.v. ovos ; Theocr. 22. 21. Plin. 18. 353, sunt in signo Cancri duae stellae parvae

422


CONCERNING WEATHER SIGNS, 42-45

and if these in fine weather appear in a circle round the flame, it is a sign of snow.

If the ' Ass's Manger l ' shrinks in size and becomes dark, it is a sign of storm ; also if there is vivid lightning which does not remain in the same quarter. If at the setting of the Pleiad there is lightning over Parnes Brilessus and Hymettus when it appears over all three mountains, it indicates a great storm; when over the two lesser heights, a less violent storm ; when over Parnes alone, fine weather. Again, if during a storm a long cloud stretches over Hymettus, it signifies that the storm will increase in force. It is a sign of storm when Athos Olympus and mountain-peaks in general are covered with clouds. If during fine weather a cloud appears in the sky stretching a long way and torn to shreds, stormy weather will continue.

If the autumn is unusually fine, the succeeding spring is generally cold. If winter begins early, it ends early and there is a fair spring ; if the reverse, spring will also be late. If the winter is wet, the spring will be dry, if the winter is dry, the spring will be fair. If the late summer is satisfactory, the sheep will generally suffer from hunger. If the spring and summer are cold, the late summer and autumn 2 will be stifling hot and windless.

If the kermes-oak 3 fruits well, there follows a long succession of storms. If a cloud stands up- right on a mountain-peak, it indicates storm ; whence Archilochus' lines " Mark you, 4 Glaucus ; deep ocean

aselli appellatae, exiguum inter illas spatium obtincnte nnle- cnla, quam praesepia appellant. 2 rb add. Sch. 3 cf. 49. 4 A comparison of war to storm}' weather. Quoted also by Pint, de Superstitione, 72, and by Heraclides, Allegoriae Homer icae, 4. In both citations the Greek is corrupt.

423


THEOPHRASTUS

rapdffderai ITo^ro? dfju^n &' d/cpa <T ( vpwv> opdbv "ararat, vefyos ^rj/^a xeifjiwvos" eav & opo^pcov 77 vfjievi \evK&, %eifjLpioi'. orav ecrrcorcov veipwv erepa eTri^eprjrai, ra 8' rjpepf), 46 <'O r/X09> eav %ei/Acovo?

a7TOKpV(f)6fj KOl TOVTO TTOir)(Tr) ^l? T)

Sieicriv. 6 rov 'Epfjiov darrjp


orav /AetTTa/- /Jtrj aTTOTrerwvrai paKpav avrov ev rfj evSia Trerwvrai, \VKOS topvbfJievos

rpi&v rjfjiepcov. Xu/to? orav 7r/oo9 ra epja d TI el'cra> ^eiyawvo? wpa, ^eifjiwva crij/jiaivei tfffc.

47 "EcrTf 6e arjfjueiov ^ei/jicovcov f^eyaXcov /cal o/j,- fipcov KOI orav <yva)vrai V TO) //-eroTrcoyOft) TroXXot o"<j)r]K6$, Kal orav opviOes \evtcol irpbs ra epydcri/jia 7r\r)(Tida)O'i,, /cal 0X009 ra ciypia Or^pia eav rrpos ra epydcri/jia, jSopeiov /cal ^eufjLMVO^ p,eye0os ffij- fj.aivei. T^9 TldpvrjOos eav ra irpbs ^e^vpov ave/jiov /cal ra 7T/)09 0^X779 <f)pdrr^rai vefyevi ffopeiwv ovrwv, %ei^epiov rb o-rj/ueiov.

48 "Qrav Trviyrj jiVTjrat Iv^ypd, 009 ra rro\\a dvraTroSiSwGi /cal yiverai ^ei^wv la-%vpos. eav vBara eapiva TroXXa yevrjrai, /caviar a la^vpa ev rot9 TreSivols Kal icoiXois jiverai. Bel ovv rrjv

opav. eav rb fJLerorrwpov evBietvbv


yvpovv W. Heraclides gives yvpebv, Pint, but one MS. of Pint, gives yvpuv with a marginal gloss * sc. irerp&vS which suggests that the word is a proper name. Od. 4. 500 mentions the Tvpai (i.e. the 'round-backed rocks')

424


CONCERNING WEATHER SIGNS, 45-48

is now stirred up with waves, and about the heights of the Gyrae 1 there rises a cloud erect, the sign of storm." If the clouds are of uniform colour, like 2 a white membrane, it is a sign of storm. When, as some clouds are motionless, others move towards them while they remain at rest, it is a sign of storm.

If the sun in winter after gleaming out is again obscured, and this is repeated two or three times, it will be stormy all day. If the star Hermes appears in winter, it indicates cold, if in summer, heat. When in fine weather bees do not fly 3 long distances, but fly about where they are, it indicates that there will be a storm. The howling of a wolf indicates a storm within three days. When a wolf approaches or enters cultivated ground in the season of winter, it indicates that a storm will come immediately.

It is also a sign of great storms and heavy rain when many wasps appear in autumn, or when white birds 4 approach cultivated lands ; and in general when wild creatures approach such lands, it indicates a north wind and a severe storm. If the western side of Fames and the side towards Fhyle are blocked with clouds during a north wind, it is a sign of storm.

When there is severe heat, generally there is compensation and a severe winter follows. If there is much rain in spring, it is followed by severe heat in low-lying districts and valleys ; so that one should mark how the season begins. If the autumn is

where Aias Oileus perished. The word is missing in the MSS. ofT.

2 o/xotov has perhaps dropped out after d/j.6xpuv $ ; the adjective seems to agree with vctyos.

cf. Arist. H.A. 9. 40 ad fin.

4 FUn, 18. 363 : presumably gulls, etc.

425


THEOPHRASTUS

o-<f)6Bpa, TO cap &>9 ra TroXXa yuveTai

eav Be TO eap ofaov <yevrjTai /cal ^jrv^pov, ?; OTrcopa

o^ria yiverai /cal <ro> /jueroTrcopov &>9 ra TroXXa


49 Ol Trplvoi, OTav ev/capTraxn, ccpoBpa, eo? /i-ev ra 7ro\\.a 'xeijjiwva la^vpov GTq^alvovcriv, evLore 8e Kal au^yitou? </>acr ^iv^dQai. /cal edv rt? cnrd- \a/ca \a/3(*)V UTTOTracra? apyiXov t9 TriOd/wrjv Off, crrjfjLaivei rat? fywvals at? d^i^aiv avepov Kal evBiav. /cal TO 'jravTa^ov Be Xeyo/jievov crr)jj,6Lov

'xeifjuepiov, OTCLV //,0e? irepl <f>opvTov /cal (frepaxriv.

50 IV. EuSta? Be arj^ela TtiBe. ^Xto? fJ<ev aviav Xayu-TT/909 /cal /jirj fcavfiaTia? /cal /JLTJ e%a)V arj/jieiov

ev ev eavTw evBiav (rrj/Jiaivei. 009 8' ai/ra)9

TravcreX.ijvq). /cal t9 Ka9apov evBiewos, eav

t? yLt^/ /caOapbv BeBv/cobs y e'f e ovro) Be aBr)~\,ov. /cal eav %et/i.afoi/T09 ^

6t9 /caOapov, evBieivov /cal eav BVVCDV /oo9 ?7, evSiav cr^^aivei.

51 Kat o yitet9 eaz^ rpnalos wv Xayu/7r/)09 ?7, evSt- eivov. Kal r) TOV ovov <&drvr) ore av Kadapa Kal \afjL7Tpa (fraivrjTai, evBietvov. aX&>9 Be edv o / aaX&)9

1 T& add. Sch. 2 cf. 45.

3 (TTraAaKo Vulg. ; ffiroLKa Bas.Ald.; <r/coAo7ra/fa (woodcock?) conj. Furl.

  • i.e. (reading ffKo\6irai(a.) for the bird to find worms in

with its long beak (Sch.). It is hard to say, without illus-

426


CONCERNING WEATHER SIGNS, 48-51

exceedingly fine, generally the spring is cold : if the spring is late and cold, the summer goes on late and the l autumn is usually scorching hot.

When the kermes-oak 2 fruits exceedingly well, it generally indicates a severe winter, and sometimes they say that this sign is followed by droughts. If one takes a mole 3 and puts it in a tub, the bottom 4 of which has been covered with clay, it indicates by the sounds which it utters wind or fine weather. There is also the sign of storm which is popularly recognized everywhere, namely when mice fight for the possession of chaff and carry it about.

The siym of fair weather.

IV. The following are signs of fair weather. 5 If the sun rises brilliant but without scorching heat and without showing any special sign in his orb, it indicates fair weather. The same may be said of the moon when it is full. If in winter that part of the sky into which the sun goes down is clear, it is a sign of fair weather, unless on the preceding days that part has not been clear, though it was clear above the horizon : in that case the prospect is uncertain. It is also a sign of fair weather, if during stormy conditions that part of the sky into which the sun sets is clear ; and also if, in winter at the time of setting, the sun has a pale colour.

Again, it indicates fair weather if the outline of the moon on the third day is bright ; also if the ' Ass's 6 Manger ' is clear and bright. If the halo 7 forms and disappears evenly, it is a sign of fair

tration, which is the more convincing of the creatures suggested. 5 Plin. 18. 342. 6 cf. 23, 43.

cf. 22, 31 ; Plin. 18. 345 ; Arist. Meteor. 3. 3.

427


THEOPHRASTUS

Trayf) real /jiapavOfj, evSiav arjfjLaivei. at ve(f)6\ai xeifjiwvos evBieivai. "OXfynTro? 8e fcal

Kdl 6'XO)9 TO, Oprj TCL (TrjfjLaVTlKa OTaV TCiS

s Ka9apa<$ e^cofflv, evBiav (rrj^aiveL. teal orav TO, ve^rf 737)09 rrjv dakaavav avrrjv Trapa-

fal'VVrj, evSieiVOV. KOI QTCLV VGCLVTOS 7T/J09 SvorfJiCL^

^aX/cwSe? ra ve^rj xptofta e^y evbia jap a>? ra TroXXa rfj vcrrepaia.

62 "Qrav 8e 6/jii')(\r) yevrjTai, vScop ov yivercu rj e\arrov. orav yepavoi Trercovrai, KCLI /j,rj ava- fcdfjLTTTwcriv, evBiav ayfLoive*' ov jap irerovrai irplv rj av 7Tr6/jiPOL icaOapa iSacri,. >y\avg ^av^alov <j)0y<yoju.6vr) ev ^eijjiMVL ev^Lav Trpoa-rj/jLaivet,' teal vvfcrcop %etyuw^o? T)<rvyaiov a&ovaa. 6a\arrLa be ry\avj; a&ovcra r \eifJLwvo^ /J,ev ev&iav cnriiJLaivet,, ev- 5ta9 & ^eifjiMva. KOI /copaj; Be /JLOVO? fiev ^vvycfiov icpd^wv, real eav T/ot9 Kpd^y fiera TOVTO


63 Kat /copcoprj ew6ev evOvs eav fcpdgrj rpis, evbiav <Ti)IJLaivei, Kal ecnrepas 'xeijJLWvos r^av^alov aS KOI op%i\o<$ e 07r?}9 eKTrerbfjievos KOI e e Kal % oiKias e^ayOev v$iav crrj^aivei. Kal eav %tynco^09 ftopevovros /SoppaOev VTr6\a^^rL iai \ev/cr), voroOev Se evdvrla reray/jLev^ p oyfcwBrjs, a>9 eVl TO troXv et9 evBiav a^^aivei yuera- /3o\rjv. Kal orav /3o/)ea9 vefyeKas 7ro\\d<; /Jieyas, evBiav ar)/j,aivei.


I conj. cf. 31, to which this statement answers.

MSS.

2 Plin. 18. 356. 3 Plin. 18. 357. cf. Verg. Oeorg. 1. 401.

4 Plin. 18. 362.

5 &/ x^'M^ 1 "- ' in winter.' The same ambiguity occurs in many places : the sense seems fixed here by the next sentence.

428


CONCERNING WEATHER SIGNS, 51-53

weather. Light l clouds in winter are a sign of fine weather. It is a sign of fine weather when Olympus Athos and in general the mountains which give signs have their tops 2 clear : so too is it, when clouds encompass them at the sea-level. 3 Also when after rain the clouds have a bronze colour towards sun- down : in that case there will generally be fine weather the next day.

When there is mist, little or no rain follows. When cranes 4 take flight and do not come back, it is a sign of fair weather : for they do not do so till they see a clear sky before them as they fly. It is a sign of fair weather when during a storm 5 an owl makes a low hoot, or at night during a storm it utters a low sound. If the sea-owl utters its note during a storm, it indicates fair weather, if during fair weather, it indicates a storm. It is a sign ot fair weather if a solitary raven makes a low croak, and, after croaking three times, repeats the sound again and again. . . . 6

If the crow caws thrice directly the dawn appears, it indicates fair weather, as also if it makes a low note in the evening during a storm. It is a sign of fair weather if a goldcrest flies out abroad from a hole or from a hedge or from its nest. Again, if during a storm from the north there is a white gleam from that quarter, while in the south a solid mass of cloud has formed, it generally signifies a change to fair weather. Again when the north wind (Boreas) as it begins to blow violently stirs up a number of clouds, it indicates fair weather.

6 I have marked a lacuna : the answer to fj.'kv is missing, presumably a statement about the significance of more than one raven, cf. \ r erg. Geory. 1. 410.

429


THEOPHRASTUS

64 Tlp6/3ara o^jre o^evo^eva evBieivbv aiTOT\ov(Ti TO o"rjfjLtov. /cal /Sou? ejrl TO apicTepov la")(iov KaTa/c\iv6/jivos ev&iav (rrjfiaivei* /cal KVGOV cbcrav-


TO eo9

Kaio/uevo? ^o-u^ato? ev&iav Kal eav eV aicpw olov Key%povs e^y \a/JLTrpd<>' /cal eav ev KVK\W rrjv fjivgav 7Tpiypd<pp \a/jt,7rpa


55 r O T^9 o")(ivov /capTrbs aij/jLaivet Toi/9 aporov?' e^et, Se rpia f^eprj /cal eomv 6 TT^WTO? ToO Trpwrov aporov vrmelov, o Sevrepos rov Sevrepov, 6 rpiros TOV rpirov /cal ct>9 av TOVTWV e/cfiaivrj /ca\\i(ira /cal yeviyrat, aSpoTaros, OVTWS e^ei /cal 6 Kara TOVTOV aporos.

56 AeyeTat Be /cal roidBe o"rjfjt,ela o\wv re TMV eviawrwv ryLve<r6ai Kal TMV /jLopicov. lav a fjbivov TOV xifjLcovos fo</)09 $ Kal /cav/j

/cal TavTa avev vSaTO? VTT* ave/ncov 8ia\v0f), irpbs TO cap cnj/Aaivei %d\a%av eao/Jievriv. real eav Trjv eapivrjv Injflepiav 6/zt^X

/cal dve/jiovs aij/jLalvovo-iv t9 d/ji<f)OTepci)v dpt,0/jiov/jLeva)V. ovai fiev

y aeXrjvrj TTLTTTOVCTIV, avTai jjbev Trvev- crriiJLaivovaiv et9 e/ceivov TOV ^povov, ocrai & 01/0-979 T7}9 (T\rfvrj<; vSaTa. /cal ocrco


1 c/. 41. 2 c/. 14, 25, 42.

3 H.P. 7. 13. 6 the same is said of <ri<i\\a.


430


CONCERNING WEATHER SIGNS, 54-56

When sheep begin to breed late, it is a sign which fulfils itself in fair weather. So is it when an ox lies x on his left side, and also when a dog does the same : if they lie on the right side, it indicates storm. The appearance of a number of cicadas in- dicates that the season will be unhealthy. If a lamp burns quietly during a storm, it indicates fair weather. So also if it has on the surface an appearance like shining millet-seeds : 2 also if a bright line surrounds the lamp -nozzle.

The fruiting of the mastich 3 gives signs as to the seasons of sowing : 4 it takes place at three several periods, which indicate respectively the time for the first the second and the third sowing : and according as one or other of these fruiting-times turns out 5 best and produces the most abundant fruit, so too will be the success of the corresponding time of sowing.

Miscellaneous signs.

The following signs are said to affect either the whole year or whole periods 6 of it. If at the be- ginning of winter there is dull weather followed by heat, and these conditions are dispersed by wind without rain, it indicates that towards the spring there will be hail. Again, if after the spring equinox mists come down, it is an indication of breezes and winds by the seventh month, reckoning inclusively. Those mists which come down when the moon is in its first quarter indicate breezes for that period, those which come down when the^ moon is in its third quarter indicate rain. And the more mists


4 cf. H.P. 7. 1. 1 foil.

5 l K paivv I conj.: cf, H.P. 7. 13. 6; K\lvy MSS.

6 cf. 6. '


43*


THEOPHRASTUS

av fjia\\ov e'(/>' etcaTepw TO* TTLTTTaxTi, [AoXkov TO, elpijfjieva ar) /naive i. 57 ^fjiauvet Be teal ra Trvev^aTa afia rat? O/JLI- %Xat? eViTrtTTTOua-at? ^ivo^tva' KOI eav fjiev air' teal fjue&rj /z/3 'pias f yivr)Tai ra Trvev/jLara, vSara eav $ a$ ecrTreyoa? KOI CLTTO 77)9 aprcrov /cal tyv%r). 0^9 Be /co^L7jra<; \eyovcriv ov povov ra Trpoeiprj/jieva OTCLV (j)aivcovTai a\\a /cal 'tyv'xy eirl Se elaiOev a>9 eVl TO TTO\V (rrjfjtaiveiv KOI

Kal rpOTral?, OVK eV aurat9 aXX' rj trpb avrwv TI vcrrepov


1 c/. 34 ; Arist. Meteor. 1. 6.

2 Text seems doubtful, as cold weather was included above.


432


CONCERNING WEATHER SIGNS, 56-57

come down when the moon is assuming either shape, the more certainly is the result just mentioned indicated.

Also the winds which accompany the falling of the mists are significant : if the breezes come from the east or south, rain is indicated ; if from the west or north, breezes and cold weather. And the stars which the Egyptians 1 call ' comets ' indicate not only the conditions just mentioned but also cold 2 weather. 3 In the case of the rising of the stars the indication, as in the case also of the equinoxes and solstices, is given not at the actual time but a little earlier or later.

3 The text of this sentence can hardly be sound. <rr)/j.atvtv has no subject and TCUS /trTjjuepfais Kal rpoirais no construction.


433

VOL. II. F K


INDEX OF PLANTS


F F 2


NOTE TO THE INDEX OF PLANTS

SPRENGEL made the first comprehensive attempt to determine in modern nomenclature the plants mentioned by Theophrastus : Wimmer gives the result in the Introduction to his 1842 edition. Sprengel adopted the most probable identifications of earlier botanists, supplemented by his own conjectures and Sibthorp's exploration of the Greek flora. The ambitious but uncritical Conspectus Florae, Classicae of Fraas did not add much to our knowledge, which throughout had been vitiated by failure to recognise the fact that the Mediterranean flora differed from that of Western and Central Europe. Halacsy's Conspectus Florae Graecae now gives us a scientific enumeration of the native plants of Greece ; a Greek plant-name can be wedded to a plant which at any rate is Greek. Incidentally much has been cleared up by special research at the hands of De Candolle, Hanbury, Yule, Schweinfurth, Bretzl, and others.

The identifications in the following Index are drawn from various sources ; for their selection in view of the botanical data available I am indebted to Sir William Thiselton-Dyer. A considerable number may be accepted as certain, many are probable, some no more than possible.


436


INDEX OF PLANTS


in. = compared. There a reference is


com

denotes a synonym. Where a reference is added (see e.g.

paKTuAi?), it indicates that Theophrastus himself states that

the names are synonymous.


v, southernwood, Artemisia arborescens

I. 9. 4. evergreen ; 6. 1. 1. in list of under-shrubs ; 6. 3. 6. an un- named plant comp. : see App. (23): 6. 7. 3. propagation;

6. 7. 4. much seed : roots described.

-y^os ( = oto-os), chaste-tree, Viiex Agnus-castus

1. 3. 2. a shrub which becomes tree-like; 1. 14. 2. bears fruit at the top; 3. 12. 1. growth of (cpaveia comp. ; 3. 12. 2. roots of &T)\vKpav<na. comp. ; 4. 10. 2. eAaiayt/os comp. ; 9. 5. 1.

size of Kivatitovov and xacria

comp.

ypie'Aaio? (? = KOTIW), Wild olive,

Olea Oleaster

2. 2. 5. comes from seed of eAaa. ypwoTts, clog's tooth grass, Cynodon

Dactylon

1. 6. 7. root jointed; 1. 6. 10. roots large and numerous; 2. 2. 1. propagation; 4. 6. 6. 4>vcos (6) comp. ; 4. 10. 5-6 root described ; 4.11.13. an unnamed form of /caAajuos comp.: root of K. 6'I^iK09Comp.;9. 13. 6. habit

Of epev9e8ai>ov COmp. yxovo-a, alkanet, Anchusa tinctoria 7. 8. 3. leaves ' on the ground ' :

7. 9. 3. roots red.

SiavTov, maiden-hair, Adiantum

Capilhis-Veneris, etc. 7. 10. 5. evergreen ; 7. 14. 1. leaf cannot be wetted : two kinds


THEOPH. II.


(see below) : medicinal use : grows in damp places.

SCavrov TO \evKOv ( = rpixo/uai/e'?

7. 14. 1), English maiden-hair, Asplenium Trichomanes 7. 14. 1. described by comparison with i. TO fj.f\av : medicinal use : likes shady places.

SiavTov TO fj.e\av, maiden-hair, Adi- antum Capillus Veneris 7. 14. 1. comp. with <i. TO kevnov.

6pa<|)ofus, orach. Atriplex rosea 1. 14. 2. bears fruit both on top and at sides ; 3. 10. 5. seeds of <J>i'A.vpa coinp. ; 7. 1. 2-3. time of sowing and of germination; 7. 2. 6. root described ; 7. 2. 7-8. root of P\ITOV comp. ; 7. 2. 8. root : 7.3. 2. seeds; 7. 3. 4. seed borne both at top and at side ; 7. 4. 1. only one kind; 7.5.5. seed does not keep well.

ei^'cooi', house-leek, Sempervivum

tectorum

1. 10. 4. leaves fleshy; 7. 15. 2. always moist and green: habitat.

flpayeVr?, traveller's joy, Clematis

Vitalba

5. 9. 6. wood makes good fire- sticks: described; 5. 9. 7. the stationary piece should be made of this or KITTOS.

iyeipo?, black poplar, Populus nigra 1. 2. 7. bark; 1. 5. 2. bark fleshy; 2 2.10. Cretan form bears fruit; 3. 1. 1. propagation ; 3. 3. l.tree of mountain and plain; 3. 3. 4. a question if it bears fruit; etc.;

437


INDEX OF PLANTS


3. 4. 2. time of budding ; 3. 6. 1. quick growing; 3.14.2. described; 4. 1. 1. likes wet ground; 4. 7.4. size of unnamed Arabian tree, seeApp. (12fl),comp.; 4.13.2. shorter-lived by water; 5. 9. 4. wood makes an evil smoke when burnt for charcoal ai-yt'Awv// (1) ( = aoypis), Turkey oak, Quercus Cerris

3. 8. 2. one of the five (Idaean) kinds of oak: fruit; 3. 8. 4. habit and timber ; 3. 8. 6. galls : <<XO-KOS (q.v.).

oty&ttilr (2) (grass), Aegilops ovata 7. 13. 5. seed sometimes takes two years to germinate; 8. 7. 1. comp. with atpa ; 8. 8. 3. grows specially among KpiOai ; 8. 9. 2. like a wild plant; 8.9. 3. greatly exhausts the soil; 8. 11. 8-9. peculiarities about seed.

aijuoSwpoi', broom-rape, Orobanche

cruenta

8.8.5. parasitic on /SoWpas (only) : described.

atpa, darnel, Lolium temulentum 1.5.2. ' bark ' in one layer ; 2.4.1. Trvpos turns into a. ; 4. 4. 10. opv&v comp. ; 8. 4. 6. does not infest certain kinds of Trvpo?: contrasted with jueAajaTrvpov ; 8. 7. 1. Kpi0>'i and especially 7rup6s said to change into a. under certain conditions : de- scribed: AiVov also said to change into a. : comp. with ai*yiAaA (2); 8. 8. 3. produced possibly by degeneration of /eptfoj and rrvpos, or else specially affects such crops ; 8. 9. 3. alto- gether a wild plant.

aKaAv<J>rj, nettle, Urtica urens 1. 7. 2. a kaxo.vov\ needs cooking.

anavBa. (I) r/ \iyvirria, acacia, Aca-

cia arabica (and albida)

4. 2. 1. peculiar to Egypt; 4. 2. 8. described : two kinds (17 Aevioj and -ft /xeAatva) distinguished (see below) ; 9. 1. 2. sap gummy.

aKO-vOa. (r] AiyvTTTta) r) Aev*cj, acacia,

Acacia albida 4. 2. 3. distinguished from <i. y

ue'Aotva.


aKavOa. (rj Aiyvjrrta) 17 /AcXatva, acacia,

Acacia arabica 4. 2. 8. distinguished from a. y

\evK-tj. aKavOa (2) T) aKavu>8rf; (see 4.10.6. n.),

corn -thistle, Carduus arvensis 4. 10. 6. root etc. described. a/cav0a (3) rj 5n//< s , Acacia tortilis 4. 7. 1. the only tree which grows on part of the ' Red Sea ' coast. a.Kav6a (4) TJ 'Ii/St*/; (see App. (9)),

Balsamodendron Mukul 9. 1. 2. sap gummy: gum like

ayivpva..

aKOLvOa (5) f'i ACVKTJ 'Hpa/cAeous ( = aKavOa. (6)), Euphorbia anti- quorum

4. 4. 12. described : uses of wood aicoivOa. (6) (peculiar to Gedrosia),

anavOa. (5), Euphorbia anti- quorum

4. 4. 13. described : has a blinding

juice. aKavea (7) TIS, gum arabic, Acantha

arabica 9. 18. 1. said to have the property

of thickening water.

a/cai/6)a ( (?) (8) (= <Icavos = Jfi'a (2)

ifiv>j = ^a/aaiA.etoi' 6 XCVKOS

9. 12. 1), pine-thistle, Atractylis gummifera.

aKavo<> ( = (iKavOa.(S) = igia (2) i^tVrj = Xa/aatA.ecov 6 ACVKOS), pine-thistle,

Atractylis gummifera I. 10. 6. spinous-leaved ; 1. 13. 3. flower attached above each seed ; 6. 1. 3. has spines on the leaves: a wild under-shrub; 6. 4. 4. many stalks and side- growths ; 6. 4. 5. one form only ; 6. 4. 8. root of (Toy/cos contrasted: XajaaiAeW Comp.; 6. 4. 11. fruit- case of Ka/cro? (1) comp.; 6. 6. 6. seed of poSoi^ comp.; 9. 12. 1. ' head ' of x a t j - ai ^ iav Xeuc6? comp.: another name for xajuai- Aewi/(?); 9. 12. 2. leaf of x^""-

Ae'wv 6 )u,e'A<xs comp. O.KOVITOV ( &ri\vt$>ovov nvotyovov =

o-KopTrto? (3)), wolf's bane, Aconi- tum Anthora

9. 16. 4. localities : described : habitat: eaten by no animal; 9. 16. 5. difficulty of compound- ing drug : effects : has no anti-


438


INDEX OF PLANTS


dote; 9. 16. 7. use requires ex-

8ert knowledge : legal restric- ons : proportion between times of gathering and of administer- ing.

aKopva, Cnicus Acarna 1. 10. 6. spinous-leaved ; 7. 4. 3. a ' thistle-like ' plant ; 6. 4. 6. de- scribed.

aKre'os(?) (= a/cTTJ), elder, Sambucus nigra

3. 4. 2. time of budding.

UKTTJ ( = aKTe'os), elder. Sambucus nigra 1. 5. 4. wood without knots ; 1. 6. 4. core fleshy : has no core, according to some; 1. 8. 1. few knots ; 4. 13. 2. shorter-lived by water; 5. 3. 3. character of wood.

aAfou'a (= ju.aA.ax*) TJ a-ypta 9. 15. 5.),

marsh-mallow, Althaea oflicin- alis

9. 15. 5. a drug, called in Arcadia /aoAaxrj -h uypi'a ; 9.18.1. root said to thicken water : described : medicinal use. aAi/utov, Atriplex Halimus

4. 16. 5. very dangerous to trees. aA<.'</>A(Hos (SpOs), see Spi)s (3). aAa-iVrj, Parietaria cretica

9. 13. 3. leaf of apiaroAoxia. comp. aAwn-e'/coypos, Polypogon monspelien- sis

7. 11. 2. flowers in a spike : de- scribed.

aiJ.a.pa.Kov (ajaapaKo?), sweet marjor- am, Origanum Majorana

1. 9. 4, evergreen; 6. 1. 1. in list of under -shr ubs ; 6. 7. 4. propa- gation : roots described ; 6. 8. 3. flowering time; 9. 7. 3. in list

of apoj/aara. a/aireAo? (1) (leaf oivapov 9, 13. 5.),

vine, Vitis vinifera 1. 2. 1. has tendrils ; 1.2. 7. bark ; 1. 3. 1. a typical ' tree ' ; 1.3. 5. evergreen at Elephantine ; 1.5.2. bark cracked and fibrous : bark in layers; 1.6. 1. core fleshy; 1. 6. 3. roots thin ; 1.6. 5. roots branching upwards; 1. 8. 5. highest shoots ' roughest ' : 'eye' analogous to knot in other trees ; 1.9.1. effect of pruning ; 1. 10. 4. leaves broad; 1. 10. 5.


leaf divided ; 1. 10. 7. long leaf stalk : attachment of leaf -stalk ;

1. 10. 8. leaves made of ' bark' and flesh; 1. n. 4. seeds all together in a single case ; 1.11 .5. each grape separately attached ; 1. 12. 1. taste of fruit; 1. 12. 2. taste of sap; 1. 13. 1. flower

downy'; 1. 13. 3. flower sur- rounds fruit; 1. 13. 4. some kinds sterile; 1. 14. 1. bears on new shoots; 1. 14. 4. many cul- tivated forms; 2. 1. 3. propa- gation ; 2. 2. 4. degenerates from seed; 2. 3. 1. sometimes spon- taneously changes character ;

2. 3. 2. a. 6 KdVoeios varies in colour of grapes on same bunch ; 2. 3. 3. sometimes bears fruit on the stem ; etc.; 2. 5. 3. propa- gation : cannot be grafted ; 2. 5. 4. propagation; 2, 5. 7. low ground suitable : great variety of kinds according to soil; 2. 6. 12. cuttings set up- side down; 2.7.1. water -loving; 2. 7. 2. needs much pruning; 2. 7. 5. use of dust ; 2. 7. 6. root- pruning ; 3. 5. 4. autumn bud- ding ; 3. 17. 3. bark of KoAoi rta (2) comp.; 3.18.5. flower and fruit of p'ous comp.; 3. 18. 12. cluster of berries of o>uAa (2) comp.; 4. 4. 8. unnamed Indian tree (cotton-plant) planted in rows like <i.; 4. 4. 11. in India confined to hill-country ; 4. 5. 4. grows on Mount Tmolus and Mysian Olympus ; 4. 7. 7. leaf of SeVfipov TO Ipiofopov comp.; 4. 7. 8. occurs on island of Tylos; 4. 13. 2. some kinds short-lived; 4. 13. 4-6. said to be longest-lived of trees : rea- son : method of prolonging life artificially; 4. 14. 2. young plants liable to ' sun-scorch ' ; 4. 14. 6. other diseases ; 4. 14. 7. effects of injury to roots; 4. 14. 8. effect of rain on fruit- ing; 4. 14. 9. a special pest at Miletus; 4. 14. 10. effect of hot winds ; 4. 14. 13. effects of frost ; 4. 15. 1. outer bark can be stripped; 4. 16. 1. survives

439


INDEX OF PLANTS


splitting of stem ; 4. 16. 6. natu- ral antipathy of a. to pa$<wo?; 5. 3. 4. character of wood;

5. 4. 1. the less fruitful trees produce more solid wood ; 5.9.4. wood, if damp, makes an evil smell when burnt for charcoal ;

6. 9. 6. aOpayevr) comp.; 8. 2. 8. a. in Melos; 9. 1. 6. time of tap- ping; 9. 13. 5. leaf and time of

growth of nevraireTes COmp. ;

9. 18. 11. peculiar properties of certain local kinds. a/oi7reAos (2) (Mt. Ida), currant grape, Vitis vinifera, var. corinthiaca

3. 17. 4. a local Idaean kind;

3. 17. 6. do. described.

ajuTreXos (3) r) Trovria, FucuS Spiralis

4. 6. 2. peculiar to certain waters ;

4. 6. 9. described.

a/xireXos (4), j] aypia (= M?A.w0pov),

bryony, Bryonia cretica 3. 18. 12. fruit of o>iiAa (2) comp. 9. 14,1. how long drug prepared from it will keep ; 9. 20. 3. pro- perties of root : medicinal use. a/xvySaA/rj, almond, Primus Amyg-

dalus

1. 6. 3. large central root ; 1. 9. 6. leaves produced early, but not shed early; 1. 11. 1. seed imme- diately within envelope ; 1. 11. 3. seed in a woody shell; 1. 12. 1. taste of fruit; 1. 13. 1. flower ' leafy ' : flower of some kinds reddish ; 1. 14. 1. bears on last year's wood; 2. 2. 5. degen- erates from seed; etc.; 2. 2. 9. effects of cultivation ; 2. 2. 11. do. : effect of tapping gum ; 2. 5. 6. trees should be planted far apart; 2. 7. 6. 'punishing' the tree; 2. 7. 7. tapping the gum; 2/8. 1. apt to shed im- mature fruit; 3. 11. 4. fruit of pe\ia comp.; 3. 12. 1. leaf of Kpaveia comp.; 4. 4. 7. fruit of

rep^u/eos r] 'IvSi/o? COmp. J 4.7.5.

fruit of unnamed Persian tree (see App. (13)), comp.; 4.14.12. uninjured by special winds; 5.9.5. wood-ashes make pungent smoke; 7. 13. 6. flower appears before leaves and (new growth of) stem ; 8. 2. 2. germination de-

440


scribed; 9. 1. 2. sap gummy; 9. 1. 3. gum scentless; 9. 1. 5. gum useless; 9. 19. 1. leaf of

bvoOrjpa^ COmp.

epaul cardamom, Amo* mum subulatum

9. 7. 2. an apw/xa, Median or In- dian.

/SpaxArj, andrachne, Arbutus An- druchne

1. 5. 2. bark readily drops off; 1. 9. 3. evergreen; 3. 3. 1. a mountain tree; 3. 3. 3. ever- green ; 3. 4. 2. time of budding : 3. 4. 4. time of fruiting ; 3. 4. 6. do.; 3. 6. 1. slow growing (?) ;

3. 16. 5. described ; 3. 16. 6. leaf of KOKKvyta comp.; 4. 4. 2. leaf Of /u.>jA.ea 19 ITepcri/oj pomp.; 4.7.5.

an unnamed Persian tree (see App. (14)), comp.; 4. 15. 1. does not perish if bark is stripped;

4. 15. 2, bark cracks ; 5. 7. 6. wood used for parts of loom; 9. 4. 3. bark of oyxvp^a comp.

Spdxvri, purslane, Portulaca ole-

racea 7. 1. 2-3. time of sowing and ger-

mination ; 7.2.9. root described. /e/u.iwj'Tj, anemone, Anemone spp. 7. 8. 3. leaves ' on the ground. ' efjuavri, anemone, Anemone coron-

aria 7. 7. 3. puts forth flower soon

after season of growth begins ;

7. 10. 2. flowers in winter. e/xwi'i) 17 Aetju.wi'ta, Anemone pavo-

nina

6. 8. 1. flowering-time. ejuaJi/T) T; opeta, Anemone blanda 6. 8. 1. flowering-time. YjOov (= a^Tj-ros), dill, Anethum

graveolens 1.11.2. seeds naked; 1.12.2.

taste of sap; 6. 2. 8. fruit of

v6.p6^ and vap6r]Kia. comp.; also

setting of flowers and fruit;

7. 1. 2-3. time of sowing and

germination; 7. 2. 8. root de-

scribed ; 7.32. seeds described;

7. 4. 1. only one kind; 7. 6. 4.

fruit Of opeioa-e'Au'Ov COmp.

, Anthemis chia, etc. (see


1. 13. 3. flower attached above


INDEX OF PLANTS


each seed; 7. 14. 2. flowering begins at top : "flower and fruit : several kinds (see below).

uvOefj.cn> TO d<u'AA.av0es, wild chamo-

mile, Matricaria Chamomilla 7. 8. 3. leaves ' on the ground.' ai/06/u.oi/ TO <vAAa>Se?, Anthemis chia

7. 8. 3. leaves on the stem. avOepiKOs, see dox^oSeAo?. awifo-ov, anise, Pimpinella Anisum

1. 12. 1. scent. avvyTos (= avyOov.) dill, Anethum

graveolens

9. 7. 3. in list of apto^aTa. dvTtppivov, snapdragon, Antirrhinum

Orontium 9. 19. 2. alleged magic properties :

described.

andtrrj, dandelion, Taraxacum offici- nale

6. 4. 8. (?) flower Of xajuaiXeW

comp. ; 7. 7. 1. a* \dxavov: classed as ' chicory-like ' from its leaves; 7. 7. 3. season of growing; 7. 7. 4. prolonged flowering- time ; 7.8.3. leaves 'on the ground'; 7. 10. 2. (?) flowers in winter, earliest of all ; 7. 10. 3. flowers borne in succes- sion; 7. 11. 3. flowering- time; 7. 11. 4. inedible: growth de- scribed.

aTrapyt'a, hawk's beard, Crepis Colum- nae

7. 8. 3. leaves ' on the ground.' airapvri, bedstraw, Qalium Aparine

7. 8. 1. stem ' clasping,' but, for want of support, 'on the ground ' ; 7. 14. 3. clings to clothes: peculiar setting of flower described ; 8. 8. 4. grows specially among 4x1*01': growth described; 9. 19. 2. avrippwov comp.

an-io (1), pear, Pyrus communis, var. saliva

1. 2. 7. bark ; 1. 3. 3. a tree whose stem is not single; 1. 8. 2. lias less knots than dxpa? ; 1. 10. 5. leaves round; 1. 11. 4. seeds all together in a single case ; 1. 11. 5. seeds in a mem- brane; 1. 12. 2. taste of sap; 1. 13. 1. flower ' leafy ' ; 1. 13. 3. flower above fruit-case ; 1. 14. 1


bears on last year's wood;

1. 14. 4. a cultivated form of dxpds; many cultivated forms;

2. 1. 2. propagation ; 2. 2. 4. de- generates from seed; 2. 2. 5. seed produces wild form ; 2.2.12. cannot be made out of dxpd? by cultivation; 2. 5. 3. grafting;

2. 5. 6. trees should be planted rather far apart; 2. 7. 7. 'pun- ishing ' the tree ; 2. 8. 1. apt to shed immature fruit; 3. 2. 1. produces less fruit than axpas, but ripens more; 3. 3. 2. has better fruit and timber in low- lands ; 3. 4. 2. time of budding ;

3. 6. 2. formation of buds ;

3. 11. 5. mountain and lowland forms comp.; 3. 12. 8. fruit of OTJ comp. as to keeping ; 3. 14. 1. leaf of TTTeAe'a comp.; 3. 14. 3. leaf of KAijtfpa comp.; 3. 18. 7. does not differ in kind from

dxpds; 4. 2. 5. wepa-ea COmp.;

4. 3. 1. size of AWTO? (4) comp.; 4.4.2. thorns of /oirjAea 17 TlepcriKT/ comp.; 4. 5. 3. abundant in Pon- tus; 4. 13. 1. shorter-lived than dxpd? ; 4. 14. 2. apt to get worm- eaten ; 4. 14. 10. fruit gets worm- eaten ; 4. 14. 12. uninjured by special winds: 5. 3. 2. leaf of an unnamed tree comp. (see App. (20)) ; 9. 4. 2. leaf of Ai/SavtoTos comp.

aTTtos (2) (= icrxa? 9. 9. 5. = i>d(f>a-

vo? 17 opei'a), spurge, Euphorbia Apios

9. 9. 5. medicinal use; 9. 9. 6. de- scribed.

apaKo?, Vicia Sibthorpii 1. 6. 12. an unnamed plant (see App. (1)) comp.; 8. 8. 3. (' the rough hard kind ') grows speci- ally among fyaxoi. apdx<.Sva, Lathyrus amphicarpus 1. 1. 7. fruit underground; 1.6.12.

root like a second fruit, api'a (= ii//o? = 4>eAA,.Spvs 3. 16. 3.), holm-oak, Qucrcus Ilex var. agrifolia

.3. 3. 8. doubt whether it has a flower ; 3. 4. 2. time of budding ; 3. 4. 4. time of fruiting ; 3. 16. 3. Dorian name for (|>e AAdSpv? ;

441


INDEX OF PLANTS


3. 17. 1. acorn of <f>eAAo? comp.;

4. 7. 2. (?) leaf of fia<M (6) comp. ; 5. 1. 1. time of cutting timber; 5. 3. 3. character of wood; 5. 4. 2. wood proof against decay; 5. 5. 1. wood* hard to work ; 5. 9. 1. wood makes good charcoal.

ia, birthwort, Aristolochia rotunda

9. 13. 2. described : medicinal use ; 9. 14. 1. how long drug will keep ; 9.15.5. grows in Arcadia ; 9. 20. 4. ef. 9. 13. 2. apKevOo<; ( = /ce'6pas (3)), Phoenician cedar, Juniperus phoenicea

1. 9. 3. evergreen; 3. 3. 1. a mountain tree ; 3. 3. 3. ever- green ; 3. 3. 8. .doubt whether it has a flower; 3. 4. 1. takes a year to ripen fruit; 3. 4. 5. time of fruiting; etc.; 3. 4. 6. do.;

3. 6. 1. slow-growing (?) ; 3. 6. 5. shallow-rooting according to Arcadians ; 3.12.3-4. described: distinguished from Ke'Spos (1):

4. 1.3. grows high on moun- tains, but not tall; 5. 7. 4. use of wood in house-building ;

5. 7. 6. other uses of wood : does not decay; 9. 1. 2. sap gummy.

dpj/6yAw(rcroj'( = crreAe<ovpos 7. 11.2., according to some, = 6p-rv 7. 11. 2., according to some), plantain , Plantago maior 7. 8. 3. leaves ' on the ground ' ; 7. 10. 3. flowers borne in succes- sion ; 7.11.2. flowers in a spike : described by comparison with


apov, cuckoo-pint, Arum italicum I. 6. 7. root fleshy ; 1. 6. 8. has a stout root and also fibrous roots : roots not tapering ; 1. 6. 10. cultivation ; 1. 16. 1 0.(?) flower made of flesh; 7. 2. 1. propagation ; 7. 9. 4. root de- scribed ; 7. 12. 2. root and leaves edible : use in surgery : special treatment to promote growth of root : one kind inedible (see SpaKovTLov); 7. 13. 1. leaves de- scribed ; 7. 13. 2. no stem or flower

442


appevoyovov (= Ot\\vyovov) , dog, mer-

cury, Mercurialis perennis 9. 19. 5. properties : described. do-TraAaflos, Calycotome villosa

9. 7. 3. in list Of apw/aara.

ao-7rpi<r( = ai-yi'Aa>^(l)), Turkey oak,

Quercus Cerris

3. 8. 2. one of the four Macedonian kinds of oak: acorns and timber.

dcrrepi<r/>?, Michaelmas daisy, Aster

Amellus

4. 12. 2. seed Of /AeAayKpaWs comp.

dcrra^i?, Delphinium Staphisagria 9. 12. 1. medicinal use.

do-^apa-yo?, asparagus, Asparagus

acutifolius

1. 10. 6. spines for leaves; 6. 1. 3. do.; a wild under-shrub ; 6. 4. 1. one of very few plants which are altogether spinous ; 6. 4. 2. described

Ao-^oSeXos (stem di>0e'pi/co?), ( = 77660? (2)), asphodel, Asphodelus ramo- stis

1. 4. 3. belongs to 'ferula-like' plants; 1. 10. 7. attachment of leaves; 6. 6. 9. leaves of vdp- /acro-os (1) comp.; 7. 9. 4. root acorn-shaped; 7 12. 1. root edible ; 7.13.1. leaves described; 7. 13. 2-3. stem of Ipt? comp.: largest stem of herbaceous plants : fruit inflorescence etc. described; worm which infests it: uses for food of stem and roots ; 7. 13. 4. grown from seed ; 9. 9. 6. leaf of ia-xs comp.; 9.10.1. stem of eAAe/Jopos comp. by some.

a<rxi-ov, puff-ball, Lycoperdon gigan-

teum

1. 6. 9. not a root, though under- ground.

aTpaKTvAt's ( = <f>6vos 6. 4. 6.), distaff- thistle, Carthamus lanatus 6. 4. 3. a 'thistle-like' plant; 6. 4. 6. described: also called $0^0?: reason; 9. 1. 1. juice blood-coloured.

d^dicr), tare, Vicia saliva var. angits-

tifolia

8. 1. 4. (a pulse) sown late ; 8. 5. 3. shape of pod; 8. 8. 3. TreA.e/cu'os


INDEX OF PLANTS


grows specially among a.; 8.11.1. seed does not keep.

a<f>dpK-ri (a natural hybrid between avSpdx^-n and Ko/u,apos), hybrid arbutus, Arbutus hybrida 1. 9. 3. evergreen ; 3. 3. 1. a moun- tain tree; 3. 3. 3. evergreen; 3. 4. 2. time of budding ; 3. 4. 4. time of fruiting ; 5. 7. 7. uses of wood.

i(f>ia, lesser celandine, Ranunculus

Ficaria

7. 7. 3. puts forth flowers at season of growth.

axpa?, wild pear, Pyrus amygdali-

formis

1. 4. 1. more fruitful than culti- vated kind; 1. 8. 2. has more knots than an-tos ; 1. 9. 7. time of shedding leaves ; 1. 14. 4. a wild form of cnno?; 2. 2. 5. pro- duced from seed of amos; 2.2.12. cannot be made into an-io? by cultivation; 3. 2 1. produces more fruit than an-tos, but ripens less ; 3. 3. 1. a tree of mountain and plain; 3. 3. 2. has better fruit and timber in lowlands; 3. 4. 2. time of budding; 3. 4. 4. time of fruiting; 3. 6. 1. slow growing (?) ; 3. 11. 5. moun- tain and lowland forms comp.; 3. 12. 8. fruit of 017 comp. as to keeping ; 3. 14. 2. bark of Aevio) comp.; 3. 18. 7. does not differ in kind from amo?: 4. 13. 1. longer lived than an-io?; 5. 5. 1. cobblers' strops made of the wood.

atyLvOiov, wormwood, Artemisia Ab- sinthium

1. 12. 1. taste of fruit; 4. 5. 1. seeks cold regions ; 7. 9. 5. leaves and stem bitter, yet wholesome ; 9. 17. 4. said to become by use non-poisonous_to sheep.

/SaXavos, Balanites aegyptiaca 4. 2. 1. peculiar to Egypt ; 4. 2. 6. described.

/3aA<ra/xoi' (gum oTro/SaAo'aju.oi'), balsam

of Mecca, Balsamodendron Opo- balsamum

9. 1. 2. sap gummy; 9. 1. 7. time of tapping; 9. 4. 1. collection of


gum ; 9. 6. 1-4. described : habi- tat : method of collection : no- where found wild ; 9. 7. 3. in

list of aptojoiara.

0a-ro?, bramble, Rubus ulmifolius 1. 3. 1. a typical ' shrub ' ; 1. 5 3. thorns on wood; 1. 9. 4. ever- green ; 1. 10. 6. leaf with spinous projections ; 1. 10. 7. stem pres- ently spinous; 3. 18. 3. grows in wet and dry places alike; 3. 18. 4. kinds distinguished; 3. 18. 12. cluster of berries of <r/AiA.a (2) comp ; 4. 8. 1. to some extent grows in marshes ; 4. 12. 4. to some extent aquatic ;

6. 1. 3. has spines on the shoots. /SArjxw, pennyroyal, Mentha Puleg-

ium 9. 16. 1. leaf etc. of SCKTa^ro-

comp.

/3A.iToi>, blite, Amaranthus Blitum 1. 14. 2. bears fruit both on top and at sides; 7. 1. 2-3. time of sowing and of germination ;

7. 2. 7-8. root described ; 7. 3. 2. seeds described; 7. 3. 4. seed borne both on top and at side ; 7. 4. 1. only one kind.

po\pivri, star-flower, Ornithogahim

umbellatum 7. 13. 9. belongs to TO. poAjSoiSr).

/3oA/3o5, purse-tassels, Muscari como-

sum etc. (see below). 1. 6. 7. root in scales ; 1. 6. 8. root not tapering; 1. 6. 9. no side roots : (part of) stem under- ground ; 1. 10. 7. no leaf-stalk : attachment of leaves; 6. 8. 1. flowering time : used as a coron- ary plant; 7. 2. 1. propagation ; 7. 2. 2. root makes offsets; 7. 2. 3. offsets specially numer- ous ; 7. 4. 12. formation of roots of Kponvov comp.; 7. 9. 4., cf. 1. 6. 7.; 7. 12. 1. example of an edible root; 7. 12. 2. special treatment to promote growth of root; 7. 13. 1. leaves de- scribed ; 7. 13. 2. flower-stem not the only stem; 7. 13. 4-5. grown from seed: seed some- times takes two years to ger- minate ; 7. 13. 7. root of vap- Kto-o-os (1) comp. ; 7. 13. 8.

443


INDEX OF PLANTS


several kinds ; 7. 13. 9. roots of various plants comp.; 8. 8. 3. grows specially among ip6?.

SoAjSbs o epi6</>opo?, Pancratium

maritimum

7. 13. 8. grows on beach: de- scribed : uses for food and cloth- ing.

jSovxepas, ( = T7)Ats), fenugreek. Tri-

gonella Foenum-Oraecum 4. 4. 10. an Indian plant (see App. (8)), comp. 8. 8. 5. aiju.6- Supov parasitic on ft.

/Sow/ae'Aios, ash, Fraxinus excelsior

3. 11. 4-5. described; 4. 8. 2. common in Egypt.

/SouirprjerTts, ?

7. 7. 3. season of growing. j8ouTO(u.o?, sedge, Carex riparia

1. 5. 3. stem very smooth ; 1. 10. 5. leaves end in a point : further described; 4. 8. 1. in list of TO. AOXM^STJ; 4. 10. 4. described; 4. 10. 6. grows both on land and in water: grows on the floating islands of Lake Copais ; 4. 10. 7. part used for food; 4. 11. 12. foliage of some /caAajuioi comp. po/u.o?, oats, Avena saliva

8. 4. 1. seed has more coats than other cereals ; 8. 9. 2. exhausts the soil: reason: like a wild plant.

/3pvof, oyster-green, Viva Lactuca

4. 6. 2. occurs generally in Greek waters; 4. 6. 6. described.


vov, long onion, Allium Cepa var. 1.6.9. part of stem underground ; 7. 1. 2-3. time of sowing and of germination; 7. 1. 6. germina- tion; 7. 1. 7. bears fruit in second year : has single stem ; 7. 2. 2-3. root makes offsets ; 7. 5. 1. likes water ; 7. 5. 3. bears transplanting; 7.5.5 seed does not keep well; 7. 9. 4. root in scales; 7. 12. 3. root of <ba<ryo,vov comp.; 9. 11. 6. ' head ' of

crTpvxvos 6 ju.ai'tKOs COmp.

yrjTtiov (Attic for yrj6voi>), horn- onion, Allium Cepa var. 1. 10. 8. leaves hollow; 7. 4. 10.

444


described : cultivation (classed

as a form of /ep6ju.voi>). yAeivo?, Acer creticum 3. 3. 1. name for lowland form of

o^ei/Sa/xpo? ; 3. 11. 2. timber yXv/ceta (sc. puja) ( = p'uja 2cu0uo/ q.V.),

9. 13. 2., liquorice, Olycyrrhiza glabra.

yAvKuo-tS->} ( = Traiwi/ia q.v.), 9.8.6., peony, Paeonia officinalis.

yoyyuAt's, turnip, Brassica Rapa 1. 6. 6. root fleshy ; 1. 6. 7. root of bark and flesh; 7. 1. 2. time of sowing; 7, 1. 7. germination; 7. 2. 5. survives and increases in size under a heap of soil: root described ; 7. 2. 8. do.; 7. 3. 2. seeds described ; 7. 3. 4. seed borne at side; 7. 4. 3. doubtful if more than one kind : seed, method of sowing, effect of weather; 7. 5. 3. bears trans- planting; 7. 6. 2. wild form distinguished; 7. 9. 4. root has 'bark. '

SO.VKOV (1), carrot, Dauciis Carota 9. 15. 5. Arcadian drug : described

(see note).

SOLVKOV (2), Malabaila aurea 9. 15. 8. grows about Patrai: properties : root black ; 9. 20. 2. cf. 9. 15. 8.

Scu^v? (1) (TJ ry/oiepos), (berry SaQvis,

1. 11. 3.), sweet bay, Laurus nobilis

1. 5. 2. bark thin ; 1. 6. 2. roots both stout and fine ; 1.6.4. roots crooked ; etc.; 1.8.1. few knots ; 1. 9. 3. evergreen (cultivated and wild forms, see below);

1. 11. 3. fleshy seed in a shell (Scui/is) ; 1. 12. 1. taste of fruit; 1. 14. 4. many cultivated forms;

2. 1. 3. propagation; 2. 2. 6. sometimes improves from seed ;

2, 5. 6. trees should be planted close together; 3. 3. 3. ever- green ; 3. 4. 2. time of budding ;

3. 7. 3. (one kind) produces a cluster; 3. 11. 3. leaves of jaeAux comp. ; 3. 11. 4. winter-buds of jueAt'a comp.; 3. 12. 7. leaf of or?

COmp. to that of 8. rj AeTrroAuAAo?;

3. 13. 5. leaflet of aKrfj comp. to


INDEX OF PLANTS


leaf Of 5. rj 7rAa'(uAAos ; 3. 14. 3.

flower (?) of KArj0pa comp.; 3. 15. 4. leaf of rtpfjuvOos comp';

3. 16. 4. leaf of Ko^apo? comp.; 3.17.3. leaf of /coAoma(2) comp. to 5. 17 7rAaTv</>vAAos ; 4. 4. 12. leaf of an unnamed Arian shrub comp. (see App. (10)); 4. 4. 13. leaf of an unnamed Gedrosian tree comp. (sec App. (11)); 4.5.3. does not thrive in cold regions ;

4. 5. 4. grows in Propontis ; 4.7.1. a class of marine Atlantic plants comp.; 4. 7. 4. leaf of an unnamed Arabian tree (see App. (126)) comp.; 4.13.3. after decaying shoots again from same stock; 4. 16. 6. spoils flavour of grape; 5. 3. 3-4. character of wood ; 5. 7. 7. wood used for walking-stkks ; 5. 8. 3. grows in lowland parts of Latium: abundant on Circeian promontory; 5. 9. 7. fire-drills made of the wood, because it does not wear away; 9. 4. 2. bark of AI^CU/WTOS comp.; 9. 4. 3. leaf of At/SavwTos comp. (by some) ; 9. 4. 9. do.; 9. 10. 1. leaf

Of eAAf/3opos o joie'Aas COmp. (by

some) ; 9.15.5. SO.VKOV (1) comp.; 9.20.1. one kind of rreVepi (fruit comp.

(2) r/ aypia. (= ovo^rypas), ole- ander, Nerium Oleander 1. 9. 3. distinguished from 8. r)


JU/^TJ (3) ^ 'AAe&ii'Speia, Alexan-

drian laurel, Ruscus Hypophyl-

lum 1. 10. 8. bears fruit on leaves;

3. 17. 4. do. x<vT) (4) T| Ae7rr6</>vAAos, sweet bay,

Laurus nobilis 3. 12. 7. (see under Sa^Tj).

tyvY) (5) rt TrAarv^vAAos, Sweet bay,

Laurus nobilis 3. 11. 3., 3. 13. 5., 3. 17. 3. (see

under Scujnoj). <j>vr, (6) ( = eAaa(3) = App. (14)),

white mangrove, Avicennia

officinalis 4.7.1. grows in 'Red Sea'; 4.7.2.

described : produces a drug for

stanching blood.


MKTa.fj.vov, dittany, Origanum Die-

tamnus

9. 16. 1-2. described: medicinal use: popular belief about its use to goats : comp. with >//evfo- SiKTafjivov ; 9. 16. 3. habitat.

SiKTafj-vov (erepoi/), Ballota Pseudo-

dictamnus

9. 16. 3. Cretan : has nothing in common with true 5. except the name : described : properties different.

Sioo-ai'flo?, carnation, Dianthus in-

odorus

6. 1. 1. in list of under-shrubs ; 6.6. 2. a cultivated under-shrub : a coronary plant : scentless ; 6. 6. 11. grown from seed: woody ; 6. 8. 3. flowering time.

5iocrj3aAai/os (fruit Kapvov /eacrraj/ai-

KOf), 4.8.11., chestnut, Castanea vesca

1. 12. 1. taste of fruit; 3. 2. 3. evidence that it is really wild ; 3. 3. 1. a mountain tree ; 3. 3. 8. doubt whether it has a flower ; 3. 4. 2. time of budding ; 3. 4. 4. time of fruiting ; 3. 5. 5. winter- buds ; 4. 5. 1. in list of northern trees; 4. 5. 4. abundant on Mount Tmolus and Mysian Olympus ; 4. 8. 11. bark of root of AWTO? (2) comp. to shell of chestnut.

Sioo-TTvpos, Diospyros Lotus 3. 13. 3. fruit of xepao-o? comp.

SoAixos, calavance, Vigna sinensis 8. 3. 2. stem; 8. 11. 1. seed does not keep.

Sovai- ( = KaAa/xos 6 AaKamKos = AC. 6 avArjriKOS = K. 6 aupiyyids = K. o


4. 11. 11. a kind of /caAa^os : habit

and habitat. SpaKovTiov, edderwort, Dracunculus

vulgaris

7. 12. 2. an inedible and poisonous kind of apov ; 9. 20. 3. medicinal use: described. SpvnCs, Drypis spinosa

1. 10. 6. spinous-leaved. 6pvs (1), oak, Quercus Robur 1. 2. 1. has galls (/cTj/a's) ; 1. 2. 7. bark; 1. 5. 2. bark thick: bark fleshy; 1.5.3. wood fleshy; 1.5.5.

445


INDEX OF PLANTS


wood heavy because it contains mineral matter ; 1.6.1. core hard and close ; 1. 6. 2. core called ' oak- black' : core large and con- spicuous; 1. 6. 3. roots many and long ; 1. 6. 4. roots fleshy : deep-rooting; 1. 8. 5. diseased formation (*paS7j); 1. 9. 5. an evergreen specimen ; 1. 10. 6. leaves notched : leaves with spinous projections; 1. 10. 7. attachment of leaves; 1. 11. 3. seed in a leathery shell ; 2. 2. 3. propagation ; 2. 2. 6. deterior- ates from seed ; 3. 3. 1. tree of mountain and plain; 3. 3. 3. evergreen in some places ; 3.3.8. doubt whether it has a flower (/Spvoi/) ; 3.4.2. time of budding ; 3. 4. 4. time of fruiting ; 3. 5. 1. periods of budding ; etc.; 3.5.2. galls ; 3. 5. 5. winter-buds ; 3. 6. 1. quick growing; 3. 6. 5. instance of a deep-rooting tree ; 3. 1. 4-6. various galls ; etc. ;

3. 8. 2. four or live kinds, viz.

rj/iepi's Or fcTV/uofipv?, aiyiAcot/f, 7rAa.Tv</>vAAos, </>r}y6s, aAi<f>A<xo? or

ev0v$Aoio? (five recognised by inhabitants of Mt. Ida) ; 3.16.1. leaf growth and bark of Trpu/o? comp.; 3. 16. 3. <eAA6- Spv? fipvs and n-pivos comp. ;

4. 2. 8. common in Thebaid ;

4. 5. 1. in list of northern trees ; 4.5.3. grows in Pontus; 4.14.10. infested by knips; 4. 15. 2. survives stripping of bark for some time ; 4. 15. 3. effect of stripping bark in winter ; 5.1.2. time of cutting timber : reasons ;

5. 1. 4. do. ; 5. 3. 1. core very close and heavy ; 5. 3. 3. char- acter of wood; 5. 4. 1. wood hard and heavy; 5. 4. 2. wood proof against decay; 5. 4. 3. wood does not decay if buried or soaked in water : rots in sea- water : 5. 4. 8. effect of salt water on different parts ; 5. 5. 1. wood hard to work ; 5.6.1. wood contains mineral matter and so gives under weight : apt to split ; 5. 7. 2. used for keel of triremes and for merchantmen to make


extra keel for hauling : does not glue well on to eAdxT) or nevKij ; 5. 7. 4. use of wood in house- building: 5. 8. 3. grows in La- tium on Circeian promontory 5. 9. 1. wood makes good char- coal, but inferior to apia and Ko/^apo?; 5. 9. 2. charcoal of this wood less esteemed by smiths than that of irevioj; 8. 2. 2. germination from acorn described ; 9. 9. 5. leaf of x ^a-i- 8pus comp.

Spv? (2) \ aypia ( = <rjy6s 3.8.2.),

Valonia oak, Quercus Aegilops 1. 5. 2. rough bark ; 3. 8. 2. ses under Spvs;

Spv? (3) '; aAi'<Aoios (=8. t, eiiOv- 4>Aotos 3. 8. 2.), sea-bark oak, Quercus Pseudo-Robur 3. 8. 2. one of the five kinds of oak (Mt. Ida) : =8. ^ ev0v$Ao<.o?; 3. 8. 874. acorns ; 3. 8. 5. habit and timber; 3. 8. 6. (do-K(K (q.v.) grows on it ; 3.8.7. timber; 5. 1. 2. time of cutting timber.

6pvs(4) 17 ev0v(|>Aoios ( = 8. 17 aAi'^Aoios

3. 8. 2.), sea-bark oak, Quercus Pseudo-Robur

3. 8. 2. one of the five kinds of oak (Mt. Ida).

8pvs (5) 19 rj/nepos (= eruju-oSpv? q.V. = 7/u.epi's (2)), true oak, Quercus


3. 8. 2. one of the five kinds of

oak (Mt. Ida).

Spvs (6) 17 7rAo.TV(J>vAAos, broad-leaved oak (scrub oak), Quercus lanu- ginosa

3. 8. 2. one of the five kinds of oak (Mt. Ida) : fruit ; 3. 8. 5. habit and timber ; 3. 8. 6. galls : one of the four Macedonian oaks : has bitter acorns.

8pi)s (7) ((jtvKos), Cystoseira ericoides

4. 6. 2. peculiar to certain waters ; 4. 6. 7-8. described.

SpCs (8) (TTOVTICI), Sargassum vulgare 4. 6. 9. distinguished from Spus (7) ; has a useful /ScLWos.

e/3eVr? (e/3evos) (1), ebony, Diospyros

Ebenum

1. 5. 4. wood heavy; 1. 5. 5. do. because of close grain ; 1. 6. 1.


446


INDEX OF PLANTS


core hard and close ; 4. 4. 6. de- scribed : two kinds distinguished (see below) ; 5. 0. 1. wood very close and heavy, especially the core ; 5. 3. 2. colour of wood of Te'pfxn/00? comp. : wood of an unnamed tree (see App. (20)) comp. to a variegated e. ; 5.4.2. wood proof against decay; 9. 20. 4. colour and medicinal use of wood.

ej8eV>j (2), Diospyros melanoxylon t 4. 4. 6. a kind with inferior wood.

eiAerias, 866 KaAa/uio? 6 eiAeria? eKTOjuof TO ju.eXa^.TroSiof see eAAe/Sopos 6 jtxe'Aa?

eAaa, olive, Olea Europea 1.3.1. a typical 'tree'; 1.5.4. wood easily broken, not split: wood has many knots ; 1. 5. 5. wood easily broken, because tough and not of straight grain ; 1. 6. 2. core not conspicuous;

1. 6. 3. roots both stout and thin; 1. 6. 4. roots branching; etc. : shallow rooting ; roots crooked; etc.; 1. 8. 2. has less knots than KOTU/OS ; 1.8. 6. liable to excrescences; etc.; 1. 9. 3. evergreen; 1. 10. 1. leaves in- verted in summer ; 1.10.2. colour of leaves; 1. 10. 4. leaves nar- row; 1. 10. 7. leaf-stalk short; etc.; 1. 11. 1. seed enveloped in flesh and stone; 1. 11. 3. fleshy seed in a stone; 1. 11. 4. effect on fruit of rich feeding; 1. 12. 1. taste of fruit; 1. 13. 2. flower consists of one ' leaf ' only partly divided; 1. 13. 3. flower sur- rounds fruit; etc; 1.14. 1. bears on last year's wood; 1. 14. 2. bears fruit both on top and at side ; 1. 14. 4. a cultivated form of KOTIVOS; 2. 1. 2. propagation ; 2. 1. 4. do.; 2. 2. 5. seed produces wild form; 2. 2. 12. cannot be made out of KOTIVOS by cultiva- tion ; 2. 3. 1. sometimes changes to KOTii/os spontaneously ; etc.;

2. 5. 3. grafting ; 2. 5. 4. propa- gation ; 2. 5. 6. do.: trees should be planted far apart; 2. 5. 7. low ground suitable; 2. 7. 2. peeds much pruning : 2. 7. 3.


requires pungent manure and much water; 3. 2. 1. produces less fruit than KOTIVOS but ripens more ; 3. 12. 2. flower and fruit

Of 0T)Av*paveia COmp.; 3. 17. 5.

size of fruit of O-VKTJ 17 'iSaia comp.; 4. 2. 8. common in Thebaid; 4. 2. 9. character in Thebaid; 4. 3. 1. grows and bears well in Cyrenaica; 4. 4. 1. (?) distribu- tion in Asia; 4. 7. 2. leaf and fruit of eAaa (3) comp.; 4. 7. 4. size of fruit of unnamed Arabian tree comp. (see App. (126)); 4. 13. 1. shorter-lived than KOTLVOS ; 4. 13. 2. story of a very old tree at Athens; 4. 13. 5. ex- planation of longevity ; 4.14.2. diseases ; 4. 14. 8. effect of rain on fruiting; 4. 14. 9. specially apt to shed fruit at Taras;

4. 14. 10. other diseases : effect of hot winds; 4. 4. 11. suffers much from special winds ; 4.16.1. improved by lopping branches ; 5.3.3. character of wood; 5.3.7. images made from the root;

5. 4. 2. wood proof against de- cay ; 5. 4. 4. wood not eaten by teredon ; 5. 5. 2. core not obvious: wherefore wood not apt to 'draw'; 5. 5. 3. core not obvious but exists ; 5. 6. 1. wood apt to split under pressure; 5. 9. 6. wood good for kindling furnaces ; 5. 9. 7. wood not suit- able for fire-sticks : reason ;

5. 9. 8. articles made of the wood have been known to pro- duce shoots: instances; 6. 2. 1. leaf of Kvewpo? 6 AevKo? comp.;

6. 2. 4. will not grow more than a short distance from the sea; 8. 2. 8. abundant in Melos; 9. 18. 5. fruit of O^vyovov comp.

to /Spvof Of e. : fruit Of appevoyo-

vov comp. to undeveloped olive. A<ia (2), Olea cuspidata 4. 4. 11. Indian (in hill-country

only).

'lAaa' (3) (= 6a<J>}(6) = App. (14)), white mangrove, Avicennia offi,- cinalis

4. 7. 1. grows in ' Eed Sea ' ; 4.7.2. described.

447


INDEX OF PLANTS


oiayvo? (properly eAeayi/os), goat willow, Salix Caprea

4. 10. 1-2. in list of plants of L. Copals: described.

aTTj (1), silver-fir, Abies cephalonica

1. 1. 8. branches opposite ; 1. 3. 6. refuses cultivation ; 1. 5. 1. erect and tall ; 1.5.2. bark in layers; 1. 5. 3. wood fibrous; 1. 5. 4. wood easily split; 1.5.5. do. because of straight grain ; 1. 6. 3. root single ; 1. 6. 4. roots fibrous; 1.6.5. roots not branch- ing ; 1. 8. 1. many knots ; 1. 8. 2. ' male ' has more knots than 'female'; 1.8. 3. branches at right angles; 1. 9. 1. growth chiefly upwards ; 1. 9. 2. growth affected by position; 1. 9. 3. evergreen; 1. 10. 5. leaves de- scribed ; 1. 12. 1. taste of fruit ; 1. 12. 2. taste of sap; 1.13.1 flower yellow; 2. 2. 2. pro- pagated only by seed ; 2. 7. 3. requires pungent manure ; 3. 1. 2. grows only from seed ; 3. 3. 1. a mountain tree ; 3. 3. 3. evergreen ; 3. 4. 5. time of flowering and fruiting; 3. 5. 1. period of budding; 3. 5. 3. do.; 3. 5. 5. winter-buds ; 3. 6. 1. quick growing: even young tree fruits ; 3. 6. 2. formation of buds ; 3. 6. 4. not deep-rooting ;

3. 6. 5. deep-rooting according to Arcadians; etc.; 3. 7. 1-2. dies if topped: formation of callus ; 3. 9. 5. timber compared with TrevK?) : etc.; 3. 9. 6. differ- ences between 'male' and ' female ' : described ; 3. 9. 7. further comparison with Trev/o? : produces Kov&crov ; 3. 9. 8. do. : core and callus; 4. 1. 1. likes shade ; 4. 1. 2. grows tall in shade but has inferior timber ;

4. 1. 3. grows high on moun- tains, but not tall; 4. 4. 1. (?) distribution in Asia; 4. 5. 1. in list of Northern trees; 4. 5 3. does not grow in Pontns; 4. 15. 3. effects of stripping bark at various sea- sons; 4. 16. 1. topping fatal; 4. 16. 1-2. not injured by cut-


ting for resin ; 4. 16. 4. said to perish if entirely deprived of its heart-wood; 5. 1. 1. time when timber is of best colour ; 5. 1. 2. time of cutting timber ; 5. 1. 4. do. ; 5. 1. 5-6. timber comp. with TUTVS; 5. 1. 7. uses of tim- ber ; 5. 1. 8. growth and char- acter; 5. 1. 9-10. methods of cleaving; 5. 3. 3. character of wood; 5. 3. 5. used for doors; 5. 4. 4. less eaten by teredon than jrevKij; 5. 4. 6. wood, if barked just before time of bud- ding, does not decay in water : story in proof of this; 5. 5. 1. knotty parts of wood hard to work' 5. 5. 2. core most obvious in e. ; 5. 6. 1. wood good for struts : behaviour under pressure ; 5. 6. 2. strong- est of all woods ; 5. 7. 1-2. use of wood in ship-building; 5. 7. 4-5. uses of wood in house- building and crafts : the most generally useful of woods : more so than Treu'/crj; 5. 9. 8. wood has a peculiar exudation ; 9.1.2. sap gummy ; 9. 2. 1. production of resin (prjrtVrj); 9.2.2. quality of resin. eAarij (2), silver-fir, Abies pectinata

5. 8. 1. grows to great size in Latium, but finer still in Corsica ; 5.8.3. grows in hill- country of Latium.

' tAaTTj ' (3), ' sea-fir,' Cystoseira

Abies-marina

4. 6. 2. peculiar to certain waters ; 4. 6. 7-8. described.

e\arripiov, S6& crucvos 6 aypio?

4. 5. 1. in list of northern plants.

e\eio<re\ivov (= <re\ivov TO e'A.eiov), marsh celery. Apium graveolens 7. 6. 3. comp. with <re\t.i>oi> : medi cinal use.

eAeioxpvtro?, gold-flower, Helichry sum siculum

6. 8. 1. flowering time ; 9. 19. 3. alleged magic properties : de- scribed : medicinal use.

eA.eAiV<|>a/cos, salvia, Salvia triloba 6. 1. 4. a spineless wild uhder- shrub ; 6. 2. 5. like wild leaf described.


44 8


INDEX OF PLANTS


, calamint, Calamintha in- cana

2. 1. 3. propagation; 6. 1. 1. in list of under-shrubs ; 6. 6. 2. a cultivated under-shrub: n coron- ary plant : the whole plant scented ; 6. 6. 3. woody : only one form ; 6. 7. 2. said by some to have no fruit ; 6. 7. 4. roots described.

crack willow, Salixfragilis 3.13.7. Arcadian name for willow. e'A<., ivy, Hedera Helix

3. 18. 7-8. described : does not develop into KITTOS; 3. 18. 8. kinds; 7. 8. 1. stem ' clasping.'

eAt TJ Aev/oj, white-berried ivy,

Hedera Helix 3. 18. 8. several kinds.

e'Ai >j 7roi/'AT) ( = f.T) pa/a'a, 3.18.8.),

ivy, Hedera Helix 3. 18. 8. several kinds. e\i T) x^oepa, ivy, Hedera Helix

3. 18. 8. described. eAAe/SopiVjj, rupture-wort, Herniaria

glabra 9. 10 2. seed mixed with tAAe/3opos

6 ACVKO? to make an emetic.

eAAe'/3opos, hellebore, Hclleborus cydo-

phyllus and Veratntm album

4. 5. 1. seeks cold regions ; 6. 2. 9. belongs to ' ferula-like ' plants : has a hollow stem ; 9. 8. 4. what part of root cut for medicinal use : ' bulbous ' part a purge for dogs ; 9. 8. 6. poisonous effect on those who dig it; precau- tions; 9. 9. 2. medicinal use; 9. 10. 1-4. kinds distinguished (see beloic) ; 9. 14. 1. how long drug will keep; 9. 17. 1-3. the drug can be made ineffectual by use : instances .

eAAe^opos 6 AevKo?, white hellebore,

Veratrum album

9. 10. 1. has nothing in common with e. 6 /xe'Aas except the name : divergent accounts given of the resemblances between the two plants : described ; 9. 10. 2. not poisonous to sheep ; when in season : distribution ; 9. 10. 3-4. very local : local varieties,

OtTouos, noiriKO?, 'EAearrjs, Ma- Ilapcacrios, AiTwAtKOS I


THEOPH. VOL. II


OITCUOS the best: properties of 'EAeaTTi?; 9. 15. 5. grows in Ar- cadia ; 9. 18. 2. restores scorpion to life when it has been killed

With O-KOpTUOS (3).

eAAe/Sopos o jue'Aas (drug crrjo-a/aoetSe;

9. 14. 4.), hellebore, Helleborus cydophyllus

9. 8. 8. superstition as to gather- ing; 9. 10. 1. (see under e. 6 AevKo?) : described ; 9. 10. 2. poisonous to animals; 9. 10. 3. grows everywhere : some local- ities specified; 9. 10. 4. called

by Some e/CTO/uoi/ TO /u.eAa/X7r66ioi' :

uses for puriiication and as charm ; 9. 14. 4. use of fruit in medicine; 9. 15. 5. grows in Arcadia ; 9.16.6. leaf of e<;/iepoi/ com p.

IA.V/AOS, Italian millet, Setaria italica 4. 4. 10. inflorescence of bpv&v comp.; 8. 1. 1. in list of ' summer crops ' distinct from cereals and pulses; 8. 11. 1. seed keeps well.

evOpvantov, chervil, Scandix australis

7. 7. 1. a \axavoif.

eTreriVr) (?) (? TTITIU'I/T)), Ajuga Ira 7.8.1. stem 'clasping,' but, for want of support, 'on the ground.'

'EjrijU.ei'tSetos, see ovaAAa 17 'E.

fTrirreTpov, stone-crop, Sedum ano-

petalum 7. 7. 4. flowerless.

pe/3t^o?, chick-pea, Cicer arietinum 2. 4. 2. seed soaked before sowing ; 2. 6. 6. size of some dates comp.; 4.4.4. size of fruit of <TVKTJ ^ 'ivSiKij comp.; 4. 4. 9. not found in India ; 6. 5. 3. leaf of a kind of Tpt/3oAo? comp.; 8. 1. 1. in list of pulses; 8. 1. 4. sown both early and late; 8. 2. 1. germination described; 8. 2. 3. comes up with several leaves : deep-root- ing; 8. 2. 5. flowering time; 8. 2. 6. time of maturing seed ; 8. 3. 2. stem ; 8. 5. 1. several kinds: three mentioned, <cpiot,

opo/Siatot, ot ava pea-ov: white

forms sweetest; 8. 5. 2. pod round : seeds comparatively few ; 8.5.4. attachment of seed ;

449 a G


INDEX OF PLANTS


8. 6. 5. rain hurtful when F. is in flower: three kinds mentioned,

/u,e'Aas, Truppos, Aevieo? ; 8. 7. 2.

comp. with other pulses: de- stroys weeds : suitable soil : grows well after /cu'ajuo?; 8. 9. 1. exhausts the soil most of pulses ; 8. 10. 1. diseases and pests; 8. 10. 5. infested by caterpillars ;

8. 11. 2. only seed which does not engender ' worms ' etc.: seed keeps well; 8. 11. 6. do. especially in hill country.

K-r), heath, Erica arborea 1. 14. 2. bears fruit on the top;

9. 11. 11. AijSai'toTis }] axapTros

grows where e. is abundant. epevOeSavov, madder, Rubia tinc-

torum

6. 1. 4. a spineless wild under- shrub; 7.9.3. roots red; 9.13.4. do.; 9. 13. 6. described : habit : habitat : medicinal use. epii>e6s, wild flg, Ficus Carica 1. 8. 2. has more knots than o-vK-fj ;

1. 14. 4. wild form of trvicrj;

2. 2. 12. cannot be made into (7VKTJ by cultivation; 2. 3. 1. sometimes changes to <TVAJ spontaneously; 3. 3. 1. a moun- tain tree; 3. 4. 2. time of bud- ing ; 4. 2. 3. fruit of <rvoj ^ KvTrpia comp.; 4. 13. 1. longer- lived than O-VKT}; 4. 14. 4. not liable to diseases of <TVKTJ ; 5. 6. 2. wood tough and easy to bend : uses ; 5. 9. 5. wood makes pun- gent smoke.

(StvSpov TO) epi6(j)opov, cotton-plant,

Qossypium arboreum 4. 4. 8. (not named) clothes made from it; 4. 7. 7-8. described.

epn-uAAos (1) (e. 6 rj/uepo?), tufted

thyme, Thymus Sibthorpii 1. 9. 4. evergreen j 2. 1. 3. propa- gation ; 6. 1. 1. in list of under- shrubs; 6. 6. 2. a cultivated under-shrub : a coronary plant: the whole plant scented ; 6. 6. 3. woody: only one form ; 6. 7. 2. said by some to have no fruit: 6.7.4. roots described; 6.7. 5. growth peculiar: wild forms (see efpn-vAAos (2)) ; 6. 7. 6. cultivation.

45


epirvXAos (2) o a-yptos, Attic thyme,

Thymus atticus

6. 7. 2. produces seeds, unlike e. (1) ; brought from Hymettus ; sometimes quite like 0u/xos ;

6. 7. 5. has various forms. epuo-1/u.oj/, Sisymbrium polyceratium

8. 1. 4. sown later than cereals and pulses, a 'summer crop'; 8. 3. 1. leaf; 8. 3. 3. flower; 8. 6. 1. rain not beneficial after sowing; 8. 7. 3. doubtful if eaten green by animals : de- scribed.

epvcrt/3?? (cf. epvo-ifiav, epu<ri/3oiSi7<j

8. 3. 2.), wheat-rust, Puccinia gmminis

8. 10. 1. a pest common to all crops (cereals, pulses etc.).

erv/oi65pus ( = V e P 1 '? (2) 3. 8. 2. = 5pvs ri Tj/u-epo?), true oak, Quercus Robur

3. 8. 2. one of the five kinds of oak (Mt. Ida) : = >Vept? : fruit ; 3. 8. 7. one of the four Mace- donian kinds : has sweet acorns.

TZvfioiicov, see Kapva r) EujSotVjj.

ev^tufj-ov, rocket, Eruca saliva

1. 6. 6. root woody; 7. 1. 2-3. time of sowing and germina- tion; 7. 2. 8. root described;

7. 4. 1. only one kind; 7. 4. 2. leaf of a kind of pa^ai/i's comp.;

7. 5. 5. seed keeps well ; 9. 11. 6.

leaf Of orpvxi'O? o juar-iKos COmp.

eu0t><Aoios (fipvs), see Spvs (4). evaii'v/xos, spindle -tree, Euonymus

europaeus [3. 18. 13. described].

e^/xepot- (= (T7raA.a (?)), meadow

saffron, ColcMcum parnassicum

9. 16. 6. a poison which has an antidote : described : effects.

eia, rice-wheat, Triticum dicoccum

2. 4. 1. seed, unless bruised, pro- duces Trupos; 4. 4. 10. opvfrv comp.; 8. 1. 1. in list of cereals ;

8. 1. 2. sown early; 8. 8. 3. . and Ti'(J>Tj only plants which can change into something quite different (cf. 2. 4. 1.); 8. 9. 2. exhausts the soil : reason : likes rich soil : . and TI'$TJ the cereals most like n-vpos


INDEX OF PLANTS


maple, Acer campestre 3. 3. 1. a mountain tree: name for mountain form of o-^eVSa/A- i/o?; 3. 4. 2. time of budding; 3. 6. 1. slow growing (?) ; 3. 11. 1-2. described; 5. 1. 2. time of cutting timber ; 5. 1. 4. do.; 5. 3. 3. character of wood ; 5. 7. 6. uses of wood. jp, see $0*0? (1) TO n\arv<f>v\\ov.


liSvocr/jiov, (= liivQrj), green mint,

Mentha viridis 7. 7. 1. a \OLXO-VOV. i)\ioTp6irov, Heliotropium vttlosum 7. 3. 1. length of flowering season

of wKinxoj/ comp.; 7. 8. 1. stem

'on the ground'; 7. 9. 2. long

in flower ; 7. 10. 5. evergreen ;

7. 15. 1. flowering depends on

the heavenly bodies. )7jmepi? (1), gall-oak, Quercus infec-

toria 3.8.2. one of the five 'Idaean'

kinds of oak: fruit; 3. 8. 4.

habit and timber ; 3. 8. 6. galls, /i/xept's (2), (so-called by some) ( =

fipvs t) i'ifj.epo<; = 6TVju.6Spvs 3.8.2.),

true oak, Quercus Robur 3.8.2. bears sweet fruit. r)fj.epoica.\\e<;, Martagon lily, Lilium

Martagon

6. 1. 1. in list of under-shrubs (see note); 6. 6. 11. grown from seed : a coronary plant.

ymomov, milt-waste, Asplenium

Ceterach

9. 18. 7. properties of leaf: de- scribed: habitat: mules fond of it.

>jpa(cXei'a ( = jaTjKu>i' 17 'HpaKA.eta), Si-

lene venosa 9. ] 5. 5. an Arcadian drug.

T/paKAeum/CTj (xapua), see Kapva r) 'HpaAcAeam/oj.

ripiytptav, groundsel, Seneclo vulgaris

7. 7. 1. a \d\wov : classed as ' chicory-like from its leaves : 7. 7. 1. prolonged flowering- time ; 7.10.2. flowers in winter.

f)pvyyioi>, eryngo, Eryngium cam- pestre

6. 1. 3. has spines on the leaves : a wild under-shrub.


flai/aa, Thapsia garganica 9. 8. 3. most powerful juice from root ; 9. 8. 5. superstition as tc method of cutting; 9. 9. 1. root and juice used; 9. 9. 5. medi- cinal use; 9. 9. 6. described;

9. 11. 2. leaf Of ndvaiees TO 'Aa-

  • cA.i)jrieioi/ comp.; 9. 20. 3. medi-

cinal use : grows specially ia Attica : properties ; effect on foreign and native cattle.

0e'pju.os, lupin, Lupinus alba 1. 3. 6. refuses cultivation ; 1.7.3. seed roots through under- growth ; 3. 2. 1. fruits better in wild state; 4. 7. 5. fruit of an unnamed Arabian tree (see App. (13)) comp.; 4. 7. 6. fruit of an unnamed Persian tree (see App. (13)) comp.; 4. 7. 7. fruit of a tree of the island of Tylos (see App. (13)) comp.; 8. 1. 3. sown early; 8. 2. 1. germination described ; 8. 5. 2. seeds in compartments ; 8.5.4. attachment of seed; 8. 7. 3. not eaten green by any animal ; 8. 11. 2. seed keeps well : like a wild plant; 8. 11. 6. seed keeps specially well in hill country; 8. 11. 8. peculiarities about sowing seed.

9t)\vyovov ( appevoyovov), dog-mer-

cury, Mercuriqhs perennis 9. 18. 5. properties : described.

flrjAvKpaveia, cornel, Cornus san- guined

1.8.2. has less knots than icpdveia. ; 3. 3. 1. tree of mountain and plain ; 3. 4. 2. time of budding ; 3. 4. 3. time of fruiting ; 3. 4. 6. fruit inedible; 3. 12. 1-2. de- scribed; 5. 4. 1. less fruitful than Kpai/eia.

flrjAvTTTepis, bracken, Pteris aquilina 9. 18. 8. properties : distinguished from Trrept?.

6r\\\><$>ovov ( = aKovirov = fjLv6<f>ovoi> =

CTKOpTUO? (3) 9. 18. 2.), WOlf'S

bane, Aconitum Anthora 9. 18. 2. properties : habit : fatal

to the scorpion. OTJO-UOV. Corydalis densiflora 7. 12. 3. root bitter : medicinal

use.

451 G G 2


INDEX OF PLANTS


0pav'n-aAo?, joint-fir, Ephedra campy- lopoda

3. 6. 4. very shallow -rooting : many roots ; 4.1.3. likes shade

ivY) (properly, but not always, distinguished from 0piSa), wild lettuce, Lactuca scariola 1. 10. 7. time of leaf -growth : stem presently spinous ; 1.12.2. taste of sap ; 7.1. 2-3. time of sowing and of germination; 7. 3. 2. seeds; 7. 4. 1. several kinds; 7. 4. 5. do. viz. Aevio;, ir\o.TVKa.v\o<;, crrpo-yyvAo/cavAo?, Aa*o> 1/1/07 : differences; 7. 5. 4. pests ; 7. 6. 2. wild form dis- tinguished : medicinal use ; 9. 8. 2. juice of stalk collected, with a piece of wool ; 9. 11. 10.

leaf Of A.i/3ai/wTts ri a.Knpiro<; COmp. to 6. -TI rrtKpd..

, lettuce, Lactuca satiea 7. 2. 4. grows again when stem is cut : effect on flavour ; 7. 2. 9. root described; 7. 5. 3. bears transplanting.

flpvaAAi'?, Plantago crassifolia 7. 11. 12. flowers more or less in a

' spike.'

Qpvov, (a grass), Imperata arundi- nacea

4. 11. 12. foliage of some KaAa^ot, comp.

6pvopov (?) (= ffrpvxvbs o /mai'iKo? 9. 11. 6.), thorn-apple, Datura Stramonium.

Bvia. (0veia), odorous cedar, Jnni-

perus foetidissima 1. 9. 3. evergreen ; 3. 4. 2. time of budding ; 3. 4. 6. time of fruit- ing ; 4. 1. 3. grows on hill-tops.

(Ovua, ? a madrepore 4. 7. 1. grows in Atlantic : turns to stone).

Ovufipa. (evufipov), savory, Satureia

Thymbra

1. 3. 1. (?) a typical under-shrub ; 1. 12. 1. taste of fruit; 1. 12. 2. taste of sap; 6. 1. 4. a spineless wild under-shrub ; 6. 2. 3. seed conspicuous: not, like 0u>o?, particular as to situation ; 6.7.5. a wild form of epn-vAAos comp.; 7. 1. 2-3. thne of sowing and of germination; 7. 1. 6. germin?,-

45 2


tion ; 7. 5. 5. seed keeps well;

7. 6. 1. wild form distinguished. 9vy.ov (1) (flvVos), Cretan thyme,

Thymbra capitata 1. 12. 2. taste of sap; 3. 1. 3. re- produces itself without seed;

6. 2. 3. two forms, black and

white : seed inconspicuous ;

6. 2. 4. requires sea-breezes. ('0v>oi/' (2), ? a madrepore 4. 7. 2. a marine plant which turns

to stone : described). 6vov (0va), thyine-wood, Callitris

quadrivalvis 5. 3. 7. described : character and

use of wood ; 5. 4. 2. wood proof

against decay.


iao-twi/Tj, bindweed, Convolvulus

sepium 1. 13. 2. flower consists of one

' leaf.*

IK/AT?, ? duckweed, Lemna minor 4. 10. 1-2. in list of plants of Lake Copais; 4.10.4. requires further investigation l|ia (1), oak-mistletoe, Loranthus

europaeus

3. 7. 6. grows on oak and other trees; 3. 16. 1. grows on Trpu/os.

li'a (2) (= ateavda (9) = acavos = ii'fi7 = xajaaiA.e'a>i' Aeu6s), pine-

thistle, Atracti/lis aummifera 9. 1. 3. Cretan : produces a gum.

if(.V>)(gum (d/<eu>0iKrj) /nao-n^i) 6. 4. 9., 9. 1. 2.) (= a.K.avOa (9) = axou-os = tt'a (2) = xaM"A.eW 6 Aeu(f6s), pine-thistle, Atractylis gummi- fera

6. 4. 3. a 'thistle-like' plant; 6. 4. 4. time of growing ; 6. 4 9. described ; 9. 1. 2. produces a gum called ftaori'xr?.

lov ( iaivta. = lov TO \evKov), gilli-

flower, Matthiola incana 1. 9. 4. evergreen; 2. 1. 3. pro- pagation; 4. 7. 4. colour and scent of unnamed Arabian tree (see App. (12)) comp. ; 6. 1. 1. in list of under-shrubs ; 6. 6. 1. a cultivated under- shrub : a coronary plant ; sweet- scented ; 6.6.5. sweetest-scented at Gyrene; 6. 6. 11. grows from


INDEX OF PLANTS


seed ; woody ; 6. 8. 5. position and climate important for frag- rance : flowers very early in Egypt; 6. 8. 6. on mountains blooms well, but has inferior scent; 7. 6. 4. wild form quite distinct, alike only in leaf.

lov TO \evKOv ( AevKot'op (1) = Itavia -q

\evK-ri), gilliflower, Matthiola in- cana

3. 18. 13. flower of euwi/v/ixos comp.; 4. 7. 8. flower of an Arabian tree (see App. (15)) comp ; 6. 6. 3. several colour forms; 6. 6. 7. distinguished from i. TO jueAav; 6. 8. 1-2. flowering-time; 6. 8. 5.. plant lives three years at most: de- generates with age : 7. 8. 3. leaves ' on the stem. ' (

lov TO fj.e\ai> ( = io>m'a r) jae'Aaiva),

violet, Viola odorata 1. 13. 2. has a 'twofold' flower; 6. 6. 3. only one form ; 6. 6. 7. distinguished from I. TO Aevxoi/ ; 6. 8. 1-2. a coronary plant: flowering time.

ITTVOV, ? marestail, Hippuris vulgaris 4. 10. 1-2. in list of plants of Lake Copais; 4.10.4. requires further investigation.

iirrroiJia.pa.6ov ( = (J-ayvSapis), PrangOS

ferulacea

6. 1. 4. a spineless wild under- shrub : belongs to ' ferula-like ' plants. iTTTi-oo-eAiyoc, Alexanders, Smyrnium

Olusatrum

1. 9. 4. evergreen ; 2. 2. 1. propa- gation ; 7. 2. 6. root Of reurAioi/ comp.; 7. 2. 8. root; 7. 6. 3. comp. with eAetoo-e'Ai.i>ov : medi- cinal use ; 9. 1. 3. root produces a gum : which is like a/uupi/a ; 9. 1. 4. propagated from a Sa/cpvov : a popular error about e. and <rju.v>'a; 9. 15. 1. grows in Arcadia.

iTTTro^ae?, see TiflJ/jtaAAo?.

i7T7r6(j(>ea)9, spurge, Euphorbia acan-

thathamnos

6. 5. 1. in list of spinous plants which have leaves as well as spines ; 6. 5. 2. has no spines oa the leaves.


!pi?, iris, Iris pallida, etc. 1. 7. 2. root fragrant; 4. 5. 2. grows best in Illyria on shores of Adriatic ; 6. 8. 3. a coronary plant : flowering time ; 7. 13. 1. leaves described; 7. 13. 2. flower-stem not the only stem : stem comp. with aoxj!>6SeAos : 9. 7. 3. in list of ap^/mara ; 9. 7. 4". only European <xpo>/u.a : best in Illyria: preparation; 9. 9. 2. perfume.

ia-xaiju.os, Andropogon Ischaemum 9. 15. 3. Thracian : properties.

i<rx(= aTrios (2) 9. 9. 5. = pa<f>ai/os

TJ 6peia), spurge, Euphorbia Aplos.

ire'a, willow, Salix spp. 1. 4. 2. lives near water; 1. 4. 3. 'amphibious'; 1. 5. 1. crooked and low; 1. 5. 4. wood light; 3. 1. 1. propagation; 3. 1. 2. seems to have no fruit, yet re- produces itself: instance ; 3.1.3. sheds its fruit unripened ; 3.3.1. tree of mountain and plain; 3.3.4. a question if it bears fruit;

3. 4. 2. time of budding ; 3. 6. 1. quick or slow grower ? ; 3. 13. 7. described : kinds (see below) : called in Arcadia eXi/cr; ; 3. 14. 4. leaf of KoAuTea comp.; 4. 1. 1. likes wet ground ; 4. 5. 7. com- mon in some Mediterranean regions; 4. 8. 1. grows partially in water; 4. 10. 1. in list of plants of Lake Copais; 4. 10. 6. grows both on land and in water; 4. 13. 2. shorter-lived by water; 4. 16. 2. grows again after being cut or blown down ;

4. 16. 3. instance of a tree which survived the lopping of its

branches; 5. 3. 4. character of wood; 5. 7. 7. uses of wood;

5. 9. 4. wood makes an evil smoke when burnt for charcoal

Irea ^ Aev/o?, white willow, Salix

alba

3. 13. 7. described. Ire'a 17 /xe'Aaiva, Salix amplexicaulis

3. 13. 7. described. l<f>vov, spike-lavender, Lavandula

Spica 0. 0. 11. a coronary plant: grown

453


INDEX OF PLANTS


from seed ; 6. 8. 3. flowering time.

V'o?) 1 cork-oak, Quercus Suber (G. from Plin. 16. 98. Hesych. has

l</>0? = KKTCTOS)

3. 4. 2. time of budding.

icofia ( = lov q.V. = liavia. T) ACVKTJ = lov TO \evKOV = \evKo'Cov (1)),

gilliflower, Matthiola incana.

iiavia. 17 Aevicrj ( = tioiu'a = lov Q.V.),

gilliflower, Matthiola incana.

tcocia i) fjie\aiva. (= lov TO fie \avfq.V.),

violet, Viola odorata.

Ka/c-ro? (1), cardoon, Cynara Cardun-

culus

6. 4. 10-11. a ' thistle-like ' plant: described: peculiar to Sicily.

KGIKTOS (2), artichoke, Cynara Scoly-

mus

6. 4. 11. has erect 'stalk ' called irrepvLg : described ; edible ; base of receptacle called o-KaAia?.

KaAa/*os, reed

1. 5. 2. bark fibrous: bark in one layer; 1. 5. 3. stem jointed; 1.6.2. core membranous; 1. 6. 7. root jointed ; 1. 6. 10. roots large and numerous; 1. 8. 3. joints regular; 1. 8. 5. joints analogous to ' knots ' ; 1.9. 4. evergreen ; 1. 10. 5. leaves end in a point ; further described ; 1.10.9. leaves made of fibre : leaf -stalk made of fibre; 2. 2. 1. (a kind of) propagation ; 4. 8. 1. in list of TOL AoxM^ 1 ) > 4. 8. 7. Kvajotos 6 Aiyu'Tmo? comp.; 4. 8. 8. thick- ness of root Of Kua/oios 6 AtyuTr- Tio? comp.; 4. 9. 1. class of rivers in which K. grows; 4. 9. 3. has 'side-growths'; 4. 10. 1. in list of plants of Lake Copais ; 4.10.6. grows both on land and in water; 4.10.7. effect of drought ; 4. 11. 1. distinguished from K. o avATjTiKo? (see below) : a stout and a slender form (6 x a P aK ^ and 6 TrAo/a/uos) (see below) ; 4. 11. 10-13. other forms ; 6. 2. 8. setting of leaves of rapO^ and

i/ap#r/Ki'a COmp.; 9.16.1. 5i(cra/avov kept ev (caAa/aa) .


= K. b (rvpiyyia? = K. o rofiKo? = c. 6 x a P aK ^ ai > o6i>a, pole- reed, Arundo Donax 4. 10. 1. in list of plants of Lake Copais ; 4. 10. 6. grows only in water; 4. 11. 1. distinguished from the ordinary form of K.: 4. 11. 2. not true that it takes nine years to grow; 4. 11. 3. conditions of growth ; 4. 11. 4. described by contrast with other K<xAaj.oi ; 4. 11. 4-7. manufac- ture of the mouthpieces of pipes ; 4. 11. 8-9. distribution in region of Lake Copais.

KoAa/uos 6 etAerca?, Ammophila arun-

dinacea

4. 11. 13. the 'male kind' of K. en-i-yetos, so called by some.

KoAajuos (eiriyeio?), bush-grass, Cala-

moffrostis Epigeios 4. 11 V 13. described : growth comp.

to aypwcrns. KaAa/u.os 6 euwfirjs, SWCCt flag, AcOTUS

Calamus

4. 8. 3. grows in a Syrian lake ; 9.7.1. habitat (east of Lebanon) : described : fragrance ; 9. 7. 3. in

list of apcojuara.

K<Aa/u.os 6 'lvoiK.6-; , bamboo, Bambusa

arundinacea 4. 11. 13. described. K<xAa/xo? 6 'Irfit/co? ('male'), Male bamboo, Dendrocalamus strictus 4. 11. 13. distinguished as solid.

K<xAa/AO 6 Aa/ctoi'iKos ( = K. 6 avArjTi/cos K. o crvpiyyi'as = K. 6 TOIKOS = K. 6 xP a '"'o t s = Soj'a^), pole- reed, Arundo Donax 4. 11. 12. colour.

/caAa/xo? 6 ;rA6/ajuio?, Spear-graSS,

Phragmites communis 4. 11. 1. pliant reed; compared with K. 6 x a P aKla ? ' grows on floating islands of Lake Copais.

KaAa/uo? 6 avptyyt'as ( = K. 6 avArjrt/co?

= K. 6 Aa/COJJ'lKOS = K. O TO^IKO?

= K. 6 x a paKia? = 66va^), pole- reed, Arundo Donax 4. 11. 10 described.

Ka.\a.fJ.OS 6 TO^tKO9 (KprjTlKOs) (== K, o

avAijTt*c6s = K. 6 Aajcwt'iKos = c. 6 crvpiyyta? = K. o x a P aK ^ a ^ = ^o-

ra^), pole-reed, Arundo Donax 4. 11. 11. described.


454


INDEX OF PLANTS


apaKtas ( = K. 6 AO.K wi'i/cds

etc.), pole-reed, ^.rwnrfo Donax 4. 11. 1. stout form: described:

grows in reed-beds of Lake

Copais. /caAa/xo? (other kinds)

4. 11. 10. briefly described. /caTTTTapis, caper, Capparis spinosa 1. 3. 6. refuses cultivation ; 3. 2. 1.

fruits better in wild state ;

4. 2. 6. fruit of /SoAowos comp.;

6. 1. 3. has spines on the shoots ;

6. 4. 1. has spines on leaves as well as on stem ; 6. 5. 2. de- scribed; 7. 8. 1. stem 'on the ground'; 7. 10. 1. grows and flowers entirely in summer.

/.apfia/Aoi', cress, Lepidium sativum 1. 12. 1. taste of fruit; 7. 1. 2-3. time of sowing and germina- tion; 7. 1. 6. germination;

7. 4. 1. only one kind; 7. 5. 5. seed keeps well.

Kapfia/Aw/j.of', cardamom, Elettaria

Cardamomum

9. 7. 2. an ap<u/*a, Median or In- dian ; 9. 7. 3. in list Of ap^ara. Kapuu (fruit Kapvoy), hazel, Corylm

avellana

1. 12. 1. taste of fruit; 3. 2. 3. evidence that it is really wild ;

3. 3. 1. a mountain tree ; 3. 4. 2. time of budding ; 3. 4. 4. time of fruiting ; 4. 5. 4. abundant on Tmolus and Mysian Olym- pus; 8. 2. 2. germination de- scribed.

Kapva. -ft Eti/Soucrj, sweet chestnut, Gas-

tanea vesca var. (improved form)

1. 11.3. seed hi a leathery shell;

4. 5. 4. common hi Euboea and Magnesia; 5. 4. 2. wood proof against decay; 5. 4. 4. wood does not decay in water (?)

5. 6. 1. wood makes a noise when about to split : instance ; 5. 7. 7. uses of wood : does not rapidly decay; 5. 9. 2. charcoal of this wood used in iron-mines.

i:apva. 17 'HpcueAeom/CTj ('HpaKAeums)

(fruit Kdpvoi'), filbert, Coryhis avellana vars.

1. 3. 3. effect of not pruning; 1. 10. 6. leaves notched ; 1.11.1. seed immediately within enve-


lope ; 1. 11. 3. seed in a woody shell ; 3. 3. 8. doubt whether it has a flower ('iovAos) ; 3. 5. 5-6. catkins; 3. 6. 2. formation of buds; 3. 6. 5. deep-rooting ac- cording to Arcadians : etc.;

3. 7. 3. catkins; 3. 15. 1-2. described: kinds.

apvx 17 Ilep<7i/oj, walnut, Juglans

regia

3.6.2. formation of buds ; 3.14.4. leaf of o-Tj/avSa comp.

ao-ux, cassia, Cinnam<nnum iners 4. 4. 14. in list of oriental aroma- tic plants; 9. 4. 2. Arabian; 9. 5. 1. and 3. described: method of collection ; 9. 7. 2. Arabian ; 9. 7. 3. in list of opu>- IJ-a.ro..

avKaAis, Tordylium apulum

1. 7. 1. a \a X ai>oi>.

e'yxpos, millet, Panicum miliaceum

1.11.2. seeds in a husk ; 4. 4. 10.

inflorescence of '6pv$ov comp.;

4. 8. 10. fruit of AWTOS (2) comp.;

4. 10. 3. size of seeds of 0-16/7 comp.; 8. 1. 1. in list of 'sum- mer crops ' distinct from cereals and pulses; 8. 1. 4. sown later than cereals and pulses ; 8.2. 6. time of maturing seed; 8. 3. 2. stem; 8. 3. 3. flower; 8. 3. 4. seed abundant; 8. 7. 3. needs little water : comp. with /ue'Ai- ros; 8. 9. 3. reasons why it might have been expected to exhaust the soil : contrasted with pulses as to ' lightness ' ; 8.11.1. seed keeps well; 8.11.6. do. specially in hill-country ; 9. 18. 6. fruit of Kparaiywv comp.

eSpt's, juniper, Juniperus communis 1. 9. 4. evergreen : a dwarf kind

(cf. Ke'Spos 3. 13. 7.); 1. 10. 6.

leaf spinous at tip; 1. 12. 1.

taste of fruit. e'Spos (1) (= ovKe5pos 3. 12. 3.),

prickly cedar, Juniperus Oxy-

cedrus 1. 5. 3. wood not fleshy ; 1. 10. 6.

leaf spinous at tip; 3. 6. 5.

shallow-rooting according to

Arcadians; 3.10.2. M'Ao? comp.;

3. 12. 3-4. described : two kinds,

i\ AvKti) and i) $om/CTJ (? 4>oiri-

455


INDEX OF PLANTS


KI/OJ) (see KfSpos (3)); distin- guished from -upKeuflos ; 3. 13. 7. has a dwarf form (?KeSpt?, cf. I. 9. 4.); 4. 3. 3. size of fruit of TraAioupos 6 'Ai-yvTTTios COmp.; 4.5.2. grows on Thracian and Phrygian mountains ; 4. 16. 1. some think topping fatal ; 5.3.7. images made from the wood; 5. 4. 2. wood proof against de- cay; 5. 9. 8. wood exudes mois- ture : hence ' sweating ' statues ;


9. 1. 2. sap gummy.

dar, excelsa


(2), Syrian cedar, Juniperus


3. 2. 6. characteristic of mountains of Cilicia and Syria; 4. 5. 5. grows in Syria and is used for ships ; 5. 7. 1-2. use of wood in ship-building ; 5. 7. 4. use of wood in house-building ; 5. 8. 1. remarkably fine in some regions e.g. Syria.

xe'Spos (3), 19 <boi.viKi.Kri ( = ap/cev0os),

Phoenician cedar, Juniperus phoenicea

3. 12. 3. see e'6po? (1) ; 9. 2. 3. said to be burnt for pitch in Syria.

/ce'Spos (4) r) AUKITJ

3. 12. 3. a kind so distinguished

by some from /ce'Spos (3). Kei/raupiov, centaury, Centaurea sa~ lonitana

1. 12. 1. taste 9f fruit; 3. 3. 6. only bears fruit in hill country ; 4.5.1. seeks cold regions; 7.9.5. leaves and stems bitter, yet wholesome ; 9. 1. 1. juice blood- red; 9. 11. 6. juice mixed with

trrpux^o? o /mavi/cds to make a

potion. Keyravpi's, feverwort, Erythraea Cen^

taurium

9. 8. 7. superstition as to gather- ing; 9. 14. 1. how long drug will keep.


broom, Ruscus aculeatus 3. 17. 4. bears fruit on its leaves.

Kepai's (= pd<|>aj>os 19 aypia 9. 15. 5.),

charlock, Raphanus Rax>hanis- trum. Ke'pao-os ( = XaKapr)), bird-cherry, Pru~

nus avium 3. 13. 1-3. described 4. 15. 1. bark


can be stripped; 9. 1. 2. sap gummy, epaui'ioi/, ' thunder-truffle,' Tuber

aestivum

1. 6. 5. has no roots, ep/ci? (1), Judas-tree, Cercis Sili-

quastrum

1. 11. 2. seeds in a pod. ep/a's (2). aspen, Populus tremula

3. 14. 3. described.

epwvi'a ( = CTVKTJ rj AlyvTrria 1. 11. 2.),

carob, Ceratonia Silioua 1. 11. 2. seeds in a pod; 1. 13. 2. bears on stem and branches; 4. 2. 4. described.

TyAacTTpo? (/CTJAaoTpoj/), holly, Ilex

Aquifolium

1. 3. 6. refuses cultivation ; 1. 9. 3. evergreen ; 3. 3. 1. tree of moun- tain and plain; 3. 3. 3. ever- green ; 3. 4. 5-6. time of fruit- ing ; said to lose fruit in winter ; 4. 1. 3. grows in very cold positions ; 5. 6. 2. colour of wood of </)iAu'KTj comp.; 5. 7. 7. wood used for walking-sticks. va/Awjoiop, cinnamon, Cinnamomum Cassia

4. 4. 14. in list of oriental aromatic plants; 9.4.2. Arabian; 9.5.1-2. two kinds, white and black, described : habitat : method of collection : a story ; 9. 7. 2. in

list of apoj/aara.

i'aflo?, rock-rose, Cistus spp. 6. 1. 4. a spineless wild under- shrub ; 6. 2. 2. described : two forms (see bdoiv).

t<r6os 6 apprji', Cistus villosus 6. 2. 1. described.

urflos 6 flrjAvs. Cistus salvifolius 6. 2. 1. described.

ITTO;, ivy, Hedera Helix 1. 3. 2. a shrub which becomes tree-like ; 1. 9. 4. evergreen ; 1. 10. 1. leaves change shape with age of plant ; 1. 10. 7. long leaf-stalk; 1. 13. 1. flower ' downy' ; 1. 13. 4. attachment of flower ; 3. 4. 6. time of fruit- ing: 3. 10. 5. fruit and leaf of <i'A.vpa comp.; 3. 14. 2. leaf of Kep.-a? (2) comp.; 3. 18. 6. kinds distinguished (see belotv); 3. 18. 7. distinguished from


456


INDEX OF PLANTS


eAt; 3. 18. 9-10. described: habit etc.; 3. 18. 11. cluster of berries of o>uA.a (2) comp.: de- scribed ; 4. 4. 1. distribution in Asia; 4. 16. 5. overgrowth of K. dangerous to trees; 5. 3. 4. character of wood ; 5. 9. 6. wood said to make best fire-sticks; 5. 9. 7. the stationary fire-stick should be made of K. or u6pa-

yev-n; 9. 13. 6. leaf of epevOeSavov

comp.

KITTO? 6 e'Ai , see t'Ai KITTO? 6 Aeu/cos, white-berried ivy,

Hedera Helix 3. 18. 6. described : several kinds :


VCKO?; 3.-18. 9. roots ; 3. 18. 10. fruit ; 9. 18. 5. properties of fruit.

KITTOS 6 jue'Aas, black-berried ivy,

Hedera Helix

3. 18. 6. several kinds; 3. 18. 9. roots ; 3. 18. 10. fruit.

Kixopiov (/axoprj), chicory, Cichorium

Intybus

1. 10. 7. attachment of leaves; 7. 7. 1. a Kaxa-vov; a class of plants called ' chicory-like' from their leaves; 7. 7. 3. season of growing; 7. 8. 3. leaves ' on the ground' and 'on the stem' ; etc.; 7. 9. 2. long in flower ; 7. 10. 3. flowers borne in succession; 7. 11. 3. root, inflorescence and seed-vessel described ; 9. 12. 4.

Hrjxiav 17 coias COlllp. to K. TO ayptoy; 9. 16. 4. leaf of CLKOVITOV comp.

K\rjOpa, alder, Alnus glutinosa 1. 4. 3. ' amphibious ' ; 3. 3. 1. tree of mountain and plain ; 3. 3. 6. does not always fruit ; 3. 4. 2. time of budding; 3. 4. 4. time of fruiting; 3. 6. 1. slow grow- ing (?); 3. 6. 5. roots slender and ' plain,' according to Area dians; 3. 14. 3. described;

3. 15. 1. leaf Of /capva -YI 'Hpa/cAeco-

TIKTJ comp.; 4. 8. 1. grows par- tially in water.


cutting; 9. 18. 6-7. properties of fruit. KI/S'WDOV (berry KWStos KOKKOS),

Daphne Qnidium 6. 1. 4. a spineless wild under- shrub; 9. 20. 2. berry de- scribed ; medicinal use and pro- perties.

Kvecopo; 6 AevKos, Daphne oleoides 6. 2. 2. distinguished from K. 6

/xe'Aa? ; use of root. Kveajpos 6 jixeAas, Thymelaea hirsuta 1. 10. 4. leaves fleshy; 6. 2. 2. see

K. 6 Aev/co?.

KI'Tj/CO? (= K. O TJjUepO? = KpOKOS 6 a.KO.V-


3. 11. 1. a form of \vit.evov t honeysuckle, Lonicera

etrusca 9. 8. 5. superstition as to time of


torius etc. (see below)

1. 13. 3. flowers attached above each seed ; 6. 1. 3. a wild under- shrub : has spines on the leaves ; 6. 4. 3. a 'thistle-like' plant; 6. 4. 4. no side-growths ; 6. 4. 5. three forms distinguished and described, one cultivated (see beloiv); 6. 6, 6. seed of poSov comp. KVYJKO<; I) aypia, Carthamm leucocaulos

6. 4. 5. distinguished from K. 77

^epo?. (cyrj/cos 17 dypca (ere'pa), CnicilS bene-

dictus

6. 4. 5. described.

KJ/TJKOS ij TJ/itepos, Carthamustinctorius 6. 4 5. distinguished from wild

kinds.

Kvt'Sios /COK/COS, see Kvetapov

Kol'f (= /cov/ao^opov), doum-palm,

Hijphaene thebaica 1. 10. 5. reedy leaves; 2. 6. 10. a

shrubby palm : Ethiopian. KOKKvyea, wig-tree, Rhus Cotinus 3. 10. 6. described.

KOKKViJ.yb.ea (fruit /co/c/cu/j.TjAci'), plum-

tree, Prunus domestica 1. 10. 10. fruit made of flesh and fibre; 1. 11. 1. seed enveloped in flesh and stone ; 1 . 12. 1. taste of fruit; 1. 13. 1. flower ' leafy ' ; 1. 13. 3. flower above fruit-case ;

3. 6. 4. very shallow-rooting : few roots; 3. 6. 5. deep-rooting according to Idaeans; etc.:

4. 2. 3. size of fruit of CTVKTJ ij KvTrpta comp.; 4.2.5. fruit-stone

Of Trepo-e'a COHlp.

4S7


INDEX OF PLANTS


KOKKV(t.ri\fa. (r/ AiyvTm'a) (sebesten),

Cordia Myxa 4. 2. 10. described. KoAoiTta (1) (/coAovTe'a 3. 17. 2.: C/.

3. 17. 3. n.), Ci/tisus aeolicus 1. 11. 2. tree of Lipari islands: seeds in a pod ; 3. 17. 2. de- scribed. KoAoiria (2), Salix cinerea

3. 17. 3. Idaean : described

KoAo/cwTTj, gourd, Cucurbita maxima

1. 11. 4. seeds in a row: 1. 12. 2.

taste of sap; 1. 13. 3. flower

attached above fruit: 2. 7. 5.

use of dust; 7. 1. 2-3. time of

sowing and of germination;

7. 1. 6. germination ; 7.2.9. root

described ; 7. 4. 1. several kinds ;

7. 5. 5. seed does not keep well.

/coAvre'a, bladder-senna, Colutea ar-

borescens [3. 14. 4. described.]

KO/uapos (fruit jueju.ai'KvAof 3. 16. 4.),

arbutus, Arbutus Unedo 1. 5. 2. bark readily drops off ; 1. 9. 3. evergreen; 3. 16. 4. de- scribed; 3. 16. 6. leaf of KOK- Kvye'a comp.; 5. 9. 1. wood makes good charcoal.

KQU.Y) = TpayoTTtoyo)!' 7. 7. 1. Q.V,

K.6i>va, Inula spp. 6. 1. 4. a spineless wild under - shrub; 6. 2. 5. two kinds de- scribed and compared (' male ' and 'female') (see belov:); 7. 10. 1. grows and flowers entirely in summer.

Kovvfa TJ appriv, Inula VlSCOSd

6. 2. 5. Kowga. ij 07jAeia, Inula graveolens

6. 2. 5.

Kopiawov, coriander, Coriandmm

sativum

1. 11. 2. seeds naked ; 7. 1. 2-3. time of sowing and germination ; 7. 1. 6. germination; 7. 2. 8. root described; 7. 3. 2. seeds described; 7. 4. 1. only one kind; 7. 5. 4. effect of hot weather ; 7. 5. 5. seed keeps well.

/copujix/Sias, see KITTO9 o AevKo?.

Kopxopos, blue pimpernel, Anagallis caerulea

7. 7. 2. a Aaxayoi' : proverbial for bitterness,

458


hartshorn, Plantago Coronopus 7. 8. 3. leaves ' on the ground.'


KOO-TOS, Saussurea Lappa 9. 7. 3. in list of ap^ar KOTIVOS (? = dypie'Aaios), Wild olive,

Olea Oleaster

1. 4. 1. more fruitful than eAaa ; 1. 8. 1. many knots; 1. 8. 2. more knots than <fAaa; 1. 8. 3. knots regular : knots opposite ;

1. 8. 6. liable to excrescences; 1.14.4. wild form of eAaa ; 2.2.11. cannot be made into eAaa by cultivation : effect of transplant- ing and removing top-growth ;

2. 3. 1. occasionally changes to eAaa spontaneously; 3. 2. 1. produces more fruit than eAaa but ripens less; 3. 6. 2. knots opposite ; 3. 15. 6. size of fruit Of Kparatyos Comp.; 4. 4. 11.

Indian olive between K. and eAaa; 4. 13. 1. longer-lived than eAaa; 4. 13. 2. story of a very old K. at Olympia; 4. 14. 12. suffers less than eAaa from special winds ; 5. 2. 4. story of a tree at Megara ; 5. 3. 3. char- acter of wood ; 5. 4. 2. wood proof against decay; 5. 4. 4. wood not eaten by teredon : 5. 7. ses of wood for car- pen' .ols.

KOVKIO,. = Koi'), doum-palm,

Ht/pnaene thebaica

2. 6. 9. (not named) described; 4. 2. 7. described.

Kpai/eia (fruit KpdvfOv 4. 4. 5 ),

cornelian cherry, Cera 's mas

1.6.1. core hard and close; 1.8.2. has more knots than flrjAv- /cpaveta; 3. 2. 1. fruit sweeter and better ripened in wild than in cultivated form ; 3.3.1. tree of mountain and plain ; 3. 4. 2. time of budding ; 3. 4. 3. time of fruiting; 3. 6. 1. slow-grow- ing (?); 3. 12. 1-2. described;

4. 4. 5. fruit of an unnamed Indian tree (seeApp. (6)) comp.;

5. 4. 1. more fruitful than Or)\v- Kpaveca; 5. 6. 4. wood very strong.


INDEX OF PLANTS


y, willow-weed, Polygo- num Persicaria 9. 18. 6. properties : described.

araiyo? (= /cparaiyoji/ 3. 15. 6.),

Crataegus Heldreichii

3. 15. 6. described : perhaps a wild form of /OK-O-TTI'AIJ.

rjTri?, ox-tongue, Helminthia echi- oeides

7. 8. 3. leaves on the stalk.

iOri, barley, Hordeum sativum

1. 6 5. roots numerous ; 1. 6. 6. do.; 1. 11. 5. each seed separ- ately attached : 2. 2. 9. said to turn sometimes into wheat; 2. 4. 1. wild K. turns into culti- vated with cultivation ; 4. 4. 9. India has a corresponding cereal and a wild form of K.; 8. 1. 1. in list of cereals; 8. 1. 3. sown early, before Trupos ; 8. 1. 5-6. time of germination in Hellas (and in Egypt ?) ; 8. 2. 1. ger- mination described; 8. 2. 3. single leaf first appears: roots described ; 8. 2. 6. time of ma- turing seed ; 8. 2. 7. time of harvest in Hellas and in Egypt; 8. 2. 9. crop very early in island ofChalkia; 8. 3.2. stem; 8.4.1-2. comp. in detail with other cereals : kinds distinguished (see below)', 8.6.1. conditions for sowing; 8. 6. 4. suitable soil; 8. 6. 5-6. rain hurtful when K. is in flower : and when it is ripe ; 8. 7. 1. said to change into alpa. under certain conditions ; 8.7.5. in many places comes up again next year ; etc.; 8. 8. 2. favour- able localities ; 8.8.3. at-yi'Xw^ (2) grows specially among AC.; 8.9.1. exhausts the soil, but less than Trupo? : reason ; 8. 10. 2. wheat- rust; 8. 10. 3. effects of weather ; 8. 11. 1. seed keeps less well than Trvpds ; 8. 11. 3. grain stored without drying ; 8. 11. 7. at Babylon grain jumps on the threshing- floor : reason ; 9. 11. 9. nOv- jxaAAos 6 Mvpn'TT)? gathered at time of barley-harvest ; 9. 12. 4. WKUV i) pom? grows in fields of K.


KpiOal a.1 aypi'ai (Indian), Sorghum

halepense

4. 4. 9. can be used for bread, /cpiflai ai 'AxiAAeuu, barley, Hordeum

sativum var. 8. 4. 2. ear close to leaf ; 8. 10. 2.

specially liable to wheat-rust. Kpidal ai 'IvSiKaC, barley, Hordeum

sativum var. 8 4. 2. branching. KpiOw yews rpi'fjirivov, barley, Hor- deum sativum var. 8. 1.4. sown late.

Kpivov ( = Kpivtavia, cf, \eipiov (1)),

lily, Lilium candidum etc. 1. 13. 2. has a 'twofold' flower; 2.2.1. propagation from exuda- tion; etc.; 4.8. 6. an unnamed Egyptian plant (see App. (18)) comp.; 4.8.9. petals of fiower of Aomk (2) comp. ; 6. 6. 3. several colour forms ; 6. 6. 8. do. ; a coronary plant : described : pro- pagation ; 6. 6. 9. leaves of

i/apxtcrcro? (1) comp.; 6. 8. 3.

flowering time ; 9. 1. 4. cf. 2. 2. 1.

Kpivov TO nop<f)vpovv, Turk's cap lily, Lilium chalcedonicum

6. 6. 3. (see Kpivov).

  • pi(H, see epe'/Sti/flo?.

Kp<kos, crocus, Crocus spp. etc. (see

below)

I. 6. 6. root fleshy ; 1. 6. 7. do. 1. 6. 11. large fleshy root ; 7.7.1. leaf of TpayonwyMv comp.; 7. 7. 4. flowering time short: three kinds mentioned, euoo>ios, A.VK05, aKavOwSrft (see below). 7.9.4. root acorn-shaped ; 7.10 2. flowers in winter; 7.13.1. leaves described; 7. 13. 2. no stem except flower -stem.

Kpo/cos 6 aKav0<a8v)<; ( = KI/TJKO? = K. y

fyxepos), safflower, Carthamus tinctorius

7. 7.4. (see (cpoxos).

/cpoKo? 6 evoovAos, saffron crocus,

Crocus sativus

4. 3. 1. abundant in Cyrenaica ; 6. 6. 5. sweetest-scented at Cyrene; 6. 6. 10. a coronary plant : described : propagation ; 6. 8. 3. flowering time : a wild (scentless) and a cultivated

459


INDEX OF PLANTS


kind ; 7. 7. 4. see K poKo ; 9. 7. 3.

in list of apo/u.aTa.

s, crocus, crocus can-


7. 7. 4 : 7. 10. 2. (see Kpo/avoyrjTetov, onion, Allium Cepa var.

4. 6. 2. root of (/>UKOS TO v\arv

comp. Kpdnvov, onion, Allium Cepa

1. 5. 2. ' bark ' in layers ; 1. 6. 7. root in scales ; 1. 6. 9. no side roots; 1. 10. 7. attachment of leaves; 1. 10. 8. leaves hollow; 7. 1. 7. stem single; 7. 2. 1. propagation ; 7. 2. 3. growth of yri&voi' and npda-ov comp.: off- sets specially numerous ; 7. 3. 4. seed borne at top ; 7. 4. 7-10. kinds distinguished, 2ap6toi/, Kin'Sioc, 2afio9pd/ciOf, OTjTai'ioi', o-^icTToV, 'Atr/caAwi/ioi' i cultiva- tion and special points of <rxw TOV (see below), 'A<TKa\u>vt.ov : further local varieties ; 7. 4. 12 formation of roots of a-KopoSov contrasted ; 7. 5. 1. likes water; 7 5. 2. said to dislike rain- water; 7. 8. 2. stem smooth, not branched ; 7. 9. 4. c/. 1. 6. 7 ; 7. 13. 4. grows in colonies be- cause of offsets ; 9. 15. 7. root of JUU>AV comp.

Kpo^vov TO O-XLVTOV, shallot, Allium Cepa var.

7. 4. 7-10. distinguished from other varieties of /cpo'/avoy : cul- tivation.

KPOTUV, castor-oil plant, Ricinus communis

1. 10. 1. leaves change shape with

age of plant ; 3.18. 7. do. /cuajuos, bean, Vicia Faba

3. 13. 3. size of fruit of Kepao-o? comp.; 3. 15. 3. fruit of rcp/ui^o? comp.; 3. 17. 6 size of berry of aju7re\o? (2) comp.; 4. 3. 1. size of fruit of AOJTOS (4) comp.;

7. 3. 1. length of flowering of UKIHOV comp.; 8. 1. 1. in list of pulses; 8. 1. 3-4, sown early, but can be sown late;

8. 1. 5. time of germination: very slow ; 8.2.1. germination described; 8. 2. 3. comes up

460


with several leaves : roots and side-growths contrasted with other pulses; 8. 2. 5. flowering time ; 8. 2. 6. time of maturing seed ; 8. 3. 1. leaf ; 8. 3. 2. stem ; 8. 5. 1. more than one kind: white form sweetest; 8. 5. 4. attachment of seed ; 8. 6. 1. rain not beneficial after sowing; 8. 6. 5. likes water when in flower, but not later; 8. 7. 2. makes ground fertile for epe- 0iy0os ; 8. 8. 6 causes etc. of K. becoming ' cookable ' or ' un- cookable ' ; 8. 9. 1. improves the soil (cf. 8. 7. 2.) ; 8. 10. 5. in- fested by u>es; 8. 11. 1. seed does not keep; 8. 11. 3. seed keeps well in some localities. /UOS (6 AiyvVnos), Nelumbium spe- ciosum

4. 8. 7-8 described; 4. 8. 9. stalk, leaves and growth of fruit of A.WTOS (2) comp.

cv6wf,.oj (fruit yu.rjAoi' /cvSumov) ( = a-rpovOCov (1)), quince, Cydonia vulgaris

2. 2. 5. produced from seed of a-rpovOiov, 4. 8. 11. size of root

Of A.WTO? (2) COmp. to /ATJA.O:/


7. 13. 9. (hi defective sentence) :

belongs to TO. /3oA/3^6rj.

VK\dfjui>o<;, cyclamen, Cyclamen

graecum

7. 9. 4. root has 'bark'; 9. 9. 1. root and juice used ; 9. 9. 3. use in medicine and as charm ; 9. 18. 2. leaf of cr/copiu'os (3) comp.

V^LVOV, cummin, Cuminum Cymi-

num

1. 11. 2. seeds naked ; 7. 3. 2-3. seeds described: popular belief about sowing; 7. 4. 1. several kinds ; 8. 3. 5. seed very abun- dant and small; 8. 6. 1 rain not beneficial after sowing; 8. 8. 5. a plant parasitic on root (see App. (25)); 8.10.1. diseases ; 9. 8. 8. cf. 7. 3. 2-3.

woppoSov, dog-rose, Rosa coMina 4. 4. 8. an unnamed Indian tree (cotton plant) comp.


INDEX OF PLANTS


s, wild rose, Rosa semper- virens

3. 18. 4. described ; 9. 8. 5. super- stition as to method of cutting. vvtaij/, rib-grass, Plantago lanceo- lata

7.7.3. time of growing : 7.11.2. (?)

flowers in a spike. un-dpiTTos, cypress, Cupressus sempervirens

1. 5. 1. erect and tall; 1. 5. 3. wood not fleshy ; 1. 6. 4. shallow rooting; 1. 6. 5. roots not branching; 1. 8. 2. 'male' has more knots than ' female ' ; 1. 9. 1. growth chiefly upwards ; 1. 9. 3. evergreen; 1. 10. 4. leaves fleshy; 2. 2, 2. propa- gation ; 2. 2. 6. seed of ' female ' produces ' male ' trees ; 2. 7. 1. dislikes manure and water; 3. 1. 6. comes up spontaneously in Crete; 3. 2. 3. evidence that it is really wild (at least ' male ' form) ; 3. 2. 6. characteristic of the Cretan Ida ; 3. 12 4, bark of /ce'Spos(l) comp.; 4.1.3. grows very high on Cretan mountains ; 4. 3. 1. grows in Cyrenaica;

4. 5. 2. abounds in Crete, Lycia, Rhodes; 4. 18. 12. beer (/3pvrds) made from K. in Egypt ; 4, 16. 1. some think t9pping fatal ; 5.3.7. 0voi/ comp.: images made from the wood; 5. 4. 1. the 'male* form the more fruitful ; 5. 4. 2. wood proof against decay: an instance : takes a fine polish ;

5. 7. 4. use of wood in house- building.

viretpoi/, Cyperus rotundus

9. 7.3. in list Of aptoju.o.Ta.

VTreipcs, galingale, Cyperus longus 1. 5. 3.. stem very smooth ; 1. 6. 8. a stout root and also fibrous roots ; 1. 8. 1. no knots ; 1. 10. 5. leaves end in a point; further described; 4. 8. 1. in list of TO. AoxfwiSr); 4. 8. 12. leaves of juaAti/afldAAr; comp.; 4.tlO. 1. in list of plants of Lake Copais; 4. 10. 5. described; 4. 10. 6. grows both on land and in water : grows on the float- ing islands of Lake C'opais


4. 11. 12. foliage of some KoAa/xot

comp.

K.VTLVO 1 ;, see p6a. KVTtcros (1), laburnum, Laburnum

vulgare I.Q.I, core hard and close ; 4. 4. 6.

habit of e/3eV?) comp.; 5. 3. 1.

wood of the core very close

and heavy. KUTKTOS (2), tree-medick, Medicago

arborea

4. 16. 5. dangerous to trees. /wojuaKov, Ailanthus malabctrica 9. 7. 2. an Arabian apwjua (i.e.

imported through Arabia :

mixed with other apM^ara :

[name also given to fruit of a different plant].


v, hemlock, Conium macu- latum

1. 5. 3. stem fleshy ; 6. 2. 9. belongs to ' ferula-like ' plants : has a hollow stem ; 7. 6. 4. leaf of opeiocre'Au'Of' comp.; 9. 8. 3. most powerful juice from root; 9. 15. 8. localities; 9. 16. 8. medi- cal experience ; 9. 16. 9. treat- ment in Keos; 9. 20. 1. iretrepi an antidote to K.

K(av6<j)opo<; , see [TTCVKIJ 17]


\dOvpos, Lathi/rus sativus 8. 3. 1. leaf; 8. 3. 2. stem; 8. 10. 5. infested by ' worms.'

\atcdpr) (\a.Kapa.) ( = /cepatros ? Mace- donian name), bird-cherry. Pru- nus avium

3. 3. 1. a tree of mountain and plain; 3. 6. 1. slow-growing (?).

A.a7r<x0oj (XdiraOov), monk's rhubarb,

Rumex Patientia

1. 6. 6. root single; 7. 1. 2. time of sowing; 7. 2. 7-8. root described; 7. 4. 1. only one kind ; 7. 6. 1. wild form distin- guished (see below); 9. 11. 1. leaf of Trdvaxes TO Xeipcoj/eiof

comp. kd.ira.6ov TO dypiov, dock, Rumex con-

glomemtus

7. 6. 1. distinguished from A. TO Ji/xepoi/; 7.7.2. a \d\avov; needs cooking.


4 6l


INDEX OF PLANTS


, ' (? = <7/c6Av/u.os 6. 4. 3.)> golden thistle, Scolymus his- panicus 6. 4. 3. a thistle-like' plant:

leaves spinous.

A.eiptoi' (1) ( = Kpivov q.v.) Madonna lily, Lilium candidum

3. 13. 6. flower of a/cTrj has the heavy scent of A..; 3. 18. 11. scent of flower of o>uAaf (2) comp.; 9.16.6. (?) leaf of e</>ijjuepov comp.

Xei'pioy (2), narcissus, Narcissus

spp. (see below) 1. 13. 2. flower consists of one

' leaf ' only partly divided. Aetpiov, polyanthus narcissus, Nar- cissus Tazetta

6. 8. 1. flowering time; 7. 13. 4. grown from seed .

Aei'pioj/ (TO erepov 6.8.3.) ( = vapKiercros

(1) 6.6.9.), narcissus, Narcissus serotinus

6. 6. 9. a coronary plant: de- scribed ; flowering time. \e>j/a, water chickweed, Callitriche verna

4. 10. 1. in list of plants of Lake Copais.

\evKdicav9a, milk-thistle, Silybum

marianum 6. 4. 3. a ' thistle-like ' plant.

AevAcrj, abele, Populus alba I. 10. 1. leaves change shape with age of tree: leaves inverted in summer; 3. 1. 1. propaga- tion; 3. 3. 1. tree of moun- tain and plain ; 3. 4. 2. time of budding; 3. 6. 1. qnick-

rowing; 3. 14. 2. described; . 18. 7. cf. 1. 10. 1.; 4. 1. 1. likes wet ground; 4. 2. 3

stem of (TVK-fj i) Kvirpia COmp.J

4. 8. 1. grows partially in water; 4. 8. 2. scarce on Nile; 4. 10. 2. flower of eAaia-yros comp. ; 4. 13. 2. shorter-lived by water; 4. 16. 3. instance of a tree which grew again after falling down; 5. 9. 4. wood makes an evil smoke when burnt for char- coal.

\evKoiov (1) (= i'oi' TO AeuKoV = iiavia

j) Aev/cTj), gilliflower, Matthiola incana


\fVKoiov (2), snowdrop, Galanthus

nivalis

7. 13. 9. (in defective sentence) belongs to TO. /3oA/3c66r/.

9.95. medicinal use; 9.11.10-11.

two kinds (see below). A.i/3ai>ums ^ aKapTros, Lactuca graeca

9. 11. 10-11. described: medi- cinal use : habitat.

A.i/3ai/wTt? 17 Kap7rtju.os, (fruit Ka^pv

9. 11. 10.), Lecokia cretica 9. 11. 10. described: medicinal

use : habitat : prevents moth in

clothes.

XtjSavwTos, (gum At/Safe?, frankin- cense : also A.t/3ai/wTos 9. 4. 4-9.

etc.), frankincense-tree, Bos-

wellia Carteri 4. 4. 14. in list of oriental ip^ara ;

9. 1. 6. time of tapping ; 9. 4. 1.

collection of gum; 9. 4. 2.

Arabian : described : habitat ;

9.4.3. another account; 9.4.4-10.

accounts of travellers; 9. 11. 3

SCent of Travoxe? TO 'HpoKAetoi'

comp.; 9. 11. ,10. scent of root

of At^avums ^ KapTrijuos COmp.;

9. 20. 1. an antidote to KUVSIOV. \ivov, flax, Linum usitatissimum 3. 18. 3. seeds oily ; 8. 7. 1. said

to change into atpa. XiVof Trvpivov ?

9. 18. 6. growth Of Kparai'-yoro?

comp. \iv6<rnapTov , Spanish broom, Spar-

tium junceum 1.5.2. bark in layers. Avx^i?, rose-campion, Lychnis coron-

aria

6. 8. 3. a coronary plant : flower- ing time.

7. 15. 3. many plants called by this name which have nothing in common but the name.

(1), nettle-tree, Cdtis aus- tralis

1. 5. 3. wood not fleshy; 1. 6. 1. core hard and close; 1. 8. few knots ; 4. 2. 5. colour of wood of Trepo-eo. comp.; 4. 2. 9. wood of olive of Thebaid comp.; 4. 2. 12. wood of an unnamed

tree (? /co/c/cv/xr)Aea i]


462


INDEX OF PLANTS


comp.; 5. 3. 1. wood very close and heavy ; 5. 3. 7. images made from the wood ; 5. 4. 2. wood proof against decay : turns black when old ; 5. 5. 4. core not obvious but exists; 5. 5. 6. treatment of core for making door-hinges ; 5. 8. 1. grows in some places exception- ally fine.

TOS (2) (aquatic) (root Kopa-iov), Nile water-lily, Nymphaea stel- lata

4. 8. 9-11. described, os (3) (herb), trefoil, Trifolium fragiferum

7. 8. 3. leaves 'on the stem'; 7. 13. 5. seed sometimes takes two years to germinate.

rds (4) (Libyan tree), Zizyphus Lotus

4 3.1. common in Libya ; 4.3.1-2 described; 4. 3. 4. further de- scribed.

ro? (5) (aromatic) ( = Trigonella graeca

9. 7. 3. in list Of apta^a-ra.


(= iTTTro/aapafloi'), PrangOS

ferulacea

1, 6. 12. root most characteristic part; 6. 3. 7. distinct from a-L\<fnov : described : distribu- tion.

[6. 3. 4. name also given to seed of <ri'A$i<n'].

a5(ovais( = vv/A$cua 9.13.1.), yellow

water-lily. Nuphar luteum

(1), mallow, Lavatera ar-


1. 3. 2. a herb which becomes tree-like under cultivation ; 1. 9. 2. do.; 4. 15. 1. outer bark- can be stripped; 9. 18. 1. leaf fruit and taste of stem of aA0aia comp.

^aAaxi? (2), cheese-flower, Malca silvestris

7. 7. 2. a \axa-vov, needs cooking; 7. 8. 1. stem ' on the ground '

/uaAax>? (3) T; i-ypia (= aA0at'a 9.15.5.),

marsh-mallow, Althaea offici- nalis


(= /avaeriov), CypeniS esculentus 4. 8. 12. described. juai/Spa-ydpa? (1), mandrake, hjandra-

gora officinarum

9. 8. 8- superstition as to gather- ing; 9. 9. 1. root and juice used : medicinal use of leaf and root.

jmaj'fipa-yopa? (2), ? deadly night- shade, Atropa Belladonna

6. 2. 9. belongs to 'ferula-like' plants : has hollow stem : fruit described.

papaOov, fennel, Foeniculum vulgare 1. 11. 2. seeds naked; 1. 12. 2. taste of sap ; 4. 6. 3. </>OKO? TO Tpixo<f>vAAoi/comp.; 6.1. 4. aspine- less wild under-shrub: belongs to ' ferula-like ' plants ; 6. 2. 9. do.: has a fibrous stem ; 7. 3. 2. seeds described ; 9. 9. 6. leaf of 0cu/u'a comp.

/xacrTreTOV, see triA^toj/

/u.eAa-ypavt9 (= (rxoivos 6 *cap7rt/iios

4. 12 1.), bog-rush, Schoenus nigricans

^.eAajHTrvpoi' (/aeAa/xTrvpo?), Neslia

paniculata

8. 4. 6. infests Trupb? 6 Si/ceAd? : contrasted with aipa; 8. 8. 3. (MeAaju.7rvpo5 6 Hoi'TiKos), speci- ally affects crops of Trupo?. /aeAia, manna-ash, Fraxinus Ornus

3. 3. 1. tree of mountain and plain; 3. 4. 4. time of fruiting; 3. 6. 1. slow growing (?) ; 3. 6. 5. roots numerous matted and run deep, according to Arca- dians; 3. 11. 3-4. described: two kinds, see /Jov/xe'Ato? ; 3.17.1. leaf of <eAA6s comp.; 4. 5. 3. grows in Pontus ; 4. 8. 2. common on Nile; 5. 1. 2. time of cutting timber ; 5. 6. 4. wood 'moist': used for elastic bed- steads; 5. 7. 3. wood used for bent-wood work : use in ship- building; 5. 7. 8. uses of wood for carpenter's tools.

(= AOJTO? (5)), Trigonella graeca

7. 15. 3. one of the many diverse plants called AIOTOS.

?, (in other authors /aeAi^:


463


INDEX OF PLANTS


see 8. 1. 1. n.), Italian millet, Setaria italica

8. 1. 4. sown later than cereals and pulses; 8. 2. 6. time of maturing seed; 8. 3. 2. stem;

8. 3. 3. flower; 8. 7. 3. needs little water : comp with Keyxpos.

!j.e\i<ra-6<f>v\\ov, balm, Melissa offlci-

nalis

6. 1. 4. a spineless wild under- shrub.

ju.ejU.euKvXoi', see KOjitapos

fj.e<nri\r) (fruit /aeVrrtAoi/) (= jit. 17

traravetos), medlar, Mespilus germanica

3. 12. 5-6. described : three kinds (Idaean account, see below) ; 3. 13. 1. leaf of /cepauo? comp.;

3. 15. 6. leaf, bark and taste of fruit of (cpaTcu-yo? comp.; 3.17.5. flower of o-uKTJ -rj 'I5aia comp. also taste of fruit ; 4. 2. 10, fruit of KOKKVjoiTjAea. comp.; 4 8. 12. juaAii>a0aAAT} COmp.; 4. 14. 10.

fruit gets worm-eaten.

jueOTriArj 17 ai^rjSoi'oei'fiT)?, hawthorn,

Crataegus Oxyacantha 3. 12. 5. described. ju.ecnuA.i7 ^ di^fiwv, oriental thorn,

Crataegus orientalis* 3. 12. 5. described.

jueenriAT; r/ o-aroVeios, medlar, Mes-

pilus germanica 3. 12. 5. described. M^CHKTJ (Troa), lucerne, Medicago

saliva

8.7.7. destroyed by sheep sleep- ing on it. M.TJKwi', poppy etc., Papaver spp. etc.

(see below)

1. 9. 4. evergreen; 1. 11. 2. seeds in a vessel ; 4. 8. 7. size of flower

of Kua/u.05 6 AiyvwTios COmp.;

4. 8. 10. size of ' head' of AWTO? (2) comp.; 4.10.3. atS-n comp. (?) ; 9. 8. 2. juice of ' head ' collected ;

9. 12. 3-5. kinds (see below) having nothing in common but the name; 9. 16. 9. medical experience; 9. 20. 1. seeds of one kind of TreVepi comp.

ju.T7Kwv r/ 'IIpaxAei'a ( = 'Hpa/cAeia),

Silene venosa

9. 12. 5. described: medicinal use.


WI/ ^ KfpaTtri?, horned poppy, Glauciam flavum var. Serpierii . 12. 3. described : medicinal use ; habitat.

tav rj jue'Aaiva, Papaver Rhoeas . 11. 9. mixed with TtflvVaAAo? 6 /tvpriTTjs to make a medicine. UV (^ 6n-c66rjs), opium poppy, Papaver somniferum . 12. 2. juice.

wi/ V; potas, Papaver hiibridum . 12. 4. described : edible : habi- tat : medicinal use.

(= TtfliVoAAo? 9. 8. 2.),


spurge, Euphorbia Peplus . 8. 2. collection of juice. e'a (fruit (j-ri^ov), apple, P//ms


1. 3. 3. a tree whose stem is not single; 1. 5. 2. bark smooth: bark readily drops off; 1. 6. 1. core fleshy; 1. 6. 3. few roots; 1. 6. 4. shallow rooting; 1. 8. 4. knots peculiar; 1. 9. 1. trunk divides low down; 1. 10 4. (?) leaves fleshy; 1. 10. 5. leaves oblong; 1. 11. 4. seeds all together in a single case; 1. 11. 5. seeds in a membrane;

1. 12. 1. taste of fruit; 1. 12. 2. taste of sap; 1. 13. 1. flower 'leafy'; 1. 13. 3. flower above fruit-case; 1. 14. 1. bears on last year's "wood: some kinds bear also on new wood ; 1.14.4. many cultivated forms ; 2. 1. 2. propagation; 2. 2. 4. degene- rates from seed; 2. 2. 5. seed produces wild form ; 2. 5. 3. grafting ; 2. 5. 6. trees should be planted fairly close together;

2. 6. 6. some dates round like fj.rj\a ; 2. 8. 1. apt to shed im- mature fruit; 'A. 3. 1. tree of mountain and plain ; 3. 3. 2. has better fruit and timber in low- lands; 3. 4. 2. time of budding;

3. 4. 4. time of fruiting ; 3. 11. 5. mountain and lowland forms compared; 4. 5. 3. abundant in Pontus ; 4. 5. 4. grows on Mount Tmolus and Mysian Olympus;

4. 7. 7. size of fruit of SeVSpov TO epi6<j)opov comp.; 4. 10. 2 leaf of eAouayyos COmp. (?); 4. 10. 3.


464


INDEX OF PLANTS


size of flower of crtSrj comp.; 4. 13. 2. short-lived, especially certain kinds; 4. 13. 3.- after decaying shoots again from same stock ; 4. 14. 2. apt to get worm-eaten; 4. 14. 10 fruit gets worm-eaten ; 4. 14. 12. un- injured by special winds ; 4.16.1. survives splitting of stem ; 5.3.3. character of wood ; 5. 4. 1. the less fruitful trees produce more solid wood; 6. 4. 9 'head' of III/T) comp. to ju.TJA.ov.

/u.T}\e'a r) y^vKela, PyrUS MaluS Var.?

4. 13. 2. specially short-lived; 4. 14. 7. has specially weak con- stitution ; a form of ^. r) eapu^ ; 9. 11. 6. leaf of a-rpvxvos 6 vir- i/oSSrjs comp. /arjAe'a T) eapivn, Pyrus Malus var.?

2. 1. 3. propagation ; 4. 7. 7. size of cotton-bearing vessel comp.; 4 13. 2. specially short-lived; 4. 14. 7. has weak constitution ;

(cf. ju.. -f] y^vnela).

/arjAea 19 6eia, Pyrus Malus var.? 4. 13.2. comparatively long-lived.

jtxijAe'a Tf Ilepo-iKT? (MrjSifoj) citron, Cft-

rws Medico,

1. 11. 4. seeds in a row; 1. 13. 4. only pistillate flower fruitful ; 4. 4. 2. peculiar to Media and Persia: described.

JU.TJAOJ' TO KvOCOl/lOV, See KvSteH/lOS

/ATjAwflpov (= a/ATreAo? (4)), bryony,

Bryonia cretica 3. 18. 11. fruit of er/arxa^ (2) comp.;

6. 1. 4. a spineless wild under-

shrub. /arji'ai'tfo? , Limnanthemum nymphoi-

des 4. 10. 1-2. in list of plants of

Lake Copais ; 4. 10. 4. requires

further investigation. /ouAa(= o>uA.a (2)),smilax, Smilax

aspera 1. 10. 5. leaf described ; 1. 10. 6.

leaf with spinous projections;

6. 8. 3. flower used in garlands. ju.i'A.0?, yew, Taxus baccata

1. 9. 3. evergreen; 3. 3. 1. a

mountain tree; 3. 3. 3. ever- green ; 3. 4. 2. time of budding ;

3. 4. 5. time of flowering and

fruiting ; 3. 4. 6. time of fruit-


THEOPH. VOL. II.


ing; 3. 6. 1. slow growing (?)

3. 10. 2. described ; 4. 1. 3. likes shade ; 5. 7. 6. uses of wood.

\i.lvQi\ (ju.iV0a) (= r)Sv6criJ.ov), green

mint, Mentha viridis 2. 4. 1. o-iorV/Spiov turns into M- unless often transplanted; 6.7.2. said by some to have no fruit. fjLvdffiov (= f*.a.\ivaOd\\7)), Cyperus

esculentus 4. 8. 2. used for food in Egypt ;

4. 8. 6. described.

fjivaKavOos (= /cei/rpo/xuppiVjj), but-

cher's broom, Ruscus aculeatus 6. 5. 1. in list of spinous plants

which have leaves as well as

spines.

jotvKTj?, mushroom etc., Fungus 1. 1. 11. has not all the ' parts ' of

a plant; 1. 5. 3. stem very

smooth ; 1. 6. 5. no roots ;

3. 7. 6. grows on roots of trees.

[4. 7. 2. marine growths which

turn to stone] ;

[4. 14. 3. name given to a disease

of eA.aa],


(= aKoi>i.Toi' =

spn-i'os (3)), wolf's bane, Aconi- tum Antkora

6. 1. 4. a spineless wild under-

shrub: belongs to 'ferula-like'

plants; 6. 2. 9. do.; has a

fibrous stem.

upiKij (1), tamarisk, Tamarix te-

trandra

1. 4. 3. 'amphibious'; 1. 9. 3. evergreen; 1. 10. 4. leaves fleshy; 3. 3. 1. tree of mountain and plain; 3. 3. 3. evergreen;

3. 16. 4. bark of Ko/uapos comp.;

4. 2. 6. (?) leaf of ^Wos comp.; 4. 6. 7. leaf of SpO? (7) comp ;

6. 2. 1. leaf of Ki'e'oopos 6 /ue'Aas

comp.; 6. 4. 8. flower of x a ^ at -

AeW comp. vpuoj (2), tamarisk, Tamarix artic-

ulata

5.4.8. Arabian : wood very strong. .uppiVrj ([j.vppivo<; , /uvpTos) (fruit M^P"

TOV), myrtle, Myrtus communis 1. 3. 3. effect of not pruning;

1. 9. 3. evergreen; 1. 10. 2.

leaves close-set and opposite ;

1. 10. 4. leaves narrow ; 1. 10. 8.

465

H H


INDEX OF PLANTS


leaves regular; 1. 12. 1. taste of fruit; 1. 13. 3. flower above fmit-case; 1. 14. 1. bears on last year's wood : flowers borne on new wood not fertile ; 1.14.4. many cultivated forms ; 2. 1. 4. propagation ; 2. 2. 6. sometimes improves from seed ; 2. 5. 6. propagation : trees should be planted close together ; 2. 7 2. needs much pruning; 2. 7. 3. requires pungent manure and much water ; 3. 6 2. formation of buds ; 3. 12. 4. fruit of ceSp<K (1) comp.; 3. 15. 5. leaf of TTUO? comp.; 3. 16. 4. flower of /co- mpos comp.; 4. 2. 6. (?) leaf of pdkavos comp.; 4. 3. 1. arrange- ment of fruit of AWTOS (4) comp.; 4. 5. 3. does not thrive in cold regions ; 4. 5. 4. grows in Pro- pontis; 5. 8. 3. grows in low- land parts of Latium : and on Circeian promontory (a dwarf kind); 6. 8. 5. very fragrant in Egypt; 9. 11. 9. leaf of ri.6v-

juaAAos 6 /uupTir>)S Comp.

fnS)\v, moly, Allium nigrum 9. 15. 7. localities in Arcadia : said to be like the /m. of Homer : described : use as charm.

vcdpov ?

9. 7. 3. in list of apw/uuxra. vanv, white mustard, Brassica alba 1. 12. 1. taste of fruit; 7. 1. 2-3; time of sowing and of germina- tion; 7. 3. 2. seeds described ; 7. 5. 5. seed keeps well. vdpSov, spikenard, Nardostachys Ja-

tamansi

9. 7. 2. an Indian apw/ua; 9. 7. 3.

in list of apoj/uara ; 9. 7. 4. an

unnamed Thracian plant (see

App. (25)) comp.

vap0rj;a'a( = i/dp0ij see 6.2.7.), ferula,

Ferula, communis 6.1.4 spineless: belongs to 'ferula- like, plants ; 6. 2. 7. perhaps differs only in size from vdpO^ ; 6.2.8. described. vdp6i}% ( = vapOriKia see 6. 2. 7.), ferula,

Ferula communis 1. 2. 7. flesh turns to wood ; 1.6.1. core fleshy; 1. 6. 2. core mem-


branous ; 6. 2. 7. perhaps differs only in size from vapOrjicia ;

6. 2. 8. described; 6. 3. 1. stalk of o-i'A.c/Hoz' comp.; 9. 9. 6. stem of 0cu//t'a comp.; 9. 10. 1. leaf of both eAAe/Sopoi comp. by some ;

9. 16. 2. diKTafjii'Ov kept ev rda-

e^.

i/ap/ao-cros (1) (= Xfipiov (2) 6. 6. 9.),

narcissus, Narcissus serotinus 6.6.9. a coronary plant: described;

7. 13.1. leaves described; 7.13.2. no stem except the flower-stem ; 7. 13. 5-7. stem appears before leaves, viz. flower-stem : se- quence described and comp. with o-Ki'AAa.

i-apKicrcro? (2), pheasant's eye nar-

cissus, Narcissus poeticus 6. 8. 1. flowering time.

vdpnr] ?

9. 7. 3. in list Of apw/xara. (vrjTrevdes) = iLr)K.u>v 77 077106779, opium

poppy, Papaver somniferum. 9. 15. 1. mythical : supposed effects.

vv^aia ( = /xa6coi'ai? 9.13.1.), yellow

water-lily, Nuphar luteum 9. 13. 1. fragrant: habitat and localities : leaf described : medi- cinal use : called ^.aSwi-ais in Boeotia,

t'pi?, gladwyn, Iris foetidissima

9.8.7. superstition as to gathering. u/Hoi' (= t'0os 7.13.1. = <f)d(rya.voi>) ,

corn-flag, Gladiolus segetum 6. 8. 1. flowering time; 7. 13. 2. flower-stem not the only stem.

|t(/>o?(= i<f)iov 1. 13. 1.= $d<Tyai>oi>), corn-flag, Gladiolus segetum.


wild pear, Pyrus communis var. P.t/raster

2. 5. 6. trees should be planted

rather far apart. 077 (OLT?), sorb, Sorbus domestica

2. 2 10. becomes sterile in a warm place ; 2. 7. 7. ' correcting ' the tree ; 3. 2. 1. fruit sweeter and better ripened in wild than in cultivated form ; 3. 5. 5. winter- buds ; 3. 6. 5. roots shallow but strong: thick according to Ar- cadians; 3 11. 3. leaf of /ue


466


INDEX OF PLANTS


comp. ; 3. 12. 6-9. described ;

3. 15. 4. leaf of Te'p/oui>0os comp.

oivdvGri (1), drop-wort, Spiraea Fili-

pendula

6. 0. 11. a coronary plant: grown from seed ; 6. 8. 1-2. flowering time : flower described.

oivdvQr) (2) r) aypux, wild Vine, Vitis

silrestris

5. 9. 6. aflpa-ytVrj CO nip.

ola-os ( = a-y'o?), withy, Vitex Agnus-

castus

3. 18. 1-2. has two forms, ' white' and ' black ' ; 6. 2 2. used for tying-up.

oAocrxoii'o?, nee trxoivos 6 6A.

oAvpa, (cultural variety of eta), rice- wheat, Triticum dicoccum

8. 1. 3. sown early; 8. 4. 1. comp. in detail with other cereals ; 8. 9 2. does not exhaust the soil much : reason.

bvo6r)pa.<; ( = 5a<i'i7 >; dypi'a), oleander,

Nerium Oleander

9. 19 1. effect on 'mind': de- scribed.

o^oTrvfos, Onopordon illurwum

6. 4. 3. a ' thistle-like ' plant. oi-oxeiAe's, bugloss, Echium diffusion

7. 10. 3. flowers borne in succes- sion.

6 i>o> i/is, rest-harrow, Ononis anti- quorum

6. 1. 3. has leaves as well as spines : a wild under-shrub ; 6. 5. 1. in list of spinous plants which have leaves as well as spines; 6. 5. 3-4. described: troublesome to farmers.

o^vaicavtfos, cotoneaster, Cotoneaster

Pyracantha

1. 9. 3. evergreen ; 3. 3. 1. tree of mountain and plain; 3. 3. 3. evergreen ; 3. 4. 2. time of bud- ding ; 3. 4. 4. time of fruiting ;

4.4.2. thorilS Of /u.T)Ae<x 17 Ilepo-i/cr)

comp.; 6. 8 3. fruit used in gar- lands.

6vr) (oua), beech, Fagus silvattca 3. 3. 8. doubt whether it has a flower; 3. 6. 5. roots few slender and ' plain' according to Arcadians : shallow - rooting ; 3. 10. 1. described; 3. 11. 5. mountain and lowland forms


compared; 5. 1. 2. time of cut- ting timber ; 5. 1. 4. dp.; 5. 4. 4. wood does not decay in water ; 5. 6. 4. w r ood ' moist ' : used for elastic bedsteads ; 5. 7. 2. wood used for keel etc.of small vessels; 5. 7. 6. other uses of wood ; 5. 8. 3. grows very fine in low- land part of Latin m. b&KeSpos (=*ce'a P os (1) 3. 12. 3.), prickly cedar, Juniperus Oxy- cedrus

3. 12. 3. some, who call ap*eu0o<> a Kf'Spos, distinguish /ce'Spo? (1) as 6u/ce6pos.

OTTtTlW, ?

7. 13. 9. (in defective sentence)

belongs to ra jSoA/SwS^. oTro/SaAtrapov, See jSaAcrajuoi'.

opeiocre'Atvoi', parsley, Petroselinum sativum

7. 6. 3-4. distinguished from other forms of vekivov : medicinal use.

opeiTrreAea, wych-elm, Ulmus mon-

tana 3.14.1. distinguished from TrreAea.

bpiyavov (opi'yavos) (== 6. 17 jiteAaiva), marjoram, Origanum viride etc. 1. 9. 4. evergreen (partly) ; 1. 12. 1. taste pf fruit; 6. 1. 4. a spine- less wild under-shrub ; C. 2. 3. two forms, ' black ' and ' white' (see beloiv) : seed conspicuous : not, like flj/io?, particular as to situation ; 7. 1. 3. time of ger- mination ; 7. 1. 6. germination ; 7. 2. 1. propagation; 7. 6 1. wild form distinguished.

uptyai'os T; Aeuoj, marjoram, Ori- ganum heracleoticum 6. 2. 3. distinguished from 6. 17

p.cAau'a.

opcyavo? v) /xe'Aaiva ( = opiyai/or), mar- joram, Origanum viride 6. 2. 3. distinguished from 6. 17

Aevx7.

op^ivov , Salvia Horminum

8. 1. 4. sown later than cereals and pulses ; 8. 7. 3. doubtful if eaten green by animals: de- scribed : sown at same time as

o-r/era/XTj.

opo/Sayx 7 ?. dodder, Cuscuta europaea 8. 8. 4. grows specially among opo^oi : reason : aTrapu'Tj comp.


H H 2


467


INDEX OF PLANTS


opo/3os, bitter vetch, Ervum Ervilia

2. 4. 2. more digestible if sown in spring ; 7. 5. 4. used to prevent \jtv\\at in pcu/>ai>i's; 7. 6. 3. size of

fruit of in-Troo-eA.U'Oi'COmp.: 8.1.4.

sown both early and late ; 8.2.5.

flowering time; 8. 3. 2. stem;

8. 5. 1. more than one kind :

white form sweetest; 8. 5. 2.

seeds not in compartments;

8. 5. 3. shape of pod ; 8. 8. 4.

6poj3ayvTi grows specially among

6.; 8. 10. 1. a pest; 8. 11. 2.

seed keeps well; 8. 11. 6. do.

specially in hill-country ; 9.20.1.

shipe of one land of neirepi

(fruit) comp. opTvg ( o-TeA.e</>oupos according to

some, 7. 11. 2.), plantain, Plan-

tago JLagopus. opvgov, rice. Oryza saliva

4. 4. 10. described. opxts (1) (/^eyas), orchis, Orchis pap-

ilionacea

9.18.3. properties : leaf and stalk. 6px<.s (2) (/on/epos), orchis, Orchis

longicruris

9.18.3. properties: leaf and. stalk. oQ-Tpva, (oorpvi?) (oorpvi's = o'orpus

3.10.3.), hop-hornbeam, Ostrya

carpinifolia I. 8. 2. male ' has more knots

than 'female'; 3. 3. 1. tree of

mountain and plain ; 3. 6. 1.

slow-growing (?); 3. 10. 3. de-

scribed.

ocrrpus(= ba-rpva 3.10.3.), hop-horil- beam, Ostrya carpinifolia

3. 10 3. described. oinyyov, (Jolocasia antiquorum

1.1.7. 'fruit' underground; 1.6.9. grows underground; 1.6.11. described.


4. 1. 3. likes shade. auovia( = 'yAvKv<rio 1 T) 9. 8. 6.), peony,

Paeonia officinalis 9. 8. 6. superstition as to time of

digging. aAtoupo? (1), Christ's thorn, Pali-

urus australis 1. 3. 1. a typical ' shrub ' ; 1.3. 2.

becomes tree-like ; 1 .5.3. thorns

on wood; 1. 10. 6. leaf with


spinous projections; 1. 10. 7. stem presently spinous ; 3. 3. 1. tree of mountain and plain;

3. 4. 2. time of budding ; 3. 4. 4. time of fruiting ; 3. 11. 2. fruit of o-$eV6ajai>os comp.; 3. 18. 3. kinds: described; 4. 8. 1. to some extent grows in marshes ; 4.12.4. to some extent aquatic; 6.1.3. has spines on the shoots.

na\iovpos (2) (6 AiyvTTTtos), Zizyphus

Spina-Christi 4. 3. 1-2. common in Libya;

4. 3. 3. described : distinguished from TT. of Hellas.

navaKfLa (= ira.va.Kes TO 'Hpa/cAetoi'),

Opopanax hispidus 9. 15. 7. localities.

rrdvaKes (TO Svptov ? 9. 7. 2 ! 9. 10. 1.),

(juice xaAjBairi (?) 9.7.2: 9.9.2.,

see note), all-heal, Ferulago

galbanifera

9. 1. 2. in list of plants whose juice is a gum : 9. 7. 2. Syrian :

X^A/Barr? made from TT.; 9. 7. 3.

in list of aptojuaTo. ; 9. 9. 1. root

fruit and juice used; 9. 9. 2.

uses for medicine and perfume ;

9. 11. 1. kinds (see below);

9. 11. 4. two further kinds, one

fine-leaved, the other not:

medicinal use.

ndvaKes TO 'AcrKArjTrieiov, Ferula no-

dosa

9. 8. 7. superstition as to gather- ing; 9. 11, 1. described: medi- cinal use.

Tfd.vaK.es TO 'HpaxAetoi/ (= Trai/u/ceia),

Opopanax hispidus 9. 11. 1. in list of kinds of *-.; 9. 11. 3. described : medicinal use. TravctKes TO Xeipajyeiov, elecampane,

Inula Helenium 9. 11. 1. described: habitat:

medicinal use. iravTdSova-a, star-thistle, Centaurea

Calcitrapa

6. 5. 1. in list of spinous plants which have leaves as well as spines. TraTrupos (stalk TraTi-vpos), papyrus,

Cyperus Papyrus 4. 8. 2. useful for food in Egypt ; 4. 8. 3-4. described: use


468


INDEX OF PLANTS


4. 8. 5. stem of trapi comp ; 6. 3. 1. belongs to 'ferula-like ' plants.

napOeviov, bachelor's buttons, Pyre- thrum Parthenium

7. 7. 2. a \dxavov : needs cooking Treats, bullfist, Lycoperdon Bovista

I. 6. 5. no roots.

77-eAe(avos, axe-weed, Securigem Coro- nilla

8. 8. 3. grows specially among a<j)dKri : name explained.

irevTa-neTes ( = Trei/rcu^iAAoi/ 9.13. 5.),

cinquefoil, Potentilla reptans

9. 13. 5. described.

nevTa.(}>v\\oi' ( = TrevTaTrere's 9. 13. 5.),

cinquefoil, Potentilla reptans. (TreVepi), pepper, Piper nigrum 9. 20. 1. a fruit : two forms : de- scribed : properties : antidote to Kuveiov; 9. 20. 2. size of Ki/iSio? KOKKOS comp. nepSiKLov, 'partridge-plant,' Polygo-

num ttiaritimum 1. 6. 11. large fleshy roots. irepiTxos (? a-Tpvx vo< > TreptTrds) ( = viKos 9. 11. 6.),


jrepcrea ( = TTep<riov),MimuSOpS ScMm-

peri

3. 3. 5. not fruitful everywhere ; 4. 2. 1. peculiar to Egypt; 4. 2. 5. described ; 4. 2. 8. com- mon in Thebaid.

Trepo-iov ( = Trep<rea.),MimilSOpS Schitn-

peri

2. 2. 10. effects of climate. nevKeSavov, sulphur-wort, Peuceda- num officinale

Q. 14. 1. how long drug will keep ;

9. 15. 1. grows in Arcadia;

9. 20. 2. properties of root : use

in medicine : grows in Arcadia.

irevicr), fir, Pinus spp.

1. 3. 6. refuses cultivation ; 1. 5. 1. erect and tall ; 1. 5. 4. wood has many knots ; 1.6.1. core woody; 1. 6. 3. root single ; 1. 6. 5. root? not branching; 1. 8. 1. many knots; 1. 9. 3. evergreen (the wild and one cultivated kind) ; 1. 10. 4. leaves like teeth of comb(?); 1.10 6. leaf spinousat tip; 1. 12. 1. taste of fruit; 1. 12. 2. taste of sap ; 2. 2. 2.


propagated only by seed ; 2. 5. 2. instance of very long roots; 3. 1. 2. grows only from seed: 3. 2. 3. evidence that it is really wild; 3. 3. 1. a mountain tree; 3. 3. 3. evergreen ; 3. 3. 8. doubt whether it has a flower ; 3. 4. 5. time of budding and fruiting; 3. 4. 6. time of fruiting ; 3. 5. 1. periods of budding ; 3. 5. 3. do.;

3. 5. 5. winter-buds ; 3. 5. 6. cone; 3. 6. 1. quick growing: even young tree fruits ; 3. 6. 4. not deep-rooting ; 3. 7. 1. dies if topped ; 3. 7. 3. produces a 'tuft' (Ku'rrapos); 3. 9. 1-8. kinds according to various authorities (see beloiv) : distinc- tion from TTI'TVS; 3. 9. 4. timber, foliage; 3. 9. 5. further dis- tinction from TTtVn? : the disease 1 pitch-glut' ; 3. 9. 7. comparison with eAa-nj; 3. 9. 8. do.: core and callus; 4. 1. 1. likes sun;

4. 1. 2. in shade has inferior timber ; 4. 5. 1 . in list of North- ern trees ; 4. 5. 3. does not grow in Pontus; 4. 15. 3. effects of stripping bark at various sea- sons; 4. 16. 1. topping fatal; 4.16. 1-2. not injured by cutting for tar ; 4.16. 4. said to perish if entirely deprived of its heart- wood ; 5. 1. 2. time of cutting timber; 5. 1. 4. do.; 5. 1. 9-10. methods of cleaving; 5. 4. 2. wood (when resinous) proof against decay ; 5. 4. 4. more eaten by teredon than eXarrj :

5. 4. 8. effect of salt water on different parts; 5. 5. 1. knotty parts of wood hard to work ; 5. 6. 1. wood good for struts: behaviour under pressure; 5.6.2. takes glue best of all woods ; 5. 7. 1-2. uses of wood in ship- building; 5. 7. 4-5. uses in house-building and crafts; 5.8.1. grows to great size in Latin m, but finer still in Corsica ; 5. 8. 3. grows in hill-country of Latium ; 5. 9. 3. charcoal of this wood preferred by smiths to that of fipus; 9. 1. 2. sap gummy; 9.1.6. time of tapping; 9. 2. 1. pro-

469


INDEX OF PLANTS


ductive of resin (pyjrtVr?) ; 9. 2. 2j quality of resin ; 9. 2. 3-4. Mace- donians only burn the ' male' for pitch (jriTTa), and the roots of the ' female' ; aspect etc. re- quired for production of good pitch; 9. 2. 5. Idaean account different (see IT. ^ 'iSata and it. r; TrapaAta); 9. 2. 6. filling up the holes ; 9. 2. 7. do. Idaean account ; 9. 2. 8. further rules for collecting pitch : age of tree ; etc.; 9. 3. 1-3. method of pre- paring pitch; 9. 1. 4. does not grow in Syria.

ev/aj T) a/capn-os ( = TT. TJ Or'j\ei.a. = ir.ri

'iSeu'a), Corsican pine, Pinus

Lnricio 3. 9. 2. described : 3. 9. 4. one of

three wild kinds (Idaean ac-

count). CUKTJ >i otKapTTo? ('male'), Corsican

pine, Pinus Laricio 3. 9. 2. comp. with ' female.' euKT? >'; a(cap<ros ('female'), Aleppo

pine, Pinus halepensis 3. 9. 2. comp. with ' male.'

euKTj T? <xpp7jv(= TT. >i irapa\LO. = TTI'TUS

in 3. 9. 5.), Aleppo pine, Pinus halepensis

3. 9. 3. timber: produces a-vitfj (Mt, Ida) ; 3. 9. 4. one of three wild kinds (Idaean account).

evKi] T] Tj/ixepo? (= [TT. TJ] /cwco^opos),

stone pine, Pinus Pinea 3. 9. 1. distinguished from other kinds; 3. 9. 4. Arcadians say it is a TTITU; : timber, foliage, resin.


nevnr\ r) A.eia= TT. 17 aicapTro; = TT. >j

'iScu'a), Corsican pine, Pinus Laricio

3. 9. 3. timber: contains atyi'?; 3. 9. 4. one of three wild kinds (Idaean account).

irevKj] r} 'iSaia ( = TT. rj aKapnos = TT. TJ

flrjAeia), Corsican pine, Pinus Laricio 3. 9. 1-2, described ; 9. 2. 5. Tdaean

account of pitch (WLTTO). [jreu/crj 17] x<av6(f>opo<; (= 17. 17 rjuepos),

stone pine, Pinus pinea 2/2. 6. seeds true ; 3. 9. 4. foliage : pitch (n-irra) : Arcadians say it is a irtTu?.

470


nevKq r] 7rapoAia( = IT. i] appr)v = TUTVS

in 3. 9. 5), Aleppo pine, Pinus kalepensis

3. 9. 1. described ; 9. 2. 5. Idaean account of pitch (iriTTa).

Trrjyavov (rrriydviov), rue, Rutd ffmveo-

lens

1. 3. 1. a typical under-shrub ; 1.3.4. becomes tree-like ; 1.9.4.. evergreen ; 1. 10. 4. leaves fleshy ; 2. 1. 3. propagation ;

6. 1. 1. may be classed as an under-shrub ; 6. 5. 3. leaf of ovuvis comp.; 6. 7. 3. strong plants of afiporovov comp.; 7.2.1. propagation : seed slow to ger- minate ; 7. 4. 1. only one kind ;

7. 5. 1. dislikes manure ; 7. 6. 1. wild form distinguished ; 9. 4. 2.

Colour of leaf Of Ai/Sai/coro?

comp.; 9. 5. 1 leaf of /SaAcra/xoi/

comp.; 9. 9. 6. leaf of to^as

(aTrtos (2)) comp. $09 (?) (? = TrdSo? 4. 1. 3.), Prunns

Mahaleb

5. 7. 6. uses of wood. irtKpis, Urospermiim picroeides

7. 11. 4. inedible: flowers in spring, but also throughout winter and summer.

7nAos, Polyporus igniarius (?) 3. 7 4. produced by 5pv?; de- scribed. TTIO-OS, pea, Pisum sativum

8. 1. 1. in list of pulses; 8. 1. 4 sown late; 8. 2. 3. comes up with several leaves; 8. 3. 1. leaf; 8. 3. 2. stem; 8. 5. 2. seeds not in compartments;

8. 5. 3. shape of pod ; 8. 10. 5. infested by ' worms.'

JTI'TV? ( = TUTU? 17 crypto. = rreuKTj 17 appijv in 3. 9. 5. = TrevKij 17 Trapa-

Aia in 3. 9. 5.), Aleppo pine, Pinus halepensis

1. 6. 1. core woody; 1. 10. 4: leaves like teetli of comb ; 1. 10. 6. leaf spinotis at tip; 1. 12. 1. taste of fruit; 2 2. 2 propagated only by seed ; 3.1.2. do.; 3. 3. 3. evergreen ; 3. 3. 8. doubt whether it has a flower (Kirrrapo?); 3. 4 5. time of bud- ding and fruiting; 3.5.5. winter- buds; 3. 6. 1. slow growing (?) :


INDEX OF PLANTS


even young tree fruits; 3.9 4-8. TTfVKT\ and TUTVS ; 3 9. 6. dis- tinction from TrevKTj; 3. 11. 1. bark of o-^e'i'Sa.jitf'os comp.; 3.17.1. bark of <eAA6s comp.; 4. 5. 3 does not grow in Pontus : 4. 14. 8. if topped, becomes barren, but is not destroyed;

4. 16 1. topping fatal; 5. 1. 2. time of cutting timber ; 5. 1. 4. do.; 5. 1. 5-6. timber comp. with eAaTTj; 5 7. 1. used in Cyprus for ship building instead of Trevor?; 5. 7. 3. wood used for bent-wood work in triremes;

5. 7. 5. use of wood in ship- building and house-building : soon rots; 5. 7. 8. use of wood for carpenter's tools ; 5. 9. 2. charcoal of this wood used In silver mines ; 9.1.2. sap gummy ; 9. 2. 1. production of reran (pTjTiVrj); 9. 2. 2. quality of resin ; 9. 2. 3. said to be burnt for pitch (TU'TTO.) in Syria.

TUTUS r) dypia. ( = TUTUS = TreuKTj n appTjf = Treu'/cTj 77 TrapaAiain 3.9.5.)

Pinus halepcnsis (mountain form)

1. 9. 3 evergreen; 3. 3. 1. a mountain tree (Macedonian).

TUTU? ] </>0eipoTroi6s, Pinus brutia

2. 2. 6. seeds come true. TrXaTat-oS; plane, Platanus orientalis

1. 4. 2. lives near water ; 1. 6. 3. roots many and long ; 1 7. 1. example of long roots ; 1. 8. 5. diseased formation (KpaStj) ; 1. 9. 5. evergreen specimens ; 1. 10. 4. leaves broad; J.10. 7. attachment of leaf-stalk; 3.1.1. propagation ; 3. 1 3. produces seed and seedlings ; 3.3.3. ever- green in some places ; 3 4. 2. time of budding; 3. 6. 1. quick growing; 3. 11 1. leaf of ox/>eV- SafjLvos comp.; 3. 11. 4. has a sort of winter-bud like that of /ueAia; 4. 5. 6. found at only one place on Adriatic coast : rare in Italy ; 4. 5. 7. common in some Mediterranean regions; 4. 7. 4. size of unnamed Arabian tree (see App. 12a) comp.; 4. 8. 1. grows partially


in water ; not common on Nile ; 4. 13. 2; trees said to have been planted by Agamemnon ; 4.15.2. bark cracks; 4. 16. 2. grows again after being cut or blown down: instances; 5 3. 4. char- acter of wood ; 5. 7. 3. wood used for bent-wood work : soon decays ; 5. 9. 4. wood makes an evil smoke when burnt for char- coal; 9. 11. 6. ' head ' of o-rpux- vos 6 juaiaKos comp. to fruit of TT.

7rAaTi></>uAAos (6pvs) see Spus (6).

Troa, grass 7. 8. 3. leaves ' on the ground.'

Trdo. 17 M-qSiKYj, see MT/SIKT;.

Tr60os (1), larkspur, Delphinium

orientate

6. 8. 3. a coronary plant : flowers in summer: flower like uafarflos.

Tr60os (2) (= i(r^)6SeAos), asphodel,

Asphodel us ramosus 6. 8. 3. a coronary plant: flowers in summer : flower white : used in connexion with funerals.

TroAtoj', hulwort, Teucr'nnn Folium 1. 10. 4. leaves fleshy: prevents moth in clothes; 2. 8. 3. used for capriflcation ; 7 10. 5. ever- green.

TroAvd/cai'<?os, Carduus acanthoides 6. 4. 3. a ' thistle-like' plant.

jroAvTToSioi/, polypody, Polypodium

vulgar e

9.13.6. peculiar shape : described : named from cuttle-fish (TroAu- TTOUS), and used as charm to prevent polyp (TroAuVous) : other medicinal use: habitat; 9.20.4. comes up after rain : has no seed.

npatTiof, Marrubium spp. 6. 1. 4. a spineless wild under- shrub ; G. 2. 5. two kinds; see below.

Trpda-iov (1), horehound, Marrubium

peregrinum

6. 2. 5. leaf described: used by druggists.

Trp<x<7toi> (2), horehound, Marrubium vulgar e

6. 2. 5. leaf described. Trpdvov (1), leek, Allium Porrum

7. 1. 2-3. time of sowing and of germination; 7. 1. 6. germina-

47*


INDEX OF PLANTS


tion; 7. 1. 7. bears fruit in second year : stem single ; 7. 2. 2 3. root makes offsets ; 7. 3. 4. seed borne at top : me- thod of sowing; 7. 4. 10. coat often like y-rJTeiov; 7. 4. 11. size of ' head ' of one year old O-KO- poSov comp.; 7. 5. 3. improved by transplanting ; 7. 5. 4. pests ; 7. 5. 5. seed keeps well ; 7. 8. 2. stem smooth, not branched; 9. 10. 1. leaf of eMe'/Sopos 6 ACVKOS comp. by some.

irpd<rov (2) ( = 6crn)p 4. 6. 2. = <UKOS (1)) : grass-wrack, Posidonia oceanica 4. 6. 2. = (Juicmjp, <7.v.

Tj^ao-ov (3) ( = (/>u/eo? (2)), riband-weed,

Laminaria saccharina 4. 6. 4. carried by current from Atlantic into Mediterranean : described; 4.7.1. refers to 4 6.4.

wptvo?, kermes-oak, Quercus coccifera 1. 6. 1. core hard and close ; 1.6.2. core large and conspicuous; 1. 9. 3. evergreen; 1. 10. 6. leaves with spinous projections ; 3. 3. 1. a mountain tree ; 3. 3. 3. evergreen ; 3. 3. 6. does not al- ways fruit : 3. 4. 1. takes a year to ripen fruit ; 3. 4. 4-6 ; time of fruiting ; 3. 6. 4. deep root- ing ; 3. 7. 3. produces a scarlet 'berry'; 3. 16. 1. described; 3. 16. 2. o-fjii*.a (1) comp.; 3. 16. 3. <f>e\\68pw; Spu? and n. comp.; 3. 16. 4. leaf of Ko/uapos comp.; 4. 3. 1. leaf of A.WTOS (4) comp.; effect of stripping bark in winter; 5. 4. 8. wood of juvpuo? (2) comp. for strength; 5. 5. 4. core not obvious, but exists; 5. 7. 6. uses of wood; 5. 9. 7. wood iised for fire-sticks ; 9. 4. 3. leaf of a-^pva. comp. by some.

Trpovfjivi) ( = o-rroSias), bullace, Prumts

insititia 9. 1. 2. sap gummy.

7TTA.ea, elm, Ulmus glabra 1.8.5. diseased formation (xpaSri) ; 1. 10. 1. leaves inverted in sum- mer; 1. 10. 6. leaves notched; 3. 1. 1. propagation; 3. 1. 2. seems to have no fruit yet re-

472


produces itself : instance ; 3.1.3. do.: proof; 3. 3. 1. tree of mountain and plain : 3. 3. 4. a question if it bears fruit ; 3.4.2. time of budding ; 3. 6. 1. quick growing; 3. 7. 3. produces a /Sorpvs and leaf-galls; 3. 11. 5. mountain and lowland forms comp.; 3. 14. 1. description: kinds; 3. 15. 4. leaf-galls of Te'p/oui/tfos comp.; 3. 17. 3. leaf of Idacan /coXotrta comp.; 3. 17. 5.

leaf Of <rvKriri'l8aiaCOmi).\ 3.18.5.

leaf of povs comp.; 4. 2. 3. leaf of (Tu/cTJ 17 KvTrpi'a comp.; 4. 5. 3. grows in Pontus ; 4. 5. 7. com- mon in some Mediterranean regions ; 4. 9. 2. leaf of rpi- jSoA.os (3) comp.; 4. 15. 2. sur- vives stripping of bark ; 5.1.2. time of cutting timber ; 5. 3. 4. character of wood ; 5. 3. 5. method of making door-hinges of the wood ; 5. 4. 3. wood does not decay if exposed to air; 5. 6. 4. wood strong : used for door-hinges ; 5. 7. 3. wood used for bent-wood work : use in shipbuilding; 5. 7. 6. other uses of wood ; 5. 7. 8. uses of wood for carpenter's tools; 9. 1. 2. sap gummy : gum con- tained in the ' bag ' ; 9. 4. 3. leaf of a-^vpva comp. (by some).

Tept?, fern, Nephrodium Filix-mts 1. 10. 5. frond described ; 4. 2. 11. leaf of an unnamed Memphian shrub (see App. (2)) comp.; 8.7.7. destroyed by manure or by sheep sleeping on it ; 9. 13. 6. leaf of no\vn6Su>v comp. to n. TJ /ueyaA.ij; 9. 18. 8. distinguished from 0>jA.v7rTept9 ; 9. 20. 5. root only of use : medicinal use : time of gathering.

VOS, box, Buxus sempenrirens

1. 5. 4. wood heavy; 1. 5. 5. do.

because of close grain ; 1. 6. 2.

core not conspicuous ; 1. 8. 2.

few knots; 1. 9. 3. evergreen;

3. 3. 1. a mountain tree ; 3. 3. 3. evergreen ; 3. 4 6. time of fruit- ing : fruit inedible ; 3. 6. 1. slow growing (?) ; 3.15.5. described;

4. 4. 1. hard to grow in Baby-


INDEX OF PLANTS


Ion ; 4. 5. 1. in list of Northern trees; 5. 3. 1. wood very close and heavy'; 5. 3. 7. images made from the wood; 5. 4. 1. wood hard and heavy ; 5. 4. 2. wood proof against decay ; 5. 4. 5. wood not attacked by o-KojATjf; 5. 5. 2. core not ob- vious : wherefore wood not apt to ' draw ' ; 5. 6. 4. core not obvious but exists ; 5. 7. 7. uses of wood : that grown on Mount Olympus useless; 5. 7. 8. uses of wood for carpenter's tools; 9. 20. 4. wood of e/3evos comp. vpdj, wheat. Triticum, vulgare 1-5.2. 'bark' fibrous; 1.6.5. roots numerous ; 1. 6. 6. do.; 1.11.2. seeds in a husk; 1 11. 5. each seed separately attached ; 2.2.9. said to turn sometimes into Kpi07) ; 2.4.1. turns into cupa : wild TT. turns into cultivated with cultivation ; 4.4.9. irvpoi grow in India ; 4. 10. 3. taste of seeds of o-tSrj comp.; 7.11.2. inflorescence and general appearance of oreAe- <oupos comp.; 8. 1. 1. in list of cereals ; 8. 1. 3. sown early, but after xpi^ ; 8. 1. 4. one kind sown late ; 8. 1. 5. time of ger- mination ; 8. 2. 1. germination described; 8. 2. 3. single leaf first appears : roots described ; 8. 2. 6. time of maturing seed ; 8. 2. 7. time of harvest in Hellas and in Egypt; 8. 3. 2. stem; 8. 4. 1-2. compared in detail with other cereals; 8. 4. 3-5. kinds distinguished, local and other (see below); 8. 6. 1. con- ditions for sowing ; 8. 6. 4. suit- able soil; 8. 6. 5-6. rain hurtful when TT. is in flower : and when it is ripe, but less so than to KpiQr) 8. 7. 1. said to change into aipa under certain condi- tions ; 8. 7. 4. effect of cutting down or grazing young crop in Thessaly and in Babylon ; 8.7.5. in many places comes up again next year; etc.; 8.8.2. favourable localities; 8. 8. 3. degenerates

into aipa, or else ai'pa is

specially apt to grow among TT,;


8. 9. 1. exhausts the soil most of cereals; 8. 10. 1. a pest of TT.; 8. 10. 2. wheat-rust; 8. 10. 3. effects of weather ; 8.10.4. effects of ' worms' in various localities ; 8. 11. 1. seed keeps better than KpiOrj ; 8. 11. 3. grain stored without drying; 8. 11. 7. effect of mixing earth with the grain in some places : at Babylon grain jumps on the threshing- floor: reason.

Trvpbs 6 Ai-yvTTTios, Triticum vulgare

var.

8. 4. 3. in list of varieties of TT.; 8. 4. 6. escapes aipa.

Tr-jpbs b 'AAea><5peios, Triticum vul-

gare var. 8. 4. 3. in list of varieties.

Trvpbs 6 'Ao-oo/pios, Triticum vulgare

var. 8. 4. 3. in list of varieties.

Trvpbs 6 Boiomos, Triticnm vulgare

var. 8. 4. 5. heaviest grain.

Trvpbs 6 pa/cios, Triticum vulgare

var. 8. 4. 3. grain has many coats.

Trvpbs 6 KaxpvSias

8. 4. 3. thick stem.

Trvpbs 6 KpiOa.via<;

8. 2. 3. branching.

Trvpbs 6 AaKwviKOS

8. 4. 5. grain light. Trvpbs 6 AI/SVKOS 8. 4. 3. grain not long in husk

thick stem. Trvpbs 6 IIovTTKos

8. 4. 3.-4. lightest grain ; 8. 4. 5. variation in grain ; 8.4.6. escapes

cupa. Trvpbs b <rtTai/ias

8. 2. 3. branching.

Trvpbs b 2i*eAos

8. 4. 3., 8. 4. 5. heaviest grain of kinds imported to Hellas ; 8.4.6. fairly free from atpa, especially that of Akragas : infested with

/oieAa/uiTrvpoi'. Trvpbs b crrAeyyv's

8. 4. 3. in list of varieties, see note


, buckthorn, Rhamnus spp.

1 5. 3. stem fleshy; 1. 9. 4. ever-

green ; 3. 18. 12. cluster of ber-

473


INDEX OF PLANTS


ries of o>uAaf (2) comp.; 5. 9. 7. wood used for fire-sticks, es- pecially for the stationary piece . pd/ai/os 17 kevKTJ, buckthorn, Rhamnus

graeca 3. 18. 2. distinguished from p. r/

/u.e'Aaii/a.

pd/Ai/os 17 /j.e\aiva, buckthorn, Rham-

nus oleoides 3. 18. 2. distinguished from p. 17

Aeu/cr?.

pa^ai/i's, radish, Raphanus sativus 1. 2. 7. flesh of root turns to wood; 1. 6. 6. root fleshy; 1 . 6. 7. root of ' bark' and flesh ; 7. 1. 2-3. time of sowing and of germination ; 7. 1. 5. do.; 7. 1. 7. germination ; 7. 2. 5. survives and increases in size under a heap of soil ; 7. 2. 5-6. root de- scribed; 7. 2. 8. do.; 7. 3. 2. seeds described; 7. 3. 4. seed borne at side ; 7. 4. 1-2. several kinds (described) Kopt^ia,

KAeaji/cu'a, Aetoflacria, (or po/cta), ajuwpe'a (see b('low), Boiam'a,' and

one with leaf like evo/uioi> ; 7.4.3. effects of weather ; 7. 5. 3. im- proved by transplanting; 7.5.4. pests ; 7. 6. 2. root of wild yoy- yvMs comp.; 7. 6. 3. root of iTTTrocreAi.i'oz' comp.; 7. 8. 2. stem branched; 9. 9. 1. method of

Cutting root Of /u.a.i/Spa-ydpas (1)

comp.; 9. 12. 1. method of cut- ting up x<x/AaiAe'a>i/ 6 Aevc6s for medicinal use comp.

pa^ai/l? ^ d/Awpe'a, horse-radish (?) 7. 4. 2. in list of varieties of p.

pajtavos, cabbage, Brassica cretica 1. 3. 4. becomes tree-like; 1. 6. 6. root single; 1. 9. 4. evergreen; 1. 10. 4. leaves fleshy; 1. 14. 2. bears fruit on top and at side ; 4.4.12. size of an unnamed Asian shrub (see App. (10)) comp.; 4.16.6. spoils flavour of grape : vine-shoot turns away from p ; whence use of 'p. as cure for effects of wine ; 6. 1. 2. may be classed as an under-shrub ; 7. 1. 2-3. time of sowing and of germination ; 7. 2. 1. propaga- tion ; 7. 2. 4. grows again when stem is cut ; effect on flavour ;

474


7. 4. 1. several kinds; 7. 4. 4. three kinds distinguished, ouA6- <>vAAos, Aeio<f)vAAos, aypia. (see below) ; 7. 5. 3. bears trans- planting; 7.5.4. pests ; 7.6.1-2. wild form distinguished,

pa$<xi/os r) aypia ( = sepal's 9. 15. 5.),

charlock, Raphanus Raphanis- trum

7. 4. 4. see pafyavos ; 7. 6. 1-2. see pd^avos; 9. 15. 5. Arcadian: a drug : also called Kepdts.

pdfyavos -fj opeta (= an-ios (2)=io-X"s),

spurge, Euphorbia Apios 9. 12. 1. used to kill a pig, mixed

With xaM al ^ e ' wl/ o Aeufco?.

pod (poid), (flower KVTIVOS), pome- granate, Punica Granatum 1. 3. 3. a tree which has not how- ever a single stem; 1. 5. 1. crooked and low; 1. 6. 1. core fleshy ; 1. 6. 3. few roots ; 1. 6. 4. shallow rooting; 1. 6. 5. roots branching upwards; 1. 9. 1. much branched ; 1. 10. 4. leaves narrow ; 1. 10. 10. fruit made of fibre and skin; 1. 11. 4. seeds all together in a single case; 1. 11. 5. each fruit separately attached (?); 1. 11. 6. arrange- ment of stones: 1. 12. 1. taste of fruit: 1. 13. 1. flower red; 1. 13. 3. flower above fruit-case ;

1. 13. 4. some kinds sterile; 1.13.5. flower described; 1.14.1. bears on last year's wood ; 1. 14. 4. many cultivated forms ;

2. 1. 2-3. propagation ; 2. 2. 4. degenerates from seed ; 2. 2. 5. do. details; 2. 2. 7. in some places improves from seed ; 2. 2. 9. effects of cultivation ; 2. 2. 10. ref. to 2. 2. 9.; 2.2. 11 effect of good cultivation ; 2.3.1. sometimes changes character; 2. 3. 2. ref. to 2. 2. 7.; 2. 3. 3. sometimes bears fruit on the stem ; 2. 5. 5. propagation ; 2. 5. 6. trees should be planted close together; 2. 6. 8. size of fruit of a kind of 4>olvi (I) comp.; 2. 6. 12. cuttings set up- side down; 2.7.1. water-loving; 2. 7. 3. requires pungent manure and much water ; 2. 8. 1. apt to


INDEX OF PLANTS


shed immature fruit; 3. 5. 4. autumn budding; 3. 6. 2. for- mation of buds ; 3. 18. 4. fruit and growth of KWOCT/BO.? comp.; 3.18.13. size and leaf of evwi/v/xo? comp.; 4. 3. 3. stones eaten with fruit ; 4. 5. 3. grows well in Pontus with shelter ; 4. 5. 4. grows on Mt. Tmolus and Mysian Olympus; 4. 10. 3. flower of a-iSrj comp.: seeds of o-i'Srj contrasted ; 4. 13. 2. short- lived, especially the stoneless form (see belotv); 4. 13. 3. after decaying shoots again from same stock ; 4. 14. 10. fruit gets worm-eaten ; 4. 14. 12. unin- jured by special winds ; 4. 16. 1. survives splitting of stem; 6.1.3. has spines on the shoots ; 7.13.4. fruit kept by inserting stalk in bulb of o-a'AAa ; 9. 5. 2. size of /3aAcra/aov COmp.

poa T/ aTrvpTjfO', , Punica Granatum

var. 4. 13. 2. specially short-lived.

pooWi'a (flower poSov, fruit JU.TJAOI/ 6. 6. 6.), rose, Rosa centifolia etc.

1; 9. 4. evergreen ; 1. 13. 1. colour alluded to ; 1. 13. 2. has a ' two- fold ' flower; 1. 13. 3. flower above fruit-case ; 1.13.5. flower of poa comp.; 2. 2. 1. propaga- tion ; 4. 8^ 7. colour of flower of Kva/ixos o Ai-yiiTrTios comp.; 4.10.3. sepals of <riSr) comp.; 6. 1. 1. in list of under-shrubs ; 6.1.3. has spines on the shoots ; 6. 6. 4-6. a cultivated under-shrub : a coronary plant : many kinds : localities : propagation and cul- tivation ; 6.8.2. flowering time ; 6. 8. 5. bush lives five years and then degenerates unless pruned: position and climate important for fragrance: flowers very early in Egypt ; 6. 8. 6. blooms well on mountains, but has inferior scent ; 9. 19. 1. colour of flower of bvoOiipas comp.

poSoi' TO aypiov, wild rose, Rosa

dumetorum 6. 2. 1. flower of KiVflo? comp.


povs (drug pous 3. 18. 5.), sumach

Rhus Coriaria

3. 18. 1 . has more than one form (see below) ; 3. 18. 5. ' male ' and ' female ' forms : described : used for dyeing : produces a drug called pous.

povs 17 Aev/fTj

3. 18. 2. distinguished from p. ^

' poO

3. 18. 2. distinguished from p. ij


, globe-thistle, Echinops spin- osus

6. 4. 4. a ' thistle-like ' plant : branches from the top.


o-api (stalk o-api), Cyperus auricomus 4. 8. 2. useful for food in Egypt : 4. 8. 5. described.

cre'A.ivoi', celery, Apium graveolens 1.2.2. takes two years to mature ; 1. 6. 6. root single, but with large side-growths ; 1.9.4. ever- green (partly) ; 1. 10. 7. time of leaf-growth ; 1. 12. 2. taste of sap ; 2. 4. 3. effect of trampling and rolling in seed ; 6. 3. 1. leaf of o-tA^toi/ comp.; 7. 1. 2-3. time of sowing and germination ; 7. 1. 6. germination; 7. 1. 7. bears fruit in second year ; 7. 2. 2. root makes offsets; 7. 2. 5. root described ; 7. 2. 8, do.; 7. 3. 4-5. methods of sow- ing and transplanting ; 7. 4. 6. kinds distinguished ; 7. 5. 3. bears transplanting ; 7.6.3. wild

forms ('nnroa'ekivov, eAeiocre'Aivoi',

opeioo-e'Ati/oi') distinguished.

CTeAti/ov TO eAetov (= t'Aeiowe'Aii'Oj'),

marsh celery, Apium graveo- lens 4. 8. 1. in list of marsh plants;

9. 11. 1. leaf of Ai/Sa^toTis 17 *dp-

Trifxos comp. o-eo-eAt, hart wort, Tordylium offi,-

cinale

9. 15. 5. an Arcadian drug. o-Tj/uuSa (?), Judas-tree, Cercis Sili-

quastrum 3. 14. '4. described ; 5. 7. 7. (?)

wood used for walking-sticks.

475


INDEX OF PLANTS


<rrj<ra.fj.ov (seed

Sesamum indicum 1.11.2. seed-vessel; 3.13.6. seeds of berry of a/crrj comp.; 3.18.13. fruit of eucow/aos comp.; 4.8.14. size of fruit of an unnamed Egyptian plant (see App. (20)) comp.; 6. 5. 3. seed of a kind of Tpij3oA.o? comp.; 8.1.1. in list of 'summer crops' distinct from cereals and pulses ; 8. 1. 4. sown later than cereals and pulses; 8 2. 6. time of maturing seed ; 8.3. 1. leaf; 8. 3.2. stem; 8.3.3. flower ; 8. 3. 4. seed abundant ; 8. 5. 1. a white kind, which is the sweetest; 8. 5. 2. seeds in compartments; 8. 6. 1. rain not beneficial after sowing; 8. 7. 3. not eaten green by any animal: epvo-ipov comp.: sown at same time as opjuuvov ; 8. 9. 3. exhausts the soil ; 9. 9. 2. fruit of eAA.e'/3opos comp.; 9. 14. 4. do.

0-1817, waterlily, Nymphaea alba 4. 10. 1-2. in list of plants of Lake Copais ; 4. 10. 3-4. de- scribed : size of fruit of /Sovro/xo? comp. (to seed of a-.); 4. 10. 6. grows only in water ; 4. 10. 7. part used for food.

criKva, bottle-gourd, Lagenaria vul-

garis

1. 11. 4. seeds in a row; 1. 13. 3. flower attached above fruit; 7. 2. 9. root described ; 7. 3. 5. takes shape of vessel in which it is grown.

o-tKvo? (O-CKVOV), cucumber, Cucumis

sativus

1. 10. 10. fruit made of flesh and fibre; 1. 12. 2. taste of sap; 1. 13. 3. flower attached above fruit; 1. 13. 4. some flowers sterile; 2. 7. 5. use of dust; 7. 1. 2-3. time of sowing and germination ; 7. 1. 6. germina- tion ; 7. 2. 9. root described; 7. 3. 1. long in flower; flower described; 7. 3. 5. effect of soaking seed in milk; 7. 4. 1. several kinds ; 7. 4. 6. do. viz. AaKcopuco?, ovcvTaAia?, Boiamos ; 7. 5. 2. said to dislike rain- water; 7. 5 3. bears trans-

476


planting ; 7. 5. 5. seed does not keep well; 7. 5. 6. seed not liable to pests ; 7. 13. 1. leaf of

apov COmp. O-I'KVOS 6 a-ypios, (drug eXar^piov

9. 9. 4.), squirting cucumber, Ecballium Elaterium 4. 5. 1. in list of Northern plants ; 7. 6. 4. quite distinct from cul- tivated o-.; 7. 8. 1. stem ' on the ground' ; 9. 9. 4. medicinal use : eAar^pioi/ made from seed ; 9. 4. 1-2. how long drug will keep: conditions; 9. 15. 6. grows in Arcadia.

aikfyiov (leaf ^da-irerov 6. 3. 1), (seed $v'AAov, /ua-yv'Sapis 6. 3. 4), sil-

phium, Ferula tingitana 1. 6. 12. root most characteristic part ; 3. 1. 6. comes up spon- taneously; 3. 2. 1. fruits better in wild state ; 4. 3. 1. grows in Cyrenaica; 4. 3. 7. considera- tion postponed ; 6. 3. 1-2. de- scribed : belongs to ' ferula- like' plants : rules as to cutting and treatment; 6. 3. 3. distri- bution ; 6. 3. 4-6. another ac- count, inconsistent in some points ; 6.5.2. grows in mountain country; 7. 3. 2. seeds of aSpd- $avs comp.; 9. 1. 3. stem and root produce a gum; 9. 1.4. gum pungent; 9. 1. 7. time of tapping : details about juices of stem and root.

o-Lo-ufj.ftpi.ov, bergamot-mint, Mentha

aguatica

1.3.1. (?) a typical ' under-shrub'; 2. 1. 3. propagation ; 2. 4. 1. turns into v-ivOri, unless often transplanted ; 6. 1. 1. in list of under-shrubs ; 6. 6. 2. a culti- vated under-shrub ; a coronary plant : the whole plant scented ; 6. 6. 3. woody : only one form ; 6. 7. 2. said by some to have no fruit : but the wild form cer- tainly seeds ; 6. 7. 4. roots de- scribed ; 6. 7. 6. cultivation ; 9. 16. 3. leaf of SiKTa.fj.vov (erepov) comp.

<rt(rvpijx<.ov, Barbary nut, Iris

Sisyrinchium 1. 10. 7. attachment of leaves;


INDEX OF PLANTS


7. 13. 9 (in defective sentence) belongs to ra /3oAj3w6rj : peculiar growth of root: upper part edible.

(TKaAux?, Sf /ca/cTo? (2).

<rKaju.ju.toi'ia, scainmony, Convolvulus

Scammonia

4. 5. 1. seeks cold regions ; 9. 1. 3. root produces a gum ; 9. 1. 4. gum has medicinal properties ; 9. 9. 1. root and juice used; 9. 20. 5. juice only used.

o-KavSig, wild chervil, Scandix Pec-

ten-Veneris

7.7.1. a Aaxewoi/ ; a class of plants called <TKavSiKuSr) ; 7. 8. 1. stem 'on the ground.'

o-Kt'AAa, squill, Urginea maritima 1. 6. 7. -root in scales; 1. 6. 8. root fleshy and bark -like : root not tapering; 1. 6. 9. no side roots; 1. 10. 7. no leaf -stalk : attachment of leaves ; 2. 5. 5. cuttings of crv/crj etc. set in the bulb, of a-.; 7. 2. 2. root makes offsets; 7. 4. 12. formation of roots of Kponvov comp.; 7. 9. 4., cf. 1.6.7.; 7.12.1. root edible (of the kind called ^ 'ETrtjaevt'Setos) (see below) ; 7. 13. 1. leaves de- scribed : 7. 13. 2. flower-stem not the only stem ; 7. 13. 3. ' successive ' flowering of d<r</>6- fieAos comp. ; 7. 13. 4. very tenacious of life : hence various uses : use as a charm ; 7.13.5-7. stem appears before leaves: sequence described and comp. with that of yap/cto-cros (1) ; 9. 18. 3. leaf of opx i comp.

<ra'AAa r) 'ETTijuepiSetos, French spar- row-grass, Ornithogalum pyren- aicum 7. 12. 1. see above.

o-KoAujoios ( = ? Aeijuwi'ia 6.4.3.), golden

thistle, Scolymus hispanicus 6. 4. 3. a 'thistle-like* plant: leaves spinous ; 6. 4. 4. time of flowering ; 6. 4. 7. described ;

7. 4. 5. leaf Of 9piSaicivr) ^ Aa/cw-

vi/crj comp.; 7. 10. 1. grows and flowers entirely in summer; 7. 15. 1. flowering depends on the heavenly bodies; 9. 12. 1.

leaf Of \a/x(uAeW 6 Aevxo? COinp.J


9. 13. 4. an unnamed plant of Tegea comp.

o-KoAoVevSpoi', hart's tongue, Scolo-

pendrium vulgare 9. 18. 7. leaf of fifjuoviov comp.

o-KopoSov (a-KopSov), garlic, Allium

sativum

1. 6. 9. no side-roots ; 1. 10. 7. attachment of leaves ; 7. 1. 7. stem single; 7. 2. 1. propaga- tion; 7. 2. 3. offsets specially numerous; 7. 4. 1. several kinds ; 7. 4. 7. do.; 7. 4. 11. do.; e.g. TO KvTTpiov : cultivation etc.; 7. 4. 12. formation of roots of Kpo^vov contrasted ; 7. 8. 2. stem smooth, not branched; 7. 13. 4. grows in colonies be- cause of offsets ; 9. 8. 6. eaten as precaution by diggers of

eAAe/3opos.

(r/cop7ri'os (1), Genista, acanthoclada 6. 1. 3. has spines for leaves;

6. 4. 1. one of very few plants

which are altogether spinous;

6. 4. 2. described. o-KopTi-i'os (2), leopard 's bane, Doro-

nicum cordatum 9. 13. 6. peculiar shape, resembles

scorpion, and is useful against

its sting.

<T/cop7ri'os (3) (? crKoptriov) (= O.KOVLTOV


wolf's bane, Aconitum Anthora 9. 18. 2. properties : habitat : fatal to scorpion.

VKvOiKr, (= yAv/ceZa, SC. pi'a 9.13.2.),

liquorice, Glycyrrhiza glabra 9. 13. 2. fragrant : grows on Lake

Maiotis : medicinal use : use

against thirst. o>uAa (1), holm-oak, Quercus Ilex

typica

3. 16. 2, described. o>ieAa (?) (2) ( = /a?Aa), smilax, Smi-

Inx aspera 3. 18. 11-12. described; 7.8.1.

stem clasping. a-fjLvpva (gum 0-fj.vpva. 9. 1. 2.), myrrh,

Balsamodendron Myrrha 4.4.12. gum of an Arian aKavOa (see

App. (9)) comp. ; 4. 4. 14. in list

of Oriental dpw/aara ; 9. 1. 2. sap

gummy (called ff^vpva.) ; 9. 1. 6

time of tapping ; 9. 4. 1. collec-

477


INDEX OF PLANTS


tion of gum; 9. 4. 2. Arabian : habitat ; 9. 4. 3. described (two accounts) ; 9. 4. 4-10. accounts of travellers ; 9. 7. 3. in list of

a-oyKos, sow-thistle, SonchusNymani 4.6.10. growth of folvii- (2) comp.; 6. 4. 3. a 'thistle-like' plant, but has not the characteristic ' head ' of such plants ; 6. 4. 5. stalk of a kind of a<caj>o? comp.;

6. 4. 8. root.

o-7j-aAa (?) (= e<|>rj/j.epoi>), meadow saffron, Colchicum parnassicum 1. 6. 11. large fleshy roots. o-Treipeua, privet, Ligustrum vulgare 1.14.2. bears fruit at top ; 6. 1. 4. a spineless wild under-shrub.

((nroyyia, Sponge

4. 6. 5. found on North Coast of

Crete; 4. 6. 10. distinguished

from ' plants.') a-TroSias ( = jrpovjuvij), bullace, Primus

insititia 3. 6. 4. very shallow rooting : few

roots.

crTeAe'(|>ovpos (= apv6y\b)o~o'ov 7. 11. 2.

according to some) (= op

7. 11. 2. according to some), plantain, Plantago Lagopus

orot/3>7 (=(f>ews 6. 1. 3.), Poterium S2)inosum

1. 10. 4. leaves fleshy; 6. 1. 3. has leaves as well as spines : a wild under-shrub ; 6. 5. 1. in list of such plants ; 6. 5. 2. has no spines on the leaves.

crrpovBiov (1) = (nvotavios) , quince, Cudonin vulgaris

2. 2. 5. seed produces KU&OI/IOS. o-rpov0iov (2) ( = orpovtfo?), soap-wort,

Saponaria officinalis

6. 4. 3. a 'thistle-like' plant, but has not the characteristic ' head ' of such plants; 6. 8. 3. a coro- nary plant : flowering time : scentless.

o-Tpoi)#os ( = o-rpov6iov (2)),soap-wort,

Saponaria officinalis 9. 12. 5. leaf of /x^/cwi/ 17 'Hpa/cAeia

comp.

7. 15. 4. several plants called by this name, which have nothing in common but the name : three

478


mentioned (see below) ; 9.11. 5-6. kinds (see below) ; 9. 15. 5. two kinds grow in Arcadia.

orpuxi'os o eSoifiijuos, garden night- shade, Solanum nigrum 3. 18. 11. fruit of o>uA.a (2) comp.; 7. 7. 2. a K6.xa.vov : can be eaten raw ; 7. 15. 4. more or less cultivated : has berries.

ffrpvxvos 6 /utamKOs (= 0pi;opo? 911 6. = TrepiTTos 9.11.6) thorn-apple. Datura Stramonium 7. 15. 4. causes madness, or, in a large dose, death; 9. 11. 6. de- scribed : medicinal use ; 9. 19. 1. effect on ' mind.'

aTpvxyos 6 inrviaSr)-; , Withania somni-

fera

7. 15. 4. induces sleep; 9. 11. 5. described : medicinal use : habi- tat.

<7Tu'pa, stprax, Storax officinalis

9. 7. 3. in list Of apco/mara.

a-vKa.fj.ivo';, mulberry, Morus nigra 1. 6. 1. core hard and close : 1. 9. 7. time of leafing; 1. 10. 10. fruit made of fibre and skin; 1. 12. 1. taste of fruit; 1. 13. 1. flower ' downy' ; 1. 13. 4. attach- ment of flower ; 5. 3. 4. charac- ter of wood; 5. 4. 2. do.: wood little liable to decay: turns black when old ; 5. 6. 2. wood tough and easy to bend : uses; 5. 7. 3. wood used for bent- wood work: use in ship- building.

{rvKa/Juvo'; 17 Aiyvirria, sycamore

Ficus Sycamorus 1.1.7. position of fruit ; 1. 13. 2.

bears on stem ; 4. 1. 5. barren

in uncongenial climate ; 4.2.1-2.

peculiar to Egypt : described ;

4. 2. 4. KepoWa distinguished. <ruaj (1) (fruit <TVKov), fig, Ficus

Carica 1. 3. 1. a typical 'tree'; 1. 3. 5.

evergreen at Elephantine ; 1.5.1.

crooked and low; 1. 5. 2. bark

smooth : bark in one layer ;

1. 5. 3. wood fleshy; 1. 5. 3.

wood not fibrous ; 1. 6. 1. core

fleshy ; 1. 6. 3. roots many and

long; 1. 6. 4. roots crooked;

1.7 2. roots very long ; 1.8.1.


INDEX OF PLANTS


no knots ; 1. 8. 2. has less knots than epii/eos; 1. 8. 5. young branches 'roughest'; 1.9. 7. time of shedding leaves; 1. 10. 4. leaves broad; 1. 10. 5. leaf divided : etc.; 1. 10. 8. leaves made of ' bark ' and flesh ; 1. 11. 4. seeds all together in a single case; 1. 11. 6. arrangement of seeds; 1. 12. 1. taste of fruit; 1. 12. 2. taste of sap ; 1. 14. 1. bears on new shoots : some- times also on old wood (?);

1. 14. 4. cultivated form of epifeo? : many cultivated forms ;

2. 1. 2. propagation; 2. 2. 4. degenerates from seed: etc.; 2. 2. 12. cannot be made out of epiveos by cultivation ; 2. 3. 1. sometimes changes to epii/eos spontaneously ; 2. 3. 3. sometimes bears fruit from be- hind the leaves : other anoma- lies; 2. 5. 3. grafting; 2. 5. 4 ; propagation; 2. 5. 5. cuttings set in a bulb of ovaAAi? ; 2. 5. 6. easily propagated : trees should be planted far apart ; 2. 5. 7. low ground suitable ; 2. 6. 6. dates said to vary as much as figs in colour etc.; 2. 6. 12. cuttings set upside down; 2. 7. 1. effects of watering ;

2. 7. 5. use of dust; 2. 7. 6. root-pruning etc.; 2.8 1. apt to shed immature fruit : capriflca- tion; 2.8.2-4. do. and pseudo- caprification ; 3. 3. 8. sheds epii/a ; 3. 4. 2. time of budding;

3. 5. 4. autumn budding ; 3. 6. 2. formation of buds; 3. 7. 3. produces epiva and o\wOoi ; [3. 17. 4. a local Idaean kind (see below); 3. 17. 5. do. de- scribed ;] 4. 2. 3. taste of fruit of <r. T/ Kvn-pux comp.; 4. 4. 4. fruit of T] eru/aj 'Ii/fiiKr} comp.; 4. 5. 3. grows well in Pontus with shel- ter ; 4. 7. 7. size of marine trees of island ot'Tylos comp.; 4.13.1. shorter - lived than epii/eds ; 4. 13. 2. short-lived ; 4. 14. 2. apt to get worm-eaten : young plants liable to 'sunscorch';

4. 14. 3. destroyed by 'worms'


which breed in it: gets scab in some regions; 4. 14. 4-5. other diseases; 4. 14.8. effects on fruit of rain and drought; 4. 14. 10. infested by Jcnips; 4. 14. 12. suffers most from special winds ; 4. 15. 2. survives stripping of bark for some time ; 4. 15. 2. instance of bark grow- ing again; 4. 16. 1. survives splitting of stem; 5. 3. 3. char- acter of wood; 5. 6. 1. wood strong only against a vertical strain ; 5. 9. 5. wood makes pungent smoke ; 5. 9. 6. wood good for kindling furnaces ; 7. 13. 2. root of d<r$6SeA.os eaten with figs.

<rv(CTJ (2) q AiyvTTTio. (= *cepcoi/ia 1.11.2.), carob , Ceratonia Siliqua

(rvKTJ (3) 17 'ISaia (fruit O-VKOV), Ame- lanchier vulgaris

3. 17. 4-5. described.

erv/crj (4) 17 'IvSnoj, banyan, Ficus bengalensis

1. 7. 3. roots again from branches ; 4. 4. 4-5. described.

o-v/cTJ (5) 17 KvTrpia, sycamore, Ficus Sycamorus var.

4. 2. 3. described.

avK-r) (6) 17 AaKwvi/cTJ, Ficus Carica var.

2. 7. 1. water-loving; 2. 8. 1. caprification not used.

a-vKfi (7) (TJ 'Apa|3i/o?), Ficus Carica

var.?

4. 7. 8. an evergreen Arabian kind. (O-UKT) (8) (? an alcyonidian polyp) 4. 6. 2. peculiar to certain waters ;

4. 6. 9. described). <r<aKos, sage, Salvia calycina 6. 1. 4. a spineless wild under- shrub; 6. 2. 5. like cultivated eAeAiV^aKos : leaf of one kind of

irpaviov comp.

cr<f>eV5a/Ai'os, maple, Acer monspes- snlanum

3. 3. 1. a tree of mountain and

Klain ; 3. 3. 8 doubt whether it as a flower ; 3. 4. 4. time of fruiting ; 3. 6. 1. slow-grow- ing (?) ; 3. 6. 5. roots shallow and few according to Arcadians; 3. 11. 1-2. described; 5. 1. 2. time of cutting timber ; 5. 1. 4.

479


INDEX OF PLANTS


do.; 5. 3. 3. character of tim- ber ; 5. 7. 6. uses of wood.

xtvos (fruit (Txivt? 9.4.7.), mastich, Pistacia Lentiscus

9. 1. 2. produces a gum ; 9. 4. 7.


mp. by some. , Ju


^

erxoiVos (1), rush, Juncus spp. etc. 1. 5. 3. not jointed ; 1. 8. 1. no

knots ; 4. 8. 1. in list of TO.

AoxMJ<fy J 4. 12. 1-3. kinds dis-

tinguished. o-xoiyos (2) (6 euwSTjs ?), ginger-grass,

Cymbopogon Schoenanthus 9. 7. 1. habitat (E. of Lebanon) :

described : fragrance ; 9. 7. 3.

in list Of apwjmaTtt.

crxoivos (3) 6 Ka.pTTLfj.oy, (== jmeAay/cpa- vis, 4.12.1.), bog-rush, Schoenus nigricans

4. 12. 1-3. described. o-xoti'os (4) 6 oAocrxoico?, Scirpus

Holoschoenus

4. 12. 2. described ; 9 12. 1. used for stringing pieces of x a f jia '-^< a v

6 AevKO?. a-xou'o? (5) 6 6v?, luncus acutus

4. 12. 1-2. described. trxotvos (6)

4.7. 3. stone 'axoiVoi' in 'Red Sea.')


), terebinth, Pis- tacia Terebinthus 1. 9. 3. evergreen (wild form); 3. 2. 6. characteristic of Syria ; 3. 3. 1. a mountain tree ; 3. 3. 3. evergreen ; 3. 4. 2. time of bud- ding ; 3. 4. 4. time of fruiting ; 3. 15. 3-4. described ; 4. 4. 7. T. y 'IJ/SKOJ comp.; 4. 16. 1-2. not injured by cutting for resin ; 5.3.2. character of wood : uses ; 5. 7. 7. fruit and resin useful, wood not used in crafts ; 9. 1. 2. sap gummy ; 9. 1. 6. time of tapping; 9. 2. 1. method of tapping ; 9. 2. 2. produces best resin (PTJTU/IJ) ; 9. 2. 2. said to be burnt for pitch (TTLTTO) in Syria: cf. 3. 2. 6.; 9. 3. 4. method of preparing pitch in Syria ; 9. 4. 7. ar^vpva. comp. by some ; 9. 4. 8. some say

= T. ; 9. 5. 1. fruit Of

comp.


rerpayiavia., Euoni/muS latifolillS

3. 4. 2. time of budding ; 3. 4. 6j

time of fruiting. TerpaAi, yellow star-thistle, Cen~

taurea solstitialis 6. 4. 4. a 'thistle-like' plant:

time of growing.


7. 7. 2. a Aaxowo" ; needs cooking.

Tevr\ov (revT\iov) ',= TeOrAis, beet,

Seta maritima

1. 3. 2. becomes large in cultiva- tion ; 1.5.3. stem fleshy; 1.6.6. root single, but with large side- growths ; 1. 6. 7. root fleshy; 1. 9. 2., cf. 1. 3. 2; 1. 10. 4. leaves fleshy ; 7. 1. 2-3. time of sowing and germination ; 7.1.5. do.; 7. 1. 6. germination ; 7.2.2 root makes offsets; 7. 2. 5-6. root described ; 7. 2. 7. root of \d.TraOov comp.; 7. 2. 8. root; 7. 3. 2. seeds; 7. 4. 1. several kinds; 7. 4. 4. two kinds, TO

\evKOv (SiKeXiKov) and TO /ae'Aav;

7. 5. 5. seed keeps well. TijA.1? ( = 0ovKe'pa S ), fenugreek, 2Vi0o-

neZ/a Foenum-graecum 3. 17. 2. leaf Of /coAouTea (xoAoiTia (1) comp.

Ti0v'/u.aAAos (produces i7r7ro</)ae? ?

9. 15. 6. see note) (= H^KUVLOV 9. 8. 2.), spurge, Euphorbia Peplus etc.

9. 8. 2. juice of stalk, how col- lected; 9. 11. 1. several kinds; 9. 11. 5. do.; leaf of o-Tpvxvo? 6 virvu)Sr]<; comp.; 9. 11. 7-9. kinds (see below) ; 9. 15. 6. Arcadian : localities. TiOvfj.a\\o<; 6 apptjv, Euphorbia Sib-

thorpii

9. 11. 8. described: medicinal use.

Tt&VaAAos 6 /xvpTtTrj? (fruit Kapvov

9. 11 9.). Euphorbia Myrsinites 9. 11. 9. described : habitat : time of gathering : medicinal use.

Tt0v/aaAAo? 6 TrapdAtos, sea-Spurge,

Euphorbia Paralias 9. 11. 7. described: medicinal

use. TI'^TJ, one-seeded wheat, Tvilicum

monococcum 1. 6. 5. roots numerous; 2. 4. 1.


480


INDEX OF PLANTS


seed, unless bruised, produces nvpog ; 8. 1. 1. in list of cereals ; 8. 1. 3. sown early; 8. 2. 1. ger- mination described ; 8. 2. 6. time of ripening seed ; 8. 4. 1. comp. in detail with other cereals; 8. 8. 3. r. and geid only plants which can change into something quite different (cf. 2. 4. 1.) ; 8. 9 2. exhausts the soil less than any other cereal : reason : likes light soil : T. and etd the cereals most like

TTUpOS.

Ttyvov, autumn squill, Scilla autum-

nalis 7. 13. 7. flower appears before

leaves and stem. rpayanavQa. (I), tragacanth, Astra-

galus creticus

9. 1. 3. produces a gum : now known to grow not only in Crete (see r. (2)) ; 9. 8. 2. no cutting needed to collect gum. Tpa.-yaKo.v6a (2), tragacanth, Astra- galas Parnassi

9. 15. 8. abundant in Achaia and not inferior to the T. of Crete.

TpayoTTiay<ai> (= KOJU.TJ 7. 7. 1.) goat's

beard , Tragopogon porrifolius 7. 1. 1. described : a kdxa-vov. rpi'jSoAos (1), caltrop, Tribulus ter- restris

3. 1. 6 comes up spontaneously in damp places; 6. 1. 3. has leaves as well as spines: has spines on the fruit- vessel :

6. 5. 3. distinguished from rpi- /SoAos (2) ; 7. 8. 1. stem ' on the ground'; 8. 7. 2. (as a weed) destroyed by epefiivOos.

rptjSoAos (2), caltrop, Fagonia cretica 6. 1. 3. has leaves as well as spines; 6. 4. 1. do.; 6. 5. 1. in list of such plants ; 6. 5. 3. dis- tinguished from rpi/SoAos (1); grows near enclosures.

rpi'/SoAos (3), water chestnut, Trapa natans

4. 9. 1-3. described. TptTi-oAioi' (?), Aster Tripolium

9. 19. 2. use as charm.

rpixo/xai'e's (? = a&Lavrov TO \evKov)

7. 14. 1., English maidenhair, Asplenium Trichomanes


THEOPH. VOL. II.


<i>r), bulrush, Typha anyustata 1. 5. 3. not jointed; 1. 8. 1. no knots ; 4. 10. 1. in list of plants of Lake Copais; 4. 10. 5. de- scribed ; 4. 10. 6. grows both on land and in water : some doubt this ; 4.10.7. part used for food .

aKwOos T] aypia, Scilla blfolia

6. 8. 1-2, flowering time. aKiv0os y cmapTri, larkspur, Del-

phinium Ajacis 6. 8. 2. flowering time : flower of

7r60os (1) comp. Svov, truffle, Tuber cibarium 1. 1. 11. has not all the ' parts' of a plant ; 1. 6. 5. no roots ; 1. 6. 9. underground. TToxoipi's, cat's ear, Hypochoeris

radicata

7; 7. 1. a Aax<woi/; classed aa ' chicory-like ' from its leaves ; 7. 11. 4. growth contrasted with


, mistletoe, Viscum album 3. 16. 1. grows on Trpit/os.

(/>a*6s, lentil, Ervum Lens

2. 4. 2. seed sown in dung ; 3. 15, 3. fruit of rep/at vGos comp.; 3.17.2. size of fruit of /coAotrta (1) comp.; 3. 18. 5. arrangement of fruit of povs cornp.; 4. 4. 9. not found in India ; 4. 4. 10. a so-called 0. in India; 8. 1. 4. sown late; 8.3.2. stem; 8. 3. 4. seed; 8. 5. 1. several kinds ; white form sweetest ; 8. 5. 2. seeds com- paratively few ; 8. 5. 3. shape of pod ; 8. 8. 3. apa/co? grows specially among <!>.; 8. 8. 4. so also anapiv-n ; 8. 8. 6. causes etc. of 0. becoming 'cookable' or ' uncookable.'

(fxicryavov ( = i<f>i,ov = t'$os 7. 13. 1.),

corn-flag, Gladiolus segetum 7. 12. 3. use of root in food : root described; 7. 13. 1. leaves de- scribed ; 7. 13. 4. grown from seed. <t>a.a-Ko<;, tree-moss, Usnea barbata

3. 8. 6. borne only on at-yt'Awv// (1). 4>eAA6Spvs (= dpt'a 3. 16. 3.), holm-

oak, Quercus Ilex var. agrifolia 1. 9. 3. evergreen; 3. 3. 3. do.;


481


I l


INDEX OF PLANTS


3. 16. 3. described: called ipia by Dorians.

0eAA6 s , (?= tyos c/. Plin. 16. 98.),

cork-oak, Quercus Suber 1. 2. 7. bark; 1. 5. 2. bark rough and fleshy; 1. 5. 4. wood light; 3. 17. 1. grows in Tyrrhenia : described; 4. 15. 1. is the stronger for having its bark stripped ; 5. 3. 6. wood of $o!Vi (1) comp.

<es (= o~7-o<./3>7 6. 1. 3.), Poterium spinosum.

<^7jy6? (= Spvs T] aypia), Valonia oak,

Quercus Aegilops

3. 3. 1. a mountain tree; 3. 4. 2. time of budding ; 3. 6. 1. slow- growing (?) ; 3. 8. 2. one of the five ' Idaean ' kinds of oak : de- scribed : fruit ; 3. 8. 3-4. acorns ; 3. 8. 4. timber; 3. 8. 7. one of the four ' Macedonian ' kinds of oak; 4. 13. 2. ancient trees at Ilium; 5. 1. 2. time of cutting timber.

</>iA.v*7], alaternus, Rhamnus Ala-

ternus

1. 9. 3. evergreen ; 3. 3. 1. a moun- tain tree; 3. 3. 3. evergreen; 3. 4. 2. time of budding ; 3. 4. 4. time of fruiting ; 5. 6. 2. easiest wood for turning.

<iAvpa( = 4>L\vpa y) 0TjAeta), lime (or

silver lime), Tilia platyphyllos, (or tomentosa)

1. 5. 2. bark thin : bark in layers ; 1. 5. 5. wood pliable ; 1. 10. 1. leaves inverted in summer; 1. 12. 4. leaves, but not fruit, eaten by animals ; 3. 3. 1. a mountain tree ; 3. 4. 2. time of budding ; 3. 4. 6. time of fruit- ing : fruit inedible ; 3. 5. 5-6. winter-buds; 3. 10. 4-5. de- scribed: 'male* and 'female* forms distinguished (see below) ; 3. 11. 1. bark of or(/>eVfia^.vos comp.; 3. 13. 1. bark of Kepaa-os comp.; 3. 13. 3. grows where /ce'paoro? grows ; 3. 17. 5. leaf of /oj }] 'iSaia comp.; 4.4.1. hard to grow in Babylon ; 4. 5. 1. in list of Northern trees ; 4. 8. 1. grows partially in water ; 4.15.1. outer bark can be stripped;


4. 15. 2. survives stripping of bark for some time; 5. 1. 2. time of cutting timber ; 5.1.4. do.; 5. 3. 3. character of wood ;

5. 5. 1. wood easy to work; blunts tools ; 5. 6. 2. wood soft and easy to work ; 5.7.5. various uses of wood and bark ; 5. 9. 7. wood used for fire-sticks.

</>i'Avpa 17 apprjv (= <|>iAipea), mock-

privet, Phillyrea media 3, 10. 4-5. distinguished from <f>. y


<f>i\vpa -f) 0ijAeia (= $t'Avpa), silver-

lime, Tilia tomentosa 3. 10. 4-5. distinguished from <. 17

app>jv.

<iAvpe'a., mock-privet, Phillyrea

media 1. 9. 3. evergreen; 3. 4. 6. (?)

time of fruiting.

$Aew (</>Aee5s), Erianthus Ravennae 4.8.1. in list of ra AOXM^ ; 4.10.1.

in list of plants of Lake Copais ;

4. 10. 4. described; 4. 10. 6.

grows both on land and in

water; grows on the floating

islands of Lake Copais ; 4. 10. 7.

part used for food; 4. 11. 12.

foliage of some xaAa/aoi comp. $A6y ivov ( = <A6f ), wall-flower, Cheir-

anthus Cheiri 6. 8. 1-2, a coronary plant:

flowering time. $A6/A05 r/ /xeAatva, mullein, Verbascum

sinuatum

9. 12. 3. leaf of ^K^V r) /cepcmTis

comp.

<A6f ( = tfr\6yivov), wall-flower,

Cheiranthus Cheiri 6. 6. 2. a cultivated under-shrub ; a coronary plant: scentless; 6. 6. 11. grown from seed.

(j>olvitj(l), date-palm, Phoenix dacty-

lifera

1. 2. 7. 'flesh' turns to wood; 1. 4. 3. (?) tolerant of sea-water ; 1. 5. 1. few branches; 1. 5. 2. rough bark ; 1. 5. 3 wopd fibrous; 1.6.2. core not dis- tinguishable ; 1. 9. 1. growth chiefly upwards; 1. 9. 3. ever- green; 1. 10. 5. reedy leaves; 1.11.1. seed immediately within envelope : envelope not single ;


482


INDEX OF PLANTS


1. 11. 3. seed solid and 'dry' throughout; 1. 13 5. 'male* only flowers; 1.14.2. bears fruit at top; 2. 2. 2. propagation;

2. 2. 6 seeds come true ; 2. 2. 8. effect of locality ; 2.2.10. effects of climate ; 2. 6. 1. propagation from fruit ; 2. 6. 2. propagation from 'head'; 2. 6. 3. cultiva- tion ; 2. 6. 4. do.; 2. 6. 5. culti- vation in Syria; 2. 6. 8. various kinds ; [2. 6. 9. branching kind : see KovKi6<j>opov] ; [2. 6 10. shrubby kind: seeKo^]; 2.6.12. cuttings set upside down ; 2. 8. 1. apt to shed immature fruit; 2. 8. 4. artificial fertilisa- tion ; 3. 3. 5. not fruitful wher- ever it grows; 3. 13. 7. dwarf form (? $. 6 xa-Mo-ippi</7s) ; 4.1.5. c/. 2. 2. 10 ; 4. 2. 7. KovKi6<f>opov comp.; 4. 3. 1. grows in parts of Libya ; 4.3.5. grows well in waterless Libya: salt in soil, water supply ; 4. 3. 7. kept alive by dew in dry regions ; 4. 4. 3. sown in pots; 4.4.13. dangerous to eat unripe dates (in Ged- rosia); 4. 7. 8. occurs on the island of Tylos ; 4. 13. 2. story of the very old <f>. on Delos; 4. 14. 8. if topped, becomes barren, but is not destroyed; 4. 15. 2. survives stripping of bark; 5. 3. 6. character of wood : used for images ; 5. 6. 1. wood strong: behaviour under pressure : 5. 9. 4. wood makes a very evil smoke when burnt for charcoal; 6. 4. 11. seed-vessel of /ca/cros (1), when stripped of seeds, comp. to 'brain' of <.; 9. 4. 4. mats in Arabia made of leaves of $.

li>i (2), Nannorhops ritchiana

4. 4. 8. Bactrian.

ii>ig (3), 6 xa/oiaippK^?, dwarf palm,

Chamaerops humilis 2. 6. 11. described ; 3. 13. 7. (?). iVif (4), Callophyllis laciniata 4. 6. 2. peculiar to certain waters ;

4. 6. 10. described. 'os ( = aTpa/cTvXt's 6. 4. 6.), distaff-

thistle, Carthamus lanatus 6. 4. 6. reason for name


(1) TO

4. 6. 2. = TTpao-oi/ (2)), grass- wrack, Posidonia oceanica 4. 6. 2. occurs generally in Greek waters : root described.

(f>VKO<; (2) 6a.vtJ.a.a-rov TO /ue'yeflos, ri-

band-weed, ( = irpda-ov (3)), Laminaria saccharina 4. 6. 4. described : grows in Atlan- tic : washed into Mediterranean ; 4. 7. 1. refers to 4. 6. 4. $VKOS (3) TO novnov

4.6.4. collected by sponge-fishers. $UKOS (4) TO Tptxo</>vAAoj>, Cystoseira

foeniculosa 4. 6. 3. described. <i)/co9 (5), litmus, Roccetta tinctoria

4. 6. 5. Cretan: dye described. <J>VKOS (6), grass-wrack, Cymodocea

nodosa (and Zostera marina) 4. ^ 6. 6. described : comp. to


j, see Trava/ce? (TO 2vptov).

, Carlina corymbosa 6. 4. 3. a ' thistle-like' plant.


3. 18. 4. described.

/iaiSac^, periwinkle, Vinca her- bacea

3. 18. 13. leaf of evoS^vMos comp.

fuuSpvy, germander, Teucriwni Chamaedrys

9. 9. 5. medicinal use : described.

/AcuA.eW, chamaeleou

6. 4. 3. a 'thistle-like' plant, but leaves not spinous (see n. on 6. 4. 8.) ; 6.4.8. flower turns into 'down'; 9. 12. 1-2, kinds (see


eW 6 Aevicos (= aKavOa (9) 9. 12. 1. = a/cai/o? = it'a (2) =

iiVrj), pine-thistle, Atractylis gummifera

9. 12. 1. described : medicinal use : fatal to dogs and pigs: how administered : grows every- where.

a/xcuAeW 6 /ae'Aa?, Cardopatiitm corymbosum

9. 12. 2. described: medicinal use : habitat : fatal to dogs ; 9. 14. 1. how long drug will keep.

483


INDEX OF PLANTS


eAiSoj'ioi', greater celandine, Cheli-

donium mains 7. 15. 1. flowering depends on the

heavenly bodies. wSpvAAa, Chondrilla juncea 7. 7. 1. a \a.\a.vov: classed as

'chicory-like' from its leaves;

7. 11. 4. growth of '

contrasted.


a./Ai'ov, Ballota acetabulosa 9. 16. 2. comp with ^Lura^vov as to appearance and properties : said by some to be only a degene- rate form of SiKTa.fj.vov : method of keeping.

KLfiov, basil, Ocymum basilicum 1. 6. 6-7. root woody; 1. 10. 7.


time of leaf-growth ; 7. 1. 2-3. time of sowing and germina- tion; 7.2.1. propagation; 7.2.4. ?rows again when stem is cut ; . 2. 7-8. root described ; 7.3.1. long in flower; 7. 3. 2-3 seeds described; 7. 3. 4. seed very abundant : seed borne at top ; 7. 4. 1. only one kind; 7. 5. 2. watered at mid-day; 7. 5. 4. effect of hot weather ; 7. 5, 5. seed does not keep well ; 7. 7. 2. leaf of /cdpxopos comp.; 7. 9. 2. flowers borne in succession, c/.

7. 3. 1.; 9. 18. 5. leaf of appcvo- yovov and of 6fi\vyovov comp.

o;, Lathyms Ochrus

8. 1. 3. sown early ; 8. 3. 1. leaf ;

8. 3. 2. stem ; 8. 10. 5. infested by ' worms. '


APPENDIX OF UNNAMED PLANTS


The following plants (arranged in the order of mention) which are described or indicated, but not named, in the Enquiry, seem possible to identify :


1. (ofjioiov T<2 apa/cco), tine-tare, La-

thy rus tuber osus 1.6. 12. root described.

2. (v\i)(j.a I8t.ov TI Trepi Me/x^)ii/), Mi-

mosa asperata 4. 2. 11. described : 'sensitive.'

3. (SevSpov . . , fJLeya.\oKapTrov), Jack-

fruit, Artocarpus integrifolia 4. 4. 5. used for food by Indian


4. ($uAAoi' . . . TOIS TWJ/ crrpovOwv

TTTepots o/xoioi'), banana, Muso,

sapientum ^ 4. 4. 5. described. 0. (/capTrb? (T/coA.i6s ecrOtofjievos Se

yAv/cys), mango, Mangifera in-

aica 4. 4. 5. fruit described: causes

dysentery.

6. (/capTrbs GECKOS rot? (cpaveois), ju- jube, Zizyphus Jujuba 4. 4. 5.


7. (OIJ.OLOV repjouVflw), pistachio-nut,

Pistacia vera 4. 4. 7. described.

8. (6/HOlOC TTJ 6t//l KOL TO jSoUKCpas),

Pkaseolus Mungo 4. 4. 9-10. called by Hellenes <^>a/c6?, and similarly used.

9. (a-KOLvOa e</>' ^? -ytVeTai Sditpvov) ( =

aKavBa. (4) TJ 'IvSiKif)), Balsamo- dendron Mukul

4. 4. 12. grows in Aria : de- scribed.

10. (vArj/Aa rjAiKOr pa</>ai/o?), Asa-

foetida, Scorodosma foetidum 4. 4. 12. described: fatal to horses.

11. (O/AOIOC rfj Sa^vr) </>vAAov exoc), Nerium odorum

4. 4. 13. effect on animals. 12a. (SeVSpa /ae-yaAa), mangrove,

Bruguiera gymnorhiza 4. 7. 4. described.


484


'I


INDEX OF PLANTS


126. (SevSpov <j)v\\ov ex ov ofioiov 77}

Sou^vT)) mangrove, Rhizophora mucronata

4. 7. 4. described (as if identical with 12a.).

13. (jcapTrbs 6/xotos TOI? 0ep/AOis), Aeffi- ceras mains

4. 7. 5, 6, and 7. described.

14. (fieVSpa o^oia 7^7 ai'SpaxAri ( = ci</>i/i} (6) = A.aa (3)), white mangrove, Avicennia officinalis

4. 7. 5. described.

15. (SevBpa. TO avflos e\ovra. ofjiciov Tto

\evKoi<*>) ( = (16)), tamarind, Tamarindus indica 4. 7. 8. grows in the island of Tylos.

16. (SevSpov no\v<j)V\\ov) ( = (15)), tamarind, Tamarindns indica

4. 7. 8. grows in the island of Tylos : opening and closing of flower.

17. (<rvK7j ov ^vAXopoovo-a), Ficus

laccifera

4. 7. 8. grows in the island of Tylos.

18. (o/ocoiov rot? /cpiVots) Ottelia alls- moides

4. 8. 6. Egyptian marsh-plant: habitat and leaves : medicinal


19. (eV TC. yeVo? ei' rats A.i'/uii>ats),

Saccharuvn biflomm 4. 8. 13. use for fodder.

20. (ye'i/os Trapa<f)v6iJ.evov cv r<a trtTw),

Corchorus trilocularis

4. 8. 14. treatment as fodder: fruit described.

21. (SeVSpor), Sissoo-wood, Dalbergia Sissoo

5. 3. 2. wood described : use for making furniture.

22. (vAov), teak, Tectona grandis

5. 4. 7. wood stands sea-water well.

23. (SevSpov), calamander wood, Diospyros quaesita

5. 4. 7. wood described.

24. (O/J.OLOV appoTovy), Artemisia camphorata

6.3.6. properties : effect on sheep.

25. (TO Tjfj vdpu> Trpoo-ejOL^eprj TTJV

ba-^v e'xov), Valeriana Dios- coridis 9. 7. 4. a Thracian apw/xa.

26. (viro<f>voiJ.ei>ov ev6vs en T^S pi'<TJ? Tt5 Kvn-ivfa), broom-rape, Oro- banche versicolor

8. 8. 5. parasitic on KV^IVOV.

27. (pt^aeava-nj^opos), Somali arrow- poison, AcoJcanthera S chimp eri

9. 15. 2. Aethiopian: used for poisoning arrows.


485


KEY TO THE INDEX

L LIST OF PLANTS MENTIONED IN THE ENQUIRY UNDER BOTANICAL NAMES


Abies cephalonica


eAaTT, (1)


Anagallis caerulea


Kopxopos


pectinata


eAaTT) (2)


Anchusa tinctoria


ayxovcra


Acacia albida


a/cflU>0a(l),etC.


Andropogon Ischae-


i<rXO-'M'OS


arabica


aKai/0a(l),etc.


mum



tortilis


a/cav0a (3)


Anemone blanda


a. v e ju. c5 v ij TJ


Acantha arabica


a.Kav6a (7)



opeta


Acer campestre creticum


(vyia.

yAeifO?


coronaria pavonina


a. 17 Aeiju.a>via


monspessulanum pseudo-Platanus Acokanthera Schiin- peri


K\iv6rpo\o^ App. (27)


spp. Anethum graveolens

Anthemis chia


TO?

avOefj.ov, a. TO


Acouitum Anthora


OLKOVLTOV, 6-l]\V-



<|>uAAwSes



<]>Ol>OV, JU.UO-


Antirrhinum Oron-


avTippivov



$OVOV) GKOp-


tium





Apium graveolens


eAeiocre'Aii'OV,


Acorus Calamus


175



<re\ivov, o~. TO eAeto^


Adiantum Capillus-


uSiavTOv, a. TO


Arbutus Andrachne


di/SpaxAjj


Veneris


ueActv


hybrida


Ct<^XpK7J


Aegiceras majus Aegilops ovata


App. (13) at-yiAwi// (2)


Unedo Aristolochia rotunda


KOjixapo?


Ailanthus malabarica


Kt6ju.a/coi>


Artemisia Absinthium


a\l/iv6i.ov


Ajuga Ira


7TTiv71


arborescens


afipoTovov


Allium Cepa and vars.


yrfOvoi', yjjTei-

OV, Kp6fJ*VOV,


camphorata Artocarpus integri-


App. (24) App. (3)



K. TO 0-XIO--


folia




TOV, /cpo/xvo-


Arum italicum


apo^




Arundo Donax


&6va, KttAauo?


nigrum


jitcoAv



o avArjTi/cos


Porrum sativum Alnus glutinosa


Trpacrov (1) o-KopoSov K\ri6pa.


Asparagus acutifolius Asphodelus ramosus


^eto.

dcr^apayos do~<J!)65Ao5, TTO-


Althaea offlcinalis


dAflaia, /xaAa- Xr, 17 dypia


Asplenium Ceterach


t 0os (2)


Amarauthus Blitum


/SXtTOV


Trichomanes


dfiiai'TOf TO


Amelanchier vulgaris


o-u/crj 17 'Ifiai'a



AeuKoi', rpi-


Amomum subulatum


a/iaj/u.oi'



Xo/xai/e?




487


KEY TO THE INDEX


Aster Amellus


acrrepiovcos


Carthamus teucocaulos


KvfjKO 1 ; r) aypt'a


Tripolium



tinctorius


/crrj/cos, K. 17


Astragalus creticus


rpa.ya.Ka.v6a. (1)


TJ/xepo?, > Kpo-


Parnassi Atractylis gummifera


Tpayaoai/0a(2) aKO-vQa. (8), i


KOS 6 axaiA*



aKapo?, lia 1 Castanea vesca


6ios/3aAavo?



(2), livii, j var.


Kapva rj Ev-



ACVKO? Celtis australis


AWTO? (1)


Atriplex Halimus


aAiju-ov Centaurea calcitrapa


Trai'TaSoua'a


rosea


dpa<avs salonitana


Kfvra.vpt.Qv


Atropa Belladonna


jmavSpayopas SOlstitialis


TerpaAt^



(2) Ceratonia Siliqua


nepiavia.


A vena sativa


/3p6/Aos Cerris Siliquastrum


Kepic/s (1) a-vj-


Avicennia offlcinalis


O Ct <p V 7] (v), i




eAaa (3), ! Chamaerops humilis App. (14) ; Cheiranthus Cheiri


0oivif(3)



Chelidonium majus


XeAiSovio'i'


Balanites aegyptiaca Ballota acetabulosa


Q > x Chondrilla juncea a 1 ?* Cicer arietinum

  •  ! Cichorium Intvbus


epe)8tv0os


pseudo-Dictam-


vov SiKTafiivov (ere-


Cinnamomum Cassia iners


Kti/aju.wju.oi/ Kacria


nus Balsamodendron Mu- kul


pov) aKavda (4),

App. (9)


Cistus salvifolius villosus


KLcrOo<; 6 flrjAus KivOos, K. 6


Myrrha Opobalsamum


tTju.vpi'a


Citrus medica


appT^ /xTjAea 17 Ilepert-


Bambusa arundinacea


KaAajmos 6 'Iv-


Clematis vitalba


/f>J (MljSlKTJ)


Beta maritirna Brassica alba


TeurAov vairv


Cnicus Acarna benedictus


axopva /cr/rjKos ^ aypia


cretica Rapa


pa^avos yoyyuAts


Colchicum parnassi-


, (ere'pa)


Bruguiera gymnorhiza Bryonia cretica


App. (12a) f a/u,7reAo5 17 ay-


cum Colocasia antiquorum Colutea arborescens


outyyov KoAvrea


Buxus sempervirens


TTU|OS


Conium maculatum Convolvulus Scam-


^a^Lc'a




monia



Calamintha incana


eAeViof


serium


UUflMVH


Calamogrostis Epi-


/caAa/uio? (CTTI- i CorchoTus trilocularis


App. (20)


geios Callitriche verna


yeios) Cordia Myxa

Ae'/txi>a


AiyuTTTta)


Callitris quadrivalvis Callophyllis laciniata


Bvov Coriandrum sativum <t>olvig (4) Cornus Mas


KopCavvov Kpdveia


Calycotome villosa



sanguinea


Or)\VKpdvei.a


Capparis spinosa Cardopatium corym-


icaTnrapis


Corydalis densiflora Cotoneaster Pyra-



bosum


ae'Aa?


cantha



Carduus arvensis


oLKavOa (2)


Corylus avellana


Kapva


acanthoides


TroAva/cai'6'os


var.


Kapva 17 'Hpa-


Car ex riparia


SOVTOM.OS



Carlina corymbosa


xaA/ceios i Crataegus Heldreichii


/cparaiyos


Carthamus lanatus


aTpa/cTuAts, orientalis


/xeCTTriAvj 17 av



(^Ol-OS


0rjStoi/


488


KEY TO THE INDEX


Crataegus oxyacantha


^eo-n-t'AT] y dv- \ Elettaria Cardamo-


KapSd^nov



0ij6oi'oet8rj? mum



Crepis Columnae Crocus cancellatus sativus


aTtapyia K. o Aeuico? K. b euo(r/xos


Ephedra campylo- poda Erianthus Ravennae


Tel^ 05


spp.


KOOKOC


Erica arborea


e^et/crj


Cucumis sativus


O-IKVOS


Eruca sativa


eufjwju.ov


Cucurbita maxima Cuminum Cyminum Cupressus semper-


KV/AIVOV KUTTaplTTOS


Ervum Lens Eryngium campestre Erythraea Centavf-


rf>aKOS rjpvyyiov Kevravpi?


virens



riuin



Cuscuta europaea


bpopdyxn


Euonymus europaeus


evoirvjaos


Cyclamen graecum Cydonia vulgaris


KvSwviov,


latifolius Euphorbia antiquo-


Terpayaji/ia




rum



Cymbopogon Schoen-


o-xoiVos (2)


Apios


aTrtos (2), l<r-


anthus




X a ?5 p<x<pcti^os


Cymodocea nodosa Cynara Cardunculus


<t>VKO<i (6) KttKTOS (1)


Myrsinites


y bpeia


Scolymus


KdKTOS (2)



/XVpTtTTJ?


Cynodon Dactylon Cyperus auricomus esculentus


a-ypwoTi? 0-api


paralias Peplus


TrapaAios

jU.TJKWVtOl/, TlQv-


longus


fj.vda~i.ov Kinretpos


Sibthorpii


jmaAAos


Papyrus


TTttTTVpOS



apprji/


rotundus


Kvireipov


spp.


lArfKwviov, IT-


Cystoseira Abies ma-


eAarrj (3)



TTo^ews, TI-


rina




^v/xccAAo?


ericoides


SpOs (7)




foeniculosa Cytisus aeolicus


^VKOS (4) KoAoiTia (1)


Fagonia cretica Fagus silvatica


T-pi^oAos (2)


Dalbergia Sissoo


App. (21)


Ferula communis


va.p9-qK.ia., vdp-


Daphne Gnidium


Kveutpov


nodosa


irdva.Ke<; TO


oleoides


Kvetapos 6 Aev-




Datura Stramonium


Opvopov, Trepir-


tingitana Ferulago galbanifera


nd?a



TO?j^ (TTpVX*


Ficus bengalensis


CTVKTJ 17 "IvStioj


Daucus Carota Delphinium Ajacis


vos o ju.ai/t/cos SO.VKOV (1)

UttKlV^O? T)


Carica var.


O-VKTJ (1)

<rvKTf 17 'Apa-


orientale Staphisagria


oTrapny

1T000S (1)


laccifera Sycamorus


App. (17)


Dendrocalamus stric-


xaAa^ios 6 'lv- var>


<rvKTj ^ KvTrpta


tus Diospyros Ebenum


yu*l-t\ Fraxinus excelsior


^ou/xe'Atos


Melanoxylon Dracunculus vulgaris


o ' /o\ (Jrnus Fucus spiralis opa/coi/riov Funsi


a/oiTTeAos (3) MVKT/S


Drypis spinosa


SpVTTlS



Ecballium Elaterium


O-I'KVO; 6 o'yptos Galanthus nivalis


AeuKolov (2)


Echinops spinosus Echium diffusum


pvrpo? Galium Aparine owxetAe's Genista acanthoclada


(T/COpTUOS (1)




489


KEY TO THE INDEX


Gladiolus segetum


fi<ioi>, i$os,


Lagenaria vulgaris


(TiKva.



<}>d(rya.vov


Laminaria saccharina


<f>VKO<; (2)


Glaucium flavum var


/ATj/cwi' 17 Kepct-


Lapidium sativu rn



Serpierii


TtTl?


Lathyrus amphicar-


apa.xi.Sva


Glycyrrhiza glabra


yAvfceia (pia),


pus




^KvOiKYI


Ochrus


U)Yp05


Gossypium arboreum


(SeVSpoi' TO)


sativus


\a0vpos



epiotyopov


tuberosus


App. (1)




Laurus nobilis


8d<}>i>r) (1)




Lavandula spica


ld>vov


Hedera Helix


e'Al, KITTOS


Lavatera arborea


fjia\d X yi (1)


Helichrysum siculum


eAei6xpwros


Lecokia cretica


Ai/SavwTos 17


Heliotropium villo-


T^AtOTpOTTlOV



/cdpTTtjU.0?


sum



Lemna minor


IKjlXTJ


Helleborus cyclo-


eAAe'/3opo?,


Ligustrum vulgare


(TTTeipat'a


phyllus


e. 6 /w.e'Aas


Lilium candidum etc.


KpCvov, npivta-


Herniaria glabra Hippurisvulfiaris


eAAe/Sopijnj ITTVOV


chalcedonicum


via, Aetpiov(l)

KftCvOV TO TTOp-


Hordeum sativum


npt.9ri



<f>vpovi>


and vars.



Martagon


^uepoxaAAe's


Hyphaene thebaica


KOl, KOVKl6<f)O-


Limnanthemum nym-


fi.riva.vOo'S



pov


phoides





Linum usitatissimum


\ivov




Lolium temulentum


aipa


Ilex Aquifolium


jojAaorpos


Lonicera etrusca


K\V(J.VOV


Imperata arundi-


Qpvov


Loranthus europaeus


ifta (1)


nacea



Lupinua alba



Inula flelenium


Trdfa/ce? TO


Lychnis coronaria


Avxvt?



Xeipaii'eioi'


Lycoperdon Bovista


Treats


graveolens


KoVvjja 17 6rj-


giganteum


atrxiov



Aeta




viscosa


Kovv^a r) appijv




spp.


Kovvga


Malabaila aurea


SavKov (2)


Iris foetidissima



Malva silvestris


/aaAdx^j (2)


pallida etc.


Ipis


Mandragora omci-


/aai/fipayopas


Sisyrinchium


tricrupivx 101 '


narum


(1)




Mangifera indica


App. (5)




Marrubium peregri-


irpd<riov


Juglans regia


xapv'a 17 Ilep-


num




O"tKW


Matthiola incana


lov TO AevKoi',


Juncus acutus


o-xoifos 6 o^v's



ttoi/ia (17 Aev-


spp.


O'YOtl'OC



K^), \evKoiov


Juniperus communis


/cefipt's



v (l)


excelsa


Ke'fipos (2)


Matricaria Chamo-


a^e/Ltoi/ TO


foetidissima



milla



phoenicea


apKevGos, Ke-


Medicago arborea


/cvTitros (2)



fipos (3)


sativa


(Troct) w MTJ^IKT?


Oxycedrus



Melissa officinalis


jixeAicro-6(/)vA-



xeSpos



Aoi/




Mentha aquatica


cricrvju/Sptoi'




Pulegium


SAT7YOJ


Laburnum vulgare


KVTIO-OS (1)


viridis


i^fivocr/xov, /xtV-


Lactuca graeca


Ai/3a^a>Ti?



fti


sativa


OplSag


Mercurialis perennis


dppei'6'yoi'oi',


scariola


0piSa.Ki.VT)



0>jAuyoi/ov


49


KEY TO THE INDEX


Mespilus germanica


jixecrTriAyj, fj.e<r-


Orobanche cruenta


al/jLoSotpov


etc.


TriAi) 17 (rara- veios


versicolor Oryza sativa


App. (26) Spvcjbv


Mimosa asperata


App. (2)


Ostrya carpinifolia


OCTTpVCt, O<TTpV?


Mimusops Schimperi


Trepae'a, nep-


Ottelia alismoides


App. (18)



ariov




Musa sapientum


App. (4)


Paeonia offlcinalis


y \vKva-iSfj,


Muscari comosum etc.


/3oA/3o<r



iraiwvia


Myrtus communis



Paliurus australis


TraAi'ovpos




Pancratium mariti-


/3oA/3b? 6 epto-




mum


(topo?


Nannorhops ritchiana Narcissus poeticus serotinus


tfoivif (2) va.pnicra'os (2) Aeipiov (2),


Panicum miliaceum Papaver hybridum Bhoeas


(ceyxpos ju.rj/cwi' 17 poias

fJiT^KCOV f\ /X*



i/apKicrcros(l)



Aati'a


Tazetta


Aeipiot/ (2)


somniferum


/X^KWV (17 OTTai-


spp.


Aeiptoi' (2)



Sr)<;), vriTrev-


Nardostachys Jata-


vdpSov



de's


mansi



spp.


/IMJ/CWV


Nelumbium specio-


KVO/XOS 6 Ai-


Parietaria cretica


dAaiKn


sum


yujTTtos


Petroselinum sativum


6peio<Te'Aii'oi>


Nephrodium Filix-


TTTeptS


Peucedanum ofBci-


7reuce8aj/oi/


mas



nale



Nerium Oleander


od<f>vr) 17 aypi'a,


Phillyrea media


<f)t\vpea



bvoOTJpai;


Phoenix dactylifera


^Oll/lf (1)


odorum


App. (11)


Phragmites commu-


/caAa/xo? 6 x a "


Neslia paniculata Nuphar luteum



nis Pinus brutia


pa/cta? TTITU? rj <f)6eipo-



<f>ttltt



iroio?


Nymphaea alba


o-iot]


halepensis


TTiTus ; see also


stellata


AWTOS (2)



under TTI'TVS





17 aypi'a. ^




Laricio


irevKV) 17 a/cap-


Ocymum basilicum


WKI/U.OV



7TOS, TT. 17


Olea cuspidata


eAaa (2)



0>jAeia, TT. 17


europaea


eAaa(l)



"iSaia


Oleaster


aypte'AaioSj KO-


pinea


jrevKTj ^ i/xe-



TIVOS



POS, 7T. 17 KW-


Ononis antiquorum




vo^opos


Onopordon illyricum Opoponax hispidua


OI/OTTV^OS Travaxeia, tra.i>-


spp. Pimpinella Anisum


Tvt^ov



a*ce? TO 'Hp-


Piper nigrum


Tre'jrept



a/cAetoi/


Pistacia Lentiscus


tTYtVO?


Orchis longicruris



Terebinthus


Tep/xivflos


papilionacea


f)n-VLC


vera


App. (7)


Origanum Dictamnus


8iKTafJ.VOV


Pisum sativum



heracleoticum


opiyavos 17


Plantago Coronopua


KOpWI/OTTOVS



\evK~n


crassifolia


0pvaAAi's


Majorana


afj.dpa.KOv


Lagopus



viride etc.


opiyai/o?, opt-



0OUpO?



< " ^ yai*os 17 jixe-


lanceolata


/CVfCOI/f



Aaiva


major


dpvoyAwtrcrov


Ornithogalum pyre-


CTKiAAa 17 "ETTI-


Platanus orientalis


TrAdtTavos


naicum


1x61/16610?


Polygonum mariti-


nepSiKiov


umbellatum


j3oAu/yj


mum



491


KEY TO THE INDEX


Polygonum Persicaria Polypodium vulgare


/cpaTai'yovos


Ranunculus Ficaria Raphanus Raphani-


(cepct't?, pd<f>a-


Polypogon mouspeli-


dAwn-e/covpos


strum


vos -T) dypia


ensis



sativus


pa<bavi$


Polyporus igniarius


TrtAos


Rhamnus alaternus


$iAv'/crj


Populus nigra


aiyeipos


graeca


pd/oii/os TJ Aev<7


tremula


Jtepicis (2)


oleoides


pd/xi/os 17 fJ-e-


Portulaca oleracea




Aaij/a


Potentilla reptans


Td<JvAA 0l >


spp. Rhizophora mucro-


pd/JLVOS

App. (126)


Poterium spinosum


aroi/Si), </>eios


nata



Prangos ferulacea


imrofJidpaOov,


Rhus Coriaria


pous



(j.ayv8apis


Cotinus


KOKKvyea


Prunus Amygdalus avium


dfjivySaX-fj (cepao"O5, A,a-


Ricinus communis Rosa canina


KpOTtoV

Kvvoppooov



/cdprj


centifolia var.


poou>via


domestica


KOKKVjU/jAea


dumetorum


poSov TO dypiov


insititia


TrpovfJ-vr), CTTTO-


sempervirens


KWOfrBaros



X


Rubus ulmifolius


jSotTos, x a M at/ -


Mahaleb


TTaSos (jTTjSds ')



/Saros


Pteris aquilina


0r)\vTTTepi<;


Roccella tinctoria


<}>VKOS (5)


Puccinia graminis


epvcri/37)


Rumex conglomera-


AaTrafloi' TO ay-


Punica Granatum


poa _


tus


pLOV


var.


poa 17 aTTvprji/os


Patientia


AaTra^os


Pyrethrum Parthe-



Ruscus aculeatus


Kfrrpofj-vppLin],


nium




ut.vdKQ.r9os


Pyrus amygdalifor-


dxpd?


Hypophyllum


odfjtvrj r) 'AAe^-


mis




avSpeia


communis


aTTios (1)


Ruta graveolens


mjyavov


var. Pyraster


oyxv^l




Malus


/nijAea


Saccharum biflorum


App. (19)


vars.


joujAea i) yAu- xeia, ju,. 17


Salix alba amplexicaulis


iTea 17 Aeu/oj iTea 17 jixeAatva



eapivri, p.. 17


cinerea


KoAotTta (2)



o^eia


fragilis


eAi/CTj




spp.


Irea


Quercus Aegilops


Spvs 17 a-ypia,


Salvia calycina


<r</)d/cos



(k-YvyQc


Horminum


opfj.ivov


Cerris


aiytAwi/^ (1),


triloba




ao-Trpij


Sambucus nigra


d/cTe'o?, d/crrj


coccifera


KfliviK


Saponaria oflBcinalis


a-rpovBiov (2),


Ilex typica


0"IJU\.Oi (1)



tTTOOvOoS


var. agrifolia


apta. t^/o?,


Sargassum vulgare Satureia Thymbra


Spvs (8)


infectoria lanuginosa


tuupkW

Spvs 17 TrAarv-


Saussurea Lappa Scandix australis


KOCTTO?



<|)vAAos


Pecten-Veneris


tmavSig


Pseudo-Robur


Spvs 17 aAt-


Schoenus Holoschoe-


crxolvoi; 6 6A6-



<Aoto?, 5. 17


nus


O'YOtVOS




nigricans


/aeAayjcpavi's,


Robur


8pv9, 6. 17 rj/ote-



o-xotvo? 6



pos, erv/ao-



KOtp7TtfXO9



(V I /

opv?, T7/xepts


Scilla autumnalis


Ti<j)VOV



(2)


bifolia


vdicivOos r} dy-


Suber




pia


492




KEY TO THE INDEX


Scolopendrium vul-


o-KoAoTreVSpiov


Trapa natans


Tpt/3oAos (3)


gare



Tribulus terrestris


Tpi'/3oAos (1)


Scolymus hispanicus


Aeijuu>i>ia OTCO-


Trifolium fragiferum


AUTOS (3)



AVJU.OS


Trigonella Foenum-


/3ov/cepas, TJ-


Scorodosma foetidum


App. (10)


graecum


Ais


Securigera Coronilla Sedum anopetalum


TreAe/avos


graeca


AWTO? (5)


Sempervivum tec-


aeujtooi'


Triticum dicoccum


feta, oAupa


torum



monococcum


Tl<b-n


Senecio vulgaris


ripiyepwv


vulgare


7TVp6?


Sesamum indicum


cnjcrajLtov


vars.


7TVPO9


Setaria italica


e'Av/uos, /ue'Ai-


Tuber aestivum


Kepauaviov



vo?


cibarium


vSvov


Silene venosa


'Hpa/cAet'a, /U.TJ-


Typha angustata


TV<f>1]



Ku>v T) 'Hpa-




Silybum marianum Sniilax aspera Smyrnium Olusatrum Solanum nigrum


(cAeia f M?\aT(2) a


Ulmus glabra montana Ulva Lactuca Urginea maritima Urtica urens


TTTeAea 6pei7rreA'a

(TKt'AAa


Sonchus Nymani


o-o-yxos


Usnea barbata


<j>d<TKO<;


Sorbus domestica


0J




Sorghum halepense


KpiOai at ayot'at

(Indian)


Valeriana Dioscoridis Veratrum album


App. (25)

eAAe'/Sopos 6


Spartium junceum


Ati/ooTrapTov



Aev/co?


Spiraea fllipendula


oivdvOri (1)


Verbascum sinuatum


<|>A6ju.o? T] jxe-


Storax officinalis


O"rvpa



Aaiva




Vicia angustifolia


a<t>a.Kr>


Tamarindus indica


App. (15) (16)


Ervilia


6po/3os


Tamarix articulata


^pt'KT, (2)


Faba



tetrandra


/HUptKTJ (1)


Sibthorpii


apa*cos


Taraxacum offlcinale


osn-fr-x-n


Vigna sinensis



Taxus baccata


/u.i'Aos


Vinca herbacea


Xa.fj.a.iSd<f>vr)


Tectona grandis


App. (22)


Viola odorata


lov TO jaeAai/,


Teucrium Folium




taji'ta 17 /ute-


Thapsia garganica


0ai/ua



Aati/a


Thymelaea hirsuta


K^e'wpos 6 jixe-


Viscum album


{J<^)eap


Thymbra capitata


Ovfjiov (1)


Vitex Agnus-castus Vitis vinifera


a-yvos, oltros a/u.77eAo? (1)


Thymus atticus


epAAos (2)


var. corin-


a/LiTrcAos (2)


Sibthorpii


epn-vAAos (1)


thiaca



Tilia platyphyllos


0t'Aupa


silvestris


oivavQi) T) dypia.


tomentosa


</>i'Aupa, (j). rj &rf-





Aeia


Zizyphus Jujuba


App. (6)


Tordylium apulum


/cavKaAi's


Lotus


AUTOS (4) t


officinale Tragopogon porrifolius


o-eVeAt Tpa-yoTTtoywi^


Spina-Christi


TToAtovpos 6 Al-

yUTTTCOS


493


KEY TO THE INDEX


II. LIST OF PLANTS MENTIONED IN THE ENQUIRY UNDER POPULAR NAMES


Abele


Aev'KTj Bog-rush


/xeAay/cpavt's,


Acacias


aKavOa. (I), (3)



O^OlfOS 6


Alaternus


<f>lAuKTJ



KdpTTl/XO?


Alder


nXr/Opa


Bottle-gourd


(rt/cva


Alexanders


ITTTTOO'eAlJ/Ol'


Box


7ru'os


Alkanet


dyxouo-a


Bracken



Allheal


7rdi/a/ces


Brambles


Sdros, yauat-


Almond


djUvySaAirj



/Saros


Andrachne


dvSpdx\i)


Broadleaved oak


8pus }) TrAari;-


. Anemones


o.vLi.(jt)yn



<f>uAAoc


~ Apples Arbutus


/xrjAea KO/xapos


Broom-rapes


ai/xofiwpoi', App. (26)


hybrid


dc/>dp/CT7


Brooms


A


Arrow-poison (So-


App. (27)



O"KOp7TlOS (1)


mali)



Bryony


d/xTreAos 17 dy-


Artichoke


KO.KTOS (2)



pia, UTjAw^-


Asafoetida


App. (10)



pov


Ashes



- Buckthorns


pduvo?) d)i\vKin



Aux


Bugloss


o^oxeiAeV


Asparagus


da<|>dpayos


Bullfist


Treats


Aspen


KfpKlS (2)


Bulrush


TV^TJ


Asphodel


d<r^>66eAos, wo-


Bush-grass


KaAa/uos (exri-



0os (2)



yetos)


Axe-weed


weAe/a^o?


Butcher's broom






/u.vd/cai'^05


Bachelor's buttons


irapdf.vi.ov




Balm


jU.eAicr(r6</>i>A-





Aoi/


Cabbage


pd(iaj/o?


Balsam of Mecca


pa.Xa-afj.ov


Calamander-wood


App. (23)


Bamboos


KoAa/u.o? 6 'Iv-


Calamint


eAeVtoi'



Ol/CO?


Calavauce


SoAixo?


Banyan


o-vufj r) 'IvSixr,


Caltrop


Tptj3oAos(l),(2)


Barbary nut



Caper


KctTTTrapi-s


Barley


Kpi0~n


Cardamom


/capSduwMOV


Basil


UKlfJLOV


Nepaul


dju.w/xoi'


Bay (sweet)


Sd<f)i>r) (1)


Cardoon


JCOKTOS (1)


Bean


/cua/xos


Carnation



Bedstraw


aTrapivt]


Carob


nepuvia, tru/cij


Beet


revr\ov,



77 AtyuTTTia


Bergamot-mint


0-i.a-vfj.^pi.of


Cassia


/cacrta


Bindweed Bird-cherry


Ke'pao-os, Aa-


Castor-oil plant Cat's ear


JToxoU



^ jcdpr;


Cedar, odorous


6vta


Birth-wort


dptcTToAoxia


prickly .--


ce5p09(l), o^v-


Bladder-senna


KoXvrea


  • *


/cefipos


Blite


/SAiVoi'


Syrian


Ke'opo? (2)


494


KEY TO THE INDEX


Celandine, greater


,veAtS6vioi/


Dittany


SiKTa/jivov


lesser


d(f)ia


Dock


\diraOov TO dy-


Celery


<re\ivov



piov


Centaury


KfVTCLVplOV


Dodder


bpofidyxi)


Chamaeleon


YajuaiAewi/


Dog-mercury


dppevoyovov,


Chamomile, wild


dvde/jiov TO



Or)h.vyovov



d<f>uAAav$ec


Dog-rose


KVvoppoSov


Charlock


Kepdi's, patjSai/i?


Dog's tooth grass


OtyptOCTTl?



17 dypia


Doum-palm


Koi', KOVKIO-


Chaste -tree Cheese-flower


ayvos (oceros)


Dropwort


(bopov oivdvOr, (1)


Chervil wild


evQpvo-KOV


Duckweed Dwarf palm


JSSiS 6 x -


Chestnuts


fiioa/SdAcwos,



ju.atppi^s



Kapva 17 Ev-






Ebony


e/Seinj


Chick-pea Chicory


epe'j8ii/0os Ki.xopi.ov


Edder-wort Elder


SpaKovTiov d/cre'o?, OLKTrj


Christ's thorn


TraAioupos


Elecampane


Trdi'a/ces TO Xet-


Cinnamon


Kivdutuov



ptaveiov


Cinquefoil


Trei/T-aTrtTe'?,


Elms


TrreAea, opei-



7T i>Tad> v A Ao v



TrreAea


Citron


/ATjAea 17 Ilep-


Eryngo


ripvyyiov



cri/oj




Clematis


dOpayevT)


Fenugreek


/Sov/cepa?, TTJ-


Cork-oak


ityos (?), </>eA-



Ats



A6?


Ferns


dSCavTov, T)}M.6-


Coriander


Kopiavvov



VLOVy $T/Av-


f ornel


6r)\VKpdveia



7TT6pt9 TTOAv-


Cornelian cherry


Kpdveia


^


TTofilOf, 7TT6-


Corn-flag


i<f>iov, ^i^)os,



pi's, TpixofJ-a-



(j)d<ryavov



i/s, o*xoAo-


Corn-thistle


a K av0a (2)



TreVSpioi/


Cotoneaster


o^ud/cavdos


Ferula


rap^TjKi'a, vdp-


Cotton-plant


(SevSpov TO) ep<.6d>opov


Feverwort


^trlvpis


Crack willow


  • x


Fig, wild


epiveos


Cress


KapSafJLOV


Figs


o" v /< TJ, <r. 17


Crocus


KpoKO 1 ;



'Apa^iKTj, <r.


Cuckoo-pint Cucumber


dpov



IPP. V?^'


squirting


O~IKVOS 6 dypio?


Filbert


/capva 17 'Hpa-


Cummin


KV^LVOV



/cAetoTtK^


Currant-vine


d>we*os (2)


Firs


TrevKij, eAaTTj


Cyclamen


KV/cAdatvos


Flax


AiVoi'


Cypress


/CVTTaplTTO?


Frankincense-tree


A</3ai/a)TOS




French sparrow-


o-KiAAar/ 'ETTI-




grass


ixevtfitto?


Dandelion


aTraTrrj


Fungi


a<rxtoi^, ^v/c7;^,


Darnel


aipa



Tre^iy


Date-palm


$olvi (l) f




Dill



Galingale


/CVTT6tpO?



T05


Gall-oak


Vepts(l)


Distaff-thistle


drpa/CTvAi?,


Garden nightshade


'~ ~,




495


KEY TO THE INDEX


Garlics


jawAv, (TKopo-


Junipers


ap/cevflos, Qvia,



Sov



Kefipi's, Ke-


Germander


Xo.ju.cu'o'pus



fipos, 6u/ce-


Gilliflower


ibv TO AevKOf



6>os


Ginger-grass


o"xoivo? 6 evw-




Gladwyn


f ip ^^


Kermes-oak


nplvos


Globe-thistle


pVTpOS




Goat's beard Goat willow Gold flower Golden thistle


e\aiayvos Aeipwi'ta (2),


Laburnum Larkspurs


KVTICTOS (1)

OtO-Ta</)lS, TT000S

(1), va.Kt.v6oi;



oxoAujixos


Leek


n-pdo-ov (1)


Gourd


KQ\OKVVTT)


Lentil



Grasses


al-yt'Aw^ (2),


Leopard's bane


<r/copTTi09 (2)


Groundsel


Bpvov, Troa


Lettuce


flpifiaf, ^pifia-


Gum arable


S0T(7)


Lilies


^/oTepOKaAAe?,





Kpivov, K.


Hartshorn Hart's tongue Hartwort Hawk's beard Hawthorn


Kopaivoirovs <TKo\onev8pi.ov o~eVeA(. airapyia /aeoTriAij rj dv-


Liquorice Limes


TO 7TOp<|)W-

povv, Aei- pio^(l) yAvxeta (pi^ia)

^)i'Awpa, </>. ^


Hazel Heath Hellebores Hemlock


Kapva epeLKf/ eAAe/Sopos


Litmus Lucerne Lupin


c^uKO? e (5) (Troa) 17 MijSiK>) flep/xo?


Holly


/c^AaaTpos




Holm-oaks


dpia,i>/(0s, Q-/XI-


Madder


epev^eSavoi'



f(l),**-


Madonna lily


Kpivov, Aetpiov



Aoopvs



(1)


Honeysuckle



Maiden-hair


dSt'aj/Tor, a. TO


(Greek)




u.eAoii'


Hop-hornbeam Horehounds


irpda-iov


English


aSt'ai'TOj/ TO Aev/coi'


Horned poppy


ja^Kwi/ 17 Kepa-


Mallow


jaaAaxTj (1)


Horseradish


pa^at'ts 17 d/a-


- Mandrake


uaj'Spayopas (1)


House-leek Hulwort


cope'a (?)

TToAlOJ/


Mango Mangroves white


App. (5) App. (12) >





(8^App.(14)


Irises


Ipis, ^tp's* -rtu.epov, <rir<i-



IJLVOV, Kpo-



Aaf



fJLVoyrJTeiov


Medlar


jueoTriArj, (J.. i]


Opium poppy


(Jir)K<av (17 biria-



eraraveios



5rjs), (vrjTrci/-


Michaelmas daisy


derrepiaKOS,



0e's)



(TPtTToAtOI 7


Orach


ct6pdt^<x^i/5


Milk-thistle


\fVKaKavOa. ~


Orchis


6'pxis


Milt-waste


rifnioviov


Oriental thorn


/u.e<T7riAij ^ d'-


Millet


K6YY0OC



6>j8w'


Italian Mints


eAvjixo?


Oyster-green Ox-tongue


/3pu'ov



fipiov




Mistletoes


ifia (1), i!(J>eap


Palms


KOlf, KOV/CtO-


Mock-privet


4i'Avpa rf appyv



4>6pOl', Qoll'it;


Moly Monk's rhubarb


Utarfos


Papyrus Parsley


TTClTrVpOS

opeioo-eAii/ov


Mulberry


O'UKa/Xll'OS


Pea


Trtcrds


Mullein


<^)Adju.o? TJ /i*e-


Pear


an-tos (1)



Aatrot


wild


dvpdc OVYI/TJ


Mushroom


M^f>?s


Pennyroyal


/SArj^aj


Mustard, white


vaffu


Peony


yAv/cv<7i'$T7,


Myrrh


ajaupva



TTactovia


Myrtle


fjivppivri


Pepper


TreVepi




Periwinkle


YCtuat5d<f>I/T7




Pimpernel, blue


cdp^opo?


Narcissus


Aeiptov (2),


Pines


TTCVKTJ, TTtTU?




Pine-thistle


a.Kav0a (8),


Nepaul cardamom


a/u.w/xov



d/cai/05, ifia


Nettle


a/<aAv<^-j



(2), if i' vi,,


tree


AWTO?(1)




Nightshade, deadlv /uai/Spaydpa? (2)?


Plane-tree


6 AeuKO? TrAaTaros


garden


(7 5^05 0?0 ^ < ' i "


Plantains


dpt/dyAaxreroi/, flpvaAAi?, KO-





vwi^, 6'prvf,


Oaks


alyi\up (1),






Plums


KO(c*cv/otijAea,



Spvs, erv/xo-



TrdSo?, n-pov-



5pU9 ^UPtC



MVTJ, o-TroStas



a-jftlAftfaX


Polypody Pole-reed






6 \aK!(ort/c6c



AdSpus, (/>eA-



. ? tC>



A<5?


Pomegranate


pda


Oak-mistletoe


tf to (1


Poppies



Oats Oleander


/Spo/ito? Sd<})vri r) aypia. ovoO-f)pa.<;


Poplar, black white (abele) Privet


aiyeipo? crjret'paia


Olives


eAaa (1), (2) /


Puff-ball



Olive, wild


dypie'Aaio?, KO-


Purslane


drfipdvi/ii



TIVOS


Purse-tassels


/3oA/3d?


497


THEOPH. VOL. II.


K K


KEY TO THE INDEX


Quince


<rrpov6iov (2)


Soapwort


arpovOiov (2), <TTpou0os




Sorb


OTJ


Radish


pa</>ai/is


Southernwood


d/SpoTOvoi/


Reeds


Soval-, KaAa-


Spanish broom


\Lv6crira.pTOi'



jU.05, TTCXTrvpOS


Spear-grass


KaAajaos 6 rrAo-


Restharrow


oi/wvis



Kl/XOS, *C.


Rib -grass Rice


opvfrv ^


Xgow-thistle


<$?***


Rice-wheat


eid, 6'Avpa


Spike-lavender


l<}>vov


Rocket


ev^tajjiov


Spikenard


vdpSov


Rock-roses


KlO-00?


Spindle-tree


evtavvfjios (re-


Rose-campion Roses


KVVOppoSoV, KV-


Spurges


aicav9a(5),(6),



v6V/3a.Tos, po-



aTrio? (2), itr-



dtavia



7ro/>eaj?, ia-


Rue


infjyavov



Xas, JU.>JKW-


Rupture-wort


eAAejSopiVr;



fiov, pa<f>avl<;


Rushes


/meAayKpavi's,



rj bpeia, ri6v-



ff\OWO$



/uaAAos




Squills


ffKi\\a, Tt-


Safllower


KvfJKOS, KpOKOS



<f>V01' t VOLKtV-



6 d/ccii'^w&Tjy



Oos r) dypia


Saffron crocu*


KpoKo;, K. o


Star-flower


/3oAj3iV>j



CUIOO'TJC


Star-thistle


jrai'TCxSoucra


Sage


<r</>aKo?


yellow


TfTpdAl^


Salvia


eAeAta-^afcos


Stouecrop


eTrtTrerpoi'


Savory


0u/u./3pa


Storax


o-Tv'paf


Scammony


tr/ca/x/xcoi'ia


Sulphur-wort


/?


Scrub oak


6pvs r) TrAarv-


Sumachs


poi)s



<f>vAAo5


Sweet bay


$a.d)irn M \


Sea-bark oak


8pOs ^ aAc-


Sweet flag


/cdAajitos 6 euw-



j</)AoioSj 8. ^



6>J5



ev^v^Aotos


Sycamore


0-v/cdju.iros -^


Sea spurge


Ti0v'/u.aAAos 6



AtyvTTTt'a, o-.



jrapdAios



^ Kun-pt'a


Sea-weeda


a/ui7reAos (3),





/Spuop, fipuj


Tamarind


App.(15),(16)



(7), (8), eAd-


Tamarisks




nj (3), <^o^


Tare


attain



/ V\ i

(4), tyVKOS


Teak


App. (22)


Sebesten



Terebinth


Te'p/ati/^o?



Atyurrria


Thistles


aicavOa. (2),


Sedge


^ouro/aos



(8), a/cavoy,


Sesame


<r^aa/xof



aKopra, iia


Shallot


Kp6jU.jU.VOf TO



(2), iftVij,



0-ytcrTot'



KCI/CTO?, Aei-


Silphium


o-iA^iof



Mwv/a (2),


Silver-fir


eAdr>]



\CVKOLKOLvda.,


Silver-lime


$i'Avpa, <^>. 17



iro\va.Ko.v00';,



^j^Aetct



pl/TpOS, CTKO-


Sissoo Smilax


App. (21) afuAaf (2)



Aiijuo?, <rdy- K o s, x a A-


Snowdrop


XevK&bv (2)



KtO9, YttjUai-


Snapdragon


avrippivov



Ae'wi/


498


KEY TO THE INDEX


Thorn, oriental


fjie<riri\r) -q av-


Vine, wild


olvavOrj r) aypia


Thorn-apple


Bpvopov, irepiT'


Violet


lof TO iif\av



TO?, ^ orpvx-


Wall-flower


$X6yivov c/)A6^


Thyine-wood


V OS 6 jtiaVlKO?

Ovov


Walnut


KO.cwa rj Ilep-


Thyme, Attic


epTTvAAos 6 ay-


Water chestnut


rpiaoAos (3)



Ptos


Water chick weed


Aeui/a


Cretan tufted


Mywy (1)

ep;rvAAos (6


Water-lily, Nile white


AOJTOS (2)


Tine-tare


rj/xepos)

App. (1)


yellow


/xa^oji'at?, vvfJi m


Tragacanth Traveller's joy Tree-medick Tree-moss


Tpa.ya.Ka.vOa dOpayevri

JCVTIO-OS (2)


.Wheats one-seeded Wheat-rust Wig-tree


epua-t'/Sj)


Trefoil Truffles


AWTO? (3)

Ktpavviov, vS'


Willows


eAaiayi/os, eAi- KIJ, ire'a, reo-


Turk's cap lily Turkey oak


vpv

KplVOV TO TTOp-

^vpovf ai^iAa)^ (1),


Willow-weed Withy Wolf's bane


AoiTia (2) AtpaTai'-yofo?

Ol<7"O?


Turnip


yoyywAis



tow' <?K 6 ~-


Valonia oak


5pus 17 aypi'a,


Wormwood


t <()***


Vetch, bitter


opo/3os


Wych-elm


opetTrreAea


Vine


oE/nn-eAos (1)


Yew


tti'Aos


499


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BUNGAY, SUFFOLK.



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