Hendiadys
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| + | '''Hendiadys''' is a [[figure of speech]] used for emphasis — "The substitution of a conjunction for a subordination". The basic idea is to use two words linked by a conjunction to express a single complex idea. | ||
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| + | English names for hendiadys include '''two for one''' and '''figure of twinnes'''. | ||
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| + | == Use and effect == | ||
| + | The typical result of a hendiadys is to transform a [[noun]]-plus-[[adjective]] into two nouns joined by a [[grammatical conjunction|conjunction]]. For example, "[[Tomorrow, Tomorrow and Tomorrow|sound and fury]]" (from act V, scene 5 of ''[[Macbeth]]'') seems to offer a more striking image than "furious sound". In this example, as typically, the subordinate idea originally present in the adjective is transformed into a noun in and of itself. Another example is ''[[Dieu et mon droit]]'', present in the [[coat of arms of the United Kingdom]]. In fact, hendiadys is most effective in English when the adjective and noun form of the word are identical. Thus "the cold wind went down the hall" becomes "the cold and the wind went down the hall". | ||
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| + | When hendiadys fails in its effects, it can sound merely redundant. For example, ''cum amicitia atque pace'', "with friendship and peace" is often translated instead as "with peaceful friendship". [[A Dictionary of Modern English Usage|Fowler]] says that ''try and ...'' for ''try to ...'' is a "true example" of hendiadys. | ||
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| + | == In classical and biblical literature == | ||
| + | Hendiadys is often used in Latin poetry; many examples occur in Virgil's [[Aeneid]]. | ||
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| + | In {{bibleverse||Leviticus|25:47}}, the Hebrew says "ger v'toshav", literally translated as "the alien and the resident", but the phrase means a "resident alien". | ||
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| + | In {{bibleverse||Lamentations|2:9}}, the Hebrew says "ibbad v'shibar", literally translated as "ruined and broken", but the phrase means "totally destroyed". | ||
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| + | {{bibleverse||Mark|2:25|NIV}} has "in need and hungry" which Richard Young considers hendiadys for "very hungry" but Wayne Leman suggests is instead an example of "semantic intensification due to Hebraic synonymous parallelism". "The kingdom, the power and the glory" (from the [[Lord's Prayer]]) extends the principle, transforming the idea of a "glorious, powerful kingdom" into a sequence of three nouns joined by a conjunction. | ||
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| + | In Shakespeare's "[[The Merchant of Venice]]" it occurs at 4.1.36: | ||
| + | SHYLOCK: ...to have the ''due and forfeit'' of my bond. | ||
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| + | == See also == | ||
| + | * [[Hendiatris]], ''one through three'' | ||
| + | * [[Litotes]], a form of understatement for emphasis | ||
| - | * [[Conceptual metaphor]] | ||
| - | * [[Figure of speech]] | ||
| - | * [[Hendiadys]] | ||
| - | * [[Holonymy]] | ||
| - | * [[Hyponymy]] | ||
| - | * [[Meronymy]] | ||
| - | * [[Faulty generalization]] ([[List of fallacies#Faulty generalizations]]) | ||
| - | * [[Fallacy of division]] | ||
| - | * [[Symbol]] | ||
| - | * ''[[Synecdoche, New York]]'' | ||
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Hendiadys is a figure of speech used for emphasis — "The substitution of a conjunction for a subordination". The basic idea is to use two words linked by a conjunction to express a single complex idea.
English names for hendiadys include two for one and figure of twinnes.
Use and effect
The typical result of a hendiadys is to transform a noun-plus-adjective into two nouns joined by a conjunction. For example, "sound and fury" (from act V, scene 5 of Macbeth) seems to offer a more striking image than "furious sound". In this example, as typically, the subordinate idea originally present in the adjective is transformed into a noun in and of itself. Another example is Dieu et mon droit, present in the coat of arms of the United Kingdom. In fact, hendiadys is most effective in English when the adjective and noun form of the word are identical. Thus "the cold wind went down the hall" becomes "the cold and the wind went down the hall".
When hendiadys fails in its effects, it can sound merely redundant. For example, cum amicitia atque pace, "with friendship and peace" is often translated instead as "with peaceful friendship". Fowler says that try and ... for try to ... is a "true example" of hendiadys.
In classical and biblical literature
Hendiadys is often used in Latin poetry; many examples occur in Virgil's Aeneid.
In Template:Bibleverse, the Hebrew says "ger v'toshav", literally translated as "the alien and the resident", but the phrase means a "resident alien".
In Template:Bibleverse, the Hebrew says "ibbad v'shibar", literally translated as "ruined and broken", but the phrase means "totally destroyed".
Template:Bibleverse has "in need and hungry" which Richard Young considers hendiadys for "very hungry" but Wayne Leman suggests is instead an example of "semantic intensification due to Hebraic synonymous parallelism". "The kingdom, the power and the glory" (from the Lord's Prayer) extends the principle, transforming the idea of a "glorious, powerful kingdom" into a sequence of three nouns joined by a conjunction.
In Shakespeare's "The Merchant of Venice" it occurs at 4.1.36: SHYLOCK: ...to have the due and forfeit of my bond.
See also
- Hendiatris, one through three
- Litotes, a form of understatement for emphasis
