18th century France
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| - | :''[[18th century philosophy]]'' | + | :''[[18th century French literature]], [[18th century French art]], [[French materialism]], [[Early Modern France]]'' |
| - | '''French materialism''' is the name given to a handful of [[French 18th century]] philosophers during the [[Age of Enlightenment]], many of them clustered around the [[Salon (gathering)|salon]] of [[Baron d'Holbach]]. Although there are important differences between them, all of them were [[Materialism|materialists]] who believed that the world was made up of a single substance, matter, the motions and properties of which could be used to explain all phenomena. | + | |
| - | French materialism combined the [[associationist psychology]] and [[Empiricism]] of [[John Locke]] with the [[Totality]] of [[Isaac Newton]] to create a complex world view in diametrical opposition to the [[René Descartes|Cartesian]] [[dualist]] world view. | + | After the [[Nine Years War]] gained France only [[Haiti]] (lost to a slave revolt a century later), the [[War of the Spanish Succession]] (1701-1713) ended with the undoing of Louis's dreams of a Franco-Spanish Bourbon empire: the two conflicts strained French resources already weakened by disastrous harvests in the 1690s and in 1709, as well as by the revocation (1685) of the Edict of Nantes and the consequent loss of [[Huguenot]] support and manpower. |
| - | *''[[Man a Machine]]'' by [[Julien Offray de La Mettrie|La Mettrie]] led the [[materialist]] charge. | + | The reign (1715-1774) of [[Louis XV of France|Louis XV]] saw an initial return to peace and prosperity under the regency (1715-1723) of [[Philip II, Duke of Orléans]], whose policies were largely continued (1726-1743) by [[Cardinal Fleury]], prime minister in all but name, renewed war with the Empire (1733-1735 and 1740-1748) being fought largely in the East. But alliance with the traditional Habsburg enemy (the "[[Diplomatic Revolution]]" of 1756) against the rising power of Britain and [[Prussia]] led to costly failure in the [[Seven Years' War]] (1756-1763). |
| - | *[[Helvetius]] brought about the [[materialist]] moral realm by introducing his [[rational ethics]]. | + | |
| - | *[[Denis Diderot|Diderot]] proved the [[dynamic philosophé]], presenting the world in constant flux and nature as creative. | + | |
| - | *Combined with the new order of facts of [[Baron d'Holbach]], the popularization of progress as a natural law by the [[Marquis de Condorcet]], and the [[Physiocrats]] belief in the Laws of Economy, these thinkers defined the French Materialist movement. | + | |
| - | Prominent French materialists of the 18th century include: | + | With the country deeply in debt, [[Louis XVI of France|Louis XVI]] permitted the radical reforms of [[Anne Robert Jacques Turgot, Baron de Laune|Turgot]] and [[Guillaume-Chrétien de Lamoignon de Malesherbes|Malesherbes]], but noble disaffection led to Turgot's dismissal and Malesherbes' resignation in 1776. They were replaced by [[Jacques Necker]]. Louis supported the [[American Revolution]] in 1778, but in the [[Treaty of Paris (1783)]], the French gained little except an addition to the country's enormous debt. Necker had resigned in 1781 to be replaced by [[Charles Alexandre de Calonne|Calonne]] and [[Étienne Charles Loménie de Brienne|Brienne]], before being restored in 1788. |
| - | * [[Julien Offray de La Mettrie]] | + | On the eve of the [[French Revolution]] of 1789, France was in a profound institutional and financial crisis, but the ideas of [[the Enlightenment]] had begun to permeate the educated classes of society. |
| - | * [[Denis Diderot]] | + | |
| - | * [[Baron d'Holbach]] | + | On [[1792]] [[September 21]] the French [[monarchy]] was effectively abolished by the proclamation of the [[French First Republic]] |
| - | * [[Claude Adrien Helvétius]] | + | |
| - | * [[Pierre-Jean-Georges Cabanis]] | + | |
| - | * [[Jacques-André Naigeon]] | + | |
| - | == See also == | ||
| - | *[[Marquis de Sade]] | ||
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After the Nine Years War gained France only Haiti (lost to a slave revolt a century later), the War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1713) ended with the undoing of Louis's dreams of a Franco-Spanish Bourbon empire: the two conflicts strained French resources already weakened by disastrous harvests in the 1690s and in 1709, as well as by the revocation (1685) of the Edict of Nantes and the consequent loss of Huguenot support and manpower.
The reign (1715-1774) of Louis XV saw an initial return to peace and prosperity under the regency (1715-1723) of Philip II, Duke of Orléans, whose policies were largely continued (1726-1743) by Cardinal Fleury, prime minister in all but name, renewed war with the Empire (1733-1735 and 1740-1748) being fought largely in the East. But alliance with the traditional Habsburg enemy (the "Diplomatic Revolution" of 1756) against the rising power of Britain and Prussia led to costly failure in the Seven Years' War (1756-1763).
With the country deeply in debt, Louis XVI permitted the radical reforms of Turgot and Malesherbes, but noble disaffection led to Turgot's dismissal and Malesherbes' resignation in 1776. They were replaced by Jacques Necker. Louis supported the American Revolution in 1778, but in the Treaty of Paris (1783), the French gained little except an addition to the country's enormous debt. Necker had resigned in 1781 to be replaced by Calonne and Brienne, before being restored in 1788.
On the eve of the French Revolution of 1789, France was in a profound institutional and financial crisis, but the ideas of the Enlightenment had begun to permeate the educated classes of society.
On 1792 September 21 the French monarchy was effectively abolished by the proclamation of the French First Republic
