Free indirect speech
From The Art and Popular Culture Encyclopedia
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In English literature, Jane Austen was among the first authors to use free indirect speech in a significant and deliberate manner. The opinions of her narrators are frequently blurred with the thoughts of her characters.
Flaubert's use of the French imperfect tense is cited as an example of free indirect speech, called in French style indirect libre.
Further reading
Ann Banfield's critical work Unspeakable Sentences presents a typology of literary discourse.
Free indirect discourse is a literary device that Chaucer already made use of in The Canterbury Tales. When the narrator says in "The General Prologue" that he agrees with the Monk's opinion dismissing criticism of his very unmonastic way of life, he is apparently paraphrasing the monk himself:
"And I seyde his opinion was good:/ What sholde he studie, and make himselven wood,/ Upon a book in cloistre alwey to poure,/Or swinken with his handes, and laboure,/ As Austin bit? How shal the world be served?/ Lat Austin have his swink to him reserved!" These rhetorical questions seem to be the monk's own casual way of waving off criticism of his aristocratic lifestyle. Similar examples can be found in the narrator's portrait of the friar.