Felicity conditions
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In J. L. Austin's formulation of speech act theory, a performative utterance is neither true nor false, but can instead be deemed "felicitous" or "infelicitous" according to a set of conditions whose interpretation differs depending on whether the utterance in question is a declaration ("I sentence you to death"), a request ("I ask that you stop doing that") or a warning ("I warn you not to jump off the roof").
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Felicity conditions for declarations
- Conventionality of procedure: the procedure (e.g. an oath) follows its conventional form
- Appropriate participants and circumstances: the participants are able to perform a felicitous speech act under the circumstances (e.g. a judge can sentence a criminal in court, but not on the street)
- Complete execution: the speaker completes the speech act without errors or interruptions
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Felicity conditions for requests
- Propositional content condition: the requested act is a future act of the hearer
- Preparatory precondition: 1) the speaker believes the hearer can perform the requested act; 2) it is not obvious that the hearer would perform the requested act without being asked
- Sincerity condition: the speaker genuinely wants the hearer to perform the requested act
- Essential condition: the utterance counts as an attempt by the speaker to have the hearer do an act
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Felicity conditions for warnings
- Propositional content condition: it is a future event
- Preparatory precondition: 1) the speaker believes the event will occur and be detrimental to the hearer; 2) the speaker believes that it is not obvious to the hearer that the event will occur
- Sincerity condition: the speaker genuinely believes that the event will be detrimental to the hearer
- Essential condition: the utterance counts as an attempt by the speaker to have the hearer recognize that a future event will be detrimental
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See also
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References
- Austin, J. L. (1962) How to Do Things With Words. Oxford University Press.
- Searle, J. R. (1969) Speech acts. Cambridge University Press.
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