Fascism and the avant-garde  

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Fascism attracted political support from diverse sectors of the population but most surprisingly also from intellectuals and artists such as Gabriele D'Annunzio, Curzio Malaparte, Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, Louis-Ferdinand Céline, Knut Hamsun, Ernst Jünger, Wyndham Lewis, Ezra Pound, and Martin Heidegger.

Ze'ev Sternhell (The Birth of Fascist Ideology (1989) argues that European fascism first articulated itself as a cultural phenomenon, as a nonconformist, avant-garde, revolutionary movement. Modernism, says John Carey in The Intellectuals and the Masses (1992), is a literary theory of fascism.

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