Fallacy
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| <br>Illustration: [[The heart has its reasons, of which reason knows nothing|The Heart Has Its Reasons]] (c.[[1887]]) by [[Odilon Redon]], a phrase from the ''[[Pensées]]'' by [[Blaise Pascal]]]] | <br>Illustration: [[The heart has its reasons, of which reason knows nothing|The Heart Has Its Reasons]] (c.[[1887]]) by [[Odilon Redon]], a phrase from the ''[[Pensées]]'' by [[Blaise Pascal]]]] | ||
| {{Template}} | {{Template}} | ||
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| - | {{Short description|Argument that uses faulty reasoning}} | ||
| A '''fallacy''' is the use of [[Validity (logic)|invalid]] or otherwise faulty [[reason]]ing, or "wrong moves" in the construction of an [[argument]]. A fallacious argument may be deceptive by appearing to be better than it really is. Some fallacies are committed intentionally to [[Psychological manipulation|manipulate]] or [[Persuasion|persuade]] by [[deception]], while others are committed unintentionally due to carelessness or ignorance. The [[soundness]] of [[legal argument]]s depends on the context in which the arguments are made. | A '''fallacy''' is the use of [[Validity (logic)|invalid]] or otherwise faulty [[reason]]ing, or "wrong moves" in the construction of an [[argument]]. A fallacious argument may be deceptive by appearing to be better than it really is. Some fallacies are committed intentionally to [[Psychological manipulation|manipulate]] or [[Persuasion|persuade]] by [[deception]], while others are committed unintentionally due to carelessness or ignorance. The [[soundness]] of [[legal argument]]s depends on the context in which the arguments are made. | ||
| Fallacies are commonly divided into "formal" and "informal". A [[formal fallacy]] can be expressed neatly in a standard system of logic, such as [[Propositional calculus|propositional logic]], while an [[informal fallacy]] originates in an error in reasoning other than an improper logical form. Arguments containing informal fallacies may be formally [[Validity (logic)|valid]], but still fallacious. | Fallacies are commonly divided into "formal" and "informal". A [[formal fallacy]] can be expressed neatly in a standard system of logic, such as [[Propositional calculus|propositional logic]], while an [[informal fallacy]] originates in an error in reasoning other than an improper logical form. Arguments containing informal fallacies may be formally [[Validity (logic)|valid]], but still fallacious. | ||
| - | A special case is a [[mathematical fallacy]], an intentionally invalid [[mathematical]] [[mathematical proof|proof]], often with the error subtle and somehow concealed. Mathematical fallacies are typically crafted and exhibited for educational purposes, usually taking the form of spurious proofs of obvious [[contradiction]]s.==See also== | + | A special case is a [[mathematical fallacy]], an intentionally invalid [[mathematical]] [[mathematical proof|proof]], often with the error subtle and somehow concealed. Mathematical fallacies are typically crafted and exhibited for educational purposes, usually taking the form of spurious proofs of obvious [[contradiction]]s. |
| + | ==See also== | ||
| Lists | Lists | ||
| * [[List of cognitive biases]] | * [[List of cognitive biases]] | ||
Revision as of 21:09, 29 January 2020
Illustration: The Heart Has Its Reasons (c.1887) by Odilon Redon, a phrase from the Pensées by Blaise Pascal
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A fallacy is the use of invalid or otherwise faulty reasoning, or "wrong moves" in the construction of an argument. A fallacious argument may be deceptive by appearing to be better than it really is. Some fallacies are committed intentionally to manipulate or persuade by deception, while others are committed unintentionally due to carelessness or ignorance. The soundness of legal arguments depends on the context in which the arguments are made.
Fallacies are commonly divided into "formal" and "informal". A formal fallacy can be expressed neatly in a standard system of logic, such as propositional logic, while an informal fallacy originates in an error in reasoning other than an improper logical form. Arguments containing informal fallacies may be formally valid, but still fallacious.
A special case is a mathematical fallacy, an intentionally invalid mathematical proof, often with the error subtle and somehow concealed. Mathematical fallacies are typically crafted and exhibited for educational purposes, usually taking the form of spurious proofs of obvious contradictions.
See also
Lists
Concepts
- Aporia
- Anti-pattern
- Argumentation theory
- Argument map
- Association fallacy
- Cognitive bias
- Cognitive distortion
- Critical thinking
- Demagogue
- Evidence
- Fallacies of definition
- False premise
- False statement
- Illusion
- Inference objection
- Inquiry
- Jumping to conclusions
- Lemma
- Mathematical fallacy
- Paradox
- Prosecutor's fallacy
- Sophist
- Soundness
- Lies, damned lies, and statistics
- Truth
- Validity
- Victim blaming
See also
Lists
Concepts
- Association fallacy
- Cogency
- Cognitive bias
- Cognitive distortion
- Demagogy
- Evidence
- Fallacies of definition
- False premise
- False statement
- Invalid proof
- Mathematical fallacy
- Naturalistic fallacy
- Paradox
- Sophism
- Soundness
- Truth
- Validity
- Victim blaming
- Whig history
Works
