Exilliteratur
From The Art and Popular Culture Encyclopedia
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German Exilliteratur (exile literature) is the name for a category of books in the German language written by writers of anti-nazi attitude who fled from Nazi Germany (Germany and Austria) between 1933 and 1945. Works of Exilliteratur were written and published by dissident authors who fled abroad in 1933 after the Nazi Party came to power in Germany and after Nazi Germany annexed Austria by the Anschluss in 1938 and abolished the freedom of press and started to prosecute the authors whose books were banned.
Many of the European countries where they found refuge, were later occupied by Nazi-Germany as well, which caused them again to look for safety elsewhere, by emigrating to the United States or taking cover in the "underground". Before the German occupation of the Netherlands in 1940 many of these writers, especially of Jewish origin and with communist sympathies had found refuge in The Netherlands.
Between 1933 and 1939, prolific centers of German exile writers and publishers emerged in several European cities, like Paris, Amsterdam, Stockholm, Zürich, Prague, Moscow as well as across the Atlantic in New York and Mexico. Well known for their publications were the publishers Querido Verlag and Verlag Allert de Lange in Amsterdam and Oprecht in Zürich. They served the German community outside Germany with critical literature, and their books were also smuggled into Nazi-Germany.
The best known exile writers include Bertolt Brecht, Hermann Broch, Ernst Bloch, Alfred Döblin, Lion Feuchtwanger, Bruno Frank, Oskar Maria Graf, Heinrich Eduard Jacob, Hermann Kesten, Annette Kolb, Siegfried Kracauer, Emil Ludwig, Heinrich Mann, Klaus Mann, Erika Mann, Thomas Mann, Ludwig Marcuse, Robert Musil, Robert Neumann, Erich Maria Remarque, Ludwig Renn, Joseph Roth, Alice Rühle-Gerstel and Otto Rühle, Felix Salten, Anna Seghers, Franz Werfel, Bodo Uhse, Max Brod, Arnold Zweig and Stefan Zweig.
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