Ernest Hemingway
From The Art and Popular Culture Encyclopedia
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Ernest Miller Hemingway (July 21, 1899 – July 2, 1961) was an American novelist, short-story writer, and journalist. Nicknamed "Papa," he was part of the 1920s expatriate community in Paris known as "the Lost Generation," as described in his memoir A Moveable Feast. He led a turbulent social life, was married four times, and allegedly had various romantic relationships during his lifetime. For a serious writer, he achieved a rare cult-like popularity during his lifetime.
Style
Hemingway's distinctive writing style is characterized by economy and understatement and had a significant influence on the development of twentieth-century fiction writing. His protagonists are typically stoic males who must show "grace under pressure." Many of his works are now considered canonical in American literature.
Suicide
Towards the end of his life he received electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) for depression and continued paranoia, this may in fact have helped to precipitate his suicide, since he reportedly suffered significant memory loss as a result of the shock treatments.
Works
Novels
- (1926) The Torrents of Spring
- (1926) The Sun Also Rises
- (1929) A Farewell to Arms
- (1937) To Have and Have Not
- (1940) For Whom the Bell Tolls
- (1950) Across the River and Into the Trees
- (1952) The Old Man and the Sea
- (1970) Islands in the Stream
- (1986) The Garden of Eden
- (1999) True at First Light
Collections
- (1923) Three Stories and Ten Poems
- (1925) In Our Time
- (1927) Men Without Women
- (1933) Winner Take Nothing
- (1936) The Snows of Kilimanjaro
- (1938) The Fifth Column and the First Forty-Nine Stories
- (1969) The Fifth Column and Four Stories of the Spanish Civil War
- (1972) The Nick Adams Stories
- (1987) The Complete Short Stories of Ernest Hemingway
- (1995) Everyman's Library: The Collected Stories
Anthologies - edited by Hemingway
Nonfiction
- (1932) Death in the Afternoon
- (1935) Green Hills of Africa
- (1962) Hemingway, The Wild Years
- (1964) A Moveable Feast
- (1967) By-Line: Ernest Hemingway
- (1970) Ernest Hemingway: Cub Reporter
- (1981) Ernest Hemingway Selected Letters
- (1985) The Dangerous Summer
- (1985) Dateline: Toronto
- (1999) Hemingway on Writing
- (2000) Hemingway on Fishing
- (2003) Hemingway on Hunting
- (2003) Hemingway on War
- (2005) Under Kilimanjaro
- (2008) Hemingway on Paris
Stage Plays
- (1961) A Short Happy Life
- (1967) The Hemingway Hero (working title was: Of Love and Death)