Hammered dulcimer
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| - | '''''Häxan''''' is a [[1922 in film|1922]] [[Denmark|Danish]] [[black-and-white]] [[silent film]] directed by [[Benjamin Christensen]]. It is a [[documentary film|documentary]] about [[witchcraft]], but contains numerous dramatized sequences that are reminiscent of [[horror film]]s. Benjamin Christensen casts himself as [[Satan]]. A [[sabbath]] depicting a baby slaughtered, and a devil receiving [[Osculum infame|kiss after kiss on his buttocks]], are only two of the reasons why this film was been rated [[18 certificate|X]] in the United Kingdom. The 1968 edit ''Witchcraft Through The Ages'', an abbreviated version of the film (77 minutes as opposed to the original's 104 minutes) was produced and released by [[Antony Balch]] and featured an eclectic [[jazz]] score by [[Jean-Luc Ponty]] and dramatic narration by [[William S. Burroughs]]. | + | The '''hammered dulcimer''' (also called the '''hammer dulcimer''', '''dulcimer''', or '''tympanon''') is a [[percussion]]-[[string instrument|stringed instrument]] which consists of strings typically stretched over a [[trapezoid]]al resonant [[sound board (music)|sound board]]. The hammered dulcimer is set before the musician, who in more traditional styles may sit cross-legged on the floor, or in a more modern style may stand or sit at a wooden support with legs. The player holds a small spoon-shaped [[mallet]] hammer in each hand to strike the strings (see [[Appalachian dulcimer]]). The Graeco-Roman ''dulcimer'' ("sweet song") derives from the [[Latin]] ''dulcis'' (sweet) and the Greek ''melos'' (song). The dulcimer, in which the strings are beaten with small hammers, originated from the [[psaltery]], in which the strings are plucked. |
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| - | ==Plot== | + | |
| - | The film is a documentary of [[witchcraft]] and a study of how human [[superstition]], coupled with a lack of understanding of the causes of things such as [[mental illness]] and [[disease]], may have led to the [[witch-hunt|witchcraft hysteria]] of the early modern period. | + | |
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| - | The first part of the film is a scholarly [[dissertation]] on the appearances of [[demon]]s and witches in primitive and medieval culture. A number of photographs of statuary, paintings, and woodcuts are used as demonstrative pieces. In addition, several large scale models are employed to demonstrate medieval concepts of the structure of the solar system and the commonly accepted depiction of [[Hell]]. | + | |
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| - | The second part of the film is a series of [[vignette]]s theatrically demonstrating medieval superstition and beliefs concerning witchcraft. These include [[Satan]] (played by Christensen himself) tempting a sleeping woman away from her husband's bed and terrorizing a group of monks. Also shown is a woman purchasing a [[love potion]] from a supposed witch, and a sequence showing a supposed witch dreaming of flying through the air and attending a witches' gathering. | + | |
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| - | The third part of the film is a long narrative broken up into several parts. Set in the Middle Ages, it concerns an old woman accused of witchcraft by a dying man's family. The narrative is used to demonstrate the treatment of suspected witches by the religious authorities of the time. The old woman, after being tortured, admits to heavy involvement in witchcraft, including detailed descriptions of a [[Sabbath (witchcraft)|Witches' Sabbath]], even going so far as to "name" other supposed witches, including two of the women in the dying man's household. Eventually, the dying man's wife is arrested as a witch when she admits that she falsely accused the old woman of witchcraft. | + | |
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| - | The final part of the film seeks to demonstrate how the superstitions of old are better understood now. Christensen seeks to make the claim that most who were accused of witchcraft were mentally ill, and in modern times, we recognize that people are not possessed by the devil but suffering from a disease. His case revolves around vignettes about a [[sleepwalking|somnambulist]] and a [[kleptomania]]c, the implication being that these behaviors would have been thought of as demonically-influenced in medieval times whereas modern times recognizes them as psychological ailments. | + | |
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| - | ==Production== | + | |
| - | Most of the film was shot at night, ostensibly to enhance the [[sinister]] mood of some of the scenes. Such a technique was unheard of at the time of filming. | + | |
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| - | Christensen himself plays Satan, and also shows up briefly as [[Jesus|Jesus Christ]] during a scene set in a [[convent]]. He also appears as himself in the film's opening credits. | + | |
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| - | ==Alternate versions== | + | |
| - | The film was re-released in 1941 in Denmark with an extended introduction by Christensen. The intertitles were also changed in this version. | + | |
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| - | In 1968, an abbreviated version of the film (77 minutes as opposed to the original's 104 minutes) was released, entitled ''Witchcraft Through The Ages''. This version featured an eclectic [[jazz]] score by [[Jean-Luc Ponty]] and dramatic narration by [[William S. Burroughs]]. | + | |
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| - | On [[October 16]], [[2001]], ''Häxan'' was released on DVD by [[The Criterion Collection]]. This release features a restored print of the original version of the film, as well as the 1968 ''Witchcraft Through The Ages'' version. Also featured are extensive production notes, a re-recorded musical score, commentary by Danish film scholar [[Casper Tybjerg]], a gallery featuring the images used in the film's first section, and the introduction Christensen recorded for the 1941 re-release. | + | |
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| - | The British group [[Bronnt Industries Kapital]] have composed an [[electro-acoustic]] score for the film which is being performed throughout the UK and Europe in 2007. A DVD of the film featuring their soundtrack is being released by [[Tartan Films]] on [[June 11]], [[2007]].{{Fact|date=April 2007}} | + | |
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| - | British composer and performer [[Geoff Smith]] has also composed a new soundtrack for the film to be performed on the [[hammered dulcimer]]. Smith is performing the soundtrack throughout the UK in 2007.[http://www.dulcimer.co.uk/biog.htm] | + | |
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| - | ==In popular culture== | + | |
| - | Haxan Films, the studio that produced ''[[The Blair Witch Project]]'', took their name from this film. Norwegian industrial metal artist [[Mortiis]] used excerpts from the film in a promotional video for the re-mix of the song "Marshland", from his album ''[[The Smell of Rain]]''. | + | |
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| - | [[Category:Film as a Subversive Art]] | ||
| - | [[Category:World Cinema Classics]] | ||
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The hammered dulcimer (also called the hammer dulcimer, dulcimer, or tympanon) is a percussion-stringed instrument which consists of strings typically stretched over a trapezoidal resonant sound board. The hammered dulcimer is set before the musician, who in more traditional styles may sit cross-legged on the floor, or in a more modern style may stand or sit at a wooden support with legs. The player holds a small spoon-shaped mallet hammer in each hand to strike the strings (see Appalachian dulcimer). The Graeco-Roman dulcimer ("sweet song") derives from the Latin dulcis (sweet) and the Greek melos (song). The dulcimer, in which the strings are beaten with small hammers, originated from the psaltery, in which the strings are plucked.
Unless indicated otherwise, the text in this article is either based on Wikipedia article "Hammered dulcimer" or another language Wikipedia page thereof used under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License; or on research by Jahsonic and friends. See Art and Popular Culture's copyright notice.
