Ellen Key
From The Art and Popular Culture Encyclopedia
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Ellen Karolina Sofia Key (December 11, 1849 – April 25, 1926) was a Swedish feminist writer on many subjects in the fields of family life, ethics and education and was an important figure in the modern breakthrough.
She is best known for her book "Barnets århundrade" (1900), which was translated in English in 1909 as "The Century of the Child".
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Biography
Early life
Born at Sundsholm mansion, Sweden (Småland), she was an early advocate of a child-centered approach, and a suffragist. Her father was Emil Key, the founder of the Swedish Agrarian Party and was a frequent contributor to the Swedish newspaper Aftonposten. Her mother was Sophie Posse Key, she was from an aristocratic family from the southern most part of Skåne County. Emil bought Sundsholm at the time of his wedding, but sadly was forced to sell it twenty years later due to financial reasons.
She was mostly educated at home, where her mother taught her grammar and arithmetic and her foreign born governess taught her foreign languages. She cited reading Amtmandens Døtre (The Official's Daughters, 1855) by Camilla Collett and Henrik Ibsen's plays Kjærlighedens komedie (Love's Comedy, 1862), Brand (play) (1865), and Peer Gynt (1867) as her childhood influences. When she was twenty years old, her father was elected to the Riksdag and they moved to Stockholm, Sweden, where she would capatilize on the access to libraries.
Key maintained that motherhood is so crucial to society that the government, rather than their husbands, should support mothers and their children. These ideas regarding state child support influenced social legislation in several countries.
1870s
After a correspondence with Urban von Feilitzen, who wrote Protestantismens Maria-kult (The Protestant Cult of Mary, 1874), published under the pseudonym "Robinson" she had written a review of the book for a periodical. His book gave her structure, as his book pointed out the beliefs concerning the role of women as mothers and nurturers. Key hoped Feilitzen would leave his wife, as they did not share similar interests, but he refused.
In the summer of 1874, Key traveled to Denmark and studied their folk colleges. Folk colleges were institutions of higher learning for young people from the countryside. One of her early ambitions was to found a Swedish folk high school, but instead decided to teach in 1880 as a teacher at Anna Whitlock's school for girls in Stockholm.
Shortly after she moved to Stockholm, she befriended Sophie Adlersparre, who was the editor of Tidskrift för Hemmet (Journal for the Home), founded in 1859 by Adlersparre and Rosalie Olivecrona. In 1874 Tidskrift för Hemmet published her first article. It was about Camilla Collett, and other articles soon followed. She would also do some biographical studies on George Eliot and Elizabeth Barrett Browning. Fredrika-Bremer-förbundet (the Fredrika Bremer Society) which was founded in 1884. It was the liberal women's organization and it composed of a lot of writers for Tidskrift för Hemmet.
1880s
In 1883, Key began teaching at Anton Nyström new school, the People's Institute (founded in 1880). She also helped organize "The Twelves", a group of twelve upper class ladies that sponsored and organized social functions to help improve working class ladies' manners.
Even though Key did share a lot of similar beliefs with the members of Fredrika-Bremer-förbundet, two main issues made her oppose the group in the mid 1880s for two related issues: the importance of sexuality and the social significance of the biological differences between women and men. 1886 saw Key publishing Om reaktionen mot kvinnofrågan (On the Reaction against the Woman Question) which was highly critical and argued against the egalitarian tendencies of the Swedish women's movement. The piece was published in Gustaf af Geijerstam's journal Revy i litterära och sociala frågor (Review of Literary and Social Issues).
Also in 1886, she wrote a review of En sommarsaga (A Summer Story, 1886) by Anne Charlotte Leffler in the short lived journal Framåt (Forward). She was critical of the piece for having one woman's attempt to combine marriage, motherhood, and a career as an artist.
Key contributed to three journals all with different views on feminism: Tidskrift för Hemmet, Dagny, and Framåt. The latter was edited by Göteborg feminist Alma Åkermark and tended to have taboo information, including publishing texts on syphilis, sexual repression and socialism. Mathilda Malling's Pyrrhus-segrar (Pyrrhic Victories), published under the pseudonym Stella Kleve in 1886, which was very controversial among Scandinavian intellectuals. The story dealt with a dying young woman, who laments that if she had done the things she wanted to do, she may not be dying.
She stated in a speech Missbrukad kvinnokraft (Misused Female Power, 1896) a woman's natural place is the home and her only calling motherhood. Also in Naturenliga arbetsområden för kvinnan (Natural Lines of Work for Women) and Kvinnopsykologi och kvinnlig logik (Female Psychology and Logic, 1896) Key said a "monogamous heterosexual relationship aimed toward procreation formed the crux of a woman's happiness and fulfillment."
In 1889 , she published Några tankar om huru reaktioner uppstå, jämte ett genmäle till d:r Carl v. Bergen, samt om yttrande och tryckfrihet (Some Thoughts about How Reactions Begin), which marked her a social radical, which she would never deny.
Later life
In the late 1880s/early 1890s Key decided to biographies of women who had prominent roles in Swedish intellectual life, they were: Victoria Benedictsson, Anne Charlotte Leffler, and Sonia Kovalevsky. She would also write about Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Carl Jonas Love Almqvist
After she retired from teaching, she met and helped a young poet by the name of Rainer Maria Rilke. She was later painted by Hanna Pauli. In Die Antifeministen (The Antifeminists, 1902) by Hedwig Dohm cited both Key and Lou Andreas-Salomé as anti-feminists.
Death
She died on April 26, 1926 at the age of seventy-six.
Legacy
She has inspired writers such as Selma Lagerlöf, Marika Stjernstedt, and Elin Wägner. Maria Montessori wrote that she predicted the 20th Century would be the century of the child.
Havelock Ellis wrote positively on her studies of human sexuality.
A substantial collection of Key's papers is at the Royal Library in Stockholm.
Famous Works
Several of Key's writings were translated into English by Mamah Borthwick, during the period of her affair with Frank Lloyd Wright. Among her best-known works published in English:
- The Morality of Woman (1911)
- Love and Marriage (1911, repr. with critical and biographical notes by Havelock Ellis, 1931)
- The Century of the Child (1909)
- The Woman Movement (1912)
- The Younger Generation (1914)
- War, Peace, and the Future (1916).
Early work
Ellen Key started her career as a writer in the mid-1870s with literary essays. She became known to a large public through the pamphlet On Freedom of Speech and Publishing (1889). Her name and her books then became the topic of lively discussions. The following work focuses on her views on education, personal freedom, and the independent development of the individual. These works include:
- Individualism and Socialism (1896)
- Images of Thought (1898)
- Human-beings (1899)
- Lifelines, volumes I-III (1903–06)
- Neutrality of the Souls (1916).
On education, her earliest article may be Teachers for Infants at Home and in School in Tidskrift för hemmet (1876). Her first more widely read essay, Books versus Coursebooks, was published in the journal Verdandi (1884). Later, in the same journal, she published other articles A Statement on Co-Education(1888) and Murdering the Soul in Schools (1891). Later she published the works Education (1897) and Beauty for All (1899).
In 1906 came Popular Education with Special Consideration for the Development of Aesthetic Sense. In the last books Key views aesthetics, as beauty and art, from the aspect of the elevation of humanity.
Personal life
Key grew up in an atmosphere of liberalism, and throughout the 1870s her political beliefs were radically liberal. She was republican-minded, with the idea of freedom holding vast importance for her. As the 1880s advanced, her thinking became even more radical, affecting first her religious beliefs and then her views on life in society in general. This was the outcome of extensive reading. During the latter part of the 1880s and particularly in the 1890s, she began to read socialist literature and turned increasingly towards socialism.
Key was raised in a rigid Christian household, but while growing up, she started questioning her views. From 1879 she studied Charles Darwin, Herbert Spencer and T. H. Huxley. In the autumn of that year she met both Huxley and Haeckel, the German biologist and philosopher, in London. The principle of evolution, in which Ellen Key had come to believe, was also to have an influence on her educational views.
She is quoted as having said:
- "Side by side with the class war, the culture war must ceaselessly be waged by the young and among the young upon whom rests the responsibility of making the new society better for all than the old could be."
