Dutch East Indies
From The Art and Popular Culture Encyclopedia
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| + | "One of the earliest examples of [[crossover music]] is the music of French composer [[Claude Debussy]]. In [[1889]] the French government staged the great [[Exposition Universelle (1889)|Paris Exposition]], an event that was to have profound effects on many areas of western art and music. Debussy visited the exposition and it was here that he first heard [[gamelan]] music performed by [[Sunda]]nese musicians. He was transfixed by the hypnotic, layered sound of the gamelan orchestra and reportedly returned to the [[Dutch East Indies]] pavilion over several days to listen to the [[Indonesian music]]ians perform and to study the structure and tuning of this novel musical form. His exposure to gamelan music had a direct influence on the composition of his famous ''[[Nocturnes (Debussy)|Nocturnes]]'' for [[orchestra]]. "--Sholem Stein | ||
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| - | The '''First voyage of James Cook''' was a combined [[Royal Navy]] and [[Royal Society]] expedition to the south Pacific ocean aboard [[HMS Endeavour|HMS ''Endeavour'']], from 1768 to 1771. The aims of the expedition were to observe the 1769 [[transit of Venus]] across the Sun, and to seek evidence of the postulated ''[[Terra Australis Incognita]]'' or "unknown southern land." | + | The '''Dutch East Indies''' was the [[Dutch colony]] that became modern [[Indonesia]] following [[World War II]]. |
| - | + | It was formed from the nationalised [[colony|colonies]] of the former [[Dutch East India Company]] that came under the administration of the [[Netherlands]] in 1800. During the nineteenth century, Dutch possessions in the archipelago and its hegemony were expanded, reaching their greatest extent in the early twentieth century. Following the World War II [[Japanese occupation of Indonesia|Japanese occupation]], Indonesian nationalists declared [[Indonesian independence]] in 1945. Thereafter and as a consequence of the subsequent [[Indonesian National Revolution]], the Netherlands formally recognised Indonesian sovereignty in December 1949. | |
| - | The voyage was commissioned by [[George III of the United Kingdom|King George III]] and commanded by Lieutenant [[James Cook]], a junior naval officer with skills in [[cartography]] and mathematics. Departing [[Plymouth]] in August 1768, the expedition crossed the Atlantic, rounded [[Cape Horn]] and reached [[Tahiti]] in time to observe the transit of Venus. Cook then set sail into the largely uncharted ocean to the south, stopping at the Pacific islands of [[Huahine]], [[Borabora]] and [[Raiatea]] to claim them for Great Britain, and unsuccessfully attempting to land at [[Rurutu (Austral Islands)|Rurutu]]. In September 1769, the expedition reached New Zealand, the first to do so since [[Abel Tasman]] 127 years earlier. Cook and his crew spent the following six months charting the New Zealand coast, before resuming their voyage westward across open sea. In April 1770, they became the first Europeans to reach the east coast of Australia, making landfall on the shore of what is now known as [[Botany Bay]]. | + | |
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| - | The expedition continued northward along the Australian coastline, narrowly avoiding shipwreck on the [[Great Barrier Reef]]. In October 1770, a badly damaged ''Endeavour'' limped into port in [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies|Batavia]] in the [[Dutch East Indies]], her crew sworn to secrecy about the lands they had discovered. They resumed their journey on 26 December, rounded the [[Cape of Good Hope]] on 13 March 1771, and reached the English port of [[Deal, Kent|Deal]] on 12 July, having been at sea for nearly three years. | + | |
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"One of the earliest examples of crossover music is the music of French composer Claude Debussy. In 1889 the French government staged the great Paris Exposition, an event that was to have profound effects on many areas of western art and music. Debussy visited the exposition and it was here that he first heard gamelan music performed by Sundanese musicians. He was transfixed by the hypnotic, layered sound of the gamelan orchestra and reportedly returned to the Dutch East Indies pavilion over several days to listen to the Indonesian musicians perform and to study the structure and tuning of this novel musical form. His exposure to gamelan music had a direct influence on the composition of his famous Nocturnes for orchestra. "--Sholem Stein |
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The Dutch East Indies was the Dutch colony that became modern Indonesia following World War II. It was formed from the nationalised colonies of the former Dutch East India Company that came under the administration of the Netherlands in 1800. During the nineteenth century, Dutch possessions in the archipelago and its hegemony were expanded, reaching their greatest extent in the early twentieth century. Following the World War II Japanese occupation, Indonesian nationalists declared Indonesian independence in 1945. Thereafter and as a consequence of the subsequent Indonesian National Revolution, the Netherlands formally recognised Indonesian sovereignty in December 1949.
