Each row corresponds to a change in log(time before present) of about 0.1 (using log base 10), similar to Renard numbers.
| Time interval, before the present time. a=annum (year)
| Period
| Event, Invention or Historical development
|
| 13.8 Ga – 12.6 Ga | |
Big Bang, Stars and galaxies, earliest quasars
|
| 12.6 Ga – 10 Ga | |
NGC 6522 star cluster forms, at least 12 Ga ago.
Omega Centauri star cluster forms.
|
| 10 Ga – 8 Ga | |
Gliese 876 and its planets form
|
| 8 Ga – 6.3 Ga | |
Delta Eridani forms
|
| 6.3 Ga – 5 Ga | |
Birth of Alpha Centauri
|
| 5 Ga – 4 Ga | |
Formation of Sun, Solar System, Earth
|
| 4 Ga – 3.2 Ga | End of Hadean eon, beginning of Archaean eon |
Late Heavy Bombardment. Origin of life.
Earliest known acritarchs.
|
| 3.2 Ga – 2.5 Ga | Archaean eon |
Stromatolites, Cyanobacteria (photosynthesis).<ref name=Lane>"First breath: Earth's billion-year struggle for oxygen" by Nick Lane, New Scientist, 6 Feb. 2010, pp.36-9.</ref>
Stabilisation of cratons. Sterane biomarkers possibly indicate first eukaryotes. Possible largest crater on earth near Maniitsoq, Greenland.<ref>"Earth's oldest impact crater found in Greenland" by Andy Coghlan, New Scientist, 29 June 2012.</ref>
|
| 2.5 Ga – 2 Ga | Paleoproterozoic era |
Oxygen revolution. Huronian glaciation.
Grypania fossils.
First unambiguous Cyanobacteria fossils, in Belcher Islands.<ref name=Lane/>
Bolide over 10 km in size creates Vredefort crater.
Milky Way perturbed by collision.<ref>"Milky Way still reeling from ancient smash", New Scientist, Feb. 21, 2009.</ref>
|
| 2 Ga – 1.6 Ga | Paleoproterozoic era |
Oxygen levels briefly plummet.<ref name=Lane/>
10-km diameter bolide creates Sudbury Basin.
Columbia supercontinent.
Traces of 24-isopropylcholestane, possibly from sponges.
Fossils of filamentous algae.
|
| 1.6 Ga – 1.26 Ga | Mesoproterozoic era |
Erosion of granite introduces copper, zinc, and molybdenum into surface waters.<ref>"Sex born from hard rock and heavy metal" by Will Ferguson, New Scientist, 23 June 2012, pp. 10-11.</ref>
|
| 1.26 Ga – 1 Ga | Mesoproterozoic era |
Eukaryotes found in lakes.<ref>"Ancient lakes show when eukaryotic life left the sea" by Colin Barras, New Scientist, April 16, 2011, p. 20. "Earth’s earliest non-marine eukaryotes" by Paul Strother et al., Nature, 13 April 2011.</ref>
Coming together of Rodinia supercontinent.
Appearance of sex (possibly).
|
| 1 Ga – 800 Ma | Beginning of Neoproterozoic era. Tonian period. |
Sturtian-Varangian or Cryogenian glaciation begins. Traces of sponge-like animals.<ref>"Earliest animal traces solve timegap mystery", New Scientist, 11 May 2009, p. 12.</ref><ref>"Dawn of the animals: Solving Darwin's dilemma" by Douglas Fox and Michael Le Page, New Scientist, 8 July 2009, pp. 38-41</ref>
|
| 800 Ma – 630 Ma | Cryogenian period |
Breakup of Rodinia, Sturtian-Varangian or Cryogenian glaciation, possible Snowball Earth, Volcanism on Venus practically stops
|
| 630 Ma – 500 Ma | Ediacaran period, Cambrian period |
Pannotia supercontinent, first fossils of animals
(Ediacaran biota), Cambrian explosion. Fish-like Myllokunmingia, Haikouichthys, & Pikaia. First conodonts.
All modern mineralized phyla present.
Arthropods dominant until arrival of chambered nautili <ref>"Nautilus: Chambers of secret life" by Peter Ward, New Scientist, 5 April 2008.</ref>
|
| 500 Ma – 400 Ma | End of Cambrian. Ordovician, Silurian |
Collision of asteroids gives rise to L chondrite group of meteoroids and several craters ca. 470 Ma ago. Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event. First starfish, sea urchins, oysters, scallops, placoderms, cartilaginous fish (such as sharks) and bony fish. First fossils of plants and fungi on land. First clear evidence of land arthropods. Andean-Saharan glaciation. Ordovician-Silurian extinction events.
|
| 400 Ma – 320 Ma | Devonian (416-359 Ma), Carboniferous (359-299 Ma) |
Tiktaalik (lungfish) walks on land.
Ichthyostega.
First amphibians, archaeopteris (tree ferns), seeds, coelacanths.
Late Devonian extinctions, culminating in the Hangenberg event.
Beginning of Karoo Ice Age.
Romer's gap in the tetrapod record.
|
| 320 Ma – 250 Ma | Carboniferous, Permian (299-251 Ma) |
Karoo Ice Age. Formation of Pangaea supercontinent. First winged insects, synapsids, reptiles.
Oxygen in atmosphere peaks.
Carboniferous Rainforest Collapse
Cycads, seed ferns. Therapsids such as pelycosaurs & cynodonts. Siberian Traps eruption & Permian-Triassic extinction event. Dinosaur tracks<ref>"Meet the oldest dino ancestor yet", New Scientist, 6 Oct. 2010.</ref><ref>"Footprints pull origin and diversification of dinosaur stem lineage deep into Early Triassic" by Stephen L. Brusatte1, Grzegorz Niedźwiedzki and Richard J. Butler, Proc. Roy. Soc. B, 2010.</ref>
|
| 250 Ma – 200 Ma | Triassic |
40°C sea temperatures during Smithian-Spathian extinction. Turtles. Dominance of crocodile-like Crurotarsi. First pterosaurs, ichthyosaurs. Dinosaurs. Gymnosperms dominant. Dicroidium flora common on land. Manicouagan Crater formed.
First lizards.
Central Atlantic eruption and Triassic–Jurassic extinction event.
|
| 200 Ma – 160 Ma | Jurassic |
Breakup of Pangaea. Mammals. Gymnosperms (especially conifers, Bennettitales and cycads) and ferns common. Sauropods, carnosaurs, stegosaurs.
Toarcian turnover (extinction).
Juramaia sinensis, first known placental mammal.
|
| 160 Ma – 126 Ma | Jurassic, Early Cretaceous |
Gondwana breaks up.
First known snakes.
First birds (Archaeopteryx).
Flowering plants.
|
| 126 Ma – 100 Ma | Aptian & Albian stages of the Cretaceous |
India breaks from East Gondwana. Ontong Java eruption.
Early Aptian anoxic event. Seas cool by 5°C during 2 million years.
Earliest known monotreme fossils. Sinodelphys, earliest known marsupial. Eomaia, earliest known eutherian.
Bees.
|
| 100 Ma – 80 Ma | Late Cretaceous: Cenomanian, Turonian, Coniacian, Santonian |
Mammals diversify into many forms.<ref>http://www.newscientist.com/channel/life/mg19325975.100-mammals-not-such-late-developers-after-all.html</ref>
Cenomanian-Turonian boundary event (oceans anoxic for half a million years).<ref>http://environment.newscientist.com/channel/earth/mg19926655.300-submarine-eruption-bled-earths-oceans-of-oxygen.html</ref>
Crocodilia.
|
| 80 Ma – 63 Ma | Campanian & Maastrichtian stages of the Cretaceous |
Dominance of angiosperm rosids.
Evidence for Grasses in dinosaur dung (coprolites).
Madagascar breaks away from India.
Bolide creates Chicxulub Crater. Deccan Traps. Possible Shiva crater. Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event.
|
| 63 Ma – 50 Ma | Paleocene, Eocene |
Mammals dominate. Titanoboa, largest known snake.
Eritherium, first known proboscid.
Lemurs. Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum. First creodonts. First equid, the Eohippus or Hyracotherium. Andes mountains begin to rise.
|
| 50 Ma – 40 Ma | Eocene |
Azolla event.
India collides with Asia, giving rise to the Himalayas.
First cetaceans (whales) and simians, first elephant-like animal, the Moeritherium.
|
| 40 Ma – 32 Ma | Eocene, Oligocene |
Grasses common. 100-km Popigai crater in Siberia. Template:Convert diameter bolide creates 90-km Chesapeake Bay impact crater in America.
Tasmanian Seaway and Drake Passage open, allowing creation of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current.
Baleen whales appear.
|
| 32 Ma – 25 Ma | Oligocene |
Gould Belt of stars created.<ref>"Orion's dark secret: Violence shaped the night sky", New Scientist, 21 Nov. 2009, pp. 42-5.</ref>
Alps begin to rise. First indricotheria, "hornless rhinoceros" about 6 metres high.
Primates cross Atlantic to South America and become New World monkeys.
Explosive eruption of La Garita Caldera in Colorado.
|
| 25 Ma – 20 Ma | Miocene, Aquitanian age |
Puijila darwini, early pinniped.
Dawn bear - ancestor of bears.
|
| 20 Ma – 16 Ma | Miocene, Burdigalian age |
First Megatherium americanum, a giant sloth. First deinotheres, similar to an elephant but with tusks on lower jaw.
|
| 16 Ma – 12.6 Ma | Miocene, Langhian age, Serravallian age |
Antarctica becomes mostly ice-covered.
Africa/Arabia collides with Eurasia, end of Tethys Sea.
Columbia River basalts..
Nördlinger Ries impact crater.
Mid-Miocene Climatic Optimum, Middle Miocene disruption.
Great apes split from lesser apes.
|
| 12.6 Ma – 10 Ma | Miocene, Serravallian age, Tortonian age |
Last of the adapids.
Anoiapithecus, one of first hominids, in Spain.
|
| 10 Ma – 8 Ma | Miocene, Tortonian age |
First Gigantopithecus, an ape almost Template:Convert tall.
|
| 8 Ma – 6.3 Ma | Miocene, Tortonian age, Messinian age |
C4 grasses become common.
Crocodiles cross the Atlantic to America.<ref>"Crocodiles swam the Atlantic to reach America", by Michael Marshall, New Scientist, May 14, 2011, p. 16.</ref>
"Toumaï", of species Sahelanthropus tchadensis, shows some human traits.
First Thylacosmilus, sabre-toothed marsupial of South America.
|
| 6.3 Ma – 5 Ma | Miocene, Messinian age |
Mediterranean Sea dries up (Messinian Event). 52-km Karakul crater in Tajikistan. Orrorin tugenensis, possible hominin
|
| 5 Ma – 4 Ma | Pliocene |
Ardipithecus ramidus, Australopithecus anamensis. Divergence of polar bears and brown bears.
|
| 4 Ma – 3.2 Ma | Pliocene |
Human Bipedalism. First Australopithecus afarensis. Hominid fossil footprints in Laetoli, Tanzania.
|
| 3.2 Ma – 2.5 Ma | Pliocene |
Isthmus of Panama connects South and Central America, giving rise to the Great American Interchange. Lucy, member of the species Australopithecus afarensis. Oldowan tools used near Gona, Ethiopia
|
| 2.5 Ma – 2 Ma | Paleolithic begins, Lower Paleolithic |
Beginning of the current ice age, known as the Quaternary glaciation. Homo habilis appears. Cut marks on human bones indicate cannibalism.
Island Park Caldera in Wyoming and Idaho.
|
| 2 Ma – 1.6 Ma | Beginning of Pleistocene |
Homo erectus appears.
Human-like Australopithecus sediba.
Homo ergaster in Africa. First signs of Acheulian culture, in Kenya. Hominins in Dmanisi, Georgia and in Nihewan basin, China. First true hand-axes.
Last known terror birds.
|
| 1.6 Ma – 1.26 Ma | |
Homo erectus found in Europe.
Giant megalodon shark goes extinct.
Henry's Fork Caldera in Idaho erupts.
|
| 1.26 Ma – 1 Ma | |
Stone artifacts on Flores, made by hominins.<ref>"Hominins on Flores, Indonesia, by one million years ago", Nature 464, pp. 748-752 (1 April 2010), Template:Doi</ref>
|
| 1 Ma – 800 ka | |
14-km Zhamanshin Crater formed in Kazakhstan;
|
| 800 ka – 630 ka | Günz glaciation |
Evidence of use of fire (Palestine).<ref>"Charred remains may be earliest human fires", New Scientist, April 29, 2004.</ref> Brunhes–Matuyama geomagnetic reversal. Yellowstone Caldera supervolcano spreads ash over North America. Homo antecessor in Spain
|
| 630 ka – 500 ka | Günz-Mindel interglacial |
Stone points (possibly for spears) used by Homo heidelbergensis in South Africa.
|
| 500 ka – 400 ka | Günz-Mindel interglacial Mindel glaciation |
Homo heidelbergensis in Germany, France, and Greece
|
| 400 ka – 320 ka | Mindel glaciation |
Homo heidelbergensis footprints in Italy (Ciampate del Diavolo). Venus of Tan-Tan (300 to 500 ka ago) and Venus of B'rekhat Ram (233 to 800 ka ago). First appearance of proto-Neanderthal traits.
|
| 320 ka – 250 ka | Yarmouthian Stage |
900-metre Wolfe Creek crater formed in Australia.
Geminga supernova may have begun the creation of the Local Bubble.
|
| 250 ka – 200 ka | Yarmouthian Stage |
Strait of Dover formed.
Apparent date of stone tools at the Hueyatlaco site in Mexico.
|
| 200 ka – 160 ka | Illinoian Stage (Riß glaciation) |
First traces of Homo sapiens (Omo remains). Use of ochre, fine stone blades, and seafood at Pinnacle Point, SA (164±12ka ago).<ref>http://www.newscientist.com/channel/being-human/mg19626265.200-early-modern-humans-had-a-taste-for-seafood.html</ref>
Evidence for use of fire to pre-treat stone for making blades.<ref>"Earliest fired knives improved stone age tool kit" by Ewen Callaway, New Scientist, 13 Aug. 2009.</ref>
|
| 160 ka – 126 ka | Illinoian Stage (Riß glaciation) |
Appearance of full-blown Neanderthal traits.
Estimated time of Mitochondrial Eve.
Stone tools in Crete.
|
| 126 ka – 100 ka | Beginning of Middle Paleolithic, Eemian Stage |
Temperatures generally higher than today during the Eemian interglacial.
Late Eemian Aridity Pulse.
Shells with holes, probably used as beads, at the Es Skhul cave on Mount Carmel.
Paint made at Blombos Cave.<ref>"Oldest artists workshop in the world discovered", by Andy Coghlan, New Scientist, 22 Oct. 2011, p. 20</ref>
|
| 100 ka – 80 ka | Beginning of Würm glaciation |
First evidence of metre-high Flores Man on the island of Flores (Indonesia). Human burial at Qafzeh in Israel. Shell beads in Taforalt Caves, Morocco.
|
| 80 ka – 63 ka | Ca. 78000 – ca. 61000 BCE |
Tools made in Kota Tampan, Malaysia, probably by Homo sapiens.
Abstract designs engraved on ochre, and pressure flaking, at Blombos Cave in South Africa.
Use of glue, arrowhead-like projectile points, and insecticidal Cape Laurel for bedding at Sibudu Cave in South Africa.
Supervolcano Toba in Indonesia erupts, covering India and Pakistan with ash and starting a 1000-year ice age.
Humans on Luzon.<ref>"Mystery seafaring ancestor found in the Philippines" by Jeff Hecht, New Scientist, 12 June 2010, p. 16.</ref>
|
| 63 ka – 50 ka | Ca. 61000 – ca. 48000 BCE |
Sewing needle-like implement used at Sibudu Cave, South Africa.
Estimated time of Y-chromosomal Adam.
Engraved ostrich eggs at Diepkloof Rock Shelter.
Humans enter Tibetan plateau. Mousterian culture.
Last evidence of Homo erectus<ref>"Gigantic volcano did not decimate humans", New Scientist, 14 July 2007, p. 19</ref>
|
| 50 ka – 40 ka | Ca. 48000 – ca. 38000 BCE |
Neandertal Divje Babe flute - prehistoric music.
Mining of hematite at the Lion Cave in Swaziland.
Mungo Man in Australia.
Deep sea fishing.<ref>"Deep sea fishing for tuna began 42000 years ago" by Wendy Zukerman, New Scientist, 3 Dec. 2011, p. 16</ref>
Brief geomagnetic Laschamp Excursion.
50-metre diameter asteroid creates 1.2-km Meteor Crater in Arizona.
Homo sapiens in Peştera cu Oase, Romania and in Tianyuan Cave, China.
Oldest dated cave decoration (red ochre dot, in Caves of Monte Castillo, Spain).
|
| 40 ka – 32 ka | Beginning of Upper Paleolithic Ca. 38000 – ca. 30000 BCE |
Needles and sewing. Shoes. Beginnings of Aurignacian culture.
Paleolithic flutes and Venus of Hohler Fels,
First Cro Magnon people.
Human presence in Japan.
Oldest known skull of a dog (Siberia), with wolf-like teeth.
Lion man ivory sculpture.
|
| 32 ka – 25 ka | Ca. 30000 – ca. 23000 BCE |
Stone mortar and pestle used to grind fern and cattail tubers.<ref>"Stone Age humans liked their burgers in a bun", Sonia Van Gilder Cooke, New Scientist, 23 Oct. 2010, p. 18.</ref><ref>"Thirty thousand-year-old evidence of plant food processing" by Anna Revedin et al., PNAS, published online Oct. 18, 2010.</ref>
Chauvet Cave paintings.
Avian figurine in ivory and stone phallus of Hohler Fels.
Venus of Dolní Věstonice (first known ceramic).
End of Aurignacian culture, beginning of Gravettian.
Imprint of woven cloth in clay (Czech Republic).
Venus of Lespugue (ivory sculpture).
First known spear thrower or atlatl.
Oruanui eruption in New Zealand.
|
| 25 ka – 20 ka | Ca. 23000 – ca. 18000 BCE |
Venus of Brassempouy (carving of face).
Lapedo child with mixture of Neanderthal and sapiens features at Lagar Velho Portugal.
Neanderthals disappear.
End of Gravettian culture, beginning of Solutrean.
Ishango Bone, thought by some to be a tally stick which may show a prime number sequence.
1.9-km Tenoumer crater in Mauritania.
Claimed presence of Australian aborigine-type people in Brazil.
|
| 20 ka – 16 ka | Ca. 18000 – ca. 14000 BCE |
Pottery sherds at Xianren Cave.
Reported date of artefacts found on Cactus Hill in Virginia.<ref>"Were the First Americans European?" Scientific American Frontiers on PBS.</ref>
Disappearance of Solutrean.
Beginning of Magdalenian culture.
Lascaux cave paintings.
|
| 16 ka – 12.6 ka | Ca. 14000 – ca. 10600 BCE. End of Pleistocene, beginning of Holocene and Mesolithic age. |
Red Deer Cave people, a possible separate species of Homo in China.
Stone tools at the Buttermilk Creek Complex in Texas.
Evidence of massacre at Cemetery 117.
Older Dryas cold spell.
Most recent glaciation gradually ends.
Sea level rises 30 metres in a few hundred years (Meltwater Pulse 1A). Clovis culture in America.
Beginning of Natufian culture in Levant.
Outburst of water from Lake Agassiz or Younger Dryas impact event bring about the Younger Dryas cold spell.
Extinction of many species of large animals.
|
| 12.6 ka – 10 ka | Ca. 10600 – ca. 8000 BCE. Beginning of Neolithic. |
Natufian Shaman burial<ref>
"Ancient remains are of earliest known shaman" New Scientist, 8 Nov. 2008, p. 16.</ref> and earliest known banquet.<ref>"Tortoise banquet: Remains of the oldest feast found" by Michael Marshall, New Scientist, Aug. 30, 2010.</ref>
Vela Supernova only 800 ly away.
Island of Spartel flooded (possible site of Atlantis).
Arrow-shaft straighteners used by Natufian culture in the Levant.
Neolithic revolution (agriculture begins,
domestication of animals).
Göbekli Tepe (temple-like monuments and art).
Lime.
Earliest layers of Jericho – first known monumental building (stone tower 8 m high).
Copper pendant in Iraq.
Toothpicks and birch-bark chewing gum.
Sea rises about 20 m in 9th millennium BCE.
|
| 10 ka – 8 ka | Start of Holocene. Pre-Pottery Neolithic B in Mideast, 8th millennium BCE, 7th millennium BCE |
Kennewick Man in Washington, whose skull was different from modern American Indians.
Oldest cloth yet found (Çayönü).
Dentistry.
Trepanation.
Lake Agassiz largely empties into the Hudson Bay.
Finse event, a 300-year cold spell.
Storegga tsunami.
Mount Etna causes tsunami, possibly ending Atlit Yam settlement (Israel).
Smelted lead, pottery & finger rings at Çatal Höyük.
Opium
|
| 8 ka – 6.3 ka | Ubaid period. 6th millennium BCE, 5th millennium BCE |
Wine and beer.
Cheesemaking (Poland).
Sea rises 15–20 m in 6th millennium BCE, flooding Doggerland and cutting off Britain.
Holocene thermal maximum brings temperatures warmer than today. Older Peron "transgression" (high sea level). Sahara region not a desert (Neolithic Subpluvial). Megaliths. Domestication of the horse. Pottery revolutionized by the potter's wheel.
Oldest wrought gold known, in Varna necropolis.
Last mastodons.
|
| 6.3 ka – 5 ka | Chalcolithic. 4th millennium BCE |
Copper Age.
Continuation of Holocene thermal maximum.
5.9 kiloyear event – redesertification of Sahara begins.
Sweet Track roadway.
Large city of Hamoukar, destroyed in war, probably by Uruk in Sumer.
Silver mining.
Invention of wheel.
Ötzi the Iceman.
Phonetic writing begins in Sumer (Cuneiform) and Elam.
|
| 5 ka – 4 ka | 3rd millennium BCE |
Wire. Cannabis in use.
Gilgamesh epic, pyramids of Ancient Egypt, Indus civilization, Ur, Sargon, Stonehenge.
Invention of toilet.
Use of bronze, surgery.
|
| 4 ka – 3.2 ka | 2nd millennium BCE Bronze Age |
Minoan Crete. Hammurabi. Avellino eruption of Vesuvius.
Calculation of the square root of 2 in Babylon.<ref>"Babylon and the square root of 2" by John Carlos Baez and Richard Elwes.</ref>
Rhind Mathematical Papyrus, implying an approximation of pi.
Last mammoths.
Thera eruption.
Egyptian medical papyri. Akhenaten. Rigveda.
|
| 3.2 ka – 2.5 ka | ca. 1200 BCE – ca. 500 BCE Iron Age |
Olmec civilization.
Trojan war,
Bronze Age collapse.
Hekla 3 eruption.
Tiwanaku.
Beginning of Zhou Dynasty.
David and Solomon.
Apiculture.
Zarathustra, Homer, Hesiod.
Fall of Kingdom of Israel and Kingdom of Judah.
First coins.
Solon's reforms in Athens.
Cyrus,
Pythagoras,
Kǒng Fūzǐ (Confucius)
Democracy in Athens.
|
| 2.5 ka – 2 ka | ca. 500 BCE – ca. 10 AD |
Greco-Persian Wars,
Etruscan civilization,
Buddha,
Socrates, Hippocrates, Plato, Aristotle. Helike sinks beneath the waves. Alexander, Euclid.
Gallic invasion of the Balkans.
Library of Alexandria.
Ashoka.
Punic Wars end with razing of Carthage.
Qin Dynasty & beginning of Han Dynasty.
Julius Caesar
|
| 2 ka – 1.6 ka | ca. 10 AD – ca. 400 AD |
Roman Empire, Yeshua (Jesus).
Antonine Plague, Plague of Cyprian.
Christianity, Gnosticism, Mithraism, Manichaeism, Constantine.
365 Crete earthquake.
|
| 1.6 ka – 1.26 ka | ca. 400 – ca. 750 |
Classic Maya civilization. Byzantine Empire,
Augustine,
Attila,
Saint Patrick,
King Arthur.
Teotihuacán.
Climate changes of 535-536. Plague of Justinian. Muhammad.
Muslims capture Ctesiphon, largest city in world.
Battle of Poitiers.
Vikings. First half of Tang dynasty.
|
| 1.26 ka – 1 ka | ca. 750 – ca. 1010 |
Charlemagne. Saeculum obscurum.
Beowulf written.
Chinese invent gunpowder.
Bjarni Herjólfsson sights North America. Leifr Eiriksson goes there (Vinland).
|
| 1000 y – 800 y | ca. 1010 – ca. 1210 |
Song Dynasty. Ibn Sina. East-West Schism.
William the Conqueror.
First three Crusades.
Bombard.
|
| 800 y – 630 y | ca. 1210 – ca. 1380 |
Genghis Khan.
Magna Carta.
Francis of Assisi.
Siege of Baghdad (1258) by the Mongols.
Thomas Aquinas.
Cannon.
Yuan Dynasty.
Marco Polo.
Beginning of Hundred Years' War.
Black Death.
|
| 630 y – 500 y | ca. 1380 – ca. 1510 |
The Renaissance.
Chaucer.
Beginning of Ming Dynasty.
Hwacha multiple rocket launcher.
Zheng He.
Battle of Grunwald.
Battle of Agincourt.
Joan of Arc. Kuwae eruption. Fall of Constantinople. Gutenberg.
Wars of the Roses.
Columbus rediscovers the New World.
Start of Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars (1492 to 1537).
|
| 500 y – 400 y | 16th century |
Da Vinci,
Michelangelo.
Luther & the Reformation.
Siege of Vienna.
Copernicus, Scientific Revolution.
1556 Shaanxi earthquake.
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.
First of about 11 Russo-Turkish Wars (1568 to 1878).
Battle of Lepanto.
Spanish Armada.
\Microscope.
Rise of the Moghul Empire.
Russian Time of Troubles and Russian famine of 1601–1603, probably connected to eruption of Huaynaputina.
Beginning of Little Ice Age (ca. 1550 to 1850).
Beginning of Northern Wars (1554 to 1721).
William Shakespeare.
King James Bible.
|
| 400 y – 320 y | 17th century |
Thirty Years' War.
Galileo.
English Civil War.
Descartes.
Fermat.
Pascal.
Louis XIV.
Great Fire of London.
Battle of Vienna and Great Turkish War.
Isaac Newton.
Nine Years' War.
|
| 320 y – 250 y | 1693 – 1763 |
War of the Spanish Succession.
Great Northern War.
South Sea Bubble.
Defoe,
Swift,
Bach,
Voltaire.
Age of Enlightenment.
Lisbon destroyed by earthquake, tsunami, and fire.
Seven Years' War.
Rousseau.
|
| 250 y – 200 y | 1763 – 1813 |
American Revolution,
Watt engine.
Dismantlement of Lithuania.
Eruption of Laki. Mozart, French Revolution.
First locomotive. Beethoven. Napoleon.
New Madrid earthquakes.
War of 1812.
|
| 200 y – 160 y | 1813 – 1853 |
Eruption of Mount Tambora.
Battle of Waterloo.
Year Without a Summer.
Photography, electric motor. Babbage. Telegraph.
First Opium War
Mexican–American War.
Revolutions of 1848.
|
| 160 y – 126 y | 1853 – 1887 |
Taiping Civil War kills at least 20 million.
John Snow.
Beginning of Third Plague Pandemic.
Second Opium War.
Darwin.
Solar storm of 1859.
American Civil War.
Joseph Lister.
Marx.
Telephone. Pasteur.
War of the Pacific.
Invention of automobile.
|
| 126 y – 100 y | 1887 – 1913 |
Edison,
Mark Twain.
Krakatoa.
1887 Yellow River flood.
Dreyfus.
Radio.
Spanish–American War.
Boxer Rebellion.
Philippine–American War.
Wright Brothers.
Einstein's papers on special relativity and quantization of light (photons).
1906 San Francisco earthquake.
US Panic of 1907.
Tunguska event.
First Model T.
Freud,
|
| 100 y – 80 y | 1913 – 1933 |
Cubism,
Republic of China,
RMS Titanic,
World War I. Prohibition.
General relativity,
Russian Revolution.
Irish War of Independence.
Russian famine of 1921.
Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922).
Stalin.
Crash of 1929.
1931 Yellow River flood.
|
| 80 y – 63 y | 1933 – 1950 |
Soviet famine of 1932–1933.
Great Depression.
Hitler.
FDR, New Deal.
Gödel.
Gandhi.
Second Sino-Japanese War.
LSD invented. World War II. Pearl Harbor.
Penicillin.
Atom bomb.
UN. Cold War begins.
ENIAC
|
| 63 y – 50 y | 1950 – 1963 |
NATO, Mao Zedong.
Korean War.
Structure of DNA found.
McCarthyism, Elvis Presley.
Sputnik.
ARPA.
Castro comes to power.
Invention of laser.
1960 Valdivia earthquake, most powerful recorded earthquake.
Ca. 20-30 million die in Great Chinese Famine.
Berlin Wall.
John F. Kennedy.
Cuban missile crisis,
|
| 50 y – 40 y | 1963 – 1973 |
American Civil Rights Movement.
Beginning of Vietnam War.
Indonesian killings of 1965–66.
Cultural Revolution (1966-76).
Six-Day War.
2001 (film). Vietnam War, counterculture.
Unix, Moon landing, Woodstock.
Bhola cyclone kills 500,000
Bangladesh Liberation War.
|
| 40 y – 32 y | 1973 – 1981 |
Yom Kippur War, Richard Nixon resigns.
Banqiao Dam and 61 other dams break in China.
Khmer Rouge.
Tangshan earthquake.
Downfall of Gang of Four.
Microcomputers.
Three Mile Island, Jimmy Carter, Margaret Thatcher becomes PM,
Usenet.
Eruption of Mount St. Helens.
Pac-man.
|
| 32 y – 25 y | 1981 – 1988 |
Presidency of Ronald Reagan.
CNN, MTV.
AIDS discovered.
First IBM PC.
Falklands War.
Macintosh,
Bhopal disaster,
Soviet-Afghan War.
Discovery of ozone hole.
Challenger Disaster.
Chernobyl,
First 80386,
Iran-Contra scandal .
BSE,
Perestroika,
Black Monday on Wall Street.
|
| 25 y – 20 y | 1988 – 1993 |
End of Iran–Iraq War
US invades Panama, Tiananmen protests, Fall of Berlin Wall.
Launch of Hubble Space Telescope
George H. W. Bush presidency.
First Gulf War,
AOL.
Eruption of Mount Pinatubo.
1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt,.
End of USSR.
Black Wednesday attack on British pound.
|
| 20 y – 16 y | 1993 – 1997 |
Beginning of Clinton presidency.
First Pentium.
Oslo accords.
Bosnian War.
End of apartheid.
1994 Los Angeles earthquake.
Rwandan massacre.
Israeli-Jordanian Peace Treaty.
Rising use of the Internet and the World Wide Web.
Start of WTO.
Kobe earthquake. Windows 95, Java programming language.
|
| 16 y – 12.6 y | 1997 – 2000 |
Tony Blair becomes PM of the UK.
Asian financial crisis.
Good Friday agreement.
Discovery of the acceleration of the universe.
Kosovo War, 1999 Izmit, Turkey Earthquake,
Vladimir Putin president of Russia, Y2K scare
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