December 14  

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== Art and culture == == Art and culture ==
-*[[1287]] - [[St. Lucia's flood]]: The [[Zuider Zee]] sea wall in the [[Netherlands]] collapses, killing over 50,000 people. 
-*[[1542]] - Princess Mary Stuart becomes Queen [[Mary I of Scotland]]. 
-*[[1702]] (according to the [[Lunisolar calendar|old calendar]]; [[January 30]], [[1703]] by the new calendar) - The [[Forty-seven Ronin]], under the command of [[Ōishi Kuranosuke]], avenged the death of their master. 
-*[[1751]] - The [[Theresian Military Academy]] was founded as the first Military Academy in the world. 
-*[[1789]] - [[Dartmouth College]] is chartered by [[George III of the United Kingdom|King George III]] of [[England]]. 
-*[[1782]] - [[Montgolfier]] brothers first balloon lifted on its very first test flight.  
-*[[1799]] - Death of [[George Washington]], first [[president]] of the [[United States]]. 
-*[[1819]] - [[Alabama]] becomes the 22nd [[U.S. state]]. 
-*[[1825]] - Advocates of [[Liberalism]] in [[Russia]] rise up against [[Tsar Nicholas I]] and are put down in the [[Decembrist Revolt]] in [[St. Petersburg]]. 
-*[[1836]] - The [[Toledo War]] unofficially ended.  
-*[[1896]] - The [[Glasgow Subway|Glasgow Underground Railway]] is opened by the Glasgow District Subway Company. 
-*[[1900]] - [[Quantum Mechanics]]: [[Max Planck]] presents a theoretical derivation of his [[Planck's law of black body radiation|black-body radiation law]]. 
-*[[1902]] - The [[Commercial Pacific Cable Company]] lays the first [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] [[Telegraphy|telegraph]] cable, from [[Ocean Beach, San Francisco]] to [[Honolulu, Hawaii]]. 
-*[[1903]] - The [[Wright Brothers]] make their first attempt to fly with the ''[[Wright Flyer]]'' at [[Kitty Hawk, North Carolina]]. It crashes, and 3 days later, after repairs, they get it to fly. 
-*[[1907]] - The schooner [[Thomas W. Lawson (ship)|''Thomas W. Lawson'']] runs aground and founders near the Hellweather's Reef within the [[Scilly Isles]] in a gale. The pilot and 15 seamen die. 
-*[[1911]] - [[Roald Amundsen]]'s team, comprising himself, [[Olav Bjaaland]], [[Helmer Hanssen]], [[Sverre Hassel]], and [[Oscar Wisting]], becomes the first to reach the [[South Pole]]. 
-*[[1914]] - [[Lisandro de la Torre]] and others found the [[Democratic Progressive Party (Argentina)|Democratic Progressist Party]] (''Partido Demócrata Progresista'', PDP) at the Hotel Savoy, [[Buenos Aires]]. 
-*[[1918]] - [[Friedrich Karl von Hessen]], a [[Germany|German]] prince elected by the [[Parliament of Finland]] to become King [[Väinö I of Finland|Väinö I]], renounces the [[List of Finnish rulers|Finnish throne]]. 
-*[[1939]] - [[Winter War]]: The [[Soviet Union]] is expelled from the [[League of Nations]]. 
-*[[1941]] - [[Germany|German]] military commander of [[Kharkiv]], [[Ukraine]] issued an order, according to which the [[Jewish]] population was to move to the city periphery within 2 days, into the barracks of the works of a machine factory. In the next days 15,000 Jews were shot at [[Drobitsky Yar]]. 
-* 1941 - [[World War II]]: [[Japan]] signs [[treaty of alliance]] with [[Thailand]]. 
-*[[1946]] - The [[UN General Assembly]] votes to establish its headquarters in [[New York City]]. 
-*[[1947]] - The National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing ([[NASCAR]]) is founded in [[Daytona Beach, Florida]]. 
-*[[1955]] - [[Albania]], [[Austria]], [[Bulgaria]], [[Finland]], [[Hungary]], [[Ireland]], [[Italy]], [[Jordan]], [[Laos]], [[Portugal]], [[Romania]] and [[Spain]] join the [[United Nations]]. 
-*[[1958]] - The 3rd Soviet Antarctic Expedition becomes the first-ever to reach [[South Pole|The Pole of Relative Inaccessibility]] in the [[Antarctic]]. 
*[[1959]] - The ''[[Motown]]'' [[record label]] is founded in [[Detroit, Michigan]] by [[Berry Gordy]]. *[[1959]] - The ''[[Motown]]'' [[record label]] is founded in [[Detroit, Michigan]] by [[Berry Gordy]].
-*[[1962]] - [[NASA]]'s ''[[Mariner 2]]'' becomes the first [[spacecraft]] to fly by [[Venus (planet)|Venus]]. 
-*[[1964]] - [[American Civil Rights Movement (1955-1968)|American Civil Rights Movement]]: ''[[Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States]]'' - The [[United States Supreme Court]] rules that the [[U.S. Congress]] can use its [[Commerce Clause]] power to fight discrimination. 
-*[[1972]] - [[Apollo program]]: [[Eugene Cernan]] is the last person to walk on the moon, after he and [[Harrison Schmitt]] complete the third and final [[Extra-vehicular activity]] (EVA) of [[Apollo 17]]. This was the last manned mission to the moon of the 20th century. 
*[[1979]] - Legendary [[punk rock]] group [[The Clash]] release ''[[London Calling]]'' in the UK, a landmark album in rock music. *[[1979]] - Legendary [[punk rock]] group [[The Clash]] release ''[[London Calling]]'' in the UK, a landmark album in rock music.
-*[[1981]] - [[Arab-Israeli conflict]]: [[Israel]]'s [[Knesset]] passes ''The [[Golan Heights Law]]'', extending Israeli law to the area of the [[Golan Heights]]. 
-*[[1995]] - [[Yugoslav Wars]]: The [[Dayton Agreement]] is signed in [[Paris]] by leaders of various governments. 
-*[[2003]] - [[President of Pakistan]] [[Pervez Musharaf]] narrowly escapes an assassination attempt. 
-*[[2004]] - The [[Millau viaduct]], the highest bridge in the world, near [[Millau]], [[France]] is officially opened. 
==Births== ==Births==
-*[[1009]] - [[Emperor Go-Suzaku]] of Japan (d. [[1045]]) 
-*[[1503]] - [[Nostradamus]], French astrologer (d. [[1566]]) 
-*[[1546]] - [[Tycho Brahe]], Danish astronomer and alchemist (d. [[1601]]) 
-*[[1625]] - [[Barthélemy d'Herbelot de Molainville]], French orientalist (d. [[1695]]) 
-*[[1631]] - [[Anne Conway, Viscountess Conway]], English philosopher (d. [[1679]]) 
-*[[1640]] - (baptism date) - [[Aphra Behn]], English playwright and novelist (d. [[1689]]) 
-*[[1678]] - [[Daniel Neal]], English historian (d. [[1743]]) 
-*[[1720]] - [[Justus Möser]], German statesman (d. [[1794]]) 
-*[[1775]] - [[Philander Chase]], American founder of Kenyon College (d. [[1852]]) 
-* 1775 - [[Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald]], British admiral (d. [[1860]]) 
-*[[1787]] - [[Maria Ludovika of Austria-Este]], Empress of Austria and queen of Hungary and Bohemia (d. [[1816]]) 
*[[1824]] - [[Pierre Puvis de Chavannes]], French painter (d. [[1898]]) *[[1824]] - [[Pierre Puvis de Chavannes]], French painter (d. [[1898]])
*[[1866]] - [[Roger Fry]], British artist and art critic (d. [[1934]]) *[[1866]] - [[Roger Fry]], British artist and art critic (d. [[1934]])
-*[[1870]] - [[Karl Renner]], [[President of Austria]] (d. [[1950]])+*[[1887]] - [[Xul Solar]], Argentine painter, sculptor, writer (d. [[1963]])
-*[[1881]] - [[Katherine MacDonald]], American actress and film producer (d. [[1956]])+*[[1895]] - [[Paul Éluard]], French poet (d. [[1952]])
-*[[1884]] - [[Jane Cowl]], American actress and playwright (d. [[1950]])+
-*[[1895]] - [[Paul Eluard]], French poet (d. [[1952]])+
-* 1895 - King [[George VI of the United Kingdom]] (d. [[1952]])+
-*[[1896]] - [[Jimmy Doolittle]], American General (d. [[1993]])+
-*[[1897]] - [[Margaret Chase Smith]], American politician (d. [[1995]])+
-* 1897 - [[Kurt Schuschnigg]], Austrian politician (d. [[1977]])+
-*[[1902]] - [[Frances Bavier]], American actress (d. [[1989]])+
-*[[1908]] - [[Morey Amsterdam]], American comedian and actor (d. [[1996]])+
-* 1908 - [[Claude Davey]], Welsh rugby player+
-* 1908 - [[Mária Szepes]], Hungarian authoress (d. [[2007]])+
-*[[1909]] - [[Edward Tatum]], American geneticist and [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[1975]])+
*[[1911]] - [[Spike Jones]], American comedian and musician (d. [[1965]]) *[[1911]] - [[Spike Jones]], American comedian and musician (d. [[1965]])
-*[[1913]] - [[Dan Dailey]], American actor (d. [[1978]]) 
-*[[1914]] - [[Karl Carstens]], [[President of Germany]] (d. [[1992]]) 
-* 1914 - [[Attila Petschauer]], Hungarian Olympic champion fencer (d. [[1943]]) 
-* 1914 - [[Rosalyn Tureck]], American pianist and harpsichordist (d. [[2003]]) 
*[[1916]] - [[Shirley Jackson]], American writer (d. [[1965]]) *[[1916]] - [[Shirley Jackson]], American writer (d. [[1965]])
-*[[1917]] - [[C.-H. Hermansson]], Swedish communist leader+*[[1923]] - [[Gerard Reve]], Dutch writer (d. [[2006]])
-*[[1918]] - [[James T. Aubrey]], American television executive (d. [[1994]])+
-* 1918 - [[B.K.S. Iyengar]], Indian yoga advocate+
-*[[1920]] - [[Clark Terry]], American trumpeter+
-*[[1922]] - [[Nikolay Basov]], Soviet-born Russian physicist and [[Noble Prize]] laureate (d. [[2001]])+
-*[[1923]] - [[Gerard Reve]], Dutch writer+
-*[[1924]] - [[Raj Kapoor]], Indian actor (d. [[1988]])+
-*[[1925]] - [[Sam Jones (baseball)|Sam Jones]], baseball player (d. [[1971]])+
-*[[1927]] - [[Richard Cassilly]], American tenor (d.[[1998]])+
-*[[1931]] - [[Jon Elia]], Pakistani scholar, poet and philosopher (d. [[2002]])+
-*[[1932]] - [[Charlie Rich]], American musician (d. [[1995]])+
-* 1932 - [[Abbe Lane]], American singer and actress+
-*[[1935]] - [[Lee Remick]], American actress (d. [[1991]])+
-* 1935 - [[Lewis Arquette]], American film actor, writer and producer (d. [[2001]])+
-*[[1938]] - [[Leonardo Boff]], Brazilian theologian+
-*[[1941]] - [[Ellen Willis]], American journalist (d. [[2006]])+
-* 1941 - [[Karan Armstrong]], American soprano+
*[[1946]] - [[Jane Birkin]], British-born actress *[[1946]] - [[Jane Birkin]], British-born actress
-* 1946 - [[Patty Duke]], American actress 
-* 1946 - [[Michael Ovitz]], American film producer 
-* 1946 - [[Stan Smith]], American former tennis player 
-* 1946 - [[Ruth Fuchs]], East German athlete 
-* 1946 - [[Joyce Vincent Wilson]], American singer ([[Tony Orlando and Dawn]]) 
-*[[1947]] - [[Christopher Parkening]], American guitarist 
-* 1947 - [[Linda Sutton]], British artist 
-*[[1948]] - [[Lester Bangs]], American music journalist (d. [[1982]]) 
-* 1948 - [[Dee Wallace-Stone]], American actress 
-*[[1949]] - [[Bill Buckner]], American baseball player 
-* 1949 - [[Cliff Williams]], British-born bassist ([[AC/DC]]) 
-*[[1951]] - [[Jan Timman]], Dutch chess grandmaster 
-*[[1952]] - [[Germain Houde]], Quebec actor 
-*[[1953]] - [[Vijay Amritraj]], Indian former tennis player 
-* 1953 - [[René Eespere]], Soviet-born Estonian composer 
-* 1953 - [[Mikael Odenberg]], Swedish politician 
-*[[1954]] - [[Alan Kulwicki]], American race car driver (d. [[1993]]) 
-* 1954 - [[James Horan (actor)|James Horan]], American actor 
-* 1954 - [[Steven MacLean (astronaut)|Steven MacLean]], Canadian astronaut 
-*[[1956]] - [[Hanni Wenzel]], [[Liechtenstein]] skier 
-*[[1957]] - [[Gary Ferris]], American author 
-*[[1958]] - [[Mike Scott (musician)|Mike Scott]], British singer and songwriter ([[The Waterboys]]) 
-* 1958 - [[Spider Stacy]], English musician ([[The Pogues]]) 
-*[[1959]] - [[Jorge Vaca]], Mexican boxer 
-*[[1960]] - [[Bob Paris]], American bodybuilder and gay rights advocate 
-*[[1962]] - [[Ginger Lynn]] (Ginger Lynn Allen), American adult film actress 
-*[[1963]] - [[Cynthia Gibb]], American actress 
-*[[1965]] - [[Craig Biggio]], American baseball player 
-* 1965 - [[Ken Hill (MLB pitcher)|Ken Hill]], baseball player 
-*[[1966]] - [[Fabrizio Giovanardi]], Italian racecar driver 
-* 1966 - [[Bill Ranford]], Canadian ice hockey player 
-* 1966 - [[Tim Skold]], Swedish/American musician 
-*[[1967]] - [[Ewa Białołęcka]], Polish writer 
-*[[1969]] - [[Scott Hatteberg]], American baseball player 
-*[[1970]] - [[Anna Maria Jopek]], Polish singer 
-* 1970 - [[Beth Orton]], English singer-songwriter 
-*[[1971]] - [[Natascha McElhone]], British actress 
-*[[1972]] - [[Marcus Jensen]], baseball player 
-* 1972 - [[Eric Anderson]], American musical theatre actor 
-*[[1973]] - [[Tomasz Radzinski]], Polish-born [[Canada national football team|Canadian]] international footballer 
-* 1973 - [[Tia Texada]], American actress and singer 
-* 1973 - [[Thuy Trang]], American actress (d. [[2001]]) 
-*[[1974]] - [[Billy Koch]], baseball player 
-*[[1975]] - [[Justin Furstenfeld]], American rock singer 
-*[[1976]] - [[Leland Chapman]], bounty hunter, son of [[Duane Chapman|Duane "Dog" Chapman]]. 
-* 1976 - [[André Couto]], Portuguese racing driver 
-* 1976 - [[Santiago Ezquerro]], Spanish football player 
-*[[1977]] - [[KaDee Strickland]], American actress 
-*[[1978]] - [[Kim St-Pierre]], Canadian ice hockey player 
-* 1978 - [[Radu Sârbu]], singer ([[O-Zone]]) 
-*[[1979]] - [[Michael Owen]], [[England national football team|English]] footballer 
-* 1979 - [[Sophie Monk]], Australian actress, singer, and model 
-*[[1980]] - [[Frankie J]], Spanish singer 
-* 1980 - [[Tata Young]], Thai-American singer 
-*[[1981]] - [[Amber Chia]], Malaysian model and actress 
-* 1981 - [[Emilie Heymans]], Canadian diver  
-* 1981 - [[Johnny Jeter]], American professional wrestler 
-* 1981 - [[Shaun Marcum]], American baseball player 
-*[[1982]] - [[Josh Fields]], American baseball player 
-* 1982 - [[Steve Sidwell]], English footballer 
-* 1982 - [[Anthony Way]], British singer and actor 
-*[[1984]] - [[Chris Brunt]], Northern Irish footballer 
-* 1984 - [[Edward Rainsford]], Zimbabwean cricketer 
-*[[1985]] - [[Tom Smith (Welsh rugby player)|Tom Smith]], Welsh Rugby Union Player 
-* 1985 - [[Nonami Takizawa]], Japanese actress 
-*[[1988]] - [[Nicolas Batum]], French basketball player 
-* 1988 - [[Vanessa Hudgens]], American singer and actress 
-*[[1989]] - [[Pedro Roberto Silva Botelho]], Brazilian footballer 
-*[[1995]] - [[Princess Olimpia Preslavska of Bulgaria]] 
-<!--  
-Please do not add yourself, non-notable people, fictional characters, or people without Wikipedia articles to this list. No red links, please.  
-Do not link multiple occurrences of the same year, just link the first occurrence. 
-If there are multiple people in the same birth year, put them in alphabetical order. 
-Do not trust "this year in history" websites for accurate date information. --> 
==Deaths== ==Deaths==
-*[[1460]] - [[Guarino da Verona]], Italian humanist and translator (b. [[1370]])+*[[1926]] - [[Théo van Rysselberghe ]], Belgian neo-impressionist painter, (b. [[1862]])
-*[[1510]] - [[Friedrich of Saxony (1473-1510)|Friedrich of Saxony]] (b. [[1473]])+*[[1959]] - [[Stanley Spencer]], English painter. (b. [[1891]])
-*[[1542]] - King [[James V of Scotland]] (b. [[1512]])+*[[1963]] - [[Gustav Machatý]], Czech film director, screenwriter and actor (''Ecstasy'') (b. [[1901]])
-*[[1553]] - [[Hanibal Lucić]], Croatian writer (b. [[1485]])+*[[1987]] - [[Copi ]], Argentine writer, cartoonist, and playwright (b. [[1939]])
-*[[1591]] - [[Saint John of the Cross]], Spanish friar and poet (b. [[1542]])+
-*[[1624]] - [[Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Nottingham]], English statesman (b. [[1536]])+
-*[[1651]] - [[Pierre Dupuy]], French scholar (b. [[1582]])+
-*[[1713]] - [[Thomas Rymer]], English historian (b. [[1641]])+
-*[[1715]] - [[Thomas Tenison]], [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] (b. [[1636]])+
-*[[1735]] - [[Thomas Tanner (bishop)|Thomas Tanner]], English bishop and antiquarian (b. [[1674]])+
-*[[1741]] - [[Charles Rollin]], French historian (b. [[1661]])+
-*[[1788]] - [[Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach]], German composer (b. [[1714]])+
-* 1788 - King [[Charles III of Spain]] (b. [[1716]])+
-*[[1799]] - [[George Washington]], first [[President of the United States]] (b. [[1732]])+
-*[[1838]] - [[Jean-Olivier Chénier]], French Canadian physician and [[Patriote]] (b. [[1806]])+
-*[[1860]] - [[George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen]], [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] (b. [[1784]])+
-*[[1861]] - [[Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]], consort of [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Queen Victoria]] (b. [[1819]])+
-*[[1865]] - [[Johan Georg Forchhammer]], Danish geologist (b. [[1794]])+
-*[[1873]] - [[Louis Agassiz]], Swiss-born American zoologist and geologist (b. [[1807]])+
-*[[1902]] - [[Julia Grant]], wife of [[President of the United States]] [[Ulysses S. Grant]] (b. [[1826]])+
-*[[1927]] - [[Yulian Vasilievich Sokhotski]], Russian mathematician (b. [[1842]])+
-*[[1935]] - [[Stanley G. Weinbaum]], American science-fiction author (b. [[1902]])+
-*[[1947]] - [[Stanley Baldwin]], [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] (b. [[1867]])+
-* 1947 - [[Edward Higgins]], General of The Salvation Army (b. [[1864]])+
-*[[1956]] - [[Paasikivi|Juho Kusti Paasikivi]], president of Finland (b. [[1870]])+
-*[[1963]] - [[Dinah Washington]], American singer (b. [[1924]])+
-*[[1964]] - [[William Bendix]], American actor (b. [[1906]])+
-*[[1970]] - [[Franz Schlegelberger]], German Nazi politician (b. [[1876]])+
-*[[1971]] - [[Dick Tiger]], Nigerian-born boxer (b. [[1929]])+
-*[[1978]] - [[Salvador de Madariaga]], Spanish diplomat, writer, historian and pacifist (b. [[1886]])+
-*[[1984]] - [[Vicente Aleixandre]], Spanish writer and [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel laureate]] (b. [[1898]])+
-*[[1985]] - [[Catherine Doherty]], social justice activist (b. [[1896]])+
-* 1985 - [[Roger Maris]], American baseball player (b. [[1934]])+
-*[[1989]] - [[Andrei D. Sakharov]], Russian physicist, [[Nobel Peace Prize|Nobel laureate]] (b. [[1921]])+
*[[1990]] - [[Friedrich Dürrenmatt]], Swiss writer (b. [[1921]]) *[[1990]] - [[Friedrich Dürrenmatt]], Swiss writer (b. [[1921]])
*[[1993]] - [[Myrna Loy]], American actress (b. [[1905]]) *[[1993]] - [[Myrna Loy]], American actress (b. [[1905]])
-* 1993 - [[Jeff Alm]], American football player (b. [[1968]]) 
-*[[1996]] - [[Gaston Miron]], Quebec poet and editor (b. [[1928]]) 
-*[[1997]] - [[Kurt Winter]], Canadian musician ([[The Guess Who]]) (b. [[1946]]) 
-* 1997 - [[Stubby Kaye]], American actor (b. [[1918]]) 
-*[[1998]] - [[Norman Fell]], American actor (b. [[1924]]) 
-* 1998 - [[Annette Strauss]], American philanthropist (b. [[1924]]) 
-* 1998 - [[Aloyisus Leon Higginbotham, Jr.]], American civil rights activist and author (b. [[1928]]) 
-*[[2003]] - [[Jeanne Crain]], American actress (b. [[1925]]) 
-* 2003 - [[Blas Ople]], foreign minister of the Philippines (b. [[1927]]) 
-*[[2004]] - [[Rod Kanehl]], American baseball player (b. [[1934]]) 
-* 2004 - [[Fernando Poe, Jr.]], Filipino actor and presidential candidate (b. [[1939]]) 
-*[[2005]] - [[Trevanian|Dr. Rodney William Whitaker]], American author (b. [[1931]]) 
-*[[2006]] - [[Anton Balasingham]], chief political strategist of [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]] (b. [[1938]]) 
-* 2006 - [[Ahmet Ertegün]], co-founder of Atlantic Records (b. [[1923]]) 
-* 2006 - [[Michael Jonas Evans|Mike Evans]], American actor (b. [[1949]]) 
-== Notes == 
-Spike Jones  
-Xul Solar  
-Paul Éluard  
-Gerard Reve  
-Myrna Loy  
-Shirley Jackson  
-Théo van Rysselberghe  
-Charles Seeger  
-Copi  
-Jane Birkin  
-Pierre Puvis de Chavannes  
-Gustav Machatý  
-Stanley Spencer  
{{GFDL}} {{GFDL}}

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