Creative Photography: Aesthetic Trends 1839-1960  

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Creative Photography: Aesthetic Trends 1839-1960 (1962) by Helmut Gernsheim.

The first authoritative, comprehensive study of photography from a purely aesthetic point of view, spanning its history from the daguerreotype to modern photo-reportage. With 240 superb examples of the photographer's art by Julia Margaret Cameron, Jacob Riis, Edward Steichen, Alfred Stieglitz, Andre Kertesz, Eugene Atget, Man Ray, Edward Weston, and many others.

Bibliography

BIBLIOGRAPHY

AND STUDY LIST

The following works are recommended for a more detailed study of aesthetic trends in photography. Some of them are also listed in the biographical entries:

GENERAL WORKS

Freund, Giselle. La Photographie en France au dix- neuvieme Steele: Essai de Sociologie el d'Esthetique. Paris 1936. 154 pp.

Gernsheim, Helmut. Masterpieces of Victorian Photo- graphy. London 1951. 107 pp. including 72 plates. Gernsheim, Helmut and Alison. The History of Photo- graphy from the earliest use of the camera obscura in the eleventh century up to 1914. London and New York 1955. 395 pp. and 359 illustrations. Ldcuyer, Raymond. Histoire de la Photographie. Paris 1945. 452 pp. including approximately 500 illustrations. Newhall, Beaumont. The History of Photography from 1839 to the present day. New York 1949. 256 pp. includ- ing 163 illustrations.

Newhall, Beaumont and Nancy. Masters of Photo- graphy. New York 1958. 192 pp. including 150 illus- trations.

Pollack, Peter. The Picture History of Photography from the earliest beginnings to the present day. New York 1958. 624 pp. including 600 illustrations. Whiting, John R. Photography is a Language. New York 1946. 142 pp. including many illustrations.

MONOGRAPHS ABOUT, AND AUTOBIOGRAPHIES BY, IMPORTANT PHOTOGRAPHERS WHO ARE ILLUSTRATED IN THIS BOOK

Atget, Eugene. Atget. Introduction by Camille Rccht. Paris, Leipzig and New York 1930. 34 pp. and 96 plates. The French and American editions are introduced by Pierre Mac-Orlan.

Bayard, Hippolyte. Bayard, by Lo Duca. Paris 1943. 30 pp. and 48 plates.

Bayard, Hippolyte. Bayard, ein Erfinder der Photo- graphie. Introduction by Dr Otto Steinert and Pierre G. Harmant. Essen 1959. 18 pp. text and 28 plates. Beaton, Cecil. Photobiography. London 1951. 254 pp. including 60 plates.

Boord, W. Arthur (editor). Sun Artists. London 1891. 62 pp. and 32 plates. Contains monographs on J. M.

251

Cameron, Col Gale, H. P. Robinson, Lyddell Sawyer, J. B. B. Wellington, B. Gay Wilkinson. Brandt, Bill. Camera in London. London 1948. 88 pp. including 58 plates.

Brassai. Brassaiby Henry Miller and Brassai. Paris 1952. 76 pp. including 60 plates.

Cameron, J. M. Julia Margaret Cameron: Her Life and Photographic Work, by Helmut Gernsheim. London 1948. 85 pp. and 55 plates.

Carroll, Lewis. Lewis Carroll — Photographer, by Helmut Gernsheim. London and New York 1949. 138 pp. and 64 plates.

Cartier-Bresson, H. The Photographs of Henri Cartier- Bresson, by Lincoln Kirstein and Beaumont Newhall. New York 1947. 56 pp. including 41 plates.

Daguerre, L. J. M. L.J. M. Daguerre: the History of the Diorama and the Daguerreotype, by Helmut and Alison Gernsheim. London and New York 1956. 220 pp. and 64 plates.

Erfurth, Hugo. Sechsunddreissig Kunstlerbildnisse, with introduction by J. A. Schmoll gen. Eisenwerth. Essen i960.

Fenton, Roger. Roger Fenton, Photographer of the Crimean War, by Helmut and Alison Gernsheim. London and New York 1954. 116 pp. and 64 plates.

Genthe, Arnold. As I Remember. New York 1937. 290 pp. and 112 illustrations.

Gernsheim, Helmut. The Man Behind the Camera. Lon- don 1948. 144 pp. including 54 illustrations. Contains chapters on Cecil Beaton, Helmut Gernsheim, E. O. Hoppc, Angus McBean, Felix H. Man, Wolfgang Suschitzky, etc.

Hill, D. O. David Octavius Hill: der Meister der Pkoto- graphie, by Heinrich Schwarz. Leipzig 1931. 61 pp. and 80 plates. Also English and American editions published in 1932.

Hoppe, E. O. Hundred Thousand Exposures. London 1945. 229 pp. including 64 plates. Hutton, Kurt. Speaking Likeness. London 1947. 88 pp. including 58 plates.

Lerski, Helmar. Der Mensch mein Bruder, a symposium ed. by Annaliese Lerski. Dresden 1958. 31 pp. and 79 plates.

Martin, Paul. Victorian Snapshots. London 1939. 72 pp. and 79 plates.

Moholy-Nagy, L. L. Moholy-Nagy: 60 Fotos, edited and introduced by Franz Roh. Berlin 1930. L. Moholy-Nagy, edited by Fr Kalivoda. Brno 1936. 134 pp. including many illustrations. Text in Czech, English, French and German.

Nadar (Gaspard Felix Tournachon). Quand j'etcis Photographe. Paris 1899. 312 pp.

Ray, Man. Man Ray: Photographs 1920-1934. Hertford, U.S.A. 1934. 10 pp. and 104 plates. Steichen, Edward. Edward Steichen, by Carl Sandberg. New York 1929.

Stieglitz, Alfred. America and Alfred Stieglitz: a Collec- tive Portrait (a symposium). New York 1934. 339 pp. and 32 plates.

Strand, Paul. Paul Strand, Photographs 1915-45, by Nancy Newhall. New York 1945. 32 pp. including 23 plates.

Weston, Edward. Edward Weston, by Nancy Newhall. New York 1946. 36 pp. including 23 plates.

BOOKS SIGNIFICANT FOR CREATIVE PHOTOGRAPHY AT VARIOUS PERIODS

I. PICTORIAL PHOTOGRAPHY

Guest, Antony. Art and the Camera. London 1907. 159 pp. Illustrated.

Hinton, A. Horslcy. Artistic Landscape Photography. London 1896.

Hinton, A. Horsley. Practical Pictorial Photography. London 1910. Part I 108 pp., Part II 69 pp. Illustrated. Johnston, J. Dudley. Some Masterpieces of Photography from the Collection of the Royal Photographic Society. London 1936. 56 plates.

Petit, Pierre A., fils. La Photographie Artistique. Paris 1883. 46 pp.

Robinson, Henry Peach. Pictorial Effect in Photography. London 1869. 199 pp. Illustrated. Robinson, Henry Peach. Picture Making by Photography. London 1884. 146 pp. Illustrated.

Robinson, Henry Peach. The Elements of a Pictorial Photograph. London 1896. 167 pp. Illustrated.

Robinson, Henry Peach. Letters on Landscape Photo- graphy. London 1888. 66 pp.

Schintling, Karl von. Kunst und Photographie. Berlin 1927. 68 pp. Illustrated.

Sporl, H. Portrait-Kunst in der Photographie. Part I

Asthetik. Leipzig 1909. 125 pp. Illustrated.

Tilney, F. C. The Principles of Photographic Pictorialism.

Boston 1930. 218 pp. and 80 plates.

Wall, A. H. Artistic Landscape Photography. London

1896. 171 pp. Illustrated.

II. NATURALISTIC PHOTOGRAPHY

Emerson, P. H. Naturalistic Photography for Students of the Art. London 1889. 307 pp.

III. IMPRESSIONISTIC PHOTOGRAPHY

Bourgeois, Paul (editor). Esthetique de la Photographie. Paris 1900. 96 pp. Copiously illustrated.

252

Demachy, Robert, and Puyo, C. Les Procedes d'Art en Photographie. Paris 19C6. 146 pp. and 42 plates. Doty, Robert. Photo- Secession. Photography as a Fine Art. Rochester, N.Y. i960. 104 pp. including 32 plates. Holme, Charles. Art in Photography. London 1905. 60 pp. and 112 plates.

Holme, Charles. Colour Photography and other recent developments of the art of the Camera. London 1908. 18 photographs in colour and 98 in monochrome. Juhl, Ernst. Das Lichtbild als Kunstwerk. Halle 1897. Juhl, Ernst. Internationale Kunstphotographie. Halle 1900 and 1 901.

Juhl, Ernst (editor). Camera-Kunst (a symposium). Berlin 1903. 107 pp. including numerous illustrations.

Lichtwark, Alfred. Die Bedeutung der Amateur Photo- graphie. Halle 1894.

Loescher, Fritz. Die Bildnisphotographie. Berlin 1903. 200 pp. including 94 photographs.

Matthies-Masuren, F. Kiinstlerische Photographie: Ent- wicklung und Einfluss in Deutschland. Berlin 1907. 117 pp. Illustrated.

Puyo, C. Notes sur la Photographic Artistique. Paris 1896. 51 pp. Illustrated.

Sauvel, Edouard. De la Propriete Artistique en Photo- graphie. Paris 1897. 126 pp.

Sizeranne, R. de la. La Photographie, est-elle un Art? Paris 1899. 51 pp. Illustrated.

Gummidrucke von Hugo Henneberg, Heinrich Kiihn, Hans Watzek. Halle 1902-3. Portfolio of reproductions of gum prints.

The following illustrated periodicals give an excellent picture of international art photography, chiefly of the impressionist period:

Photograms of the Year. London 1895 to date. An ex- cellent source to study the most banal photographs shown at the chief London pictorial exhibitions. The Photographic Art Journal, edited by Harry Quilter and Fred. C. Shardlow. Leicester, March 1901-Febru- ary 1904. A monthly magazine with mainly English illustrations.

Die Kunst in der Photographie, edited by Franz Goerkc. Halle 1897-c. 1914. First a bi-monthly, later a quarterly magazine, each issue containing 10-17 reproductions of artistic photographs.

Die Photographische Kunst, edited by F. Matthies- Masuren. Halle 1902-C.1912. Superbly illustrated annual.

Die Bildmdssige Photographie, edited by F. Matthies- Masuren. Halle 1904-5. Four issues: No. 1 Die Land- schaft, No. 2 Das Bildnis, No. 3 Figur und Staff age, No. 4 Interieur und Architektur. Each issue contains 51 pp. and 16 plates.

Photographisches Centralblatt, edited by F. Matthies-

Masuren and others. Karlsruhe, later Munich 1895- c.1910. Beautifully illustrated monthly magazine. Camera Work, edited by Alfred Stieglitz. New York 1903-17. A quarterly magazine illustrating the work of leading American and European art photographers in photogravure plates on Japan paper. 50 issues published. La Revue de Photographie. Paris 1903-8. Monthly magazine published by the Photo-Club de Paris.

IV. BAUHAUS AND NEW OBJECTIVITY

Blossfeldt, Karl. Urformen der Kunst. Photographische Pflanzenbilder. Introduction by Karl Nierendorf. Berlin 1929. 18 pp. and 120 plates.

Feininger, Andreas. New Paths in Photography. London 1939. 15 pp. and 47 plates.

Gernshcim, Helmut. New Photo Vision. London 1942. 32 pp. and 32 plates.

Graff, Werner. Es Kommt der Neue Fotograf. Berlin 1929, 126 pp. Illustrated.

Lerski, Helmar. Kiipfe des Alltags. Introduction by Curt Glaser. Berlin 193 1. 10 pp. and 80 illustrations.

• Lendvai-Dirckson, Erna. Das Deutsche Volksgesicht.

Berlin 1930. 240 pp. including 140 photographs. Moholy-Nagy, Laszlo. Malerei, Photographie, Film. Munich 1925. 132 pp. and approximately 80 illustrations. Moholy-Nagy, Laszlo. The New Vision. New York 1931. Nash, Paul. Fertile Image. Edited by Margaret Nash. London 195 1. 32 pp. and 64 plates. Renger-Patzsch, Albert. Die Welt ist Schiin. Edited and introduced by Carl Gcorg Heise. Munich 1928. 22 pp. and 100 plates.

Roh, Franz. Foto-Auge: 76 Fotos der Zeit. Edited by Franz Roh and Jan Tschichold and with an introduction by Franz Roh on 'Mechanism and Expression'. Stutt- gart 1929. 18 pp. and 76 plates.

Roh, Franz. Aenne Biermann — 60 Photographien. Edited and introduced by Franz Roh. Berlin 1930. 11 pp. and 60 plates.

Sander, August. Antlitz der Zeit, with an introduction by Alfred Doblin. Munich 1929. 17 pp. and 60 plates.

V. SOCIAL AND POLITICAL REPORTAGE

H. Th. B. Wehrlos Hinter der Front. Leiden der Volker im Krieg. 144 agency photographs. Frankfurt 1931. Bourke-White, Margaret and Caldwell, Erskine. You Have Seen Their Faces. New York 1937. 54 pp. including 72 photographs by Margaret Bourke-White. Brandt, Bill. The English at Home. London 1936. Intro- duction by Raymond Mortimer. 8 pp. and 63 plates. Evans, Walker. American Photographs, with an essay by Lincoln Kirstein. New York 1938. 198 pp. including 87 plates by Walker Evans.

Ostwald, Hans. Sittengeschichte der Inflation. Ein Kultur-

253

dokument aus den Jahren des Marktsturzes. Berlin 1 931. 280 pp., including numerous agency photographs. Riis, Jacob A. How the Other Half Lives. New York 1890. 304 pp. including 43 woodcuts from photographs by Riis.

Salomon, Dr Erich. Beriihmte Zeitgenossen in unbewach- ten Augenblicken. Stuttgart 1931. 48 pp. and 112 photographs.

Stenbock-Fermor, Graf Alexander. Deutschland von Unten: Reise durch die proletarische Provinz. Stuttgart 1931. 160 pp. and 62 agency photographs. Schultz, Edmund. Das Gesicht der Demokratie. Intro- duction by Friedrich Georg Junger. Leipzig 1931. 152 pp. including numerous agency photographs. Thomson, J. and Smith, A. Street Life in London. London 1877-8. 36 photographs by Thomson with text by Thomson and Smith. Published in monthly instal- ments.

VI. POST-WAR PERIOD

The following is a small selection from the many ex- cellent modern picture books:

Avedon, Richard. Observations. Lucerne, London and New York 1959. 151 pp. including numerous photo- graphs. Text by Truman Capote. Bischof, Werner. Japan. Zurich, London and New York 1954. Introduction by Robert Guillain. 26 pp. and 109 plates.

Bischof, Werner. Unterwegs. Zurich 1957. Introduction by Manuel Gasser. 76 plates.

Carticr-Brcsson, Henri. Images a la Sauvette. Paris 1952. 126 plates.

Cartier-Bresson, Henri. China in Transition. London 1956. 144 plates.

Feininger, Andreas. The Anatomy of Nature. New York 1956. 168 pp. including numerous plates.

Franke, Herbert W. Kunst und Konstruktion. Munich 1957. 74 pp. and 67 plates.

Iziz (pseudonym for Iziz Bidermanas). Grand Bal du Printemps with text by Jacques Prevert. Lausanne 1951. 144 pp. profusely illustrated.

Klein, William. New York. Geneva, London and New York 1956. 188 pp. (no text).

Pawek, Karl. Totale Photographie. Olten, Switzerland i960. 150 pp. and 80 plates.

Penn, Irving. Moments Preserved. Lucerne, London and New York i960. 151 pp. including numerous photo- graphs.

Schulthess, Emil. Africa. Zurich 1958; London and New York i960. 260 plates.

Steichen, Edward. The Family of Man (book of the exhibition). New York 1955. 207 pp. of pictures. Steinert, Dr Otto. Subjektive Fotografie I. Bonn 1952. 40 pp. and 112 plates.

Steinert, Dr Otto. Subjektive Fotografie 2. Munich 1955. 39 pp. and 112 plates.

Wecgcc (pseudonym for Arthur Fellig). Naked City. New York 1945. 244 pp. including numerous plates.

ANNUALS

American Society of Magazine Photographers' Picture Annual. New York 1957. 192 pp.

Das Deutsche Lichtbild, edited by H. Windisch and others. Berlin 1927-38; revived Stuttgart 1955 to date.

Modern Photography, edited by C. G. Holme. London 1931-42.

Photographie. Paris 1930-9, 1947 (special numbers of Arts et Metiers Graphiques).

Photography Year Book (various editors). London 1950 to date.

U.S. Camera Annual, edited by Tom Maloney. New York 1935 to date.

254

Index

Abbott, Berenice, 182, 243 Abstract photographs, 163, 164,

168, 196, 207 Academie des Beaux-Arts, Paris,

25, 34

Academie des Sciences, Paris, 25 Adam-Salomon, A. S., 19, 64, 66, 126

Adams, Ansel, 182, 231

Adamson, Robert, 34, 36, 38, 68,

138, 231, 238 Aguado, Count O., 19 Albert, Prince Consort, 73, 74, 77 Albumen prints, 248 Albumen process, 248 Ambrotypcs, 57, 248 Anderson, James, 19, 44, 231 Anderson, Paul L., I42n, I45n, 247 Annan, James Craig, 38, 136, 145,

147, 231, 238 Annan, Thomas, 64, 108, 231 Anthony, Edward, 30, 108, 231, 232 Arago, Francois, 24n, 25, 30, 232,

235

Archer, Frederick Scot;, 43, 73,

246, 248, 249 Arts Council of Creat Britain, 22 Atget, Eugene, 19, 154, 158, 160,

232, 233, 234 Auerbach, Erich, 232

Babbitt, Piatt D., 30, 232 Backgrounds, painted, 28, 70, 71, 72, 194

Baldus, Edouard, 19, 41, 44, 232

Barbizon School, 119

Bardi, Luigi, 50

Burnett, H. Walter, 147, 232

Barrett, Elizabeth, 28

Barton, G. A., 133

Bassano, Alexander, 72

Baudelaire, Charles, 52, 52n, 64

Bauhaus, 165, 167, 168, 182, 196, 242

Bayard, Hippolyte, 12, 19, 31, 34,

47, 232 Bayer, Herbert, 165, 168 Beard, Richard, 26, 232, 249 Beardsley, Aubrey, 236 Beato, A., 244

Beaton, Cecil, 190, 192, 224, 233 Bedford, Francis, 44 Belloc, Marie A., 84 Bennett, Charles, 250 Bergheim, J. S., 126 Bertall, 64

Bicrmann, Aenne, 178 Biow, Hermann, 29, 246 Bischof, Werner, 108, 224, 227, 233 Bisson, Auguste and Louis, 30, 44, 233

Blake, William, 172, 173 Blanquart-Evrard, L. D., 41, 248 Blossfeld, Karl, 177 Blount, Sir Edward, 195 Bocklin, Arnold, 132 Boissonnas, Fred, 133, 233 Boulanger, General, 112, 114 Bourgeois, A., 142 Bourkc-White, Margaret, 212, 216, 221

Bourne, Samuel, 44 Bouton, Charles-Marie, 235 Bovier, L., 133 Brady, Mathew B., 29, 243 Brandt, Bill, 101, 215, 216, 233, 243 Brassai, 213, 216, 233 Braun, Adolphe, 44, 92, 108 Briand, Aristide, 210, 245 Bromoil, 248 Bruguicre, Francis, 194 Browning, see Barrett, Elizabeth Brunei, Isambard Kingdom, 60, 66 Bucquet, Maurice, 136, 147, 154,

158, 233, 234 Biihrer, Emil, 22 Burgess, John, 250

Caledon, Countess of, 19

Calotype (or Talbotype), 30, 32, 33,

34, 36, 38, 40, 73, 138, 231, 235,

238, 240, 245, 246, 248, 249, 251 Calotype Club, 237 Camera, miniature, 18, 102, 104,

209, 212, 213 Camera obscura, II, 246, 250 'Camera Work', 142, 145, 149, 246 Cameron, Henry Herschel Hay, 136,

147, 234

Cameron, Julia Margaret, 19, 2on, 64, 66, 68, 82, 84, 120, 133, 234

Canaletto, 25

Capa, Robert, 212, 227

Carbon print, 249

Carjat, Eticnnc, 19, 64, 234

Carriere, Eugene, 10 1, 120

Carroll, Lewis, 19, 76, 92, 94, 234

Carte-de-visite, 69, 79, 232, 233, 236, 240, 245, 248

Cartier-Bresson, Henri, 22, 82, 108, 204, 221, 224, 233, 234

Casazza, Gatti, 139

Casson, Winifred, 192, 194, 234

Cattermolc, George, 76

Cecil, Hugh, 241

'A Century of Photography' exhibi- tion, 20, 22, 237

Cercle d'Art Photographique, Brus- sels, 142

Chalon, Alfred, 26, 28

Cherrill, N. K., 244

Chevreul, Michel-Eugene, 112

Chicago Art Institute, 20

Churchill, Sir Winston, 68

Clark, Sir Kenneth, 22

Claudet, Antoine, 28, 234, 235, 249

Clifford, Charles, 44, 235

Cloud negatives, 47, 50

Coburn, Alvin Langdon, 41, 142, 147, 148, 161, 163, 168, 235

Collen, Henry, 33, 34

Collodion process, 43, 73, 249

Constant, Benjamin, 96

Controlled printing processes, 249

Corot, Camille, 131

Courbet, Gustavc, 15, 50, 96, 101, 119

Couture, Thomas, 77 Cox, Bertram, i77n Cromer Collection, 20 Cundall, Joseph, 239 Cunningham, Imogen, 182

Dadaism, 145, 163, 164, 168, 243, 245

Daguerre, Louis Jacques Mande, 12,

23, 32, 232, 234, 235, 242, 249 Daguerreotype, 23, 24, 25, 26, 28,

255

29> 30, 3L 32, 34= 63, 96, 231,

232, 234, 235, 238, 242, 246, 248,

249, 250 Dallas, E. W., 12011, Dallmeyer, T. R., 120, 126 Dancer, John Benjamin, 102 Darwin, Charles, 68, 244 Daumier, Honore, 30, 36, 133 Dauthendey, Carl, 30 Davison, George, 120, 122, 123,

124, 126, 135, 136, 235 Day, F. Holland, 133, 235 Degas, Edgar, 17, 108, 126, 131 Delacroix, Eugene, 64, 96 Delamotte, Philip Henry, 19, 43,

44, 108, 235 Dclarochc, Paul, 13, 24, 24n, 130,

237, 240, 242 Demachy, Robert, 126, 136, 235,

250

Deren Coke, Van, 207 'Deutsche National Galerie', 29 Diencs, Andre de, 101 Diorama, 235

Disdcri, A. E., 69, 92, 235, 236 Dore, Gustave, 64, 86, 221 Draper, Edward, 92, 236 Du Camp, Maxime, 19, 41 Diihrkoop, Rudolf, 139 Durham, Joseph, 76n Duricu, E., 89

Diisseldorf Academy of Art, 81 Dutillcux, Constant, 89, 96

Eastlake, Sir Charles, 74

Eastman, George, 116

Edgerton, Harold E., 171, 236

Edmiston, 194, 236

Edwards, J. M., 232

Edwards, J. P., 182

Eisenstaedt, Alfred, 212

Eisenstein, Sergei, 177

Elliott and Fry, 114

Emerson, Peter Henry, 117, 118,

119, 120, 122, 124, 126, 135, 235,

236

England, William, 44, 104, 236 Erfurth, Hugo, 139, 236 'Ermanox' camera, 104, 209, 209n,

241, 245 Ernst, Max, 164, 168 Eugene, Frank, 142 Evans, Frederick H., 136, 147, 236 Evans, Walker, 212, 216, 236, 237,

240

Exhibitions of photography, 15, 20, 22, 50, 52, 74, 77, 79, 82, 123, 126, 135, 136, 138, 139, 142, 145, 147, 163, 167, 182, 185, 237

'Family of Man' exhibition, 22, 245 Farm Security Administration, 216,

236, 240, 244 Feininger, Lyonel, 165

Fenton, Roger, 19, 41, 44, 79, 82, 92, 108, 237, 243, 244

Ferrier, C. M., 44

Film and Photo Exhibition, Stutt- gart, 167, 182

Fizeau, Hippolyte, 249

Flacheron, Count F., 19, 41

Fontaine, 64

Forbes-White, J., 43

Ford, John, 216

'Fotoform', see 'Subjective Photo- graphy' Franck, 64

Frederick William IV of Prussia, 29

Frith, Francis, 43n, 44, 237

Frith, William Powell, 239

Fry, Peter W., 248

Fry, Roger, 22, 68

F.64 Group, 182, 231, 240, 247

Gale, Col. Joseph, 123, 136 'Galerie Contemporaine', 64 'Gallery of Illustrious Americans', 29 Gardner, Alexander, 243 Gaudin, Marc-Antoinc, 30 Gautier, Thcophile, 19 Gelatine dry plates, 102, 115, 249 Gelatine emulsion, 250 Genthe, Arnold, 112, 237 George Eastman House, 20, 96 Gerber, Friedrich, 12 Germeshauscn, Kenneth J., 171 Gernsheim Collection, 20, 237, 241 Gemshcim, Helmut, 182, 185, 237 Girault de Prangey, J. P., 19, 25,

31, 237, 238 Goddard, J. F., 232, 249 Graff, Philipp, 30 Graff, Werner, 177 Great Exhibition 1851, 29, 73, 232 Griffith, D. W., 177 Gropius, Walter, 165, i96n Gros, Baron, 31 Grosso, Giacomo, 139 Grosz, George, 163 Gruber, L, Fritz, 22 Grundy, William M., 44, 92, 238 Guibert, Maurice, 180 Gum bichromate process, 250 Gurncy, Jeremiah, 30

Hals, Frans, 71

Hamburg Kunsthalle, 136, 138, 139 Hammacher, Arno, 41, 238 Hammarskiold, Caroline, 238 Hammarskiold, Hans, 200, 238 Hanfstaengl, Erwin, 66 Hardy, Bert, 224, 238 Hartlaub, Gustav, 172 Havinden, John, 101 Hawarden, Clementina, Viscountess,

19, 92, 238 Heartfield, John, 163, 16S Heise, Carl Georg, 172, 182

Heliography, 11, 12, 235, 242, 250 Henneberg, Hugo, 136, 240, 247 Henneman, Nicholaas, 43 Henner, 96

Herschel, Sir John Frederick Wil- liam, 12, 2on, 68

Hill, David Octavius, 19, 34, 36, 38, 41, 68, 138, 231, 238

Hiller, Lejaren a, 133

Hine, Lewis W., ill, 238, 246

Hinton, A. Horsley, 120, 136, 239

Hobdell, Roy, 194

Hofmeister, Thendor and Oskar, 1393 239

Hollycr, Frederick, 136, 147

Hoppe, Emil Otto, 180, 239

Howlett, Robert, 60, 66, 239

Hughes, Alice, 147, 239

Hughes, Arthur, 84

Hughes, C. Jabcz, 30

Hutton (Hubschmann), Kurt, 212, 221, 239

Impressionists, 20, 64

Ingres, Dominique, 28,96, 101,242

International Society of Pictorial

Photographers, 145, 231 Isenring, J. B. 30 Israels, Josef, 81

Jackson, William, 50 Johnston, J. Dudley, i8sn Juhl, Ernst W., 136, 139

Kandinsky, Wassily, 165 Kar, Ida, 16, 114, 247 Karsh, Yousuf, 68 Kiisebier, Gertrude, 142 Keetman, Peter, 198, 200, 239 Kcighley, Alexander, 239 Keith, Thomas, 19, 41, 239, 240 Kennctt, Richard, 250 Kilburn, W. E„ 30 Klary, 64 Klee, Paul, 165 Kodak camera, 115, 116, 224 Kratochwila, Franz, 249 Ktihn, Heinrich, 126, 136, 240, 247

Lacroix, 240

Lamartinc, A. de, 64, 64n Lange, Dorothea, 221, 240 Langenheim, Frederick and William, 30

Laughlin, Clarence J., 240

Lawrence, M. M., 30

Lawrence, Sir Thomas, 26, 28, 57

Lazi, Adolf, 239

Le Begue, Rene, 136

Le Gray, Gustave, 19, 30, 40, 44,

47, 89, 233, 240, 243, 251 Leibl, Wilhelm, 132 'Lcica' camera, 209, 212, 2i3n Lcighton, John, 74, 74n, 240 Lemaitre, A. F., 242, 250

256

Lenbach, Franz, 132 Lendvai-Dirksen, Erna, 178 Lerebours, N. P., 25, 30, 96 Lcrski, Helmar, 178, 180, 240 Le Secq, Henri, 41, 44 Lichtwark, Alfred, 136, 138, 139 Linked Ring Brotherhood, 135, 136,

142, 147, 231, 235, 236, 239, 240,

245, 246, 247 Lissitzky, El, 168

Lithography, lithographs, 11, 12, 16, 20, 29, 64, 145, 238, 241, 242, 243

Liverpool Photographic Society, 237 Lochcrcr, Alois, 43, 102, 240, 241 Lomazzo, Paolo, 71 London Camera Club, 163 London Salon, 185, 235, 244 London Stereoscopic Company, 104 Lorant, Stefan, 210 Louvre, 22, 234 Luboshez, Nahum, 112, 240

Maddox, Richard Leach, 250 Man, Felix H., 114, 210, 212, 241 Manchester Art Treasures Exhibi- tion, 77, 235 Manet, Edouard, 101, 108 Mann, Thomas, 176 Manzu, Giacomo, 15 Martens, Friedrich von, 30 Martin, Paul, 19, 154, 241 Marville, Charles, 41, 44 Maskell, Alfred, 135, 235 Matter, Herbert, 168 Matthics-Masuren, Fritz, 136 Maull and Polyblank, 64, 241 Mayall, John Jabez Edwin, 30, 73, 73n

Mayhew, Henry, 154, 232 Meade Brothers, 30 Melandri, 66, 241

Metropolitan Museum, New York, 20, 22

Millais, Sir John Everett, 21, 79 Miller, Lee, 243 Miller, Wayne, 245 Millet, J. F., 64, 119 Mills, F. W., 154 Miniatures, 25, 28, 29, 57, 245 Misonnc, Leonard, 142, 241 Mitford, Mary Russell, 28n Mocschlin, Peter, 200, 241, 242 Moholy-Nagy, Laszlo, 14, 117, 164,

165, 167, i67n, 168, 172, 177,

19611, 198, 242 Molard, Humbert de, Baron, 41 Monet, Claude, 64, 108 Morris, Jane (Mrs William Morris),

86

Mortimer, Raymond, 216 Moulin, 98 Mudd, James, 242 Mulnier, 64

Murger, Henri, 98, 101

Murray, Somerset, 194

Museum of the City of New York, 20

Museum of Modern Art, New York,

20, 234, 236, 245, 246 Muybridge, Eadweard, 44 McBean, Angus, 194, 195, 241 MacPherson, Robert, 19, 44, 241

Nadar (pseudonym for Gaspard Felix Tournachon), 19, 64, 112,

234, 242 Nadar, Paul, 1 1 2 Nakamura, Tatcyuki, 101 Napoleon III, 64, 69, 236 Nash, Paul, 224

National Photographic Record

Association, 112, 246 National Portrait Gallery, 22 Natterer, Johann and Josef, 30 Ncgrc, Charles, 19, 41, 44, 89, 92,

242

New Objectivity (Neuc Sachlich-

keit), 41, Chapter XVIII, 244 New York Camera Club, 142 Newhall, Beaumont, 237 Newhall, Nancy, 231, 246 Newton, Sir William J., 74, 75, 119 Niepcc, Joseph Nicephorc, 11, 12,

235, 242, 250

Niepce de Saint- Victor, Abel, 248 Northrop, W. B., 114 Noskowiak, Sonia, 182 Nothmann, E., 126, 242 Notman, William, 72, 242, 243

Oddner, George, 227, 229, 243

Oil-pigment, 250

Oscillation photographs, 198, 200

O'Sullivan, T. H, 108, 243

Outerbridge, Paul, 182

Owen, Hugh, 43

Pabst, G. W., 127

Palace of the Legion of Honor,

San Francisco, 20 'Pencil of Nature, The', 33, 246 Perschcid, Nicola, 139 Petit, Pierre, 64

Photo-Club de Paris, 136, 158, 234,

235, 240 Photogenic Drawing, 248, 250 Photograms, 163, 164, 168 Photographic Society of London,

see Royal Photographic Society Photographic Society of Scotland,

78

Photographic vision, 16, 17 Photo-interview, 112, 114 Photo-montage, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 195

Photography, applications of, 12 Photography, exhibitions of, 15, 20, 22, 50, 52, 74, 11, 19, 82, 123,

126, 135, 136, 138, 139, 142, 145, 147, 163, 167, 182, 185, 237 Photography, invention of, 11, 12,

23, 24, 25, 32, 34 Photography, museums of, 20, 29 Photography and painting, 13, 14,

15, 16, 17, 28, 50, 52, 70, 76, 77, 81, 108, 119, 120, 131, 132, 133, 142, 152, 168, 194, 207, 232, 239 Photography, usefulness to painters,

24, 28, 74= 96, 101, 224, 232, 239, 243

Photokina, Cologne, 22 Photo-Secession, 142, 145, 147, 149,

244, 245, 246, 247 Physionotrace, 25 Pichier, Paul, 132 Piot, Eugene, 41 Piper, C. Welborne, 248 Pissarro, Camillc, 131 Platinotype, 251 Plumicr, Victor, 30 Poitevin, Alphonsc, 249, 250 Polak, Richard, 133, 243 Ponti, Carlo, 50, 243 Pound, Ezra, 163

Pre-Raphaelite School, 74, 79, 84, 86

Price, William Lake, 19, 76, 77, 79, 92, 243

Primoli, Count, 19

Princess Royal, sec Victoria

Prinsep, May (later Lady Tenny- son), 84

Prinsep, Val, 84

Pumphrey, William, 43

Puttemans, C, 142

Puyo, C, 133, 136

Raphael, 76, 77

Ray, Man, 164, 165, 168, 198, 233,

234, 243 'Rayographs', 164, 234 Rawlins, G. E. H, 250 Reade, Rev. Joseph Bancroft 12 Realism, 50, 52 Le Realisme, 50

Rejlander, Oscar Gustavc, 19, 76,

77, 78, 79, 80, 92, 9«> I33> 243, 244

Rcnger-Patzsch, Albert, 41, 160,

172, 176, 177, 185, 244 Renoir, Augustc, 108, 126, 131 Renoir, Jean, 234

Retouching photographs, 57, 58,

60, 89 Rey, Guido, 133, 139 Richcbourg, 30 Riis, Jacob A., ill, 221, 244 Rivera, Diego, 247 Robertson, James, 44, 244 Robinson, Henry Peach, 78, 79,

80, 81, 118, 135, 164, 244 Rochettc, Raoul, 34

257

Roh, Franz, 167, 178 Roosevelt, Theodore, III, 244 Roote, Marcus A., 30 Rose-Pulham, Peter, 194 Rossetti, Dante Gabriel, 86 Rothstein, Arthur, 221, 244 Rouille-Ladeveze, A., 126, 250 Roux, Christine, 98, 101 Royal Engineers Military School, 244

Royal Photographic Society, 15, 74, 98, 117, 118, 119, 123, 135, 147, 176, 177, 185, 237, 244

Royal Scottish Academy, 34

Royal Society of Arts, 74

Rubincam, Harry C, 147, 149, 244

Ruskin, John, 21, 25, 25n

Russell, Lorenzo Henry, 56

Salomon, Erich, 209, 210, 245 Salon of 1859, 52 Salon of Linked Ring, 136 Sander, August, 178 Sardou, Victorien, 232 Sargent, John, 22, 126 Savage, W., 72

Sawyer, Lyddell, 120, 136, 245 Schad, Christian, 163, 164, 245 'Schadographs', 163, 164, 245 Schiaparelli, Cesare, 139 Schlcmmcr, Oskar, 165 Schulthess, Emil, 227 Schwarz, Heinrich, 176 Schwitters, Kurt, 164 Sedgfield, Russell, 44 Sella, Vittorio, 50 Senefelder, Aloys, 11,12 Seymour, David, 227 Shaw, George Bernard, 68, 76, 76n,

101, 116, 130, 147, 236 Sheelcr, Charles, 182 Sickert, Walter, 17 Silhouettes, 25

Silvy, Camille, 19, 47, 70, 245

Smedley and Co., 71

Smith, Eugene, 224

Smith, John Shaw, 19, 41, 245

Societc Francaise de Photographie,

89> 96, 232, 233, 240, 242 Solarization, 165 Sougez, Emmanuel, 101 Spitzer, F., 136 Stanfield, Clarkson, 34 Steichen, Edward, 22, 101, 126,

132, 142, 145, 182, 245 Steinbeck, John, 216, 240 Steiner, Andre, 101 Steinert, Otto, 196, 198, 200, 245 Stelzner, C. F., 29, 245, 246 Stenbock-Fermor, Count, 212 Stengcr Collection, 20 Stieglitz, Alfred, 101, 136, 142, 145,

147, 149, 168, 246 Stone, Sir Benjamin, 112, 246 Strand, Paul, 149, 152, 154, 160,

172, 1 80, 246 Strauss, J. C, 133 'Subjective Photography', 196, 198,

239, 245

Surrealism, 164, 168, Chapter XIX, 243

Sutcliffc, Frank M. 120, 136, 246 Swan, Sir Joseph Wilson, 114, 249 Swift, Henry 182

Talbot, William Henry Fox, 11, 12, 32, 33, 73, 163, 246, 248, 249, 250

Talbotype (sec Calotypc) Telfcr, William, 30, 246 Tennyson, Alfred Lord, 68, 79,

80, 86, 88, 234 Thierry, I., 30

Thomson, John, 108, 112, 154, 160, 246, 247

Toulouse-Lautrec, Henri de, 17, 180 Tournachon, Gaspard Felix, see

Nadar Tschichold, Jan, 168 Turner, Benjamin Bracknell, 43 'Typophoto', 167, 168 Tzara, Tristan, 163, 164, 243

Utrillo, Maurice, 17, 232

Vaillat, 30

Valentine, James, 44

Vandcrkindere, M., 142

Van Dyck, Willard, 182

Vaughan, Cardinal, 86

Vcrnct, Horace, 25

Victoria, Queen, 28, 70, 74, 77,

102, 108, 236, 244 Victoria, Princess Royal, later the

Empress Frederick of Germany,

70. 139

Viennese Camera Club, 136, 247 Villeneuve, Vallou de, 89 Vollj Karl, i30n 'Vortographs', 163, 235

Wall, E. J., 248

Watts, George Frederick, 68, 82,

84, 86, 234 Watzek, Hans, 136, 240, 247 Wax portraits, 25 Waxed paper process, 40, 41, 251 Weber, Max, 161, 247 Weber, Wolfgang, 210, 212 Wedgwood, Josiah, 11 Wedgwood, Thomas, 1 1 Weegee, 247 Weimer, Wilhclm, 139 Wellington, J. B. B., 120, 136 Weston, Brett, 182, 247 Weston, Edward, 101, 160, 182, 231,

247

Whistler, James, 21, 84 White, Clarence H., 101, 142, 147, 247

White, Henry, 19, 44, 247 Wilenski, R. H., 14, 15, 16, 188 Wilkinson, B. Gay, 120, 124, 136, 247 Williams, T. R., 30 Willis, William, 251 Wilson, George Washington, 44 Winquist, Rolf, 200, 238, 247 Wolcott, Alexander, 26, 249 Wolff, Paul, 213

World Exhibition of Photography,

Lucerne, 22 Wynficld, David Wilkie, 68