Control theory (sociology)
From The Art and Popular Culture Encyclopedia
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Control Theory in sociology can either be classified as centralized or decentralized or neither. Decentralized control is considered market control. Centralized control is considered bureaucratic control. Some types of control such as clan control are considered to be a mixture of both decentralized and centralized control.
Decentralized control or market control is typically maintained through factors such as price, competition, or market share. Centralized control such as bureaucratic control is typically maintained through administrative or hierarchical techniques such as creating standards or policies. An example of mixed control is clan control which has characteristics of both centralized and decentralized control. Mixed control or clan control is typically maintained by keeping a set of values and beliefs or norms and traditions.
Control Theory, as developed by Walter Reckless in 1973, states that behavior is caused not by outside stimuli, but by what a person wants most at any given time. According to the control theory, weak containing social systems result in deviant behavior. Deviant behavior occurs when external controls on behavior are weak. According to control theory; people act rationally, but if someone was given the chance to act deviant they would. So, basically, if you have strong social bonds to positive influences, deviant behavior is less likely than someone who has no family or friends.
Control theory stresses how weak bonds between the individuals and society free people to deviate or go against the norms, or the people who have weak ties would engage in crimes so they could benefit, or gain something that is to their own interest. This is where strong bonds make deviance more costly. Deviant acts appear attractive to individuals but social bonds stop most people from committing the acts. Deviance is a result from extensive exposure to certain social situations where individuals develop behaviors that attract them to avoid conforming to social norms. Social bonds are used in control theory to help individuals from going after these attractive deviations.
According to Travis Hirschi, humans are selfish beings, we all make decisions based on which choice will give us the greatest benefit to our needs or wants. A good example of control theory would be that people go to work. Most people do not want to go to work, but they do, because they get paid, to obtain food, water, shelter, and clothing. The people that do not have a job or income will commit deviant acts in order to get what they need to survive.
Hirschi (1969) identifies four elements of social bonds<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>, which consist of:
- Attachments- which are ties to other people. How much the person cares about others and how others view them based on the things they do. Having close attachments with individuals and society stop someone from deviating because they care about what others would think of them, they value their relationship and don't want to risk losing it.
- Commitment- what we have spent most of our lives building up, which gives us satisfaction, we expect a certain reward from it. Investments work to keep people from deviating because the more investments one has the less likely they will be deviant. Individuals don't want to risk losing what they have spent time building, while someone with little investments will see that they have nothing to lose so the act is more appealing.
- Involvements- developing activities that demand time and energy. The more a person spends on activities that conform the norms of society, the less time the individual will have to do deviant acts. Deviance occurs when an individual is not involved in activities and has too much time on their hands; this causes the acts to be more attractive and likely to take place.
- Beliefs- how a person should act. The norms the person views as what should happen or what seems right. Beliefs come from how the world works and how it should work. We develop beliefs as a guide for norms on how people should act, including ourselves. Beliefs are conformed by our relationships with others because they expect us to do certain things which stops deviation.
