Condemnations of 1210–1277
From The Art and Popular Culture Encyclopedia
| Revision as of 12:38, 14 September 2011 Jahsonic (Talk | contribs) ← Previous diff |
Current revision Jahsonic (Talk | contribs) |
||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
| + | {| class="toccolours" style="float: left; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 2em; font-size: 85%; background:#c6dbf7; color:black; width:30em; max-width: 40%;" cellspacing="5" | ||
| + | | style="text-align: left;" | | ||
| + | "Neither the books of [[Aristotle]] on natural philosophy or their commentaries are to be read at Paris in public or secret, and this we forbid under penalty of [[excommunication]]." | ||
| + | |} | ||
| {{Template}} | {{Template}} | ||
| - | The "'''Recovery of Aristotle'''" (or '''Rediscovery''') refers to the copying or re-translating of most (95%) of [[Aristotle]]'s other books (of ancient Greece), from Greek or Arabic text into Latin, during the [[Middle Ages]], of the [[Latin West]]. The Recovery of Aristotle spanned about 100 years, from the middle 12th century into the 13th century, and copied or translated over 42 books (see: [[Corpus Aristotelicum]]), including Arabic texts from the [[Moors]], where the previous Latin versions had only 2 books in general circulation: ''[[Categories (Aristotle)|Categories]]'' and ''[[On Interpretation]]'' (''[[De Interpretatione]]''). | + | The '''Condemnations''' at the medieval [[University of Paris]] were enacted to restrict certain teachings as being [[heretical]]. These included a number of medieval theological teachings, but most importantly the [[Aristotelian physics|physical treatises of Aristotle]]. The investigations of these teachings were conducted by the [[Bishop of Paris|Bishops of Paris]]. The Condemnations of 1277 are traditionally linked to an investigation requested by [[Pope John XXI]], although whether he actually supported drawing up a list of condemnations is unclear. |
| - | The lack of Latin translations had been due to several factors, including limited techniques for copying books, lack of access to the Greek texts, and few people who could read [[ancient Greek]], while the Arabic versions were more accessible. The recovery of Aristotle's texts is considered a major period in mediaeval philosophy, leading to [[Aristotelianism]]. Because some of Aristotle's newly-translated views discounted the notions of a personal God, immortal soul, or creation, various leaders of the [[Catholic Church]] were inclined to censor those views for decades, such as lists of forbidden books in the [[Condemnations of 1210–1277]] at the [[University of Paris]]. Meanwhile, [[Thomas Aquinas]] (c.1225-1274), at the end of that time period, was able to reconcile the viewpoints of Aristotelianism and Christianity, primarily in his work, ''[[Summa Theologica]]'' (written 1265–1274, in several volumes). | + | Approximately sixteen lists of censured theses were issued by the University of Paris during the 13th and 14th centuries. Most of these lists of propositions were put together into systematic collections of prohibited articles. Of these, the Condemnations of 1277 are considered particularly important by historians as they allowed scholars to break from the restrictions of [[History_of_science_in_Classical_Antiquity#Plato_and_Aristotle_.28Socratic_philosophers.29|Aristotelian science]]. |
| - | + | ||
| - | The rejection, by powerful religious leaders, to censor some recovered books of Aristotle, opened a new path to allow other ideas to be considered, or taught, regarding subjects in the banned books. Eventually, new ideas became more widespread, such as the [[heliocentric]] (sun-centered) sytem noted by [[Galileo Galilei]] (1564-1642), which rejected Aristotle's Earth-centered system, even though Galileo's ideas were later censored by Church officials during his lifetime, as well. | + | |
| + | According to the historian [[Edward Grant]], the theologians desired to condemn Aristotle's teachings on the [[eternity of the world]] and the unicity of the intellect. | ||
| ==See also== | ==See also== | ||
| - | * [[Corpus Aristotelicum]] - a full list of Aristotle's known works. | + | *[[History of science in the Middle Ages]] |
| - | * [[Scholasticism]] | + | *[[Medieval university]] |
| - | * [[Thomism]] | + | *[[Renaissance of the 12th century]] |
| - | + | ||
| {{GFDL}} | {{GFDL}} | ||
Current revision
|
"Neither the books of Aristotle on natural philosophy or their commentaries are to be read at Paris in public or secret, and this we forbid under penalty of excommunication." |
|
Related e |
|
Featured: |
The Condemnations at the medieval University of Paris were enacted to restrict certain teachings as being heretical. These included a number of medieval theological teachings, but most importantly the physical treatises of Aristotle. The investigations of these teachings were conducted by the Bishops of Paris. The Condemnations of 1277 are traditionally linked to an investigation requested by Pope John XXI, although whether he actually supported drawing up a list of condemnations is unclear.
Approximately sixteen lists of censured theses were issued by the University of Paris during the 13th and 14th centuries. Most of these lists of propositions were put together into systematic collections of prohibited articles. Of these, the Condemnations of 1277 are considered particularly important by historians as they allowed scholars to break from the restrictions of Aristotelian science.
According to the historian Edward Grant, the theologians desired to condemn Aristotle's teachings on the eternity of the world and the unicity of the intellect.
See also
