Comte Xavier de Sade
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| - | [[Image:Marquis de Sade by H. Biberstein, 1866.jpg|thumb|right|200px|''[[Marquis de Sade]]'' ([[1866]]) by [[H. Biberstein]]]] | ||
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| - | :''[[Marquis de Sade timeline]], [[Sadeian women]]'' | ||
| - | '''Marquis de Sade''' (June 2, 1740 – December 2, 1814) was a [[French aristocrat]] and [[French writer|writer]] of [[French philosophy|philosophy]]-laden and often violent carnography and pornography. His is a philosophy of extreme [[Freedom (philosophy)|freedom]] (or at least [[licentious]]ness), unrestrained by [[morality]], [[religion]] or [[law]], with [[hedonism|the pursuit of personal pleasure being the highest principle]]. Sade was incarcerated in various [[prison]]s and [[insane asylum]]s for about 32 years (out of a total of 74) of his life; much of his [[writing in prison|writing was done during his imprisonment]]. The term "[[sadism]]" is derived from his name and the French literary prize [[Prix Sade]] has been installed in his honour. | + | Twentieth-century descendant of the [[Marquis the Sade]], the [[Comte Xavier de Sade]], was the first to defend the family name and be interested in the Marquis's controversial work. Until 1948, Comte Xavier had known little of his ancestor because the Marquis de Sade's works went unpublished and unread in France until the 1960s. Thus, when he found a trunk containing journals, letters, manuscripts, and legal documents, he granted access to biographer [[Gilbert Lely]]; the works were published from 1948 to the 1960s. The Comte Xavier and his descendants claim to own the copyrights and the family name, a peculiar legal manoeuvre because the Marquis de Sade died and his copyrights expired two centuries earlier. |
| - | ==Life== | + | |
| - | ===Early life and education=== | + | |
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| - | The Marquis de Sade was born in the [[Condé palace]], Paris, to ''[[Comte]]'' [[Jean-Baptiste François Joseph de Sade]] and [[Marie-Eléonore de Maillé de Carman]], cousin and [[Lady-in-waiting]] to the [[Landgravine Caroline of Hesse-Rotenburg|Princess of Condé]]. He was educated by an uncle, the [[Abbot|abbé]] de Sade. Later, he attended [[Jesuit]] ''[[lycée]]'', then pursued a military career, becoming Colonel of a Dragoon regiment, and fighting in the [[Seven Years' War]]. In 1763, on returning from war, he courted a rich magistrate's daughter, but her father rejected his suit, and, instead, arranged a marriage to his elder daughter, [[Renée-Pélagie de Montreuil]]; that marriage engendered two sons and a daughter. In 1766, he had a private theatre built in his castle at [[Lacoste, Vaucluse|Lacoste]] in [[Provence]]. In January 1767, his father died. | + | |
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| - | ===Title and heirs=== | + | |
| - | The Sade men alternated using the ''[[marquis]]'' and ''[[comte]]'' (count) titles. His grandfather, Gaspard François de Sade, was the first to use ''marquis''; occasionally, he was the ''Marquis de Sade'', but is documentarily identified as the ''Marquis de Mazan''. The Sade family were ''[[Noblesse d'épée]]'', claiming at the time the oldest, Frank-descended nobility, so, assuming a noble title without a King's grant, was customarily ''[[de rigueur]]''. Alternating title usage indicates that titular hierarchy (below [[French peerage|''duc et pair'']]) was notional; theoretically, the ''marquis'' title was granted to noblemen owning ''several'' countships, but its use by men of dubious lineage caused its disrepute. At Court, precedence was by seniority and royal favour, not title. There is father-and-son correspondence, wherein father addresses son as ''marquis''. | + | |
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| - | Twentieth-century descendant, the [[Comte Xavier de Sade]], was the first to defend the family name and be interested in the Marquis's controversial work. Until 1948, Comte Xavier had known little of his ancestor because the Marquis de Sade's works went unpublished and unread in France until the 1960s. Thus, when he found a trunk containing journals, letters, manuscripts, and legal documents, he granted access to biographer Gilbert Lêly; the works were published from 1948 to the 1960s. The Comte Xavier and his descendants claim to own the copyrights and the family name, a peculiar legal manoeuvre because the Marquis de Sade died and his copyrights expired two centuries earlier. | + | |
| To avoid association with the Marquis de Sade, descendants have refused the ''Marquis'' title. Bibliographically, the Sade family have some original manuscripts, others are in universities and libraries, or were destroyed in the eighteenth century. Moreover, the Comte Xavier de Sade founded a winery, honouring the Marquis de Sade, vinting champagne and claret, introduced to market in the late 1980s. Before Comte Xavier, most descendants were against using any of the Marquis's names, yet he named a son ''[[Donatien]]''. | To avoid association with the Marquis de Sade, descendants have refused the ''Marquis'' title. Bibliographically, the Sade family have some original manuscripts, others are in universities and libraries, or were destroyed in the eighteenth century. Moreover, the Comte Xavier de Sade founded a winery, honouring the Marquis de Sade, vinting champagne and claret, introduced to market in the late 1980s. Before Comte Xavier, most descendants were against using any of the Marquis's names, yet he named a son ''[[Donatien]]''. | ||
| - | ===Scandals and imprisonment=== | ||
| - | Sade lived a scandalous [[libertine]] existence and repeatedly procured young [[prostitution|prostitutes]] as well as employees of both sexes in his castle in [[Lacoste, Vaucluse|Lacoste]]. He was also accused of [[blasphemy]], a serious offense at that time. His behavior included an affair with his wife's sister, Anne-Prospère, who had come to live at the castle. | ||
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| - | Beginning in 1763, Sade lived mainly in or near Paris. Several prostitutes there complained about mistreatment by him and he was put under surveillance by the police who made detailed reports of his escapades. After several short imprisonments, which included a brief incarceration in the [[Château de Saumur]] (then a jail), he was exiled to his chateau at Lacoste in 1768. | ||
| - | ====Rose Keller affair==== | ||
| - | One of Sade's first major scandals occurred on Easter Sunday in 1768, in which he procured the sexual services of a woman, [[Rose Keller]] -- whether she was a prostitute or not is widely disputed. He was accused of taking her to his chateau at Arcueil, imprisoning her there and sexually and physically abusing her. She escaped by climbing out of a second-floor window and running away. It was at this time that la Présidente, [[Sade's mother-in-law]], obtained a ''[[lettre de cachet]]'' from the king, excluding Sade from the jurisdiction of the courts. The ''lettre de cachet'' (a royal order of arrest and imprisonment, without stated cause or access to the courts) would later prove disastrous for the marquis. | ||
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| - | ====Marseille affair==== | ||
| - | An episode in [[Marseille]], in 1772, involved the non-lethal poisoning of prostitutes with the supposed [[aphrodisiac]] [[Spanish fly]] and [[sodomy]] with his manservant Latour. That year the two men were sentenced to death [[in absentia]] for sodomy and said poisoning. They fled to [[Sade in Italy|Italy]], and Sade took his wife's sister with him. | ||
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| - | Sade and Latour were caught and imprisoned at the [[Fortress of Miolans]], in late 1772, but escaped four months later. | ||
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| - | ====Time at Lacoste==== | ||
| - | Sade later hid at Lacoste where he rejoined his wife who became an accomplice in his subsequent endeavors. He kept a group of young employees at Lacoste, most of whom complained about sexual mistreatment and quickly left his service. Sade was forced to [[Sade in Italy|flee to Italy]] once again. It was during this time he wrote ''[[Voyage d'Italie]]'', which, along with his earlier travel writings, has never been translated into English. In 1776 he returned to Lacoste, again hired several servant girls, most of whom fled. In 1777 the father of one of those employees came to Lacoste, to claim his daughter, and attempted to shoot the Marquis at point-blank range. Fortunately for Sade, the gun [[misfired]]. | ||
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| - | ====Back in Vincennes==== | ||
| - | Later that year, Sade was tricked into visiting his supposedly ill mother, who in fact had recently died, in Paris. He was arrested there and imprisoned in the [[Château de Vincennes]]. He successfully appealed his death sentence in 1778 but remained imprisoned under the ''lettre de cachet''. He escaped but was soon recaptured. He resumed writing and met fellow prisoner [[Honoré Mirabeau|Comte de Mirabeau]] who also wrote erotic works. Despite this common interest, the two came to dislike each other immensely. | ||
| - | ====Bastille and Charenton==== | ||
| - | In 1784 Vincennes was closed and Sade was transferred to the [[Bastille]]. On 2 July 1789 he reportedly shouted out from his cell, to the crowd outside, "They are killing the prisoners here!" causing something of a riot. Two days later he was transferred to the [[Charenton (asylum)|insane asylum at Charenton]] near Paris. (The [[storming of the Bastille]], marking the start of the [[French Revolution]], occurred on 14 July.) | ||
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| - | He had been working on his [[Masterpiece|magnum opus]] ''Les 120 Journées de Sodome'' (''[[The 120 Days of Sodom]]''). To his despair he believed that the manuscript was lost during his transfer; but he continued to write. | ||
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| - | He was released from Charenton in 1790 after the new [[National Constituent Assembly|Constituent Assembly]] abolished the instrument of ''lettre de cachet''. His wife obtained a divorce soon after. | ||
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| - | ===Return to freedom, delegate to the National Convention and imprisonment=== | ||
| - | During Sade's time of freedom, beginning in 1790, he published several of his books anonymously. He met Marie-Constance Quesnet, a former actress, and mother of a six-year-old son, who had been abandoned by her husband. Constance and Sade would stay together for the rest of his life. Sade was by this time extremely obese. | ||
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| - | He initially ingratiated himself with the new political situation after the revolution, supported the Republic, called himself "Citizen Sade" and managed to obtain several official positions despite his aristocratic background. | ||
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| - | Due to the damage done to his estate in Lacoste which was sacked in 1789 by an angry mob, he moved to Paris. In 1790 he was elected to the [[National Convention]] where he represented the [[far left]]. He was a member of the Piques section, a section notorious for its radical views. He wrote several political pamphlets, in which he called for the implementation of [[direct vote]]. However there is much to suggest that he suffered abuse from his fellow revolutionaries due to his aristocratic background. Matters were not helped by the desertion of his son, a second lieutenant and the ''[[aide-de-camp]]'' to an important colonel, the [[Marquis de Toulengeon]], in May 1792. De Sade was forced to disavow his son's desertion in order to save his neck. Later that year his name was entered - whether by error or willful malice - on the list of [[émigrés]] of the [[Bouches-du-Rhône]] [[Department (administrative division)|department]]. | ||
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| - | Appalled by the [[Reign of Terror]] in 1793, he wrote an admiring [[eulogy]] for [[Jean-Paul Marat]] to secure his position. Then he resigned his posts, was accused of "[[moderatism]]" and imprisoned for over a year. This experience presumably confirmed his life-long detestation of state tyranny and especially of the [[Capital punishment|death penalty]]. He was released in 1794, after the overthrow and execution of [[Maximilien Robespierre]] had effectively ended the Reign of Terror. | ||
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| - | In 1796, now all but destitute, he had to sell his ruined castle in Lacoste. The ruins of the castle were acquired in 2001 by fashion designer [[Pierre Cardin]] who now holds music festivals there. | ||
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| - | ===Imprisonment for his writings and death=== | ||
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| - | In 1801 [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon Bonaparte]] ordered the arrest of the anonymous author of ''[[Justine (Sade)|Justine]]'' and ''[[Juliette (novel)|Juliette]]''. Sade was arrested at his publisher's office and imprisoned without trial; first in the [[Sainte-Pélagie]] prison and, following allegations that he had tried to seduce young fellow prisoners there, in the harsh fortress of [[Bicêtre Hospital|Bicêtre]]. | ||
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| - | After intervention by his family, he was declared insane in 1803 and transferred once more to the [[Charenton (asylum)|asylum at Charenton]]. His ex-wife and children had agreed to pay his pension there. Constance was allowed to live with him at Charenton. The benign director of the institution, [[Abbé de Coulmier]], allowed and encouraged him to stage several of his plays, with the inmates as actors, to be viewed by the Parisian public. Coulmier's novel approaches to psychotherapy attracted much opposition. In 1809 new police orders put Sade into solitary confinement and deprived him of pens and paper, though Coulmier succeeded in ameliorating this harsh treatment. In 1813, the government ordered Coulmier to suspend all theatrical performances. | ||
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| - | Sade began an affair with 13-year-old [[Madeleine Leclerc]], daughter of an employee at Charenton. This affair lasted some 4 years, until Sade's death in 1814. He had left instructions in his will forbidding that his body be opened upon any pretext whatsoever, and that it remain untouched for 48 hours in the chamber in which he died, and then placed in a coffin and buried on his property located in Malmaison near [[Épernon]]. His skull was later removed from the grave for [[phrenology|phrenological]] examination. His son had all his remaining unpublished manuscripts burned, including the immense multi-volume work ''[[Les Journées de Florbelle]]''. | ||
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| - | == Selected works == | ||
| - | :''[[Marquis de Sade bibliography ]]'' | ||
| - | Sade wrote few works under his own name and frequently denied the authorship of the works he did write. A notable piece of [[non-fiction]] is ''[[Reflections on the Novel]]''. | ||
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| - | * ''[[Dialogue entre un prêtre et un moribond]]'', [[1782]]. | ||
| - | * ''[[Les Cent vingt journées de Sodome|Les Cent vingt journées de Sodome ou l’École du libertinage]]'', [[1785]], publié en [[1904]]. | ||
| - | * ''[[Aline et Valcour]], ou le Roman philosophique'', [[1786]], publié en [[1795]]. | ||
| - | * ''[[Les Infortunes de la vertu]]'' (First version of Justine), [[1787]]. | ||
| - | * ''[[Justine ou les Malheurs de la vertu]]'' (enrichissement des Infortunes), [[1788]], publié en [[1791]] | ||
| - | * ''Catalogue raisonné des Œuvres de M. Sxxx.'' [[1788]]. | ||
| - | * ''[[La Philosophie dans le boudoir]] ou Les instituteurs immoraux''; publié en [[1795]]. | ||
| - | * ''[[La Nouvelle Justine]]''. Suivie de l’''[[Histoire de Juliette, ou les Prospérités du vice|Histoire de Juliette]]'', sa sœur, [[1797]]. | ||
| - | * ''[[Les Crimes de l'amour]], Nouvelles héroïques et tragiques'', [[1800]]. | ||
| - | ** ''[[Eugénie de Franval]]'' [[1788]]. | ||
| - | ** ''[[Reflections on the Novel]]'' [[1800]]. | ||
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| - | == Appraisal and criticism == | ||
| - | :In [[1843]] French literary critic [[Sainte-Beuve]] wrote that [[Byron]] and [[Sade]] "are perhaps the two greatest inspirations of our [[History of modern literature|modern]]s, the first [[mainstream|openly and visibly]], the second [[clandestine]]ly, but not very. | ||
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| - | :"The novels of the Marquis de Sade have killed more children than could kill twenty [[Gilles de Rais]], they kill every day, they will continue to kill, they kill their souls as well as their bodies. What's more, while Gilles de Rais has paid his crimes during his lifetime: he died by the hands of the executioner, his body was delivered to the fire, and his ashes were scattered to the wind, what power could incinerate all the books of Marquis de Sade? That is what nobody can do, these are books, and thus crimes that will never perish." --''[[Dictionnaire de la conversation et de la lecture]]'', see [[Jules Janin on Marquis de Sade]] | ||
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| - | Numerous writers and artistes, especially those concerned with sexuality, have been both repelled and fascinated by de Sade. | ||
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| - | [[Simone de Beauvoir]] (in her essay ''[[Must we burn Sade?]]'', published in ''[[Les Temps modernes]]'', December 1951 and January 1952) and other writers have attempted to locate traces of a radical philosophy of [[Freedom (philosophy)|freedom]] in Sade's writings, preceding that of [[existentialism]] by some 150 years. He has also been seen as a precursor of [[Sigmund Freud]]'s [[psychoanalysis]] in his focus on sexuality as a motive force. The [[surrealism|surrealists]] admired him as one of their forerunners, and [[Guillaume Apollinaire]] famously called him "the freest spirit that has yet existed". | ||
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| - | [[Pierre Klossowski]], in his 1947 book ''[[Sade mon prochain]]'' ("[[Sade my neighbour]]"), analyzes Sade's philosophy as a precursor of [[Friedrich Nietzsche|Nietzsche]]'s [[nihilism]], negating both Christian values and the [[French materialism|materialism]] of the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]]. | ||
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| - | One of the essays in [[Max Horkheimer]] and [[Theodor Adorno]]'s ''[[Dialectic of Enlightenment]]'' (1947) is titled "Juliette or Enlightenment and Morality" and interprets the ruthless and calculating behavior of ''[[L'Histoire de Juliette|Juliette]]'' as the embodiment of the philosophy of enlightenment. Similarly, psychoanalyst [[Jacques Lacan]] posited in his 1966 essay "[[Kant avec Sade]]" that de Sade's ethic was the complementary completion of the [[categorical imperative]] originally formulated by [[Immanuel Kant]]. | ||
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| - | In ''The Sadeian Woman: And the Ideology of Pornography'' (1979), [[Angela Carter]] provides a [[feminism|feminist]] reading of Sade, seeing him as a "moral pornographer" who creates spaces for women. Similarly, [[Susan Sontag]] defended both Sade and [[Georges Bataille]]'s ''[[Histoire de l'oeil]]'' (''Story of the Eye'') in her essay, "[[The Pornographic Imagination]]" (1967) on the basis their works were [[Transgressional fiction|transgressive]] texts, and argued that neither should be censored. | ||
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| - | By contrast, [[Andrea Dworkin]] saw Sade as the exemplary woman-hating pornographer, supporting her theory that pornography inevitably leads to violence against women. One chapter of her book ''Pornography: Men Possessing Women'' (1979) is devoted to an analysis of Sade. [[Susie Bright]] claims that Dworkin's first novel ''Ice and Fire'', which is rife with violence and abuse, can be seen as a modern re-telling of Sade's ''Juliette''. | ||
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| - | ==Cultural depictions== | ||
| - | :''[[Marquis de Sade in popular culture]]'' | ||
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| - | There have been many and varied references to the Marquis de Sade in [[popular culture]], including fictional works and biographies. The namesake of the [[psychology|psychological]] and [[subculture|subcultural]] term ''[[sadism]]'', his name is used variously to evoke [[sexual assault|sexual violence]], licentiousness and [[freedom of speech]]. In modern culture his works are simultaneously viewed as masterful analyses of how power and economics work, and as erotica. Sade's sexually explicit works were a medium for the articulation of the corrupt and hypocritical values of the elite in his society, which caused him to become imprisoned. He thus became a symbol of the artist's struggle with the censor. Sade's use of pornographic devices to create provocative works that subvert the prevailing moral values of his time inspired many other artists in a variety of media. The cruelties depicted in his works gave rise to the concept of sadism. Sade's works have to this day been kept alive by artists and intellectuals because they espouse a philosophy of extreme individualism that became reality in the economic liberalism of the following centuries. | ||
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| - | In the late twentieth century, there was a resurgence of interest in Sade; leading French intellectuals like [[Roland Barthes]], [[Jacques Derrida]] and [[Michel Foucault]] published studies of the philosopher, and interest in Sade among scholars and artists continued. In the realm of visual arts, many [[surrealism|surrealist]] artists had interest in the Marquis. Sade was celebrated in surrealist periodicals, and feted by figures such as [[Guillaume Apollinaire]], [[Paul Éluard]] and Maurice Heine; [[Man Ray]] admired Sade because he and other surrealists viewed him as an ideal of freedom. The first ''[[Surrealist Manifesto|Manifesto of Surrealism]]'' (1924) announced that "Sade is surrealist in sadism", and extracts of the original draft of ''[[Justine]]'' were published in ''Le Surréalisme au service de la révolution''. In literature, Sade is referenced in several stories by [[science fiction]] writer [[Robert Bloch]], while Polish science fiction author [[Stanisław Lem]] wrote an essay analyzing the [[game theory]] arguments appearing in Sade's ''[[The Misfortunes of Virtue|Justine]]''. The writer [[Georges Bataille]] applied Sade's methods of writing about sexual transgression to shock and provoke readers. | ||
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| - | Sade's life and works have been the subject of numerous fictional plays, films, pornographic or erotic drawings, etchings and more. These include [[Peter Weiss]]'s play ''[[Marat/Sade]]'', a fantasia extrapolating from the fact that Sade directed plays performed by his fellow inmates at the Charenton asylum. [[Yukio Mishima]] and [[Doug Wright]] also wrote plays about Sade; Weiss's and Wright's plays have been made into films. His work is referenced on film at least as early as [[Luis Buñuel]] and [[Salvador Dalí]]'s ''[[L'Age d'or]]'' (1930), the final segment of which provides a coda to Sade's ''120 Days of Sodom'', with the four debauched noblemen emerging from their mountain retreat. [[Pier Paolo Pasolini]] filmed ''[[Salò, or the 120 Days of Sodom]]'' (1975), updating Sade's novel to the brief [[Italian Social Republic|Salo Republic]]; [[Benoît Jacquot]]'s ''[[Sade (film)|Sade]]'' and [[Philip Kaufman]]'s ''[[Quills]]'' (from the play of the same name by Doug Wright) both hit cinemas in 2000. ''Quills'', inspired by Sade's imprisonment and battles with the censorship in his society, portrays Sade as a literary freedom fighter who is a martyr to the cause of free expression. | ||
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| - | ==Bibliography== | ||
| - | :''[[Bibliography of the Marquis de Sade]]'' | ||
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| - | ==Further reading== | ||
| - | :''[[works on Sade]]'' | ||
| - | *''[[Satan's Saint]].'' (1965) by [[Guy Endore]] | ||
| - | *''[[Marquis de Sade: his life and works]].'' (1899) by [[Iwan Bloch]] | ||
| - | *''[[Sade Mon Prochain]].'' (1947) by [[Pierre Klossowski]] | ||
| - | *''[[Lautréamont and Sade]].'' (1949) by [[Maurice Blanchot]] | ||
| - | *''[[The Marquis de Sade, a biography]].'' (1961) by [[Gilbert Lély]] | ||
| - | *''[[Philosopher of Evil: The Life and Works of the Marquis de Sade]].'' (1962) by Walter Drummond | ||
| - | *''[[The life and ideas of the Marquis de Sade]].'' (1963) by [[Geoffrey Gorer]] | ||
| - | *''[[Sade, Fourier, Loyola]].'' (1971) by [[Roland Barthes]] | ||
| - | *'' [[De Sade: A Critical Biography]].'' (1978) by [[Ronald Hayman]] | ||
| - | *''[[The Sadeian Woman: An Exercise in Cultural History]].'' (1979) by [[Angela Carter]] | ||
| - | *''[[Marquis de Sade: A Biography]].'' (1991) by Maurice Lever | ||
| - | *''The philosophy of the Marquis de Sade.'' (1995) by Timo Airaksinen | ||
| - | *''[[Dark Eros: The Imagination of Sadism]].'' (1996) by [[Thomas Moore (spiritual writer)]] | ||
| - | *''[[Sade contre l'Être suprême]].'' (1996) by [[Philippe Sollers]] | ||
| - | *''An Erotic Beyond: Sade.'' (1998) by [[Octavio Paz]] | ||
| - | *''[[The Marquis de Sade: a life]].'' (1999) by [[Neil Schaeffer]] | ||
| - | *''[[At Home With the Marquis de Sade: A Life]].'' (1999) by [[Francine du Plessix Gray]] | ||
| - | *''[[Sade: from materialism to pornography]].'' (2002) by Caroline Warman | ||
| - | *''Marquis de Sade: the genius of passion.'' (2003) by Ronald Hayman | ||
| - | *''Marquis de Sade: A Very Short Introduction'' (2005) by John Phillips | ||
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| - | == See also == | ||
| - | *[[BDSM]] | ||
| - | *[[Fetish fashion]] | ||
| - | *[[Leopold von Sacher-Masoch]] | ||
| - | *''[[Quills]]'' | ||
| - | *[[Sexual fetishism]] | ||
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| - | *[[Marquis de Sade and gothic fiction]] | ||
| - | *[[Sade in prison]] | ||
| - | *[[Works on Sade]] | ||
| - | *[[Marquis de Sade bibliography]] | ||
| - | *[[Marquis de Sade timeline]] | ||
| - | *[[Sade's influence on Surrealism in the twentieth century]] | ||
| - | *[[Sade and psychopathology]] | ||
| - | *[[Timeline of surrealism and dada]] | ||
| - | *''[[Sade / Surreal]]'', a 2001 exhibition in Zurich. | ||
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Revision as of 22:41, 14 May 2010
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Twentieth-century descendant of the Marquis the Sade, the Comte Xavier de Sade, was the first to defend the family name and be interested in the Marquis's controversial work. Until 1948, Comte Xavier had known little of his ancestor because the Marquis de Sade's works went unpublished and unread in France until the 1960s. Thus, when he found a trunk containing journals, letters, manuscripts, and legal documents, he granted access to biographer Gilbert Lely; the works were published from 1948 to the 1960s. The Comte Xavier and his descendants claim to own the copyrights and the family name, a peculiar legal manoeuvre because the Marquis de Sade died and his copyrights expired two centuries earlier.
To avoid association with the Marquis de Sade, descendants have refused the Marquis title. Bibliographically, the Sade family have some original manuscripts, others are in universities and libraries, or were destroyed in the eighteenth century. Moreover, the Comte Xavier de Sade founded a winery, honouring the Marquis de Sade, vinting champagne and claret, introduced to market in the late 1980s. Before Comte Xavier, most descendants were against using any of the Marquis's names, yet he named a son Donatien.
Unless indicated otherwise, the text in this article is either based on Wikipedia article "Comte Xavier de Sade" or another language Wikipedia page thereof used under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License; or on research by Jahsonic and friends. See Art and Popular Culture's copyright notice.
