Capability approach
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| - | Although some [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] philosophers (e.g. [[David Hume|Hume]]) continued to emphasize the virtues, with the ascendancy of [[utilitarianism]] and [[deontology]], virtue theory moved to the margins of Western philosophy. The contemporary revival of virtue theory is frequently traced to the philosopher [[G. E. M. Anscombe]]'s 1958 essay "[[Modern Moral Philosophy]]". Following this: | + | The '''capability approach''' (also referred to as the '''capabilities approach''') is an economic theory conceived in the 1980s as an approach to [[welfare economics]]. In this approach, [[Amartya Sen]] brings together a range of ideas that were hitherto excluded from (or inadequately formulated in) traditional approaches to the economics of welfare. The core focus of the capability approach is on what individuals are able to do (i.e., capable of). |
| - | * In the 1976 paper "[[The Schizophrenia of Modern Ethical Theories]]", Michael Stocker summarises the main aretaic criticisms of deontological and consequentialist ethics. | + | |
| - | * [[Philippa Foot]], who published a collection of essays in 1978 entitled ''Virtues and Vices.'' | + | |
| - | * [[Alasdair MacIntyre]] has made an effort to reconstruct a virtue-based theory in dialogue with the problems of modern and [[postmodernism|postmodern]] thought; his works include ''[[After Virtue]]'' and ''Three Rival Versions of Moral Enquiry''. | + | |
| - | * [[Paul Ricoeur]] has accorded an important place to Aristotelian [[teleological ethics]] in his [[hermeneutical]] [[Phenomenology (philosophy)|phenomenology]] of the subject, most notably in his book ''Oneself as Another''. | + | |
| - | * theologian [[Stanley Hauerwas]] has also found the language of virtue quite helpful in his own project. | + | |
| - | * [[Rosalind Hursthouse]] has published ''On Virtue Ethics''. | + | |
| - | * [[Roger Crisp]] and [[Michael Slote]] have edited a collection of important essays titled ''Virtue Ethics'' | + | |
| - | * [[Martha Nussbaum]] and [[Amartya Sen]] have employed virtue theory in theorizing the [[capability approach]] to [[international development]]. | + | |
| - | The '''aretaic turn''' in moral philosophy is paralleled by analogous developments in other philosophical disciplines. One of these is [[epistemology]], where a distinctive [[virtue epistemology]] has been developed by [[Linda Trinkaus Zagzebski|Linda Zagzebski]] and others. In political theory, there has been discussion of "virtue politics", and in legal theory, there is a small but growing body of literature on [[virtue jurisprudence]]. The aretaic turn also exists in [[United States of America|American]] [[constitutional theory]], where proponents argue for an emphasis on virtue and vice of constitutional [[adjudicator]]s. | ||
| - | Aretaic approaches to morality, epistemology, and jurisprudence have been the subject of intense debates. One criticism that is frequently made focuses on the problem of guidance; opponents, such as Robert Louden in his article "Some Vices of Virtue Ethics", question whether the idea of a virtuous moral actor, believer, or judge can provide the guidance necessary for action, belief formation, or the decision of legal disputes. | + | == See also == |
| + | * [[Demographic economics]] | ||
| + | * [[Economic development]] | ||
| + | * [[Ethics of care]] | ||
| + | * [[Human Development and Capability Association]] | ||
| + | * [[International Association for Feminist Economics]] | ||
| + | * [[International development]] | ||
| + | * ''[[Journal of Human Development and Capabilities]]'' | ||
| + | * [[List of publications in economics#Development economics|Important publications in development economics]] | ||
| + | * [[Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative]] | ||
| + | * [[Sustainable development]] | ||
| + | * [[UN Human Development Index]] | ||
| + | * [[Welfare economics]] | ||
| + | * [[Women's education and development]] | ||
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The capability approach (also referred to as the capabilities approach) is an economic theory conceived in the 1980s as an approach to welfare economics. In this approach, Amartya Sen brings together a range of ideas that were hitherto excluded from (or inadequately formulated in) traditional approaches to the economics of welfare. The core focus of the capability approach is on what individuals are able to do (i.e., capable of).
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See also
- Demographic economics
- Economic development
- Ethics of care
- Human Development and Capability Association
- International Association for Feminist Economics
- International development
- Journal of Human Development and Capabilities
- Important publications in development economics
- Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative
- Sustainable development
- UN Human Development Index
- Welfare economics
- Women's education and development
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