Artificial intelligence
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| '''Artificial intelligence''' ('''AI''') is [[intelligence]] demonstrated by [[machine]]s, as opposed to intelligence of [[human intelligence|humans]] and [[animal cognition|other animals]]. Example tasks in which this is done include speech recognition, computer vision, translation between (natural) languages, as well as other mappings of inputs. | '''Artificial intelligence''' ('''AI''') is [[intelligence]] demonstrated by [[machine]]s, as opposed to intelligence of [[human intelligence|humans]] and [[animal cognition|other animals]]. Example tasks in which this is done include speech recognition, computer vision, translation between (natural) languages, as well as other mappings of inputs. | ||
| - | [[AI applications]] include advanced [[web search]] engines (e.g., [[Google Search]]), [[recommender system|recommendation systems]] (used by [[YouTube]], [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]], and [[Netflix]]), [[natural-language understanding|understanding human speech]] (such as [[Siri]] and [[Amazon Alexa|Alexa]]), [[self-driving car]]s (e.g., [[Waymo]]), [[Generative artificial intelligence|generative]] or [[Computational creativity|creative]] tools ([[ChatGPT]] and [[AI art]]), [[automated decision-making]], and competing at the highest level in [[strategic game]] systems (such as [[chess]] and [[Go (game)|Go]]).{{sfnp|Google|2016}} | ||
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| - | As machines become increasingly capable, tasks considered to require "intelligence" are often removed from the definition of AI, a phenomenon known as the [[AI effect]]. For instance, [[optical character recognition]] is frequently excluded from things considered to be AI,{{sfnp|Ashok83|2019}} having become a routine technology.{{sfnp|Schank|1991|page=38}} | ||
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| - | Artificial intelligence was founded as an academic discipline in 1956, and in the years since it has experienced several waves of optimism,{{sfnp|Crevier|1993|p=109}}<ref name="AI in the 80s" /> followed by disappointment and the loss of funding (known as an "[[AI winter]]"),<ref name="First AI winter" /><ref name="Second AI winter" /> followed by new approaches, success, and renewed funding.<ref name="AI in the 80s" />{{sfnp|Clark|2015b}} AI research has tried and discarded many different approaches, including simulating the brain, [[Symbolic AI#Cognitive simulation|modeling human problem solving]], [[Symbolic AI#Logic-based|formal logic]], [[Symbolic AI#Knowledge-based systems|large databases of knowledge]], and imitating animal behavior. In the first decades of the 21st century, highly mathematical and statistical [[machine learning]] has dominated the field, and this technique has proved highly successful, helping to solve many challenging problems throughout industry and academia.{{sfnp|Clark|2015b}}<ref name="AI widely used 1990s" /> | ||
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| - | The various sub-fields of AI research are centered around particular goals and the use of particular tools. The traditional goals of AI research include [[automated reasoning|reasoning]], [[knowledge representation]], [[Automated planning and scheduling|planning]], [[machine learning|learning]], [[natural language processing]], [[machine perception|perception]], and the ability to move and manipulate objects.{{efn|name="Problems of AI"}} [[Artificial general intelligence|General intelligence]] (the ability to solve an arbitrary problem) is among the field's long-term goals.<ref name="Artificial General Intelligence" /> To solve these problems, AI researchers have adapted and integrated a wide range of problem-solving techniques, including search and mathematical optimization, formal logic, [[artificial neural network]]s, and methods based on [[statistics]], [[probability]], and [[economics]]. AI also draws upon [[computer science]], [[psychology]], [[linguistics]], [[philosophy]], and many other fields. | ||
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| - | The field was founded on the assumption that human intelligence "can be so precisely described that a machine can be made to simulate it".{{efn|This statement comes from the proposal for the [[Dartmouth workshop]] of 1956, which reads: "Every aspect of learning or any other feature of intelligence can be so precisely described that a machine can be made to simulate it."{{sfnp|McCarthy|Minsky|Rochester|Shannon|1955}}}} This raised philosophical arguments about the mind and the ethical consequences of creating artificial beings endowed with human-like intelligence; these issues have previously been explored by [[History of artificial intelligence#Precursors|myth]], [[Artificial intelligence in fiction|fiction]], and [[Philosophy of artificial intelligence|philosophy]] since antiquity.{{sfnp|Newquist|1994|pp=45–53}} [[Computer scientist]]s and [[philosopher]]s have since suggested that AI may become an [[existential risk]] to humanity if its rational capacities are not steered towards beneficial goals.{{Efn|Russel and Norvig note in the textbook Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.), section 1.5: | ||
| - | "In the longer term, we face the difficult problem of controlling superintelligent AI systems that may evolve in unpredictable ways." while referring to computer scientists, philosophers, and technologists.|name="Future risks of AI"}} The term artificial intelligence has also been criticized for [[Hype (marketing)|overhyping]] AI's true technological capabilities.<ref>{{cite news |date=21 March 2022 |title=Is AI Overhyped in 2022? Getting the Truth About the True Power |publisher=Analytics Insight |url=https://www.analyticsinsight.net/is-ai-overhyped-in-2022-getting-the-truth-about-the-true-power/ |url-status=live |accessdate=11 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310113530/https://www.analyticsinsight.net/is-ai-overhyped-in-2022-getting-the-truth-about-the-true-power/ |archive-date=10 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2018/09/13/240156/artificial-intelligence-is-often-overhypedand-heres-why-thats-dangerous/|title=Artificial intelligence is often overhyped—and here's why that's dangerous|first=Martin|last=Giles|publisher=MIT Technology|date=13 September 2018|accessdate=11 March 2023|archive-date=11 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311145742/https://www.technologyreview.com/2018/09/13/240156/artificial-intelligence-is-often-overhypedand-heres-why-thats-dangerous/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/radio/sunday/the-sunday-edition-for-february-23-2020-1.5468283/is-ai-overhyped-researchers-weigh-in-on-technology-s-promise-and-problems-1.5468289|title=Is AI overhyped? Researchers weigh in on technology's promise and problems|first=Ira|last=Basen|publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|date=21 February 2020|accessdate=11 March 2023|archive-date=11 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311145743/https://www.cbc.ca/radio/sunday/the-sunday-edition-for-february-23-2020-1.5468283/is-ai-overhyped-researchers-weigh-in-on-technology-s-promise-and-problems-1.5468289|url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
| == See also == | == See also == | ||
| * [[Atlas of AI]] | * [[Atlas of AI]] | ||
Revision as of 13:19, 31 March 2023
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![Diagram of the human mind, from Utriusque cosmi maioris scilicet et minoris metaphysica, page 217[1] by Robert Fludd](/Image:Diagram_of_the_human_mind%2C_from_Robert_Fludd_%281574-1637%29%2C_Utriusque_cosmic_maioris_scilicet_et_minoris_metaphysica.jpg)
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Artificial intelligence (AI) is intelligence demonstrated by machines, as opposed to intelligence of humans and other animals. Example tasks in which this is done include speech recognition, computer vision, translation between (natural) languages, as well as other mappings of inputs.
See also
- Atlas of AI
- Philosophy of mind
- Simulated reality
- Artificial intelligence art
- Text-to-image model
- Open letter against AI
Unless indicated otherwise, the text in this article is either based on Wikipedia article "Artificial intelligence" or another language Wikipedia page thereof used under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License; or on research by Jahsonic and friends. See Art and Popular Culture's copyright notice.
