A chronology of the discovery of the unconscious in the 19th Century  

From The Art and Popular Culture Encyclopedia

"William Wilson" (1839) illustrated by Arthur Rackham in 1935

The Sleep of Reason Produces Monsters is a print by Francisco Goya from the Caprichos series

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This page is a wikified version of the chronology of the discovery of the unconscious in the 19th century[1] by Jeffery Howe.

1774 F.A. Mesmer, demonstrations of Mesmerism, or animal magnetism.

1781 Henry Fuseli, The Nightmare; painting.

1799 Francisco de Goya, The Sleep of Reason Produces Monsters; Caprichos, pl. 43; etching.

1819 Arthur Schopenhauer, The World as Will and Idea; philosophy

1822 Theodore Gericault's portraits of the insane for Dr. Georget; paintings.

1836 Robert Macnish, The Philosophy of Sleep; psychology.

1839 Edgar A. Poe, "William Wilson;" short story about double personality.

1842 James Braid, Scottish physician, coins term Hypnotism.

1843 Gustave Courbet, Self-Portrait as a Desperate Man; painting.

1845 Edgar A. Poe, "The Facts in the Case of Mr. Valdemar;" short story about mesmerism.

1846 Carl Gustav Carus, Psyche. Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Seele.; psychology.

1848 Discovery of Spiritism in Hydesville, New York, by the Fox family.

1857 Victor Hugo, spiritist drawings, seances. Justinus Kerner, Klecksographien; spiritist drawings.

1861 Hervey de Saint-Denis, Les Rêves et les moyens de les diriger; psychology. Alphonse Maury, Le sommeil et les rêves; psychology.

1862 Gotthilf Heinrich von Schubert, Die Symbolik des Traumes; psychology.

1868 Eduard von Hartmann, The Philosophy of the Unconscious; psychology.

1872 Friedrich Nietzsche, The Birth of Tragedy; philosophy.

1876 Stephane Mallarme, "L'après-midi d'un faune;" poetry.

1879 Odilon Redon, Dans le Rêve; album of lithographs.

1881 Max Klinger, Paraphrases about the Finding of a Glove ; etchings.

1882 Society for Psychical Research founded in London. J.M. Charcot presents lecture to French Academy on Hypnotic therapy for hysterics. Hypnosis is rehabilitated as a medical technique.

1885 Karl, Freiherr von Prel, The Philosophy of Mysticism; philosphy. Sigmund Freud studies with Charcot in Paris; Max Nordau also studies with Charcot this year.

1886 Robert Louis Stevenson, Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde; novel. Guy de Maupassant, "Le Horla," short story.

1888 Paul Gauguin, Vision After the Sermon: Jacob Wrestling with the Angel; painting. Edouard Dujardin, Les Lauriers sont coupés; novel with first direct interior monologue.

1889 First International Congress of Hypnotism in Paris. Among those attending were Charcot and Sigmund Freud. Fernand Khnopff, Memories; painting.

1891

• Odilon Redon, Songes; album of lithographs.
• Fernand Khnopff, I Lock the Door Upon Myself[2]; painting.
• George du Maurier, Peter Ibbetson; novel about dreams.

1894 George du Maurier, Trilby; novel about hypnotism. August Strindberg, "The New Arts, or the Role of Chance in Artistic Creation;" essay proposing the use of chance effects as an expression and analogue of the unconscious.

1895 Josef Breuer and Sigmund Freud, Studies on Hysteria; psychology.

1897 Dr. Paul Chabaneix, Le Subconscient chez les artistes, les savants et les ecrivains; psychology.

1900 Sigmund Freud, The Interpretation of Dreams; psychology. Fernand Khnopff photographed in front of his altar to Hypnos[3]. (date approximate)

1901 Annie Besant and Charles Webster Leadbeater. Thought Forms; theosophy.

1902 August Strindberg, A Dream Play; drama.

1907 Emile Magnin, L'Art et l'Hypnose; hypnotic trance as a key to artistic creation, with documentation of experimental performances.