A Theory of Parody
From The Art and Popular Culture Encyclopedia
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"The limitations of the standard definitions will be examined, from both a formal and a pragmatic perspective, and the new definition will be used to differentiate parody from other genres that are often confused with it: pastiche, burlesque, travesty, plagiarism, quotation, allusion, and especially satire."--A Theory of Parody (1984) by Linda Hutcheon "Irgend etwas ausbündig Schlimmes und Boshaftes kündigt sich an : incipit parodia , es ist kein Zweifel."--The Gay Science (1882) by Nietzsche "We are backward-looking explorers and parody is the central expression of our times."-- Parodies: An Anthology from Chaucer to Beerbohm - and After (1960) by Dwight Macdonald "... Angelus du soir become ironically transformed in the modern petrified visions of Dali's illustration for Les Chants de Maldoror and Archeological Reminiscences of Millet's Angelus, and in the death mask of L'Atavisme du crepuscule."--A Theory of Parody (1984) by Linda Hutcheon "But the ironic distance of modern parody might well come from a loss of that earlier humanist faith in cultural continuity and stability that ensured the sharing of codes necessary to the comprehension of such doubly coded works." --A Theory of Parody (1984) by Linda Hutcheon If I've dared laugh at you, Robert Browning, --"A Parodist's Apology" (c. 1890) by James Kenneth Stephen |
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A Theory of Parody: The Teachings of Twentieth-Century Art Forms (1985) is a work by Linda Hutcheon. It deals, as its title implies, with parody in twentieth century art.
On page 47 Linda Hutcheon notes that the lower right hand inset of the red silk-screened figures of Rauschenberg's Retroactive I ends up looking like Masaccio's Expulsion of Adam and Eve. The pointing finger is the finger of god, Kennedy.
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Blurb
In this major study of a flexible and multifaceted mode of expression, Linda Hutcheon looks at works of modern literature, visual art, music, film, theater, and architecture to arrive at a comprehensive assessment of what parody is and what it does.
Hutcheon identifies parody as a major form of modern self-reflexivity, one that marks the intersection of invention and critique and offers an important mode for coming to terms with the texts and discourses of the past. Looking at works as diverse as Tom Stoppard's Rosenkrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead, Brian de Palma's Dressed to Kill, Woody Allen's Zelig, Karlheinz Stockhausen's Hymnen, James Joyce's Ulysses, and Magritte's This Is Not a Pipe, Hutcheon discusses the remarkable range of intent in modern parody while distinguishing it from pastiche, burlesque, travesty, and satire. She shows how parody, through ironic playing with multiple conventions, combines creative expression with critical commentary.
Its productive-creative approach to tradition results in a modern recoding that establishes difference at the heart of similarity. In a new introduction, Hutcheon discusses why parody continues to fascinate her and why it is commonly viewed as suspect— for being either too ideologically shifty or too much of a threat to the ownership of intellectual and creative property.
Reception
"Linda Hutcheon's thoughtful engagement with the theory of parody picks its way meticulously through this conceptual minefield, to emerge with a convincing map of the terrain. . . . A scrupulously reasoned case made more persuasive by the tenacity with which its details have been pursued."— Terence Hawkes, Times Literary Supplement
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Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft. Vodicka, Felix (1964) "The History of the Echo of Literary Works," A P rag u e S c h o o l R e a d e r o n E sth etics, L iterary S tru cture, a n d S tyle, trans, and ed. Paul L. Garvin, 71-81. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press. Vossius (1978) "Rhétorique de l'ironie," P o étiq u e, 36, 495-508. Warning, Rainer (1979) "Pour une pragmatique du discours fictionnel,” P oétiq u e, 39, 321-37. Watson, Ian (1973) T h e E m b ed d in g . New York: Scribner. Watt, Ian (1966) T h e R ise o f th e E nglish N o v el. Harmondsworth: Penguin. Weinbrot, Howard D. (1964) "Parody as Imitation in the 18th Century," A m erica n N o tes a n d Q u eries, 2, 131-4. Weisgerber, Jean (1970) "The Use of Quotation in Recent Literature," C o m p a r a tiv e L iteratu re, 22, 36-45. Weisstein, Ulrich (1966) "Parody, Travesty, and Burlesque: Imitations with a Vengeance," in François Jost (ed.), P ro c eed in g s o f th e IV th C o n g ress o f th e In tern a tio n a l C o m p a r a tiv e L itera tu re A s s o c ia tio n , II, 802-11. The Hague: Mouton. Bibliography 135 (1970-1) “T h e L o n ely B a a l: Brecht's First Play as a Parody of Hanns Johst's D er E in sa m e ,“ M o d ern D ram a, 13, 284-303. Wells, Carolyn (1919) "Parody as a Fine Art," in C. Wells (ed.), A P a r o d y A n th o lo g y , New York: Scribner. Whitehead, John (1973) T his S o lem n M o c k e r y : T h e A rt o f L iterary F org ery . London: Arlington. Wilde, Alan (1981) H o riz o n s o f A ssen t: M o d ern ism , P o s tm o d e r n is m , an d th e Iro n ic Im a g in a tio n . Baltimore, Md: Johns Hopkins University Press. Wilson, Angus (1967) N o L au g h in g M atter. Harmondsworth: Penguin. Wimsatt, W. K. (1967) T h e V erb al Icon . Lexington, Ky: University of Kentucky Press. Worchester, David (1940) T h e A rt o f S atire. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. Wunderlich, Dieter (1971) "Pragmatik, Sprechsituation, Deixis," Z eitsch rift fü r L itera tu rw issen sch a ft u n d L in gu istik, 1, 153-90. Yunck, J. A. (1963) "The Two Faces of Parody," Io w a E nglish Y e a r b o o k , 8, 29-37. Zima, Peter V. (1981) "Text and Context: The Socio-Linguistic Nexus," in Peter V. Zima (ed.), S em io tics a n d D ialectics, 103-35. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Zumthor, Paul (1976) "Le Carrefour des rhétoriqueurs: intertextualité et rhétorique," P o étiq u e, 27, 317-37.
INDEX
Abastado, Claude, 18 Acconci, Vito, 13 Adorno, Theodor, 109 Aeschylus, parody of work of, 6 Albalat, Antoine, 37 Albertsen, L.L., 38 Alighieri, Dante, 5, 6,14, 45, 88, 98,110-11 Alleman, Beda, 52, 54 Allen, Woody, 18, 25-6, 62, 110 allusion, 6, 25, 34, 42-3, 45, 50, 53, 95, 99, 109 Almansi, Guido, 54 Altmann, Peter, 8 Amis, Kingsley, 4 Amossy, Ruth and Rosen, Elisheva, 38 Antin, David, 111 antiphrasis, see irony Antonioni, Michelangelo, 106 Apollinaire, Guillaume, 45 Apple, Max, 46 Aquin, Hubert, 82 Arakawa, Shusaku, 8, 9, 10 architecture, parody in, see Post-Modern architecture Ariosto, Ludovico, 60 Aristophanes, 94 Aristotle, 12, 55 Arnold, Graham, 8 Arnold, Matthew, 69, 77, 80-1, 91 Atwood, Margaret, 81-2 Auden, W.H., 51 Auerbach, Erich, 70 Austen, Jane, 11, 44, 78-9, 91, 96 auto-referentiality, see self-reflexivity avant-garde, 5, 72, 77, 96 Bach, Johann Sebastian, parodies of work of, 1, 12, 22, 42, 102 Bacon, Francis, 35, 62, 91, 92 Bakhtin, Mikhail, 8, 22, 26, 27, 40-1, 60, 69-83, 95, 103, 109; see also carnivalesque |Bakhtin, Mikhail|/Volosinov, V.N., 72, 109 Banville, John, 11, 26 Barber, Bruce Alistair, 13, 107 Barth, John, 8, 31, 35, 67, 72 Barthelme, Donald, 46 Barthes, Roland, 4, 11, 26, 37, 75, 76, 85, 90 Bartok, Bela, 35, 40 Bate, W. Jackson, 4 Bauerle, Ruth, 14 Beerbohm, Max, 6, 26, 38, 51, 56-7 Beethoven, Ludwig van, parodies of work of, 8, 39, 42 Belsey, Catherine, 92 Bely, Andrei, parody of work of, 15 Benamou, Michel, 73, 99 Ben-Porat, Ziva, 43, 49, 50 Benstock, Shari, 18, 88 Benton, Robert, 11 Berg, Alban, 22 Berio, Luciano, 22, 42, 60 Bernadac, Marie-Laure, 64 Berto, Giuseppe, 97-8 Bethea, David H. and Davydov, Sergei, 101 biblical parody, 2, 44, 62-3, 73, 74, 75, 80 Bilous, Daniel, 38 Blackmur, Richard P., 43 Blake, Peter, 13 Index 137 Bley, Carla, 12 Bloom, Edward A. and Lillian D., 56 Bloom, Harold, 4, 76, 96 Bogdanovich, Peter, 35 Bond, Edward, 99 Bond, Richard Pugh, 40 Bonfel'd, Marina, 18 Booth, Wayne C, 34, 43, 53, 72, 89, 94 Borge, Victor, 67 Borges, Jorge Luis, 12, 18, 45, 61, 82, 83, 90 borrowing, 6, 8, 30, 38, 74 Boterò, Fernando, 57 Boyle, Robert, S.J., 14 Bradley, Edward, 19 Brahms, Johannes, 42, 115 Brecht, Bertolt, 22-3, 62-3, 70, 91, 92, 102, 104-5, 110 Brontë, Charlotte and Emily, 44, 79 Brotherhood of Ruralists, 7-8 Brower, Robert H. and Miner, Earl, 6 Browning, Robert, parodies of work of, 33, 57 Buchloh, Benjamin H.D., 75, 107, 110 Burden, Robert, 101, 105 Burke, Kenneth, 31 burlesque, 25, 32, 40, 43, 51 Butler, Christopher, 96 Butler, Sharon, 61 Butor, Michel, 41 Byron, George Gordon Noel (Don Juan), 3, 6 Cabrera Infante, Guillermo, 18-19 Calinescu, Matei, 111 Calverley, Charles Stuart, 5 Calvino, Italo, 2, 34, 82, 83, 88-90, 91, 92, 95, 98 Carney, 103 carnivalesque, 26, 60, 71, 72-4, 76, 81, 103; see also Bakhtin Caroompas, Carole, 8 Carpentier, Alejo, 82 Carroll, Lewis, 19, 25 Caute, David, 27, 108 Cervantes, Miguel de (Don Q uijote), 2, 3, 26, 35, 45, 72, 78, 82, 91 Chambers, Robert William, Jr, 19 Chatman, Seymour, 84 Chaucer, Geoffrey, 77, 78 Chesterton, G.K., 11 Clair, Jean, 28 Clark, John R. and Motto, Anna Lydia, 54 Clarke, John Clem, 31 Clay, Jean, 64 Cobley, Evelyn, 101 Cohen, Leonard, 73-4 Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 9, 19 Colescott, Robert, 46 comic effect, see parody, ridiculing ethos Compagnon, Antoine, 29, 41, 76 competence (encoder, decoder), 5, 19, 27 37, 55, 79-80, 84-99 Conan Doyle, Arthur, parodies of work of, 12, 110 Cone, Edward T., 3 Conrad, Peter, 28 Conte, Gian Biagio, 88 Contini, Gianfranco, 88 Coover, Robert, 44 Cope, Wendy, 79-80 Corneille, Pierre, parody of work of, 38 Cornell, Joseph, 8 Courtney, E., 15, 19 Crumb, George, 109 cubism, 28 Culler, Jonathan, 27, 86, 108, 116 Dali, Salvador, 28, 62 Dane, Joseph, 25, 34, 51, 64 Dante, see Alighieri, Dante David, Jacques-Louis, parodies of work of, 13, 47, 57, 59 Davidson, Israel, 40 Davies, Peter Maxwell, 15 da Vinci, Leonardo, parodies of works of, 8, 9, 10, 47, 57 Davis, Joe Lee, 51 Debussy, Claude, 67 decoding and encoding (inferred), 23-4, 27, 33-4, 35, 37, 38-9, 50, 52, 55, 84-99, 108, 115; see also competence, énonciation Deem, George, 8 Deffoux, Léon L., 38 Deleuze, Gilles, 37, 101 De Palma, Brian, 11, 106 Derrida, Jacques, 90, 101 Dickens, Charles, 11, 56-7, 91 Diderot, Denis, 17 D'Israeli, Isaac, 57 Don ]uan, see Byron Don Quijote, see Cervantes Dooley, David J., 46, 79 Dostoevsky, Fyodor, 35, 70, 71, 72 Draughtsman's Contract, see Greenaway Dryden, John, 2, 11, 80 138 A Theory of Parody Duchamp, Marcel, 47, 59, 107 Dunciad, see Dryden Dupréel, E., 67 Dupriez, Bernard, 18 Dürrenmatt, Friedrich, 36 Eagleton, Terry, 86, 109 Easson, Angus, 14 Eastman, Max, 56 Eco, Umberto, 11, 22, 23, 53, 83, 84, 86, 93 Eichner, Hans, 30 Eidson, John Olin, 19, 51 Èjxenbaum, Boris M., 23, 36, 41 El Greco, parody of work of, 33 Eliot, T.S., 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 11, 28-9, 45, 52, 57, 62, 97, 98-9, 115 elitism, see parody, elitism Emerson, Lake, and Palmer, 40 encoding, see decoding and encoding énonciation (enunciation, contextualized production and reception), 5, 23, 26, 34, 37, 45, 55, 69, 84-99, 100-16 Erlich, Victor, 3, 35 Ernst, Max, 6 ethos, see parody, range of pragmatic ethos Euripides, 6 Falk, Robert Paul, 51 Fanshawe, Katherine, 18 Farrer, J.A., 38 Faulkner, William, 97 Faust, see Goethe Federman, Raymond, 5 Feinberg, Leonard, 43 Felstiner, John, 26 feminist parody, 44, 46, 72, 78-9 Fielding, Henry (Tom Jones), 18, 78, 88 film, parody in, 1, 7, 11, 18, 25-6, 35, 103, 106, 110 Findley, Timothy, 35, 111, 115 Finnegans W ake, see Joyce Finscher, Ludwig and Dadelsen, Georg von, 67 Fish, Stanley, 87 Flack, Audrey, 8 Flaubert, Gustave, 35, 38, 91, 96 forgery, 38-9 formalist aesthetic, 4, 34, 84-5, 86, 108, 109; see also Russian formalists Forrest-Thomson, Veronica, 97 Foss, Lukas, 12, 102 Foster, Richard, 14 Foucault, Michel, 2, 3, 4, 13, 20, 26, 87 Fourcade, Dominique, 64 Fourest, Georges, 38 Fowles, John, 2, 31, 33, 35, 72, 83, 88, 90-1, 92, 95, 98, 105, 114, 115 Freaks, 103 Freeman, Rosemary, 65 Freidenberg, O.M., 60 French Lieutenant's W oman, see Fowles Freud, Sigmund, 39, 56, 57 Freund, Winfried, 17, 19, 20, 24, 36, 38 40, 43, 54, 103, 104 Frye, Dean, 11 Frye, Northrop, 29, 36, 43, 77, 78 Galsworthy, John, parody of the work of, 105 Gay, John, 23, 104 Genette, Gérard, 18, 19, 21-2, 30, 34, 37, 38, 62 Gide, André, 38, 96-7 Gilbert, William and Sullivan, Arthur, 45 Gilbert, Sandra, 54; and Gubar, Susan, 44, 79 Gilbert, Stuart, 27 Gilman, Sander L., 24, 25, 109 Gluck, Christoph Willibald von, parody of work of, 60 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, parodies of work of, 22, 24, 64, 91 Gogol, Nikolai Vasilyevich, 35 Golopenpa-Eretescu, Sanda, 33 Gomez-Moriana, Antonio, 45 Goya y Lucientes, Francisco Jose de, parodies of work of, 14, 17, 33, 65 Grannis, V.B., 10 Graves, Michael, 42 Gray, Alasdair, 39-40, 88 Graziani, Sante, 8 Greenaway, Peter, 7 Greene, Thomas M., 10 Groupe MU, 55, 56 Grout, Donald Jay, 7, 44 Gruber, Gerndt, 42 Gubar, Susan, 44, 79; and Gilbert, Sandra, 54 Hamilton, Walter, 57 Handel, Georg Friedrich, 63, 102, 104, 115 H arvard Lam poon, 93-4 Hawthorne, Nathaniel, parody of work of, 97 Index 139 H aydn, Franz Joseph, parody of w ork of, 67, 115 Heller, Erich, 30 Hem ingw ay, Ernest, 19 Hempel, W ido, 19, 38, 40 Hendrix, Jimi, 78 Herbert, George, 65, 67 Hess, T hom as B., 47, 106 Highet, Gilbert, 24, 25, 44, 50, 64 Hirsch, E.D ., Jr, 88, 96 H itchcock, Alfred, 11, 106 H lynsky, David, 13 H obbes, T hom as, 24 H offen stein , Sam u el, 11 Hoffmann, Gerhard, Hornung, Alfred, and K unow , Rüdiger, 80 H o fs ta d t e r , D o u g la s , 1 Hokusai, parody of w ork of, 47 H om er, parodies of w ork of, 5, 44, 45 Hone, W illiam , 74 Householder, Fred W ., Jr, 19, 32, 40, 44, 51 H ousm an, A .E ., 25 Hughes, Robert, 82, 106, 107 H utcheon, Linda, 3, 61, 72, 82 hypertextuality, 21, 30 Jdt, Geneviève, 38 Im hof, Rüdiger, 26 imitation, 4, 5, 7, 10, 17, 18, 34, 36, 37-8, 60, 65, 72, 75-6, 89, 101 incongruity, see parody, ridiculing ethos inferred (encoded) producer, 23, 27, 84-99, 103-4; see a ls o é n o n c ia tio n influence, 4 Ingres, Jean Auguste Dominique, parodies of w ork of, 47, 48, 61 intentionality (encoded, inferred), 22, 24, 33, 37, 40-1, 54, 84-99 intertextuality, 2, 12-13, 20, 21-2, 23, 29, 37, 38, 55, 64, 72, 87, 96 Ionesco, Eugène, 14 irony, form al sem antic structure, 25, 34, 52-68, 104; inversion, 5, 6, 14, 37, 110-11; pragm atic evaluative function, 25, 33, 34, 52-68, 93, 94, 104; rhetorical distancing, 10, 31, 32, 35, 43, 52, 103, 114 Iser, W olfgang, 89 Ives, Charles, 28, 46 Jacobs, Jane, 113 Jakobson, ILoman, 53, 56, 84 lames, Henry, parodies of w ork of, 38, 91 Jam eson, Fredric, 71 jazz, 12, 67 Jencks, Charles, 11, 112-13, 114, 115 Jenny, Laurent, 5, 23, 27, 37, 42, 72 John, Augustus, 38 Johns, Jasper, 59, 106 Johnson, Samuel, 36 Jonson, Ben, 4, 30, 77 Josephson, N .S., 76 Joyce, James, 5, 11, 14, 18, 27, 38, 45, 61 83, 88, 99 Jum p, John D ., 40 Juvenal, 45 Kant, Immanuel, 24 Karrer, W olfgang, 20, 24, 40, 43, 52, 103 Kaw in, Bruce R., 101 Kennedy, J. Gerald, 96 Kenner, Hugh, 88 Kerbrat-O recchioni, Catherine, 52, 53, 54 9 4 Kirem idjian, G .D ., 28, 36, 99 Kitchin, George, 19, 51, 77 Klein, Robert, 29 Klein, Yves, parody of w ork of, 13 Kneif, Tibor, 42 Kokoschka, Oskar, parody of work of, 107 Koller, H., 19 Kris, Ernst, 56 Kristeva, Julia, 23, 26, 37, 75, 87, 111 Kroetsch, Robert, 81 Kuhn, Clemens, 42 L a st S u p p er , s e e da Vinci Law ler, T raugott, 11 Leacock, Stephen, 51 Leavis, F .R ., 4 Le Corbusier, 2 Lehm ann, Paul, 25, 64 Lelièvre, F.J., 18, 45, 51 Lem, Stanislaw, 61-2 Lentricchia, Frank, 109 Levi, Josef, 8 Levin, Harry, 38 Levine, Jacob, 67 Lichtenstein, Roy, 59, 61 Lipm an, Jean and M arshall, Richard, 10, 47, 59 Liszt, Franz, 12 literature, parody in, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 11, 12, 14, 18-19, 25, 30, 31, 33, 34-5, 38-40, 44-6, 56-7, 58, 60, 61-3, 64, 65, 69-83, 104-6, 110-11 140 A Theory of Parody Litz, A. Walton, 51 Lodge, David, 105 Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, parody of work of, 25 Loos, Adolf, 42 Lotman, Iouri, 19, 36 Lucas, George, 27, 35 Lukâcs, György, 70 Lutyens, Edwin, 114 Lyotard, Jean-François, 1 Macdonald, Dwight, 1, 19, 26, 27, 40, 43, 51 McGarrell, James, 8 Macherey, Pierre, 29 McLuhan, Marshall and Watson, Wilfred, 80 Maginn, William, 19 Magritte, René, 1, 2-3, 12-13, 14, 16, 47 Mahler, Gustav, parodies of work of, 12, 42, 60 Malkoff, Karl, 6 Mallarmé, Stéphane, 98 Manet, Édouard, 13, 14, 17, 47, 64-5, 66 Manganelli, Giorgio, 71 Mann, Thomas, 11, 22, 29, 30, 36, 64, 99 Markiewicz, Henryk, 11, 19, 52 Mars-Jones, Adam, 105 Martin, J.H., 18 Martin, Loy D., 4 Martin, Theodore, 30 Masaccio, parody of work of, 47 Matisse, Henri, 14, 31, 59, 61, 64 metafiction, parody in, 20, 23, 31, 72-83, 86 Meyer, Herman, 41, 98 Michelangelo, parody of work of, 6 Miller, Gerald R. and Bacon, Paula, 93-4 Millet, Jean François, parodies of work of, 62 m ise-en-abym e, 20, 31 mock epic, 9, 44, 50, 51, 57, 80 mockery, see parody, ridiculing ethos Modernism, 2, 28, 80-1, 86, 98-9,109, 110, 112-13, 114 Moler, Kenneth L., 11 M ona Lisa, see da Vinci Monet, Claude, 61 Monteilhet, Hubert 39 Monter, Barbara Heldt, 19 Monteverdi, Claudio, parody of work of, 22 Moore, Charles, 11, 114 Moore, Dudley, 67 Moore, George, parody of work of, 56-7 Morawski, Stefan, 41-2, 99 Morgan, Owen and Pagès, Alain, 76 Morgan, Robert P., 3, 8, 109 Morier, Henri, 56 Morley, Malcolm, 8 Morris, Charles, 22 Morris, Robert, 65, 106 Morrison, Blake, 28 Morrissette, Bruce, 38 Morson, Gary Saul, 13, 18, 26, 50, 104 Morton, A.Q., 38 Morton, Murray, 52 Moschini, Francesco, 28 Motherwell, Robert, 50 Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, parodies of work of, 12, 46 Muecke, D.C., 53 Murdoch, Iris, 11-12, 31 music, parody in, 1, 3, 7, 8, 12, 15, 22, 30, 35, 39, 40, 42, 45, 46, 60, 63, 65, 67, 76, 78, 91, 102, 104, 108, 109 Nabokov, Vladimir, 18, 78, 82, 83, 88, 90 Nehemas, Alexander, 88 Neumann, Robert, 18 New Y orker, 98 Nichols, Bill, 99 Nietzsche, Friedrich, ix, 17, 24-5, 62, 109 nouveau nouveau rom an, 93 nouveau roman, 61 Nye, Robert, 28, 64 Oates, Joyce Carol, 105 O'Brien, Flann, 90 O edipus Rex, see Sophocles Offenbach, Jacques Levy, 60 Painter, George D., 35 painting, parody in, 2-3, 6, 7-10, 12-13, 14, 17, 31, 33, 35, 46-8, 50, 57, 58, 59-60, 62, 64-5, 66, 91, 106, 107 Palmer, Samuel, parody of work of, 8 parody: attacks on, 3-4, 70-1, 100-1; authorized transgression, 26, 69-83, 95, 106-7, 110, 116; conservative v. revolutionary impulses, 11, 20, 26, 67-8, 69-83, 100, 103-4, 106-7, 115; definition, 5,10,18, 20, 29, 30-49, 52,115; didactic role, 3, 27, 77, 98-9; difference v. similarity (change and continuity), 6, 8,17, 20, 31, 34, 36, 38, 53, 54, 60, 64, 67, 97, Index 141 101, 102; double-voiced, 4, 13, 26, 27, 31-2, 69-83, 88, 91, 95, 97, 101-2, 112-13; elitism, 27, 94, 95, 96, 98-9, 110; etymology, 5, 17, 21, 32, 53-4, 60; formal structure, 10, 21-2, 25, 27, 32, 33-4, 37, 49, 96,101; history, 19-20, 40, 94; ideological status, 2, 17, 27, 28, 69-83, 85, 91-2, 95, 96, 99, 100-16; potential paradigm, 27, 28, 29, 68, 109; pragmatic function, 21-4, 25, 26, 27, 29, 32, 34, 37, 44, 49, 50-68, 87-8, 94, 101; range of pragmatic ethos, 6, 10, 17, 24, 26, 37, 38, 50-68, 89,101; 103-4; repetition with critical difference, 6, 20, 25, 37, 41, 43, 60, 64, 65, 75, 77, 101, 108; ridiculing ethos, 5, 6, 17, 20, 24-5, 26, 32, 36-7, 40, 41, 42, 49, 50-68, 100, 115; self-parody, 10; shared codes, 10, 27, 37, 67, 79-80, 84-99, 106, 108,116, see also competence, decoding and encoding, énonciation; target, 17, 32, 43, 49, 50, 52, 54, 61,103,104; techniques, 19, 24-5; see also biblical parody, feminist parody, film, irony, literature, metafiction, music, painting, Post-Modern architecture, repetition, transcontextualization pastiche, 25, 33, 38, 39, 43, 53 Pater, Walter, 56-7 Pauli, Harry Major, 40 Paulson, Ronald, 43, 57 Payant, René, 12, 42 Penderecki, Krzysztof, 109 performance, 1, 2, 13, 72, 73, 86-7, 99, 108 Perri, Carmela, 95 Petronius, 14-15 Pettibone, Richard, 59 Pfrimmer, Edouard, 104 Picabia, Francis, 28, 107 Picasso, Pablo, 8, 33, 35, 64-5, 66, 91 plagiarism, 25, 36, 39-40, 43 Plath, Sylvia, 54 Playboy, parodies of, 31, 47, 93-4 Poirier, Richard, 10, 96 Polke, Sigmar, 107 Pollock, Jackson, 13 Pop art, 107; see alsoWarhol, Rauschenberg Pope, Alexander, 11, 18, 57 Portoghesi, Paolo, 11, 28, 100, 111-12, 113, 115 Postma, J., 18, 51 Post-Modern architecture, 2, 11, 28, 35, 42, 75, 91, 111-15 Postmodernism, 1, 5, 28, 70, 72-84, 86, 108, 111; see also metafiction Post-structuralism, 84, 101-2, 108, 109, 116 Pound, Ezra, 2, 6, 57, 98, 110-11 pragmatics, see parody, pragmatic function Priestman, Judith, 2, 29, 74 production, see énonciation, intentionality, inferred (encoded) producer Prokofiev, Sergei Sergeyevich, 35, 67, 91 Proust, Marcel, 35, 38, 91, 96 Punch, 11, 58, 98 Pütz, Manfred, 81 Pynchon, Thomas, 44, 46 Quintilian, 50 quotation, 8, 12, 17, 25, 29, 34, 40-2, 43, 50, 53, 60, 99 Rabinowitz, Peter, 12, 15, 22, 40, 99 Rainer, Arnulf, 107 Ramos, Mel, 31, 47, 48 Rape of the Lock, see Pope Raphael Sanzio, parody of work of, 42, 64 Rauschenberg, Robert, 47, 61, 110 reception, see decoding and encoding, énonciation Reinhardt, Ad, 46-7, 106 Reiss, Timothy J., 85-6, 87 Rembrandt, Harmenszoon van Rijn, parody of work of, 62 Renaissance, see imitation repetition, 6, 10, 20, 25, 37, 41, 43, 65, 75, 77, 101-2, 108 Revzin, Isaac I., 25 Ricardou, Jean, 93 Richardson, Mrs Herbert, 33 Richardson, Samuel, 44, 70, 78, 105-6 Richter, Gerhard, 107 ridicule, see parody, ridiculing ethos Riewald, J.G., 18, 19, 51, 54 Riffaterre, Michael, 23, 29, 37, 64, 87 Rimbaud, Arthur, 38-9, 45 Rimmon-Kenan, Shlomith, 102 Rivers, Larry, 57, 58, 106 Robbe-Grillet, Alain, 15, 22, 82 Robbins, Tom, 81 Rochberg, George, 8, 12, 39, 42, 108 Rochester, John Wilmot, 44 Romantic aesthetic, 4, 8, 84, 85, 86, 100, 107, 108 Romantic irony, 20, 30-1 Rose, Margaret, 2, 20-1, 24, 29, 41, 43, 52, 77, 78, 82, 103, 104 142 A Theory of Parody Rosenthal, Harold and Warrack, John, 76 Rosier, Martha, 101 Rossetti, Dante Gabriel, parody of work of, 19 Rotermund, Erwin, 52 Rothenberg, Jerome, 87 Rovit, Earl, 4 Rubens, Peter Paul, parodies of work of, 31, 57 Rushdie, Salman, 34, 44 Russell, Charles, 115 Russian formalists, 2, 3, 17, 20, 23, 28, 35-6, 42, 99, 101 Said, Edward W., 69, 86, 100, 109 Sallier, l'Abbé de, 51-2 Sarduy, Severo, 93 satire, 11, 17, 20, 21, 23, 25-6, 32, 36, 43-9, 52-68, 74, 78-80, 97, 104, 105-6, 116 satyr play, 75 Schiller, Friedrich von, 24 Schleusener, Jay, 24 Scholes, Robert, 31, 80 Schonhorn, Manuel, 19 Schopenhauer, Arthur, 24 Seaman, Owen, 51, 69 Searle, John, 95 Segal, George, 31 self-parody, see parody, self-parody self-reflexivity, 1-3, 5, 20-1, 28, 29, 30-1, 34-5, 69, 70, 72-83, 85, 100-1, 109 Shakespeare, William, 14, 27, 31, 56, 57, 58, 79-80, 91, 99, 102 Shaw, Bernard, 77 Shelley, Mary, 44 Shepperson, Archibald Bolling, 18 Shlonsky, Tuvia, 25, 43, 75, 82 Showalter, Elaine, 72 Siegmund-Schultze, Walther, 7, 42 Simon, Claude, 92 flklovskij, Victor, 3, 29, 35 Smith Brothers, 11, 77 Smith, Thomas Gordon, 113 Smith, William Jay, 38 Sonntag, Brunhilde, 42 Sophocles, parody of work of, 6, 17, 22 Southey, Robert, parody of work of, 25 Soutine, Chaim, 62 Spenser, Edmund, 60 Spiers, Ronald, 62 Stackelberg, Jurgen von, 9 Star Wars, see Lucas Steinberg, Leo, 8, 115 Stella, Frank, 60 Stephen, J.K., 2, 33 Stern, Robert, 113, 114-15 Sterne, Laurence (Tristram Shandy), 3, 17, 18, 35, 88, 90, 105-6 Stewart, Susan, 18, 36 Stierle, Karlheinz, 100 Stockhausen, Karlheinz, 7, 102 Stone, Christopher, 25, 43, 51 Stoppard, Tom, 14 Stravinsky, Igor Fedorovich, 35, 65-7, 91 Stuart, Gilbert, parodies of work of, 106 Sturrock, John, 108 Sukenick, Ronald, 82 Svevo, Italo, 97-8 Swift, Jonathan, 46, 63, 78 Swinburne, Algernon Charles, 9 Tamke, Alexander, 19 Tatham, Campbell, 5 Tennyson, Alfred, parodies of work of, 19, 45, 57, 91 Teraoka, Masami, 47 Terry, Quinlan, 114 Thackeray, William Makepeace, parody of work of, 33, 91 theory based on practice, 1, 3, 5, 110-16 Thomas, D.M., 28, 39 Titian, parodies of work of, 64, 65 Todorov, Tzvetan, 22, 23, 69, 95 Tomachevski, B., 35, 36 Tom Jones, see Fielding Toulmin, Stephen, 86 Traill, Henry Duff, 19 transcontextualization, 8, 11, 12, 14, 15, 32, 35, 37, 41, 42, 51, 60, 101, 111, 112 transgression, see parody, authorized transgression travesty, 25, 40, 43 Treglown, Jeremy, 44 Tristram Shandy, see Sterne Trumbull, John, parodies of work of, 106 Tuve, Rosamond, 19, 66 Twiss, Horace, 117 Tynjanov, Jurij, 23, 35, 36 Ulysses, see Joyce Untermeyer, Louis, 11 Valle-Killeen, Suzanne Dolores, 56 van Dijk, Teun A., 24 van Gogh, Vincent, parody of work of, 107 Index 143 Vaughan Williams, Ralph, 28 Velazquez, Diego Rodriguez de Silva y, parodies of work of, 33, 47, 62, 65, 91 Venturi, Robert, 11, 114, 115 Verlaine, Paul, parody of work of, 45 Vermeer, Jan, parodies of work of, 8 Verweyen, Theodor, 19, 51, 55, 65 Virgil, parodies of work of, 11, 45, 88 visual arts, see painting Vodicka, Felix, 8 Vreeland, Thomas, 42 Wagner, Richard, parodies of work of, 67, 76, 104 Ward, Christopher, 11 Warhol, Andy, 47, 52, 73, 110 Warning, Rainer, 53 Watt, Ian, 70 Weber, Carl Maria von, 76 Weill, Kurt, 63, 104 Weinbrot, Howard D., 51 Weisgerber, Jean, 17, 29 Weisstein, Ulrich, 19, 104 Wells, Carolyn, 38 Wesselman, Tom, 59 Whitehead, John 38 Wilde, Alan, 44 Wilde, Oscar, 14 Wilson, Angus, 105 Wimsatt, W.K., 88 W izard o f Oz, parody of, 27 Woolf, Virginia, parody of work of, 105 Worchester, David, 94 Wunderlich, Dieter, 53 Yeats, William Butler, 98 Yunck, J.A., 52, 93 Zelig, see Allen Zola, Emile, 76 Zumthor, Paul, 88
