Wet nurse
From The Art and Popular Culture Encyclopedia
| Revision as of 16:31, 5 April 2008 Jahsonic (Talk | contribs) ← Previous diff |
Revision as of 16:32, 5 April 2008 Jahsonic (Talk | contribs) Next diff → |
||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
| {{Template}} | {{Template}} | ||
| - | Some of the more unusual works of [[Salvador Dalí]] were ''Hitler Masturbating'' ([[1973]]), depicting just that in the center of a desolate landscape; ''The Enigma of Hitler'' ([[1937]]) and ''Metamorphosis of the Face of Hitler into a Moonlit Landscape'' ([[1958]]). | ||
| - | == The Enigma of Hitler == | + | A '''wet nurse''' is a [[woman]] who [[breastfeeding|breast feeds]] a [[baby]] that is not her own. |
| - | The [[1937]] painting "[[The Enigma of Hitler]]" contributed to [[Dalí]]'s [[expulsion]] from the [[Surrealist movement]]. Since the early [[1930s]] [[Hitler]] had fascinated Dalí, mainly because of the shape of his back. In 1934, he had to be stopped from painting a [[swastika]] armband on the figure of a [[wet nurse]] (the nurse is seen in this painting at the edge of the sea). The Surrealists saw Dalí's obsession with Hitler as evidence of his [[dubious]] moral and political beliefs, however, Dalí had long stated that he was [[apolitical]], viewing [[wars]] and [[dictator]]s alike as inevitable parts of [[human nature]]. | + | |
| - | {{GFDL}} | + | ==Reasons for use== |
| + | A wet nurse may be employed if the [[mother]] of a baby is unable to breast-feed her infant for reasons such as: | ||
| + | *[[medication|drug]] use ([[medical prescription|prescription]] or [[illegal drug|illegal]]) | ||
| + | *illness | ||
| + | *death | ||
| + | *breast cancer | ||
| + | *insufficient production of breast milk (though see below). | ||
| + | *unwillingness | ||
| + | |||
| + | Wet nurses have also been required following [[multiple birth]]s where the mother feels incapable of adequately nursing all of the children herself. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Some wet nurses also serve as a [[Midwifery|midwife]] during [[childbirth]]. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Eliciting milk== | ||
| + | A woman can only serve as a wet nurse when she is [[lactating]]. It is often thought that this means the wet nurse must have recently given birth to a child of her own. This may be the case, but not necessarily, since regular suckling on a woman's breast can elicit the production of milk by a neural reflex.(E. Goljan, ''Pathology, 2nd ed.'' Mosby Elsevier, Rapid Review Series.) | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Historical use== | ||
| + | The practice of using wet nurses is ancient and found in many cultures. Sometimes it is linked to [[social class]]. Members of property-owning classes had their children wet-nursed, in the hope of becoming pregnant again quickly to ensure an [[heir]]. (Lactation can suppress [[ovulation]].) Poor women, especially those who suffered the [[stigma]] of giving birth to an [[illegitimacy|illegitimate]] child, sometimes had to give their baby up, temporarily or permanently, and a wet nurse would look after it. | ||
| + | |||
| + | One myth holds that the [[Ancient Egypt|Egyptian]] princess [[Bathiah]] tried giving baby [[Moses]] to wet nurses, but he would not take their milk, for he was destined to speak with the [[Shekhinah]]. | ||
| + | |||
| + | According to [[Islam]], the prophet [[Muhammad]], was wet-nursed by a woman named [[Halimah bint Abdullah]] (more commonly known as Halimah As-Sa'diyah). In the culture of [[Arabia]] at that time, children who were nursed by the same woman, i.e. who grew up together as youngsters, were known as [[milk-siblings]]. | ||
| + | |||
| + | [[Napoleon]] was wet-nursed when he was a child by a woman called Camilla. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Wet nursing was reported in [[France]] in the time of [[Louis XIV]], the early [[17th century]]. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Wet nurses were common for children of all social ranks in the southern [[United States]] during the 19th and early 20th centuries. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Women took in babies for money in Victorian [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|Britain]], and nursed them themselves or fed them with whatever was cheapest. This was known as [[baby-farming]]; poor care sometimes resulted in high infant death rates. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Wet nursing has sometimes been used with old or sick people who have trouble taking other nutrition. [[John Jacob Astor]] and [[John D. Rockefeller]] reportedly hired wet nurses for their own use in their old age. [http://www.investinginland.com/articles/john_jacob_astor.php] | ||
| + | |||
| + | [[Sigmund Freud|Sigmund Freud's]] theories about the [[Oedipal complex]] are speculated to have been the result of his being raised by a wet-nurse, rather than his mother. This dissociation from his mother prevented the [[Imprinting (psychology)#Westermarck effect|Westermarck effect]] from taking hold. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Current use== | ||
| + | Through the widespread availability of [[infant formula]], wet nurses are no longer necessary in [[developed nations]] and, therefore, are not common. Another substitute is expressed milk (or especially [[colostrum]]) donated to [[Human milk banking in North America|milk banks]], analogous to [[blood banks]]. The use of a wet nurse is still a common practice in many [[Developing country|developing countries]]. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Examples in fiction== | ||
| + | *In [[William Shakespeare]]'s ''[[Romeo and Juliet]]'' the character [[Nurse (Romeo and Juliet)|Nurse]] is Juliet's wet nurse. "Were not I thine only nurse, I would say thou hadst sucked wisdom from thy teat." 1.3.72 | ||
| + | *In [[George Moore (novelist)|George Moore]]'s novel ''[[Esther Waters]]'', the eponymous heroine works as a wet nurse after the birth of her son while leaving him in the hands of a [[baby farming|baby farmer]]. | ||
| + | *In [[John Steinbeck]]'s novel ''[[The Grapes of Wrath]],'' set in a time of great poverty, a woman whose baby has just died, and consequently whose breasts are engorged with milk, wet-nurses a man at the point of death, as no other nourishment is available. | ||
| + | *In the movie ''[[Spartacus (film)|Spartacus]],'' [[Marcus Licinius Crassus|Crassus]] captures [[Spartacus]]'s wife and baby. Since he wants Varinia as a [[concubine]], he purchases a wet nurse for her baby. Varinia rejects his offer, saying, "I sent her away: I prefer to nurse the child myself." | ||
| + | *In [[Ayn Rand]]'s novel ''[[Atlas Shrugged]]'', the fresh-out-of-college government agent sent to spy on [[Hank Rearden]]'s accounting is commonly referred to as "the wet nurse." | ||
| + | *In [[Blackadder]] II, [[Nursie]], Queenie's childhood nurse, is commonly perceived as being a wet nurse: “In the old days, it was all difficult choices. Should you have Nursie milk or moo-cow milk? Of course, it was always Nursie milk….” | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==See also== | ||
| + | *[[Roman Charity]], works of art based on the story of a daughter feeding her dying father | ||
| + | *[[Milkmaid]] | ||
Revision as of 16:32, 5 April 2008
|
Related e |
|
Featured: |
A wet nurse is a woman who breast feeds a baby that is not her own.
Contents |
Reasons for use
A wet nurse may be employed if the mother of a baby is unable to breast-feed her infant for reasons such as:
- drug use (prescription or illegal)
- illness
- death
- breast cancer
- insufficient production of breast milk (though see below).
- unwillingness
Wet nurses have also been required following multiple births where the mother feels incapable of adequately nursing all of the children herself.
Some wet nurses also serve as a midwife during childbirth.
Eliciting milk
A woman can only serve as a wet nurse when she is lactating. It is often thought that this means the wet nurse must have recently given birth to a child of her own. This may be the case, but not necessarily, since regular suckling on a woman's breast can elicit the production of milk by a neural reflex.(E. Goljan, Pathology, 2nd ed. Mosby Elsevier, Rapid Review Series.)
Historical use
The practice of using wet nurses is ancient and found in many cultures. Sometimes it is linked to social class. Members of property-owning classes had their children wet-nursed, in the hope of becoming pregnant again quickly to ensure an heir. (Lactation can suppress ovulation.) Poor women, especially those who suffered the stigma of giving birth to an illegitimate child, sometimes had to give their baby up, temporarily or permanently, and a wet nurse would look after it.
One myth holds that the Egyptian princess Bathiah tried giving baby Moses to wet nurses, but he would not take their milk, for he was destined to speak with the Shekhinah.
According to Islam, the prophet Muhammad, was wet-nursed by a woman named Halimah bint Abdullah (more commonly known as Halimah As-Sa'diyah). In the culture of Arabia at that time, children who were nursed by the same woman, i.e. who grew up together as youngsters, were known as milk-siblings.
Napoleon was wet-nursed when he was a child by a woman called Camilla.
Wet nursing was reported in France in the time of Louis XIV, the early 17th century.
Wet nurses were common for children of all social ranks in the southern United States during the 19th and early 20th centuries.
Women took in babies for money in Victorian Britain, and nursed them themselves or fed them with whatever was cheapest. This was known as baby-farming; poor care sometimes resulted in high infant death rates.
Wet nursing has sometimes been used with old or sick people who have trouble taking other nutrition. John Jacob Astor and John D. Rockefeller reportedly hired wet nurses for their own use in their old age. [1]
Sigmund Freud's theories about the Oedipal complex are speculated to have been the result of his being raised by a wet-nurse, rather than his mother. This dissociation from his mother prevented the Westermarck effect from taking hold.
Current use
Through the widespread availability of infant formula, wet nurses are no longer necessary in developed nations and, therefore, are not common. Another substitute is expressed milk (or especially colostrum) donated to milk banks, analogous to blood banks. The use of a wet nurse is still a common practice in many developing countries.
Examples in fiction
- In William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet the character Nurse is Juliet's wet nurse. "Were not I thine only nurse, I would say thou hadst sucked wisdom from thy teat." 1.3.72
- In George Moore's novel Esther Waters, the eponymous heroine works as a wet nurse after the birth of her son while leaving him in the hands of a baby farmer.
- In John Steinbeck's novel The Grapes of Wrath, set in a time of great poverty, a woman whose baby has just died, and consequently whose breasts are engorged with milk, wet-nurses a man at the point of death, as no other nourishment is available.
- In the movie Spartacus, Crassus captures Spartacus's wife and baby. Since he wants Varinia as a concubine, he purchases a wet nurse for her baby. Varinia rejects his offer, saying, "I sent her away: I prefer to nurse the child myself."
- In Ayn Rand's novel Atlas Shrugged, the fresh-out-of-college government agent sent to spy on Hank Rearden's accounting is commonly referred to as "the wet nurse."
- In Blackadder II, Nursie, Queenie's childhood nurse, is commonly perceived as being a wet nurse: “In the old days, it was all difficult choices. Should you have Nursie milk or moo-cow milk? Of course, it was always Nursie milk….”
See also
- Roman Charity, works of art based on the story of a daughter feeding her dying father
- Milkmaid
