Underground  

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 +"Some have stated in our written histories that [[Spartacus]] or [[Jesus]] may have been the first to define the [[Underground]]. Or [[Socrates]] drinking his mix of the poisonous [[hemlock]], [[François Villon]] inaugurating the [[zazou]] spirit of [[Saint-Germain-des-Prés]], [[Galileo Galilei|Galileo]], [[Benvenuto Cellini]], [[Giordano Bruno]], each threatened by or ending up at the stakes for opening new horizons to an ancient world. Closer to us is [[Fyodor Dostoyevsky]] and his ''[[Notes from the Underground]].'' Or the [[green hair of Baudelaire]], or the fulgurating irritations of [[Arthur Rimbaud|Rimbaud]], the grinding teeth of [[Comte de Lautréamont|Lautréamont]] and the voluptuousness of [[Joris-Karl Huysmans|Huysmans]] and [[René Crevel]]." --''[[Underground, l'histoire]]'', Jean-François Bizot, tr. J.W. Geerinck
 +<hr>
 +"We must remember the '[[underground]]' of the [[troubadour|ballad singer]] and the [[fairground]] which handed on traditions to the nineteenth century (to the [[music hall]], or [[Charles Dickens|Dickens]]' [[circus]] folk or [[Thomas Hardy|Hardy]]'s pedlars and showmen); for in these ways the '[[inarticulate]]' [masses of people] conserve certain values - a spontaneity and capacity for enjoyment and mutual loyalties - despite the inhibiting pressures of magistrates, mill-owners, and [[Methodism|Methodists]]." --([[The Making of the English Working Class|E. P. Thompson 1963]])
 +|}
[[Image:Hell.jpg|thumb|right|200px|"[[Hell]]" detail from [[Hieronymus Bosch]]'s ''[[Garden of Earthly Delights]]'']] [[Image:Hell.jpg|thumb|right|200px|"[[Hell]]" detail from [[Hieronymus Bosch]]'s ''[[Garden of Earthly Delights]]'']]
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-:The [[mainstream]] comes to you, but you have to go to the [[underground]]. - [[Frank Zappa]] 
-:"Ideas enter our above-ground [[culture]] through the '''underground'''. I suppose that is the kind of function that the underground plays, such as it is. That it is where the dreams of our culture can ferment and [[strange]] notions can play themselves out unrestricted. And sooner or later those ideas will percolate through into the [[mainstream|broad mass awareness of the broad mass of the populace]]. [[Occulture]], you know, that seems to be perhaps the last [[revolution]]ary bastion." -- [[Alan Moore]]+'''Underground''' means [[below]] the [[ground]]; below the [[surface of the Earth]]. Metaphorically it refers to something [[hidden]], [[furtive]], [[secret]], (see ''[[clandestine]]'') and of [[cultural products]] such as [[music]] and [[art]], it means [[outside]] the [[mainstream]] (see ''[[underground culture]]'').
 +==Underground culture==
 +:''See [[underground culture]], [[underground literature]], [[underground art]], [[underground music]]''.
 +'''Underground culture''', or just '''underground''', is a term to describe various [[alternative culture]]s which either consider themselves different to the [[mainstream]] of [[society]] and [[culture]], or are considered so by others. The word underground is used because there is a history of [[underground resistance|resistance]] movements under harsh [[regime]]s where the term ''underground'' was employed to refer to the necessary secrecy of the resisters. For example, the [[Underground Railroad]] was a network of clandestine routes by which [[Africa]]n [[slavery|slave]]s in the [[19th century]] [[United States]] attempted to escape to freedom. The unmodified term "The underground" was a common name for [[World War II]] [[resistance movement]]s. It was later applied to [[counter culture|counter-cultural]] movement(s) many of which sprang up during the [[1960s]].
- 
-== In the dictionary == 
-# [[Below]] the ground; below the surface of the Earth. 
-#:''There is an '''underground''' tunnel that takes you across the river.'' 
-# [[Hidden]], [[furtive]], [[secretive]]. 
-#:''These criminals operate through an '''underground''' network.'' 
-# Of [[music]], [[art]], etc, [[outside]] the [[mainstream]]. 
-== Death of the underground == 
-:''"The web has extinguished the idea of a [[true]] [[underground]]. It’s too easy for anybody to find out anything now, especially as scene custodians tend to be curatorial, archivist types. And with all the mp3 and whole album blogs, it’s totally easy to hear anything you want to hear, in this risk-less, desultory way that has no cost, either financially or emotionally."'' [[Simon Reynolds]] via [http://www.woebot.com/2007/06/thoughts_on_blogging.html woebot]. 
- 
-== Related == 
-[[alternative]] - [[banned]] - [[censorship]] - [[clandestine]] - [[controversial]] - [[counterculture]] - [[crime]] - [[cult]] - [[drugs]] - [[economy]] - [[forbidden]] - [[grotto]] - [[hidden]] - [[illegal]] - [[illicit]] - [[independent]] - [[non-mainstream|a glossary of the non-mainstream]] - [[overground]] - [[prohibition]] - [[resistance]] - [[secret]] - [[subculture]] - [[subversive]] - [[taboo]] - [[transgressive]] - [[underworld]] 
- 
-== Contrast == 
-[[mainstream]] - [[popular]] 
- 
-== Namesakes == 
-*''[[Notes from Underground]]'' (1864) - [[Fyodor Dostoevsky]] 
-*[[The Velvet Underground]] 
- 
-== Bibliography == 
-*''[[Lipstick Traces: A Secret History of the 20th Century ]]'' (1989) - [[Greil Marcus]] 
-*''[[Outsiders as Innovators]]'' (1998) - [[Tyler Cowen]] 
- 
- 
- 
-== By medium == 
-* [[Underground comix]], a term for non-mainstream comics 
-* [[Underground culture]], a term to describe various alternative cultures 
-* [[Underground economy]], commerce that is not taxed 
-* [[Underground film]], cinema outside the commercial mainstream 
-* [[Underground literature]], the history of clandestine publishing 
-* [[Underground music]], music that has a certain following despite a moderate commercial success 
-* [[Underground press]], the alternative print media in the late 1960s and early 1970s 
-* [[Underground resistance]], nickname used for some resistance movements 
- 
-== By region== 
-* [[Antwerp underground]], under construction 
-* [[English underground|English underground]] 
-* [[French underground]] 
-* [[Italian underground]], under construction 
-* [[Prague underground (movement)|Prague Underground]] 
-* [[Spanish underground]] 
-* [[UK Underground]], a 1960s countercultural movement in the United Kingdom 
==See also== ==See also==
- +*[[Cavern]]
-* [[Alternative culture]]+*[[Cellar]]
-* [[Counterculture]]+*[[Clandestine]]
-* [[History of subcultures in the 20th century]]+*[[Hell]]
-* [[Subculture]]s+*[[Underbelly]]
 +*[[Subculture]]
 +*[[Underground culture]]
{{GFDL}} {{GFDL}}

Revision as of 11:42, 31 January 2015

"Some have stated in our written histories that Spartacus or Jesus may have been the first to define the Underground. Or Socrates drinking his mix of the poisonous hemlock, François Villon inaugurating the zazou spirit of Saint-Germain-des-Prés, Galileo, Benvenuto Cellini, Giordano Bruno, each threatened by or ending up at the stakes for opening new horizons to an ancient world. Closer to us is Fyodor Dostoyevsky and his Notes from the Underground. Or the green hair of Baudelaire, or the fulgurating irritations of Rimbaud, the grinding teeth of Lautréamont and the voluptuousness of Huysmans and René Crevel." --Underground, l'histoire, Jean-François Bizot, tr. J.W. Geerinck


"We must remember the 'underground' of the ballad singer and the fairground which handed on traditions to the nineteenth century (to the music hall, or Dickens' circus folk or Hardy's pedlars and showmen); for in these ways the 'inarticulate' [masses of people] conserve certain values - a spontaneity and capacity for enjoyment and mutual loyalties - despite the inhibiting pressures of magistrates, mill-owners, and Methodists." --(E. P. Thompson 1963)

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Underground means below the ground; below the surface of the Earth. Metaphorically it refers to something hidden, furtive, secret, (see clandestine) and of cultural products such as music and art, it means outside the mainstream (see underground culture).

Underground culture

See underground culture, underground literature, underground art, underground music.

Underground culture, or just underground, is a term to describe various alternative cultures which either consider themselves different to the mainstream of society and culture, or are considered so by others. The word underground is used because there is a history of resistance movements under harsh regimes where the term underground was employed to refer to the necessary secrecy of the resisters. For example, the Underground Railroad was a network of clandestine routes by which African slaves in the 19th century United States attempted to escape to freedom. The unmodified term "The underground" was a common name for World War II resistance movements. It was later applied to counter-cultural movement(s) many of which sprang up during the 1960s.


See also




Unless indicated otherwise, the text in this article is either based on Wikipedia article "Underground" or another language Wikipedia page thereof used under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License; or on research by Jahsonic and friends. See Art and Popular Culture's copyright notice.

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