Teorema
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| - | '''''Teorema''''' is an [[Italy|Italian language]] movie directed in [[1968]] by [[Pier Paolo Pasolini]] with [[Laura Betti]], [[Silvana Mangano]], [[Massimo Girotti]], [[Terence Stamp]], and [[Anne Wiazemsky]]. It was the first time Pasolini would be working primarily with professional actors. In this film, an upperclass [[Milan]]ese family is introduced to and then abandoned by a divine force. Two prevalent motifs are the desert and the timelessness of divinity. Pasolini later expanded this film into a novel with the same name. [[Giorgio Battistelli]] composed an [[opera]] based on the film. | + | |
| + | '''''Teorema''''' is a 1968 Italian [[mystery film]] written and directed by [[Pier Paolo Pasolini]] and starring [[Terence Stamp]], [[Laura Betti]], [[Silvana Mangano]], [[Massimo Girotti]], and [[Anne Wiazemsky]]. It was the first time Pasolini worked primarily with professional actors. In this film, an upper-class [[Milan]]ese family is introduced to, and then abandoned by, a divine force. Two prevalent motifs are the desert and the timelessness of divinity. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Plot== | ||
| + | A mysterious figure known only as "The Visitor" appears in the lives of a typical bourgeois Italian family. His arrival is heralded at the gates of the family's [[Milanese]] estate by an arm-flapping postman. The enigmatic stranger soon engages in sexual affairs with all members of the household: the devoutly religious maid, the sensitive son, the sexually repressed mother, the timid daughter and, finally, the tormented father. The stranger gives unstintingly of himself, asking nothing in return. He stops the passionate maid from committing [[suicide]] with a gas hose and tenderly consoles her; he befriends and sleeps with the frightened son, soothing his doubts and anxiety and endowing him with confidence; he becomes emotionally intimate with the overprotected daughter, removing her childish innocence of men; he seduces the bored and dissatisfied mother, giving her sexual joy and fulfillment; he cares for and comforts the despondent and suffering father, who has fallen ill. | ||
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| + | Then one day the herald returns and announces that the stranger will soon leave the household, just as suddenly and mysteriously as he came. In the subsequent void of the stranger's absence, each family member is forced to confront what was previously concealed by the trappings of bourgeois life. The maid returns to the rural village where she was born and is seen to perform miracles; ultimately, she [[wikt:immolate|immolates]] herself by having her body buried in dirt while shedding ecstatic tears of regeneration. The mother seeks sexual encounters with young men; the son leaves the family home to become an artist; the daughter sinks into a [[catatonic]] state; and the father strips himself of all material effects, handing his factory over to its workers, removing his clothes at a railway station and wandering naked into the wilderness (actually the volcanic desert slopes of [[Mount Etna]]), where he finally screams in primal rage and despair. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Cast== | ||
| + | * [[Terence Stamp]] as The Visitor | ||
| + | * [[Laura Betti]] as Emilia | ||
| + | * [[Silvana Mangano]] as Lucia | ||
| + | * [[Massimo Girotti]] as Paolo | ||
| + | * [[Anne Wiazemsky]] as Odetta | ||
| + | * [[Ninetto Davoli]] as Angelino | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Reception== | ||
| + | On its release, the religious right and the Vatican criticized the sexual content in the film. Others considered the film "ambiguous" and "visionary."{{facts|date=March 2009}} The film won a special award at the Venice Film Festival from the International Catholic Film Office, only to have it withdrawn later when the Vatican protested.{{facts|date=March 2009}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | Scholars view the film differently due to the openness or ambiguity of the film.{{facts|date=March 2009}} The author of ''A Certain Realism: Making Use of Pasolini’s Film Theory and Practice'', Maurizio Viano, says that in order to understand the film there must be "adequate translation."{{facts|date=March 2009}}<!--Where is specific page reference to document this statement/quotation?--> Most scholars' writing about the film does not discuss Pasolini’s cinematographic techniques but Pasolini’s philosophical arguments.{{facts|date=March 2009}} Viano argues that Pasolini intended to be theoretical in this film because he wanted to be recognized as "a film theorist." | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Etymology of film's title and its structure== | ||
| + | ''Teorema'' means [[theorem]] in Italian. Its Greek root is ''theorima'' (θεώρημα), meaning simultaneously "spectacle," "intuition," and "theorem." Viano suggests that the film should be considered as "spectatorship" because each family member gazes at the guest and his loins.{{facts|date=March 2009}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | As a term, ''theorem'' is also often considered as mathematical or formulaic. In this sense, the film also contains a programmatic structure. It begins with documentary-like images and then moves on to the opening credit with a dark volcanic desert, a home party scene, cuts of the factory in sepia tone, introduction of each family member in silence and sepia tone, and, then, the guest sitting in the back yard in colour. The middle section is divided into three: "seductions", "confessions" and "transformations".{{facts|date=March 2009}}<!--What about the final or concluding section? Incomplete discussion? See next para. dev.--> | ||
| + | |||
| + | Not only is the film's structure formulaic but so is the psychological development of each character. They all go through "seductions", "confessions" and "transformations". The way each character changes their state of mind is the same. They all fall into a sexual desire for the guest. They all have sex with him. When the guest leaves, they all, except the maid, confess to him how they feel about themselves. In the final section of the film, after he leaves, they lose the identity they had before. The maid goes back to her village and performs miracles while subsisting on nettles, but asks to be buried alive. The daughter succumbs to a rigid psychosis. The son psychotically paints his desire for the guest. The mother picks up young men who resemble the guest and has sex with them. The father strips down in the middle of the train station. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Scholarly interpretations== | ||
| + | A common interpretation by cinema scholars is that the film is a commentary on the bourgeois society and emergence of consumerism through the very beginning of the film. The reporter asks a worker of Paolo’s factory if he thinks there will be no [[bourgeoisie|Bourgeois]] in the future. In ''The Cinema of Economic Miracles: Visuality and Modernization in the Italian Art Film'', Angelo Restivo assumes that Pasolini suggests that even documentary images, which depict facts, fail to show the truth. News can tell the audience only the surface of the events they broadcast. Merely watching the interview of the workers does not tell why Paolo, the owner of the factory gave away the factory. That might be one of the reasons the scene is set in the beginning of the film.{{facts|date=March 2009}}<!--needs specific page references on which the source makes such points.--> | ||
| + | |||
| + | In his biographical work on Pasolini, ''Pier Paolo Pasolini'', Enzo Siciliano simply assumes that Pasolini expresses his struggle of being homosexual in the film. On the other hand, Viano believes that Pasolini’s emphasis is not on homosexuality but rather on sexuality in general because the guest has sex with each member of the household. Sexuality is considered as passion in Viano’s interpretation.{{facts|date=March 2009}}<!--needs specific page references on which the source makes such points.--> | ||
| + | |||
| + | A cogent interpretation of this film is basically [[Niccolò Machiavelli|Machiavellian]]-Marxian. Pasolini, a longtime Communist, seems to make a critique of both the Italian haute bourgeoisie (the decadent family) and the southern proletariat (the maid). He urges for the appearance of a great man on the scene, a figure modeled after the Machiavellian idea of the 'prince', to shake things up and straighten the path of Italy. The young, virile man played by Terence Stamp symbolizes the Machiavellian leader of great 'virtù', who exposes the truth and liberates the characters so they can reach their potential. In the end, the father, who owns the factory, departs into a desert in a Christian-like search for himself but simultaneously liberates the factory workers, who become masters of their destiny. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Other versions== | ||
| + | Pasolini later expanded this film into a novel with the same name. [[Giorgio Battistelli]] composed an [[opera]] based on the film. In 2009, the Dutch theatre company 'Toneelgroep Amsterdam' created and performed a play version of this movie. | ||
| + | |||
| + | |||
| + | |||
| + | ==Awards== | ||
| + | * Nominated for the [[Golden Lion]] at the [[Venice Film Festival]] | ||
| + | * Laura Betti won the [[Volpi Cup]] for Best Actress for her role in the film | ||
| + | |||
| {{GFDL}} | {{GFDL}} | ||
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Teorema is a 1968 Italian mystery film written and directed by Pier Paolo Pasolini and starring Terence Stamp, Laura Betti, Silvana Mangano, Massimo Girotti, and Anne Wiazemsky. It was the first time Pasolini worked primarily with professional actors. In this film, an upper-class Milanese family is introduced to, and then abandoned by, a divine force. Two prevalent motifs are the desert and the timelessness of divinity.
Contents |
Plot
A mysterious figure known only as "The Visitor" appears in the lives of a typical bourgeois Italian family. His arrival is heralded at the gates of the family's Milanese estate by an arm-flapping postman. The enigmatic stranger soon engages in sexual affairs with all members of the household: the devoutly religious maid, the sensitive son, the sexually repressed mother, the timid daughter and, finally, the tormented father. The stranger gives unstintingly of himself, asking nothing in return. He stops the passionate maid from committing suicide with a gas hose and tenderly consoles her; he befriends and sleeps with the frightened son, soothing his doubts and anxiety and endowing him with confidence; he becomes emotionally intimate with the overprotected daughter, removing her childish innocence of men; he seduces the bored and dissatisfied mother, giving her sexual joy and fulfillment; he cares for and comforts the despondent and suffering father, who has fallen ill.
Then one day the herald returns and announces that the stranger will soon leave the household, just as suddenly and mysteriously as he came. In the subsequent void of the stranger's absence, each family member is forced to confront what was previously concealed by the trappings of bourgeois life. The maid returns to the rural village where she was born and is seen to perform miracles; ultimately, she immolates herself by having her body buried in dirt while shedding ecstatic tears of regeneration. The mother seeks sexual encounters with young men; the son leaves the family home to become an artist; the daughter sinks into a catatonic state; and the father strips himself of all material effects, handing his factory over to its workers, removing his clothes at a railway station and wandering naked into the wilderness (actually the volcanic desert slopes of Mount Etna), where he finally screams in primal rage and despair.
Cast
- Terence Stamp as The Visitor
- Laura Betti as Emilia
- Silvana Mangano as Lucia
- Massimo Girotti as Paolo
- Anne Wiazemsky as Odetta
- Ninetto Davoli as Angelino
Reception
On its release, the religious right and the Vatican criticized the sexual content in the film. Others considered the film "ambiguous" and "visionary."Template:Facts The film won a special award at the Venice Film Festival from the International Catholic Film Office, only to have it withdrawn later when the Vatican protested.Template:Facts
Scholars view the film differently due to the openness or ambiguity of the film.Template:Facts The author of A Certain Realism: Making Use of Pasolini’s Film Theory and Practice, Maurizio Viano, says that in order to understand the film there must be "adequate translation."Template:Facts Most scholars' writing about the film does not discuss Pasolini’s cinematographic techniques but Pasolini’s philosophical arguments.Template:Facts Viano argues that Pasolini intended to be theoretical in this film because he wanted to be recognized as "a film theorist."
Etymology of film's title and its structure
Teorema means theorem in Italian. Its Greek root is theorima (θεώρημα), meaning simultaneously "spectacle," "intuition," and "theorem." Viano suggests that the film should be considered as "spectatorship" because each family member gazes at the guest and his loins.Template:Facts
As a term, theorem is also often considered as mathematical or formulaic. In this sense, the film also contains a programmatic structure. It begins with documentary-like images and then moves on to the opening credit with a dark volcanic desert, a home party scene, cuts of the factory in sepia tone, introduction of each family member in silence and sepia tone, and, then, the guest sitting in the back yard in colour. The middle section is divided into three: "seductions", "confessions" and "transformations".Template:Facts
Not only is the film's structure formulaic but so is the psychological development of each character. They all go through "seductions", "confessions" and "transformations". The way each character changes their state of mind is the same. They all fall into a sexual desire for the guest. They all have sex with him. When the guest leaves, they all, except the maid, confess to him how they feel about themselves. In the final section of the film, after he leaves, they lose the identity they had before. The maid goes back to her village and performs miracles while subsisting on nettles, but asks to be buried alive. The daughter succumbs to a rigid psychosis. The son psychotically paints his desire for the guest. The mother picks up young men who resemble the guest and has sex with them. The father strips down in the middle of the train station.
Scholarly interpretations
A common interpretation by cinema scholars is that the film is a commentary on the bourgeois society and emergence of consumerism through the very beginning of the film. The reporter asks a worker of Paolo’s factory if he thinks there will be no Bourgeois in the future. In The Cinema of Economic Miracles: Visuality and Modernization in the Italian Art Film, Angelo Restivo assumes that Pasolini suggests that even documentary images, which depict facts, fail to show the truth. News can tell the audience only the surface of the events they broadcast. Merely watching the interview of the workers does not tell why Paolo, the owner of the factory gave away the factory. That might be one of the reasons the scene is set in the beginning of the film.Template:Facts
In his biographical work on Pasolini, Pier Paolo Pasolini, Enzo Siciliano simply assumes that Pasolini expresses his struggle of being homosexual in the film. On the other hand, Viano believes that Pasolini’s emphasis is not on homosexuality but rather on sexuality in general because the guest has sex with each member of the household. Sexuality is considered as passion in Viano’s interpretation.Template:Facts
A cogent interpretation of this film is basically Machiavellian-Marxian. Pasolini, a longtime Communist, seems to make a critique of both the Italian haute bourgeoisie (the decadent family) and the southern proletariat (the maid). He urges for the appearance of a great man on the scene, a figure modeled after the Machiavellian idea of the 'prince', to shake things up and straighten the path of Italy. The young, virile man played by Terence Stamp symbolizes the Machiavellian leader of great 'virtù', who exposes the truth and liberates the characters so they can reach their potential. In the end, the father, who owns the factory, departs into a desert in a Christian-like search for himself but simultaneously liberates the factory workers, who become masters of their destiny.
Other versions
Pasolini later expanded this film into a novel with the same name. Giorgio Battistelli composed an opera based on the film. In 2009, the Dutch theatre company 'Toneelgroep Amsterdam' created and performed a play version of this movie.
Awards
- Nominated for the Golden Lion at the Venice Film Festival
- Laura Betti won the Volpi Cup for Best Actress for her role in the film
