String orchestra  

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-'''Philadelphia soul''', sometimes called '''Philly soul''', the '''Philadelphia sound''', or '''TSOP''' is a genre of late 1960sā€“1970s [[soul music]] characterized by [[funk]] influences and lush instrumental [[arrangement]]s, often featuring sweeping [[string orchestra|strings]] and piercing [[brass instrument|horns]]. The genre laid the groundwork for [[disco]] by fusing the R&B rhythm sections of the 1960s with the pop vocal tradition, and featuring a slightly more pronounced jazz influence in its melodic structures and arrangements. [[Fred Wesley]], the trombonist of the [[James Brown]] band and [[Parliament-Funkadelic]], described the signature deep but orchestrated sound as "putting the bow tie on funk."+A '''string orchestra''' is an [[orchestra]] consisting solely of a [[string section]] made up of the bowed strings used in Western Classical music. The instruments of such an orchestra are most often the following: the [[violin]], which is divided into first and second violin players (each playing different parts), the [[viola]], the [[cello]], and the [[double bass]].
-==Style==+String orchestras can be of chamber orchestra size ranging from between 12 (4 first violins, 3 second violins, 2 violas, 2 cellos and 1 bass = 12) and 21 musicians (6 first violins, 5 second violins, 4 violas, 4 cellos and 2 double basses= 21) sometimes performing without a [[Conducting|conductor]]. It could also consist of the entire string section of a large symphony orchestra which could have 60 musicians (16 first violins, 14 second violins, 12 violas, 10 cellos and 8 double basses = 60; ''[[Gurre-Lieder]]'' calls for 84: 20.20.16.16.12).
-Due to the emphasis on sound and arrangement and the relative anonymity of many of the style's players, Philadelphia soul is often considered a producers' genre.+
- +
-Philadelphia soul [[songwriters]] and producers included [[Bobby Martin (producer)|Bobby Martin]]; [[Thom Bell]]; [[Linda Creed]]; [[Norman Harris (musician)|Norman Harris]]; [[Dexter Wansel]] and the production teams of [[McFadden & Whitehead]]; and [[Gamble & Huff]] of [[Philadelphia International Records]], who worked with a stable of [[studio musicians]] to develop the unique Philadelphia sound used as backing for many different singing acts. Many of these musicians would record as the instrumental group [[MFSB]], which had a hit with the seminal Philadelphia soul song "[[TSOP (The Sound of Philadelphia)]]" in 1974.+
- +
-Notable extensions of the Philadelphia sound were [[bassist]] [[Ronnie Baker|Ronald Baker]]; [[guitarist]] [[Norman Harris (musician)|Norman Harris]] and [[drummer]]/[[Trammps]] [[baritone]] [[Earl Young (drummer)|Earl Young]] (B-H-Y), who also recorded as the Trammps and would produce records themselves. These three were the base [[rhythm]] section for MFSB, and branched off into a sub-label of [[Philadelphia International Records]] called Golden Fleece, distributed by CBS Records (now [[Sony Music]]). Soon after, Harris created the [[Gold Mind Records|Gold Mind]] label in conjunction with [[Salsoul Records]]. Gold Mind's roster included [[First Choice (band)|First Choice]], [[Loleatta Holloway]], and Love Committee, all of whom would feature Baker/Harris/Young productions of their material. Their 1976 hit by [[Double Exposure (band)|Double Exposure]], "[[Ten Percent (song)|Ten Percent]]", was the first commercial [[12-inch single]].+
- +
-Philadelphia soul was popular throughout the 1970s, and it set the stage for the studio constructions of disco and [[urban contemporary]] music that emerged later in the decade. Its style had a strong influence on later Philadelphia acts, most notably [[The Roots]], [[Vivian Green]], [[Jill Scott]] and [[Musiq Soulchild]].+
- +
-==Notable artists==+
-* [[Archie Bell & the Drells]]+
-* [[Blue Magic (band)|Blue Magic]]+
-* [[Jerry Butler]]+
-* [[Jean Carne]]+
-* [[The Delfonics]]+
-* [[William DeVaughn]]+
-* [[Double Exposure (band)|Double Exposure]]+
-* [[Ecstasy, Passion & Pain]]+
-* [[First Choice (band)|First Choice]]+
-* [[Hall & Oates]]+
-* [[Major Harris (singer)|Major Harris]]+
-* [[Loleatta Holloway]]+
-* [[Eddie Holman]]+
-* [[Phyllis Hyman]]+
-* [[Instant Funk]]+
-* [[The Intruders (band)|The Intruders]]+
-* [[The Jones Girls]]+
-* [[Patti LaBelle]]+
-* [[McFadden & Whitehead]]+
-* [[The Manhattans]]+
-* [[Barbara Mason]]+
-* [[Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes]]+
-* [[MFSB]]+
-* [[New York City (band)|New York City]]+
-* [[Cliff Nobles]]+
-* [[The O'Jays]]+
-* [[Billy Paul]]+
-* [[Teddy Pendergrass]]+
-* [[The People's Choice (band)|The People's Choice]]+
-* [[Lou Rawls]]+
-* [[The Ritchie Family]]+
-* [[Todd Rundgren]]+
-* [[Salsoul Orchestra]]+
-* [[Dee Dee Sharp]]+
-* [[The Soul Survivors]]+
-* [[The Spinners (American R&B group)|The Spinners]]+
-* [[Bobby Starr]]+
-* [[The Stylistics]]+
-* [[Sweet Sensation (band)|Sweet Sensation]]+
-* [[The Trammps]]+
-* [[The Three Degrees]]+
-* [[The Vibrations]]+
- +
-===Producers and songwriters===+
-* [[Ronnie Baker]]+
-* [[Vinnie Barrett]]+
-* [[Thom Bell]]+
-* [[Cynthia Biggs]]+
-* [[Victor Carstarphen]]+
-* [[Dave Crawford (musician)|Dave Crawford]]+
-* [[Linda Creed]]+
-* [[Bobby Eli]]+
-* [[Allan Felder]]+
-* [[Gamble and Huff]]+
- +
-* [[Cary Gilbert]]+
-* [[Von Gray (songwriter)|Von Gray]]+
-* [[Norman Harris (musician)|Norman Harris]]+
-* [[Bruce Hawes]]+
-* [[Joseph B. Jefferson]]+
-* [[Ron Kersey]]+
-* [[McFadden & Whitehead]]+
-*[[John Madara]]+
-* [[Charles Mann (songwriter)|Charles Mann]]+
-* [[Sherman Marshall]]+
-* [[Bobby Martin (producer)|Bobby Martin]]+
-* [[Vincent Montana, Jr.]]+
-* [[Phillip Pugh]]+
-* [[Jerry Ragovoy]]+
-* [[Bunny Sigler]]+
-* [[Charles Simmons (musician)|Charles Simmons]]+
-* [[Phil Terry]]+
-* [[Ron Tyson]]+
-* [[Dexter Wansel]]+
-* [[Ted Wortham]]+
-* [[Earl Young (drummer)|Earl Young]]+
- +
-== See also ==+
-* [[Philadelphia International Records]]+
-* [[Sigma Sound Studios]]+
- +
-==Further reading==+
-* Cummings, Tony (1975). ''The Sound of Philadelphia.'' London: Eyre Methuen.+
-* Jackson, John A. (2004). ''A House on Fire: The Rise and Fall of Philadelphia Soul.'' New York: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-514972-6}}.+
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A string orchestra is an orchestra consisting solely of a string section made up of the bowed strings used in Western Classical music. The instruments of such an orchestra are most often the following: the violin, which is divided into first and second violin players (each playing different parts), the viola, the cello, and the double bass.

String orchestras can be of chamber orchestra size ranging from between 12 (4 first violins, 3 second violins, 2 violas, 2 cellos and 1 bass = 12) and 21 musicians (6 first violins, 5 second violins, 4 violas, 4 cellos and 2 double basses= 21) sometimes performing without a conductor. It could also consist of the entire string section of a large symphony orchestra which could have 60 musicians (16 first violins, 14 second violins, 12 violas, 10 cellos and 8 double basses = 60; Gurre-Lieder calls for 84: 20.20.16.16.12).


Unless indicated otherwise, the text in this article is either based on Wikipedia article "String orchestra" or another language Wikipedia page thereof used under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License; or on research by Jahsonic and friends. See Art and Popular Culture's copyright notice.

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