Social ecology
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| + | '''Social ecology '''is a critical social theory founded by Green author and activist [[Murray Bookchin]]. Conceptualized as a critique of current social, political, and anti-ecological trends, it espouses a reconstructive, ecological, communitarian, and ethical approach to society. | ||
| - | '''Social Darwinism''' is a theory that competition among all individuals, groups, nations or ideas drives [[social evolution]] in human societies. The term draws upon [[Charles Darwin]]'s theory of [[natural selection]], where competition between individual [[organism]]s drives biological evolutionary change ([[speciation]]) through the [[survival of the fittest]]. | + | == See also == |
| - | + | *[[Biodiversity]] | |
| - | The term was popularized in 1944 by the [[United States|American]] [[historian]] [[Richard Hofstadter]], and has generally been used by critics rather than advocates of what the term is supposed to represent. | + | *[[Conservation movement]] |
| - | + | *[[Conservation ethic]] | |
| - | While the term has been applied to the claim that Darwin's theory of [[evolution]] by [[natural selection]] can be used to understand the social endurance of a nation or country, social Darwinism commonly refers to ideas that predate Darwin's publication of ''[[On the Origin of Species]]''. Others whose ideas are given the label include the 18th century clergyman [[Thomas Malthus]], and Darwin's cousin [[Francis Galton]] who founded [[eugenics]] towards the end of the 19th century. | + | *[[Earth Science]] |
| - | + | *[[Ecology]] | |
| - | Some claim that it supports [[racism]] on the lines set out by [[Arthur de Gobineau]] before Darwin published his theories, which directly contradict Darwin's own work.<!--not according to the articles or sources such as D&M However, some academic critics hold that social Darwinism is a constructed concept, because Darwin originally wanted many of his findings to be translated into [[social policy]] (see [[Eugenics]] and ''[[The Descent of Man]]'').--> This classification of social Darwinism constitutes part of the reaction against the [[Nazi]] regime and the [[Holocaust]]. | + | *[[Environmental movement]] |
| - | ==See also== | + | *[[Global warming]] |
| - | {| | + | *[[Natural environment]] |
| - | | | + | *[[Nature]] |
| - | * [[Altruism]] | + | *[[Panarchy]] |
| - | * [[Antonie Pannekoek#Marxism and Darwinism|Antonie Pannekoek]] | + | *[[Polytely]] |
| - | * [[Cultural selection theory]] | + | *[[Recycling]] |
| - | * [[Eugenics]] | + | *[[School of Social Ecology]] |
| - | * [[George Chatterton-Hill]] | + | *[[Sustainability]] |
| - | * [[Hypergamy]] | + | *[[Transition Design]] |
| - | | | + | |
| - | * [[Meritocracy]] | + | |
| - | * [[Natural philosophy]] | + | |
| - | * [[Ownership society]] | + | |
| - | * [[Social ecology]] | + | |
| - | * [[Social implications of the theory of evolution]] | + | |
| - | * [[Sociobiology]] | + | |
| - | * [[Universal Darwinism]] | + | |
| - | |} | + | |
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Social ecology is a critical social theory founded by Green author and activist Murray Bookchin. Conceptualized as a critique of current social, political, and anti-ecological trends, it espouses a reconstructive, ecological, communitarian, and ethical approach to society.
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See also
- Biodiversity
- Conservation movement
- Conservation ethic
- Earth Science
- Ecology
- Environmental movement
- Global warming
- Natural environment
- Nature
- Panarchy
- Polytely
- Recycling
- School of Social Ecology
- Sustainability
- Transition Design
Unless indicated otherwise, the text in this article is either based on Wikipedia article "Social ecology" or another language Wikipedia page thereof used under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License; or on research by Jahsonic and friends. See Art and Popular Culture's copyright notice.
