Shock (circulatory)
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| - | '''Acute stress reaction''' (also called '''acute stress disorder''', '''psychological shock''', '''mental shock''', or simply '''shock''') is a [[psychology|psychological]] condition arising in response to a terrifying or traumatic event. It should not be confused with the unrelated circulatory condition of [[shock (circulatory)|shock]], or the concept of [[shock value]]. | + | '''Circulatory shock''', commonly known simply as '''shock''', is a life-threatening [[medical]] condition that occurs due to inadequate [[Substrate (biochemistry)|substrate]] for [[Cellular_respiration#Aerobic_respiration|aerobic cellular respiration]]. |
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| - | "Acute stress response" was first described by [[Walter Cannon]] in the 1920s as a theory that animals react to threats with a general discharge of the [[sympathetic nervous system]]. The response was later recognized as the first stage of a general adaptation syndrome that regulates stress responses among vertebrates and other organisms. | + | |
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| - | The onset of a stress response is associated with specific physiological actions in the sympathetic nervous system, both directly and indirectly through the release of [[adrenaline]] and to a lesser extent [[noradrenaline]] from the [[adrenal medulla|medulla]] of the [[adrenal gland]]s. These catecholamine [[hormone]]s facilitate immediate physical reactions by triggering increases in heart rate and breathing, constricting blood vessels. An abundance of catecholamines at neuroreceptor sites facilitates reliance on spontaneous or intuitive behaviors often related to combat or escape. | + | |
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| - | Normally, when a person is in a serene, unstimulated state, the "firing" of neurons in the [[locus ceruleus]] is minimal. A novel stimulus, once perceived, is relayed from the [[sensory cortex]] of the brain through the [[thalamus]] to the [[brain stem]]. That route of signaling increases the rate of noradrenergic activity in the locus ceruleus, and the person becomes alert and attentive to the environment. | + | |
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| - | If a stimulus is perceived as a threat, a more intense and prolonged discharge of the locus ceruleus activates the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (Thase & Howland, 1995). The activation of the sympathetic nervous system leads to the release of noradrenaline from nerve endings acting on the heart, blood vessels, respiratory centers, and other sites. The ensuing physiological changes constitute a major part of the acute stress response. The other major player in the acute stress response is the [[hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis]]. | + | |
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| - | == See also == | + | |
| - | * [[Combat stress reaction]] | + | |
| - | * [[Fight-or-flight response]] | + | |
| - | * [[Posttraumatic stress disorder]] | + | |
| + | ==History== | ||
| + | In 1972 Hinshaw and Cox suggested the classification system for shock which is still used today. | ||
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Circulatory shock, commonly known simply as shock, is a life-threatening medical condition that occurs due to inadequate substrate for aerobic cellular respiration.
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History
In 1972 Hinshaw and Cox suggested the classification system for shock which is still used today.
Unless indicated otherwise, the text in this article is either based on Wikipedia article "Shock (circulatory)" or another language Wikipedia page thereof used under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License; or on research by Jahsonic and friends. See Art and Popular Culture's copyright notice.
