Scientific journal
From The Art and Popular Culture Encyclopedia
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| - | {{Template}}:"[[Freedom of the press]] is guaranteed only to those who own [[printing press|one]]." | + | {{Template}} |
| - | The '''printing press''' is a mechanical [[printing]] device for making copies of identical [[writing|text]] on multiple sheets of [[paper]]. It was invented in [[Germany]] by the [[engraver]] [[Johann Gutenberg]] in [[1440]]. Printing methods based on Gutenberg's printing press spread rapidly throughout first [[Spread of printing|Europe and then the rest of the world]], replacing most [[woodblock printing]] and making it the sole progenitor of modern [[movable type]] printing. | + | |
| - | The printing press's ability to quickly and uniformly [[disseminate]] knowledge aided in the propagation of [[Martin Luther|Luther's]] [[Ninety-Five Theses]] and other works of the [[Protestant Reformation]], the European rediscovery of the Greek and Roman [[Classics]] that helped stimulate the [[Renaissance]], the decline of [[Latin]] and the ascent of the various [[vernacular]]s, and the development of [[scientific journal]]s . The level of importance of the printing press is rivaled by few other inventions, so much so that "the invention of the printing press" is often used as a reference to the social, political, and scientific change experienced by Europe after the press's introduction. | + | In [[academic publishing]], a '''scientific journal''' is a [[periodical publication]] intended to further the progress of [[science]], usually by reporting new [[research]]. There are thousands of scientific journals in publication, and many more have been published at various points in the past (see [[list of scientific journals]]). Most journals are highly specialized, although some of the oldest journals such as ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' publish articles and [[scientific paper]]s across a wide range of scientific fields. Scientific journals contain articles that have been [[peer review]]ed, in an attempt to ensure that articles meet the journal's standards of quality, and scientific [[validity]]. Although scientific journals are superficially similar to [[professional]] [[magazine]]s, they are actually quite different. Issues of a scientific journal are rarely read casually, as one would read a magazine. The publication of the results of research is an essential part of the [[scientific method]]. If they are describing experiments or calculations, they must supply enough details that an independent researcher could repeat the experiment or calculation to verify the results. Each such journal article becomes part of the permanent [[scientific record]]. |
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| - | [[Movable type]] printing, which allowed individual characters to be arranged to form words, is a separate invention from the printing press. The movable type printing as we know it today was invented in [[Germany]] by Johann Gutenberg in the 1440s.{{GFDL}} | + | |
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In academic publishing, a scientific journal is a periodical publication intended to further the progress of science, usually by reporting new research. There are thousands of scientific journals in publication, and many more have been published at various points in the past (see list of scientific journals). Most journals are highly specialized, although some of the oldest journals such as Nature publish articles and scientific papers across a wide range of scientific fields. Scientific journals contain articles that have been peer reviewed, in an attempt to ensure that articles meet the journal's standards of quality, and scientific validity. Although scientific journals are superficially similar to professional magazines, they are actually quite different. Issues of a scientific journal are rarely read casually, as one would read a magazine. The publication of the results of research is an essential part of the scientific method. If they are describing experiments or calculations, they must supply enough details that an independent researcher could repeat the experiment or calculation to verify the results. Each such journal article becomes part of the permanent scientific record.
