Russian Civil War
From The Art and Popular Culture Encyclopedia
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| - | '''Lazar Markovich Lissitzky''' ([[November 23]], [[1890]] – [[December 30]], [[1941]]), better known as '''El Lissitzky''' ('''Эль Лисицкий'''), was a [[Russia]]n [[artist]], [[designer]], [[photographer]], [[teacher]], [[typographer]], and [[architect]]. He was one of the most important figures of the [[Russian avant-garde]], helping develop [[suprematism]] with his friend and mentor, [[Kazimir Malevich]], and designed numerous [[Art exhibition|exhibition]] displays and [[propaganda]] works for the former [[Soviet Union]]. His work greatly influenced the [[Bauhaus]], [[Constructivism (art)|Constructivist]], and [[De Stijl]] movements and experimented with production techniques and stylistic devices that would go on to dominate [[Graphic design#20th century|20th century graphic design]]. | ||
| - | Perhaps the most famous work by Lissitzky is the 1919 propaganda [[poster]] "[[Beat the Whites with the Red Wedge]]". Russia was going through a [[Russian Civil War|civil war]] at the time, which was mainly fought between the "Reds" (communists and revolutionaries) and the "Whites" (monarchists, conservatives, liberals and socialists who opposed the [[Bolshevik Revolution]]). The image of the red wedge shattering the white form, simple as it was, communicated a powerful message that left no doubt in the viewer's mind of its intention. The piece is often seen as alluding to the similar shapes used on military maps and, along with its [[political symbolism]], was one of El Lissitzky's first major steps away from Malevich's non-objective suprematism into a style his own. He stated: "The artist constructs a new symbol with his brush. This symbol is not a recognizable form of anything that is already finished, already made, or already existent in the world – it is a symbol of a new world, which is being built upon and which exists by the way of the people." | + | The '''Russian Civil War''' (1917–1923) was a multi-party war that occurred within the former [[Russian Empire]] after the [[Russian provisional government]] collapsed to the [[Soviet republic (system of government)|Soviets]], under the domination of the [[Bolshevik]] party. Soviet forces first assumed power in Petrograd ([[St. Petersburg]]) and subsequently gained control throughout [[Russia]]. |
| - | {{GFDL}} | + | Principally, the Bolshevik [[Red Army]], often in temporary alliance with other [[leftist]] pro-revolutionary groups, fought against the [[White Movement|White Army]], the loosely-allied anti-Bolshevik forces. Many foreign armies warred against the Red Army, notably the [[Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War|Allied Forces]], and many volunteer foreigners fought on both sides of the Russian Civil War. The [[Polish–Soviet War]] is often viewed as a [[Theater (warfare)|theatre]] of the conflict. Other nationalist and regional political groups also participated in the war, including the [[Ukrainian nationalist]] [[Green armies|Green Army]], the Ukrainian [[anarchist]] [[Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine|Black Army]] and [[Black Guards]], and warlords such as [[Ungern von Sternberg]]. |
| + | The most intense fighting took place from 1918–20. Major military operations ended on 25 October 1922 when the Red Army occupied [[Vladivostok]], previously held by the [[Provisional Priamur Government]]. The last enclave of the White Forces was the [[Ayano-Maysky District]] on the [[Pacific]] coast, where General [[Anatoly Pepelyayev]] did not capitulate until 17 June 1923. | ||
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| + | In [[Soviet historiography]] the period of the Civil War has traditionally been defined as 1918–21, but the war's skirmishes actually stretched from 1917–23. | ||
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The Russian Civil War (1917–1923) was a multi-party war that occurred within the former Russian Empire after the Russian provisional government collapsed to the Soviets, under the domination of the Bolshevik party. Soviet forces first assumed power in Petrograd (St. Petersburg) and subsequently gained control throughout Russia.
Principally, the Bolshevik Red Army, often in temporary alliance with other leftist pro-revolutionary groups, fought against the White Army, the loosely-allied anti-Bolshevik forces. Many foreign armies warred against the Red Army, notably the Allied Forces, and many volunteer foreigners fought on both sides of the Russian Civil War. The Polish–Soviet War is often viewed as a theatre of the conflict. Other nationalist and regional political groups also participated in the war, including the Ukrainian nationalist Green Army, the Ukrainian anarchist Black Army and Black Guards, and warlords such as Ungern von Sternberg. The most intense fighting took place from 1918–20. Major military operations ended on 25 October 1922 when the Red Army occupied Vladivostok, previously held by the Provisional Priamur Government. The last enclave of the White Forces was the Ayano-Maysky District on the Pacific coast, where General Anatoly Pepelyayev did not capitulate until 17 June 1923.
In Soviet historiography the period of the Civil War has traditionally been defined as 1918–21, but the war's skirmishes actually stretched from 1917–23.
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