Right-wing politics
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| - | '''Right-wing politics''' hold that certain [[social order]]s and [[Social stratification|hierarchies]] are inevitable, natural, normal or desirable, typically supporting this position on the basis of [[natural law]], [[economics]] or [[tradition]].<ref name="Carlisle">{{cite book|last1=Carlisle|first1=Rodney P.|title=Encyclopedia of Politics: The Left and the Right|date=2005|publisher=[[SAGE Publications|SAGE Publishing]]|location=Thousand Oaks [u.a.]|isbn=1-4129-0409-9}}</ref>{{rp|page=693, 721}}<ref name="T. Alexander Smith 2003. p. 30">T. Alexander Smith, Raymond Tatalovich. ''Cultures at war: moral conflicts in western democracies''. Toronto, Canada: Broadview Press, Ltd, 2003. p. 30. "That viewpoint is held by contemporary sociologists, for whom 'right-wing movements' are conceptualized as 'social movements whose stated goals are to maintain structures of order, status, honor, or traditional social differences or values' as compared to left-wing movements which seek 'greater equality or political participation.' In other words, the sociological perspective sees preservationist politics as a right-wing attempt to defend privilege within the ''social hierarchy''."</ref><ref name="Allan Cameron pg. 37">''Left and right: the significance of a political distinction'', Norberto Bobbio and Allan Cameron, p. 37, [[University of Chicago Press]], 1997.</ref><ref name="Fuchs, D. 1990. p. 203">[[Seymour Martin Lipset]], cited in Fuchs, D., and Klingemann, H. 1990. The left-right schema. pp. 203–34 in Continuities in Political Action: A Longitudinal Study of Political Orientations in Three Western Democracies, ed.M.Jennings et al. Berlin:de Gruyter</ref><ref name=Lukes>Lukes, Steven. 'Epilogue: The Grand Dichotomy of the Twentieth Century': concluding chapter to T. Ball and R. Bellamy (eds.), The Cambridge History of Twentieth-Century Political Thought. pp.610–612</ref><ref name="Clark">{{cite book|last1=Clark|first1=William Roberts|title=Capitalism, Not Globalism: Capital Mobility, Central Bank Independence, and the Political Control of the Economy|date=2003|publisher=[[University of Michigan Press]]|location=Ann Arbor [u.a.]|isbn=0-472-11293-7|edition=[Online-Ausg.].}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=November 2016}} Hierarchy and [[Social inequality|inequality]] may be viewed as natural results of traditional social differences<ref>Smith, T. Alexander and Raymond Tatalovich. ''Cultures at War: Moral Conflicts in Western Democracies'' (Toronto, Canada: Broadview Press, Ltd., 2003) p. 30. "That viewpoint is held by contemporary sociologists, for whom 'right-wing movements' are conceptualized as 'social movements whose stated goals are to maintain structures of order, status, honor, or traditional social differences or values' as compared to left-wing movements which seek 'greater equality or political participation.'</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Bacchetta, Paola Power, Margaret|title=Right-Wing Women: From Conservatives to Extremists Around the World|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|page=4|quotation=For us, if there is anything that actually distinguishes (both the center and far) right from other political tendencies, it is the right's reliance on some form of internal or external Other. Right wings differentially draw on, produce, and mobilize naturalized and/or culturalized self/Other criteria to reify or forge hierarchical differences. These are based in gender, sexuality, class, ethnicity, religion, race, caste, or at their various intersections.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5SdW2L3V-gIC&pg=PA4&dq=right+wing+other+center&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjMrPe5_4jRAhUL2IMKHWSICh8Q6AEIMjAE#v=onepage&q=right%20wing%20other%20center&f=false}}</ref> or the competition in market economies.<ref>Scruton, Roger "A Dictionary of Political Thought" "Defined by contrast to (or perhaps more accurately conflict with) the left the term right does not even have the respectability of a history. As now used it denotes several connected and also conflicting ideas (including) 1)conservative, and perhaps authoritarian, doctrines concerning the nature of civil society, with emphasis on custom, tradition, and allegiance as social bonds ... 8) belief in free enterprise free markets and a capitalist economy as the only mode of production compatible with human freedom and suited to the temporary nature of human aspirations ..." pp. 281–2, Macmillan, 1996</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Goldthorpe|first1=J.E.|title=An Introduction to Sociology|date=1985|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=0-521-24545-1|page=156|edition=3rd|quote="There are ... those who accept inequality as natural, normal, and even desirable. Two main lines of thought converge on the Right or conservative side...the truly Conservative view is that there is a natural hierarchy of skills and talents in which some people are born leaders, whether by heredity or family tradition. ... now ... the more usual right-wing view, which may be called 'liberal-conservative', is that unequal rewards are right and desirable so long as the competition for wealth and power is a fair one."}}</ref> The term right-wing can generally refer to "the [[Conservatism|conservative]] or [[reactionary]] section of a political party or system".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/right_wing|title=right wing – definition of right wing in English | Oxford Dictionaries|publisher=En.oxforddictionaries.com|date=20 April 2014|accessdate=15 November 2016}}</ref> | ||
| - | The political terms "[[Left-wing politics|Left]]" and "Right" were first used during the [[French Revolution]] (1789–1799) and referred to seating arrangements in the [[French parliament]]: those who sat to the right of the chair of the parliamentary president were broadly supportive of the institutions of the monarchist [[Ancien Régime|Old Regime]].<ref name="Parliaments 1988 pp. 287–302">Goodsell, Charles T., "The Architecture of Parliaments: Legislative Houses and Political Culture", British Journal of Political Science, Vol. 18, No. 3 (July 1988), pp. 287–302.</ref><ref>Linski, Gerhard, ''Current Issues and Research In Macrosociology'' (Brill Archive, 1984) p. 59</ref><ref>Clark, Barry ''Political Economy: A Comparative Approach'' (Praeger Paperback, 1998), pp. 33–34.</ref><ref name="Knapp"/> The original Right in France was formed as a reaction against the "Left" and comprised those politicians supporting hierarchy, tradition and [[clericalism]].<ref name="Carlisle"/>{{rp|693}} The use of the expression ''la droite'' ("the right") became prominent in France after the restoration of the monarchy in 1815, when it was applied to the [[Ultra-royalist]]s.<ref>Gauchet, Marcel, "Right and Left" in Nora, Pierre, ed., ''Realms of Memory: Conflicts and Divisions'' (1996) pp. 247–248.</ref> The people of English-speaking countries did not apply the terms "right" and "left" to their own politics until the 20th century.<ref>''The English Ideology: Studies in the Language of Victorian Politics'', George Watson Allen Lane, London, 1973, p. 94.</ref> | + | '''Right-wing politics''' hold that certain [[social order]]s and [[Social stratification|hierarchies]] are inevitable, natural, normal or desirable, typically supporting this position on the basis of [[natural law]], [[economics]] or [[tradition]]. Hierarchy and [[Social inequality|inequality]] may be viewed as natural results of traditional social differences or the competition in market economies. The term right-wing can generally refer to "the [[Conservatism|conservative]] or [[reactionary]] section of a political party or system". |
| - | Although the right-wing originated with [[Traditionalist conservatism|traditional conservatives]], [[Monarchism|monarchists]] and reactionaries, the term extreme right-wing has also been applied to movements including [[Fascism|fascists]], [[Nazism|Nazis]] and [[Racial supremacy|racial supremacists]].<ref>Iain McLean and Alistair McMillan, ''The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics'', ''Right(-wing)...and for extreme right parties racism and fascism.'', p. 465, Oxford, 2009, {{ISBN|978-0-19-920780-0}}.</ref> From the 1830s to the 1880s, there was a shift in the [[Western world]] of [[social class]] structure and the economy, moving away from [[nobility]] and [[aristocracy]] towards [[capitalism]].<ref>Alan S. Kahan. ''Mind Vs. Money: The War Between Intellectuals and Capitalism''. New Brunswick, New Jersey: [[Transaction Publishers]], 2010. p. 88.</ref> This general economic shift toward capitalism affected [[Centre-right politics|centre-right]] movements such as the [[Conservative Party (UK)|British Conservative Party]], which responded by becoming supportive of [[capitalism]].<ref>Ian Adams. ''Political Ideology Today''. Manchester, England, UK; New York, New York, USA: [[Manchester University Press]], 2001. p. 57.</ref> In the United States, the Right includes both economic and [[Social conservatism|social conservatives]].<ref>Jerome L. Himmelstein, ''To the right: The transformation of American conservatism'' (1992).</ref> In Europe, economic conservatives are usually considered liberal and the Right includes [[Nationalism|nationalists]], [[Nativism (politics)|nativist]] [[opposition to immigration]], religious conservatives and historically a significant presence of right-wing movements with [[Anti-capitalism|anti-capitalist]] sentiments including conservatives and fascists who opposed what they saw as the selfishness and excessive [[materialism]] inherent in contemporary capitalism.<ref>Leonard V. Kaplan, Rudy Koshar, ''The Weimar Moment: Liberalism, Political Theology, and Law'' (2012) p 7-8.</ref><ref>Alan S. Kahan, ''Mind Vs. Money: The War Between Intellectuals and Capitalism'' (2010), p. 184.</ref> | + | The political terms "[[Left-wing politics|Left]]" and "Right" were first used during the [[French Revolution]] (1789–1799) and referred to seating arrangements in the [[French parliament]]: those who sat to the right of the chair of the parliamentary president were broadly supportive of the institutions of the monarchist [[Ancien Régime|Old Regime]]. The original Right in France was formed as a reaction against the "Left" and comprised those politicians supporting hierarchy, tradition and [[clericalism]]. The use of the expression ''la droite'' ("the right") became prominent in France after the restoration of the monarchy in 1815, when it was applied to the [[Ultra-royalist]]s. The people of English-speaking countries did not apply the terms "right" and "left" to their own politics until the 20th century. |
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| + | Although the right-wing originated with [[Traditionalist conservatism|traditional conservatives]], [[Monarchism|monarchists]] and reactionaries, the term extreme right-wing has also been applied to movements including [[Fascism|fascists]], [[Nazism|Nazis]] and [[Racial supremacy|racial supremacists]]. From the 1830s to the 1880s, there was a shift in the [[Western world]] of [[social class]] structure and the economy, moving away from [[nobility]] and [[aristocracy]] towards [[capitalism]]. This general economic shift toward capitalism affected [[Centre-right politics|centre-right]] movements such as the [[Conservative Party (UK)|British Conservative Party]], which responded by becoming supportive of [[capitalism]]. In the United States, the Right includes both economic and [[Social conservatism|social conservatives]]. In Europe, economic conservatives are usually considered liberal and the Right includes [[Nationalism|nationalists]], [[Nativism (politics)|nativist]] [[opposition to immigration]], religious conservatives and historically a significant presence of right-wing movements with [[Anti-capitalism|anti-capitalist]] sentiments including conservatives and fascists who opposed what they saw as the selfishness and excessive [[materialism]] inherent in contemporary capitalism. | ||
| ==See also== | ==See also== | ||
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Right-wing politics hold that certain social orders and hierarchies are inevitable, natural, normal or desirable, typically supporting this position on the basis of natural law, economics or tradition. Hierarchy and inequality may be viewed as natural results of traditional social differences or the competition in market economies. The term right-wing can generally refer to "the conservative or reactionary section of a political party or system".
The political terms "Left" and "Right" were first used during the French Revolution (1789–1799) and referred to seating arrangements in the French parliament: those who sat to the right of the chair of the parliamentary president were broadly supportive of the institutions of the monarchist Old Regime. The original Right in France was formed as a reaction against the "Left" and comprised those politicians supporting hierarchy, tradition and clericalism. The use of the expression la droite ("the right") became prominent in France after the restoration of the monarchy in 1815, when it was applied to the Ultra-royalists. The people of English-speaking countries did not apply the terms "right" and "left" to their own politics until the 20th century.
Although the right-wing originated with traditional conservatives, monarchists and reactionaries, the term extreme right-wing has also been applied to movements including fascists, Nazis and racial supremacists. From the 1830s to the 1880s, there was a shift in the Western world of social class structure and the economy, moving away from nobility and aristocracy towards capitalism. This general economic shift toward capitalism affected centre-right movements such as the British Conservative Party, which responded by becoming supportive of capitalism. In the United States, the Right includes both economic and social conservatives. In Europe, economic conservatives are usually considered liberal and the Right includes nationalists, nativist opposition to immigration, religious conservatives and historically a significant presence of right-wing movements with anti-capitalist sentiments including conservatives and fascists who opposed what they saw as the selfishness and excessive materialism inherent in contemporary capitalism.
See also
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