Reproducibility
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| - | *[[Reproduction]], the biological process by which new individual organisms are produced | + | |
| - | **[[Asexual reproduction]], where an organism creates a copy of itself; there is no genetic contribution from another organism | + | '''Reproducibility''' is one of the main principles of the [[scientific method]], and refers to the ability of a test or [[experiment]] to be accurately reproduced, or '''replicated''', by someone else working independently. |
| - | **[[Sexual reproduction]], where two organisms contribute genetic material in the creation of a new individual organism | + | |
| - | *[[Self-replication]], mechanical, memetic and other form of self-replication | + | The results of an experiment performed by a particular [[research]]er or group of researchers are generally evaluated by other independent researchers who repeat the same experiment themselves, based on the original experimental description (see [[independent review]]). |
| - | *[[Reproduction (economics)]], in Marxian economics, recurrent (or cyclical) processes by which the initial conditions necessary for economic activity to occur are constantly re-created | + | Then they see if their experiment gives similar results to those reported by the original group. The result values are said to be '''commensurate''' if they are obtained (in distinct experimental trials) according to the same reproducible experimental description and procedure. |
| - | *[[Reproduction (album)]], a 1979 album by British electronic band The Human League | + | |
| - | *[[Reproductions (album)]], a 2007 album by singer Charlotte Martin | + | Reproducibility is different from [[repeatability]], which measures the success rate in successive experiments, possibly conducted by the same experimenters. Reproducibility relates to the agreement of test results with different operators, test apparatus, and laboratory locations. It is often reported as a [[standard deviation]]. |
| - | *[[Reproducibility]] | + | |
| - | *[[Sound reproduction]], audio recording and replay | + | While repeatability of scientific experiments is desirable, it is not considered necessary to establish the scientific validity of a theory. For example, the [[cloning]] of animals is difficult to repeat, but has been reproduced by various teams working independently, and is a well established research domain. One failed cloning does not mean that the theory is wrong or unscientific. Repeatability is often low in [[protoscience]]s. |
| - | *[[Reproduction Auto parts]], remanufacturing of obsolete automotive spares | + | |
| + | The basic idea can be seen in [[Aristotle]]'s dictum that there is no scientific knowledge of the individual, where the word used for ''individual'' in Greek had the connotation of the ''idiosyncratic'', or wholly isolated occurrence. Thus all knowledge, all science, necessarily involves the formation of general concepts and the invocation of their corresponding symbols in language (cf. Turner). | ||
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| + | ==Reproducible research== | ||
| + | |||
| + | The term ''reproducible research'' was first proposed by [[Jon Claerbout]] at [[Stanford University]] and refers to the idea that the ultimate product of research is the paper along with the full computational environment used to produce the results in the paper such as the code, data, etc. necessary for reproduction of the results and building upon the research. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Famous problems== | ||
| + | In March 1989, [[University of Utah]] chemists Stanley Pons and Martin Fleischmann reported the production of excess heat that could only be explained by a nuclear process ("[[cold fusion]]"). The report was astounding given the simplicity of the equipment: it was essentially an [[electrolysis]] cell containing [[heavy water]] and a [[palladium]] [[cathode]] which rapidly absorbed the [[deuterium]] produced during electrolysis. The news media reported on the experiments widely, and it was a front-page item on many newspapers around the world (see [[science by press conference]]). Over the next several months others tried to replicate the experiment, but were unsuccessful. | ||
| + | |||
| + | [[Nikola Tesla]] claimed as early as 1899 to have used a high frequency current to light gas-filled lamps from over {{convert|25|mi|km}} away [[Wireless energy transfer|without using wires]]. In 1904 he built [[Wardenclyffe Tower]] on [[Shoreham, New York|Long Island]] to demonstrate means to send and receive power without connecting wires. The facility was never fully operational and was not completed due to economic problems. | ||
| ==See also== | ==See also== | ||
| - | *[[Copy]] | + | * [[Accuracy]] |
| + | * [[Contingency]] | ||
| + | * [[Corroboration]] | ||
| + | * [[Falsifiability]] | ||
| + | * [[Hypothesis]] | ||
| + | * [[Inquiry]] | ||
| + | * [[Pathological science]] | ||
| + | * [[Accuracy and precision]] | ||
| + | * [[Pseudoscience]] | ||
| + | * [[Scientific method]] | ||
| + | * [[Tautology (logic)|Tautology]] | ||
| + | * [[Testability]] | ||
| + | * [http://www.iupac.org/goldbook/R05305.pdf Definition (PDF)], by [[International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry]] | ||
| + | |||
| - | == See also == | ||
| - | * [[Mass production]] | ||
| - | * [[Art]] | ||
| - | * [[Originality]] | ||
| - | * [[Printmaking]] | ||
| - | * [[The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction]] | ||
| - | * [[Life]] | ||
| - | * [[Imitation]] | ||
| - | * [[Mimesis]] | ||
| - | * [[Plagiarism]] | ||
| - | * [[Sexual reproduction]] | ||
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Reproducibility is one of the main principles of the scientific method, and refers to the ability of a test or experiment to be accurately reproduced, or replicated, by someone else working independently.
The results of an experiment performed by a particular researcher or group of researchers are generally evaluated by other independent researchers who repeat the same experiment themselves, based on the original experimental description (see independent review). Then they see if their experiment gives similar results to those reported by the original group. The result values are said to be commensurate if they are obtained (in distinct experimental trials) according to the same reproducible experimental description and procedure.
Reproducibility is different from repeatability, which measures the success rate in successive experiments, possibly conducted by the same experimenters. Reproducibility relates to the agreement of test results with different operators, test apparatus, and laboratory locations. It is often reported as a standard deviation.
While repeatability of scientific experiments is desirable, it is not considered necessary to establish the scientific validity of a theory. For example, the cloning of animals is difficult to repeat, but has been reproduced by various teams working independently, and is a well established research domain. One failed cloning does not mean that the theory is wrong or unscientific. Repeatability is often low in protosciences.
The basic idea can be seen in Aristotle's dictum that there is no scientific knowledge of the individual, where the word used for individual in Greek had the connotation of the idiosyncratic, or wholly isolated occurrence. Thus all knowledge, all science, necessarily involves the formation of general concepts and the invocation of their corresponding symbols in language (cf. Turner).
Reproducible research
The term reproducible research was first proposed by Jon Claerbout at Stanford University and refers to the idea that the ultimate product of research is the paper along with the full computational environment used to produce the results in the paper such as the code, data, etc. necessary for reproduction of the results and building upon the research.
Famous problems
In March 1989, University of Utah chemists Stanley Pons and Martin Fleischmann reported the production of excess heat that could only be explained by a nuclear process ("cold fusion"). The report was astounding given the simplicity of the equipment: it was essentially an electrolysis cell containing heavy water and a palladium cathode which rapidly absorbed the deuterium produced during electrolysis. The news media reported on the experiments widely, and it was a front-page item on many newspapers around the world (see science by press conference). Over the next several months others tried to replicate the experiment, but were unsuccessful.
Nikola Tesla claimed as early as 1899 to have used a high frequency current to light gas-filled lamps from over Template:Convert away without using wires. In 1904 he built Wardenclyffe Tower on Long Island to demonstrate means to send and receive power without connecting wires. The facility was never fully operational and was not completed due to economic problems.
See also
- Accuracy
- Contingency
- Corroboration
- Falsifiability
- Hypothesis
- Inquiry
- Pathological science
- Accuracy and precision
- Pseudoscience
- Scientific method
- Tautology
- Testability
- Definition (PDF), by International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
