Rape schedule
From The Art and Popular Culture Encyclopedia
| Revision as of 15:01, 5 October 2016 Jahsonic (Talk | contribs) ← Previous diff |
Revision as of 15:02, 5 October 2016 Jahsonic (Talk | contribs) Next diff → |
||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
| {{Template}} | {{Template}} | ||
| - | '''Rape culture''' is a widely used term within [[women's studies]] and [[radical feminism]] describing a [[culture]] in which [[rape]] and other sexual violence are common and in which prevalent [[attitude (psychology)|attitudes]], [[norm (sociology)|norms]], practices, and [[mass media|media]] condone, [[normalization (sociology)|normalize]], excuse, or encourage [[violence against women|sexualized violence]]. Within the [[paradigm]], acts of "harmless" [[sexism]] are commonly employed to validate and rationalize normative [[misogyny|misogynistic]] practices; for instance, sexist jokes may be told to foster disrespect for women and an accompanying disregard for their well-being, which ultimately make their rape and abuse seem acceptable. Examples of behaviors said to typify rape culture include [[victim blaming]], trivializing [[prison rape]], and [[sexual objectification]]. | + | |
| - | ==See also== | + | The '''rape schedule''' is a concept in [[feminist theory]] that describes the restrictions or alterations to lifestyle and behaviour that are placed on women by the prevalent fear of [[sexual assault]]. Choosing certain routes whilst walking home, planning in advance of being alone, or avoiding certain areas at night are often given as examples of such behaviour.{{Citation needed|date=June 2016}} |
| - | *[[Rape and revenge film]] | + | Some people do not think about their rape schedules often because it becomes a habit, which they may not even be aware of. Such habits that are often unthought of as preventative measures are: walking with one's keys in their hand while walking to the car or using the buddy system, which is taught from a young age.{{Citation needed|date=June 2016}} A woman leaving her friend's house early so she would not have to take the subway home at night is an example of how having a rape schedule can interfere with a person's daily life.<ref>{{Cite web|title = My Rape Schedule|url = https://womensglib.wordpress.com/2010/05/08/my-rape-schedule/|website = Women's Glib|accessdate = 2015-09-24}}</ref> |
| - | *''[[Rape and Representation]]'' | + | |
| - | ==See also== | + | == Background == |
| - | *[[Separatist feminism]] | + | Women are more likely to be raped than men: 1 in 7 women and 1 in 71 men will experience rape in their lifetime.<ref name=":2" /> The rape schedule is generally used by women, not men.{{Citation needed|date=June 2016}} Rape schedules can supply a steady stream of fear into a person's mind and make a person very cautious of their actions. Those that do not have rape schedules are seen as privileged, as they may not have to think a rape schedule or live by one as opposed to a person that does.{{Citation needed|date=June 2016}} |
| - | *[[Rotherham child sexual exploitation scandal]] | + | |
| - | *[[Just-world hypothesis]] | + | === Privilege === |
| - | *[[Exploitation of women in mass media]] | + | [[Jody Miller (criminologist)|Jody Miller]] has explained that as prostitutes cannot adhere to a rape schedule due to the fact it would leave them 'unable to work', adhering to a rape schedule could be seen to be 'born of privilege'.<ref>Jody Miller, "Researching Violence Against Street Prostitutes: Issues of Epistemology, Methodology, and Ethics" in |
| - | *[[Misogyny and mass media]] | + | Researching Sexual Violence Against Women: Methodological and Personal Perspectives (Martin D. Schwartz ed., |
| - | *[[Rape schedule]] | + | 1997). 144, 150.</ref> As men are generally not the targets of sexual assault and thus do not need to adhere to a rape schedule, such a concept could be said to illustrate [[gender inequality]] at a very basic level.{{citation needed|date=July 2015}} |
| + | |||
| + | == Influencing factors == | ||
| + | |||
| + | === Fear === | ||
| + | There are many people in the world that have never been the victim, but yet are far from being carefree and are highly concerned with doing everything they possibly can to avoid a tragic instance, such as rape. A particular quote by [[Jessica Valenti]] in her book ''[[Full Frontal Feminism]]'' stated, "When I was in college, a teacher once said all women live by a 'rape schedule.'"<ref name="Valenti">{{cite book|last1=Valenti|first1=Jessica|title=Full Frontal Feminism|date=2007|publisher=Seal Press|location=Berkeley, CA|pages=63–64}}</ref> This goes to show that men see women as easier targets and thus they fall victim more easily to rape and live in constant fear.<ref name="Herman" /> | ||
| + | |||
| + | Fear of sexual assault is a fear that is commonly shared among many individuals in today's society, particularly women.<ref name="Fisher" /> This fear often forces individuals to make alterations within their everyday life, whether by compelling changes in behavior, daily routines, or even avoiding being alone as much as possible. According to [[Susan Griffin]] in 1971, "rape and the fear of rape are a daily part of every woman's consciousness. The fear of rape keeps women off the streets at night. Keeps women at home. Keeps women passive and modest for fear they be thought provocative."<ref name="Fisher">{{cite web|last1=Fisher|first1=Emmy|title=Living Life By A Rape Schedule|url=http://feminspire.com/living-life-by-a-rape-schedule/|website=Feminspire|accessdate=2015-11-02}}</ref> In addition to affecting behaviors and routines, rape schedules can affect the emotional stability of an individual.<ref name="Kilpatrick" /> When thinking of the term "rape victim", people often assume the victim is a woman as opposed to a man. This is because in today's society, women are viewed as weaker than men, thus making them an easier target.<ref name="Herman">{{cite journal|last1=Herman|first1=D.|last2=Cochran|first2=J.W.|last3=Langton|first3=D.|title=The Rape Culture|journal=Changing Our Power|date=1988|page=260|accessdate=2015-11-02}}</ref> As a result of the fear of rape, individuals then begin living by this rape schedule, which in turn, leaves woman feeling powerless and eventually woman begin to view themselves and their own self-worth somewhere between low to non-existent.<ref name="Gold">{{cite web|last1=Gold|first1=Stephen R.|title=Review of: Sex, Power, Conflict: Evolutionary and Feminist Perspectives|publisher=Oxford University|accessdate=2015-11-02}}</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | === Mental health disorders === | ||
| + | Rape also leads to mental health disorders such as [[PTSD]]. According to Dean G. Kilpatrick in The Mental Health Impact of Rape "Rape victims were 6.2 times more likely to develop PTSD than women who had never been victims of crime". Because of these severe incidents, women develop these rape schedules to help them try to avoid the possibility of rape occurring in the future.<ref name=Kilpatrick>{{cite web|last1=Kilpatrick|first1=Dean G.|title=The Mental Health Impact of Rape|url=https://mainweb-v.musc.edu/vawprevention/research/mentalimpact.shtml|website=University of South Carolina|publisher=National Violence Against Women Prevention Research Center|accessdate=2015-09-24}}</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | === Vulnerability === | ||
| + | According to statistics provided by [[National Sexual Violence Resource Center]] (NSVRC), one in five women will be sexually assaulted at some point in their lifetime; this far outweighs similar statistics regarding men and sexual assault: 1:71. Rape, this report argues, is one of the most unreported crimes in America.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.nsvrc.org/sites/default/files/publications_nsvrc_factsheet_media-packet_statistics-about-sexual-violence_0.pdf|title = Statistics About Violence|date = |accessdate = |website = NSVRC|publisher = National Sexual Violence Resource Center|last = |first = }}</ref> Of men surveyed in an informal survey mentioned by Mary Dickson in her article, "A Women's Worst Nightmare", many reported that they do not feel fear when walking down the street. However, in that same survey, women listed numerous things they feared. A man stated "as a man, I'm afraid of very little." Whereas when women were asked what they were afraid of, they created a list. One female responded, "I'm always afraid in a situation where there's somebody that could overpower me easily. I lock my doors, park in lighted areas, don't run in dark areas."<ref>{{Cite web|title = A Woman's Worst Nightmare|url = http://www.pbs.org/kued/nosafeplace/articles/nightmare.html|website = www.pbs.org|accessdate = 2015-10-01}}</ref> This informal survey suggests that women feel a great deal of vulnerability as opposed to men. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Origin of concept== | ||
| + | The term first appeared in the [[Dianne Herman]] essay "Rape Culture",<ref name=":2">D. Herman, "The Rape Culture," in Changing Our Power 260 (J.W. Cochran & D. Langton eds., 1988)</ref> where it is explained that "women live [our] lives according to a rape schedule", and was later popularised by the [[Jessica Valenti]] book ''Full Frontal Feminism''.<ref>Valenti, Jessica. ''Full Frontal Feminism: A Young Woman's Guide to Why Feminism Matters''. Seal Press, (2007). 63</ref> The concept has since been discussed by feminist academics such as criminologist [[Jody Miller]] and lawyer [[Catharine Mackinnon]], with Mackinnon explaining that the 'dread and terror of rape and anticipation of its possibility can set limits on women’s freedom of action and access to a full life.'<ref>Catharine A MacKinnon, Sex Equality, Foundation Press (2007) 339</ref> It has also been suggested that the fear of rape and its effect on how women live their day-to-day lives impacts on their relationships with others and may also lower their own self-worth.<ref>Stephen R. Gold's review of: Sex, Power, Conflict: Evolutionary and Feminist Perspectives, Edited by David M. Buss and Neil M. Malamuth. Oxford University, Press, New York, 1996 as cited in 'Theories of Rape' http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/vaw00/theories_of_rape.html.</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==References== | ||
| + | {{reflist}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==External links== | ||
| + | *[http://tazeen.net/2013/09/18/living-with-a-rape-schedule/ Living with a rape schedule] | ||
| + | *[http://time.com/40110/rape-culture-is-real/ Rape culture is real] | ||
| + | |||
| + | [[Category:Feminist theory]] | ||
| + | [[Category:Rape]] | ||
| {{GFDL}} | {{GFDL}} | ||
Revision as of 15:02, 5 October 2016
|
Related e |
|
Featured: |
The rape schedule is a concept in feminist theory that describes the restrictions or alterations to lifestyle and behaviour that are placed on women by the prevalent fear of sexual assault. Choosing certain routes whilst walking home, planning in advance of being alone, or avoiding certain areas at night are often given as examples of such behaviour.Template:Citation needed Some people do not think about their rape schedules often because it becomes a habit, which they may not even be aware of. Such habits that are often unthought of as preventative measures are: walking with one's keys in their hand while walking to the car or using the buddy system, which is taught from a young age.Template:Citation needed A woman leaving her friend's house early so she would not have to take the subway home at night is an example of how having a rape schedule can interfere with a person's daily life.<ref>{{
- if: {{#if: https://womensglib.wordpress.com/2010/05/08/my-rape-schedule/ | {{#if: My Rape Schedule |1}}}}
||Error on call to Template:cite web: Parameters url and title must be specified
}}{{
- if:
| {{#if: {{#if: | {{#if: |1}}}}
||Error on call to template:cite web: Parameters archiveurl and archivedate must be both specified or both omitted
}} }}{{#if:
| {{#if:
| [[{{{authorlink}}}|{{#if:
| {{{last}}}{{#if: | , {{{first}}} }}
| {{{author}}}
}}]]
| {{#if:
| {{{last}}}{{#if: | , {{{first}}} }}
| {{{author}}}
}}
}}
}}{{#if:
| {{#if: | ; {{{coauthors}}} }}
}}{{#if: |
{{#if:
| ({{{date}}})
| {{#if:
| {{#if:
| ({{{month}}} {{{year}}})
| ({{{year}}})
}}
}}
|}}
}}{{#if:
| . }}{{
#if:
| {{{editor}}}:
}}{{#if:
| {{#if: | {{#if: My Rape Schedule | [{{{archiveurl}}} My Rape Schedule] }}}}
| {{#if: https://womensglib.wordpress.com/2010/05/08/my-rape-schedule/ | {{#if: My Rape Schedule | My Rape Schedule }}}}
}}{{#if: | ({{{language}}}) }}{{#if:
| ()
}}{{#if:
| . {{{work}}}
}}{{#if:
| {{{pages}}}
}}{{#if:
| . {{{publisher}}}{{#if:
|
| {{#if: || }}
}}
}}{{#if:
||{{#if:
| ({{{date}}})
| {{#if:
| {{#if:
| ({{{month}}} {{{year}}})
| ({{{year}}})
}}
}}
}}
}}.{{#if:
| Archived from the original on [[{{{archivedate}}}]].
}}{{#if: 2015-09-24
| Retrieved on {{#time:Y F j|2015-09-24{{#if: | , {{{accessyear}}}}}}}.
}}{{#if:
| Retrieved on {{{accessmonthday}}}, {{{accessyear}}}.
}}{{#if:
| Retrieved on {{{accessdaymonth}}} {{{accessyear}}}.
}}{{#if:
| “{{{quote}}}”
}}</ref>
Contents |
Background
Women are more likely to be raped than men: 1 in 7 women and 1 in 71 men will experience rape in their lifetime.<ref name=":2" /> The rape schedule is generally used by women, not men.Template:Citation needed Rape schedules can supply a steady stream of fear into a person's mind and make a person very cautious of their actions. Those that do not have rape schedules are seen as privileged, as they may not have to think a rape schedule or live by one as opposed to a person that does.Template:Citation needed
Privilege
Jody Miller has explained that as prostitutes cannot adhere to a rape schedule due to the fact it would leave them 'unable to work', adhering to a rape schedule could be seen to be 'born of privilege'.<ref>Jody Miller, "Researching Violence Against Street Prostitutes: Issues of Epistemology, Methodology, and Ethics" in Researching Sexual Violence Against Women: Methodological and Personal Perspectives (Martin D. Schwartz ed., 1997). 144, 150.</ref> As men are generally not the targets of sexual assault and thus do not need to adhere to a rape schedule, such a concept could be said to illustrate gender inequality at a very basic level.Template:Citation needed
Influencing factors
Fear
There are many people in the world that have never been the victim, but yet are far from being carefree and are highly concerned with doing everything they possibly can to avoid a tragic instance, such as rape. A particular quote by Jessica Valenti in her book Full Frontal Feminism stated, "When I was in college, a teacher once said all women live by a 'rape schedule.'"<ref name="Valenti">Template:Cite book</ref> This goes to show that men see women as easier targets and thus they fall victim more easily to rape and live in constant fear.<ref name="Herman" />
Fear of sexual assault is a fear that is commonly shared among many individuals in today's society, particularly women.<ref name="Fisher" /> This fear often forces individuals to make alterations within their everyday life, whether by compelling changes in behavior, daily routines, or even avoiding being alone as much as possible. According to Susan Griffin in 1971, "rape and the fear of rape are a daily part of every woman's consciousness. The fear of rape keeps women off the streets at night. Keeps women at home. Keeps women passive and modest for fear they be thought provocative."<ref name="Fisher">{{
- if: {{#if: http://feminspire.com/living-life-by-a-rape-schedule/ | {{#if: Living Life By A Rape Schedule |1}}}}
||Error on call to Template:cite web: Parameters url and title must be specified
}}{{
- if:
| {{#if: {{#if: | {{#if: |1}}}}
||Error on call to template:cite web: Parameters archiveurl and archivedate must be both specified or both omitted
}} }}{{#if:
| {{#if:
| [[{{{authorlink}}}|{{#if:
| {{{last}}}{{#if: | , {{{first}}} }}
| {{{author}}}
}}]]
| {{#if:
| {{{last}}}{{#if: | , {{{first}}} }}
| {{{author}}}
}}
}}
}}{{#if:
| {{#if: | ; {{{coauthors}}} }}
}}{{#if: |
{{#if:
| ({{{date}}})
| {{#if:
| {{#if:
| ({{{month}}} {{{year}}})
| ({{{year}}})
}}
}}
|}}
}}{{#if:
| . }}{{
#if:
| {{{editor}}}:
}}{{#if:
| {{#if: | {{#if: Living Life By A Rape Schedule | [{{{archiveurl}}} Living Life By A Rape Schedule] }}}}
| {{#if: http://feminspire.com/living-life-by-a-rape-schedule/ | {{#if: Living Life By A Rape Schedule | Living Life By A Rape Schedule }}}}
}}{{#if: | ({{{language}}}) }}{{#if:
| ()
}}{{#if:
| . {{{work}}}
}}{{#if:
| {{{pages}}}
}}{{#if:
| . {{{publisher}}}{{#if:
|
| {{#if: || }}
}}
}}{{#if:
||{{#if:
| ({{{date}}})
| {{#if:
| {{#if:
| ({{{month}}} {{{year}}})
| ({{{year}}})
}}
}}
}}
}}.{{#if:
| Archived from the original on [[{{{archivedate}}}]].
}}{{#if: 2015-11-02
| Retrieved on {{#time:Y F j|2015-11-02{{#if: | , {{{accessyear}}}}}}}.
}}{{#if:
| Retrieved on {{{accessmonthday}}}, {{{accessyear}}}.
}}{{#if:
| Retrieved on {{{accessdaymonth}}} {{{accessyear}}}.
}}{{#if:
| “{{{quote}}}”
}}</ref> In addition to affecting behaviors and routines, rape schedules can affect the emotional stability of an individual.<ref name="Kilpatrick" /> When thinking of the term "rape victim", people often assume the victim is a woman as opposed to a man. This is because in today's society, women are viewed as weaker than men, thus making them an easier target.<ref name="Herman">Template:Cite journal</ref> As a result of the fear of rape, individuals then begin living by this rape schedule, which in turn, leaves woman feeling powerless and eventually woman begin to view themselves and their own self-worth somewhere between low to non-existent.<ref name="Gold">{{
- if: {{#if: | {{#if: Review of: Sex, Power, Conflict: Evolutionary and Feminist Perspectives |1}}}}
||Error on call to Template:cite web: Parameters url and title must be specified
}}{{
- if:
| {{#if: {{#if: | {{#if: |1}}}}
||Error on call to template:cite web: Parameters archiveurl and archivedate must be both specified or both omitted
}} }}{{#if:
| {{#if:
| [[{{{authorlink}}}|{{#if:
| {{{last}}}{{#if: | , {{{first}}} }}
| {{{author}}}
}}]]
| {{#if:
| {{{last}}}{{#if: | , {{{first}}} }}
| {{{author}}}
}}
}}
}}{{#if:
| {{#if: | ; {{{coauthors}}} }}
}}{{#if: |
{{#if:
| ({{{date}}})
| {{#if:
| {{#if:
| ({{{month}}} {{{year}}})
| ({{{year}}})
}}
}}
|}}
}}{{#if:
| . }}{{
#if:
| {{{editor}}}:
}}{{#if:
| {{#if: | {{#if: Review of: Sex, Power, Conflict: Evolutionary and Feminist Perspectives | [{{{archiveurl}}} Review of: Sex, Power, Conflict: Evolutionary and Feminist Perspectives] }}}}
| {{#if: | {{#if: Review of: Sex, Power, Conflict: Evolutionary and Feminist Perspectives | [{{{url}}} Review of: Sex, Power, Conflict: Evolutionary and Feminist Perspectives] }}}}
}}{{#if: | ({{{language}}}) }}{{#if:
| ()
}}{{#if:
| . {{{work}}}
}}{{#if:
| {{{pages}}}
}}{{#if: Oxford University
| . Oxford University{{#if:
|
| {{#if: || }}
}}
}}{{#if:
||{{#if:
| ({{{date}}})
| {{#if:
| {{#if:
| ({{{month}}} {{{year}}})
| ({{{year}}})
}}
}}
}}
}}.{{#if:
| Archived from [{{{url}}} the original] on [[{{{archivedate}}}]].
}}{{#if: 2015-11-02
| Retrieved on {{#time:Y F j|2015-11-02{{#if: | , {{{accessyear}}}}}}}.
}}{{#if:
| Retrieved on {{{accessmonthday}}}, {{{accessyear}}}.
}}{{#if:
| Retrieved on {{{accessdaymonth}}} {{{accessyear}}}.
}}{{#if:
| “{{{quote}}}”
}}</ref>
Mental health disorders
Rape also leads to mental health disorders such as PTSD. According to Dean G. Kilpatrick in The Mental Health Impact of Rape "Rape victims were 6.2 times more likely to develop PTSD than women who had never been victims of crime". Because of these severe incidents, women develop these rape schedules to help them try to avoid the possibility of rape occurring in the future.<ref name=Kilpatrick>{{
- if: {{#if: https://mainweb-v.musc.edu/vawprevention/research/mentalimpact.shtml | {{#if: The Mental Health Impact of Rape |1}}}}
||Error on call to Template:cite web: Parameters url and title must be specified
}}{{
- if:
| {{#if: {{#if: | {{#if: |1}}}}
||Error on call to template:cite web: Parameters archiveurl and archivedate must be both specified or both omitted
}} }}{{#if:
| {{#if:
| [[{{{authorlink}}}|{{#if:
| {{{last}}}{{#if: | , {{{first}}} }}
| {{{author}}}
}}]]
| {{#if:
| {{{last}}}{{#if: | , {{{first}}} }}
| {{{author}}}
}}
}}
}}{{#if:
| {{#if: | ; {{{coauthors}}} }}
}}{{#if: |
{{#if:
| ({{{date}}})
| {{#if:
| {{#if:
| ({{{month}}} {{{year}}})
| ({{{year}}})
}}
}}
|}}
}}{{#if:
| . }}{{
#if:
| {{{editor}}}:
}}{{#if:
| {{#if: | {{#if: The Mental Health Impact of Rape | [{{{archiveurl}}} The Mental Health Impact of Rape] }}}}
| {{#if: https://mainweb-v.musc.edu/vawprevention/research/mentalimpact.shtml | {{#if: The Mental Health Impact of Rape | The Mental Health Impact of Rape }}}}
}}{{#if: | ({{{language}}}) }}{{#if:
| ()
}}{{#if:
| . {{{work}}}
}}{{#if:
| {{{pages}}}
}}{{#if: National Violence Against Women Prevention Research Center
| . National Violence Against Women Prevention Research Center{{#if:
|
| {{#if: || }}
}}
}}{{#if:
||{{#if:
| ({{{date}}})
| {{#if:
| {{#if:
| ({{{month}}} {{{year}}})
| ({{{year}}})
}}
}}
}}
}}.{{#if:
| Archived from the original on [[{{{archivedate}}}]].
}}{{#if: 2015-09-24
| Retrieved on {{#time:Y F j|2015-09-24{{#if: | , {{{accessyear}}}}}}}.
}}{{#if:
| Retrieved on {{{accessmonthday}}}, {{{accessyear}}}.
}}{{#if:
| Retrieved on {{{accessdaymonth}}} {{{accessyear}}}.
}}{{#if:
| “{{{quote}}}”
}}</ref>
Vulnerability
According to statistics provided by National Sexual Violence Resource Center (NSVRC), one in five women will be sexually assaulted at some point in their lifetime; this far outweighs similar statistics regarding men and sexual assault: 1:71. Rape, this report argues, is one of the most unreported crimes in America.<ref>{{
- if: {{#if: http://www.nsvrc.org/sites/default/files/publications_nsvrc_factsheet_media-packet_statistics-about-sexual-violence_0.pdf | {{#if: Statistics About Violence |1}}}}
||Error on call to Template:cite web: Parameters url and title must be specified
}}{{
- if:
| {{#if: {{#if: | {{#if: |1}}}}
||Error on call to template:cite web: Parameters archiveurl and archivedate must be both specified or both omitted
}} }}{{#if:
| {{#if:
| [[{{{authorlink}}}|{{#if:
| {{#if: | , }}
| {{{author}}}
}}]]
| {{#if:
| {{#if: | , }}
| {{{author}}}
}}
}}
}}{{#if:
| {{#if: | ; {{{coauthors}}} }}
}}{{#if: |
{{#if:
| ()
| {{#if:
| {{#if:
| ({{{month}}} {{{year}}})
| ({{{year}}})
}}
}}
|}}
}}{{#if:
| . }}{{
#if:
| {{{editor}}}:
}}{{#if:
| {{#if: | {{#if: Statistics About Violence | [{{{archiveurl}}} Statistics About Violence] }}}}
| {{#if: http://www.nsvrc.org/sites/default/files/publications_nsvrc_factsheet_media-packet_statistics-about-sexual-violence_0.pdf | {{#if: Statistics About Violence | Statistics About Violence }}}}
}}{{#if: | ({{{language}}}) }}{{#if:
| ()
}}{{#if:
| . {{{work}}}
}}{{#if:
| {{{pages}}}
}}{{#if: National Sexual Violence Resource Center
| . National Sexual Violence Resource Center{{#if:
|
| {{#if: || }}
}}
}}{{#if:
||{{#if:
| ()
| {{#if:
| {{#if:
| ({{{month}}} {{{year}}})
| ({{{year}}})
}}
}}
}}
}}.{{#if:
| Archived from the original on [[{{{archivedate}}}]].
}}{{#if:
| Retrieved on {{#time:Y F j|{{#if: | , {{{accessyear}}}}}}}.
}}{{#if:
| Retrieved on {{{accessmonthday}}}, {{{accessyear}}}.
}}{{#if:
| Retrieved on {{{accessdaymonth}}} {{{accessyear}}}.
}}{{#if:
| “{{{quote}}}”
}}</ref> Of men surveyed in an informal survey mentioned by Mary Dickson in her article, "A Women's Worst Nightmare", many reported that they do not feel fear when walking down the street. However, in that same survey, women listed numerous things they feared. A man stated "as a man, I'm afraid of very little." Whereas when women were asked what they were afraid of, they created a list. One female responded, "I'm always afraid in a situation where there's somebody that could overpower me easily. I lock my doors, park in lighted areas, don't run in dark areas."<ref>{{
- if: {{#if: http://www.pbs.org/kued/nosafeplace/articles/nightmare.html | {{#if: A Woman's Worst Nightmare |1}}}}
||Error on call to Template:cite web: Parameters url and title must be specified
}}{{
- if:
| {{#if: {{#if: | {{#if: |1}}}}
||Error on call to template:cite web: Parameters archiveurl and archivedate must be both specified or both omitted
}} }}{{#if:
| {{#if:
| [[{{{authorlink}}}|{{#if:
| {{{last}}}{{#if: | , {{{first}}} }}
| {{{author}}}
}}]]
| {{#if:
| {{{last}}}{{#if: | , {{{first}}} }}
| {{{author}}}
}}
}}
}}{{#if:
| {{#if: | ; {{{coauthors}}} }}
}}{{#if: |
{{#if:
| ({{{date}}})
| {{#if:
| {{#if:
| ({{{month}}} {{{year}}})
| ({{{year}}})
}}
}}
|}}
}}{{#if:
| . }}{{
#if:
| {{{editor}}}:
}}{{#if:
| {{#if: | {{#if: A Woman's Worst Nightmare | [{{{archiveurl}}} A Woman's Worst Nightmare] }}}}
| {{#if: http://www.pbs.org/kued/nosafeplace/articles/nightmare.html | {{#if: A Woman's Worst Nightmare | A Woman's Worst Nightmare }}}}
}}{{#if: | ({{{language}}}) }}{{#if:
| ()
}}{{#if:
| . {{{work}}}
}}{{#if:
| {{{pages}}}
}}{{#if:
| . {{{publisher}}}{{#if:
|
| {{#if: || }}
}}
}}{{#if:
||{{#if:
| ({{{date}}})
| {{#if:
| {{#if:
| ({{{month}}} {{{year}}})
| ({{{year}}})
}}
}}
}}
}}.{{#if:
| Archived from the original on [[{{{archivedate}}}]].
}}{{#if: 2015-10-01
| Retrieved on {{#time:Y F j|2015-10-01{{#if: | , {{{accessyear}}}}}}}.
}}{{#if:
| Retrieved on {{{accessmonthday}}}, {{{accessyear}}}.
}}{{#if:
| Retrieved on {{{accessdaymonth}}} {{{accessyear}}}.
}}{{#if:
| “{{{quote}}}”
}}</ref> This informal survey suggests that women feel a great deal of vulnerability as opposed to men.
Origin of concept
The term first appeared in the Dianne Herman essay "Rape Culture",<ref name=":2">D. Herman, "The Rape Culture," in Changing Our Power 260 (J.W. Cochran & D. Langton eds., 1988)</ref> where it is explained that "women live [our] lives according to a rape schedule", and was later popularised by the Jessica Valenti book Full Frontal Feminism.<ref>Valenti, Jessica. Full Frontal Feminism: A Young Woman's Guide to Why Feminism Matters. Seal Press, (2007). 63</ref> The concept has since been discussed by feminist academics such as criminologist Jody Miller and lawyer Catharine Mackinnon, with Mackinnon explaining that the 'dread and terror of rape and anticipation of its possibility can set limits on women’s freedom of action and access to a full life.'<ref>Catharine A MacKinnon, Sex Equality, Foundation Press (2007) 339</ref> It has also been suggested that the fear of rape and its effect on how women live their day-to-day lives impacts on their relationships with others and may also lower their own self-worth.<ref>Stephen R. Gold's review of: Sex, Power, Conflict: Evolutionary and Feminist Perspectives, Edited by David M. Buss and Neil M. Malamuth. Oxford University, Press, New York, 1996 as cited in 'Theories of Rape' http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/vaw00/theories_of_rape.html.</ref>
References
External links
