Proto-Indo-Europeans  

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 +The '''Proto-Indo-Europeans''' were the [[prehistory|prehistoric]] people of [[Eurasia]] who spoke [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]] (PIE), the ancestor of the [[Indo-European languages]] according to [[linguistic reconstruction]].
-The '''Proto-Indo-Europeans''' are the speakers of the [[Proto-Indo-European language]] (PIE).+Knowledge of them comes chiefly from that reconstruction, along with material evidence from [[archaeology]] and [[archaeogenetics]]. The Proto-Indo-Europeans likely lived during the late [[Neolithic]], or roughly the 4th millennium BC. Mainstream scholarship places them in the forest-steppe zone immediately to the north of the western end of the [[Pontic-Caspian steppe]] in [[Eastern Europe]]. Some archaeologists would extend the time depth of PIE to the middle Neolithic (5500 to 4500 BC) or even the early Neolithic (7500 to 5500 BC), and suggest [[Proto-Indo-European Urheimat hypotheses|alternative location hypotheses]].
-PIE is a reconstruction of a prehistoric language, fraught with significant uncertainties and room for speculation, and its speakers cannot be assumed to be a single identifiable prehistoric people or tribe but rather a group of loosely related populations ancestral to the later, still partially prehistoric, [[Bronze Age]] Indo-European expansion movements, by the mid 2nd millennium BC reaching [[Hittites|Anatolia]], [[Mycenaean Greece|the Aegean]], [[Indo-Aryan migration|Northern India]] and likely [[Urnfield culture|Western Europe]].+
-The Proto-Indo-Europeans in this sense likely correspond to populations of the [[Chalcolithic]], or roughly the [[5th millennium BC|5th]] to [[4th millennium BC|4th]] millennia BC. Mainstream scholarship places them in the general region of the [[Pontic-Caspian steppe]] in Eastern Europe and Central Asia. Some scholars would extend the time depth of PIE or [[pre-PIE]] to the [[Neolithic]] or even the [[last glacial maximum]] and suggest [[Proto-Indo-European Urheimat hypotheses|alternative location hypotheses]].+By the early second millennium BC, offshoots of the Proto-Indo-Europeans had reached far and wide across Eurasia, including [[Anatolia]] ([[Hittites]]), the [[Aegean Sea|Aegean]] (the ancestors of [[Mycenaean Greece]]), the north of [[Europe]] ([[Corded Ware culture]]), the edges of [[Central Asia]] ([[Yamnaya culture]]), and southern [[Siberia]] ([[Afanasievo culture]]).
-Knowledge of them comes chiefly from [[linguistic reconstruction]], paired with material evidence from [[archaeology]] and [[archaeogenetics]]. 
- 
-==Evidence For Proto-Indo-Europeans== 
- 
-The Proto-Indo-Europeans are defined as the people who spoke the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European language. Thus the basic information about these pre-historic people arises out of the comparative linguistics of the Indo-European languages as well as the historic record of the spread of the Indo-European languages and the histories of the peoples speaking those languages. This may be augmented by comparing what may be deduced from these languages and histories with studies in archaeology and genetics. That is to say given the information present in the Indo-European languages and the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European language, one may attempt to link this information with results arrived at in archaeology and genetics to construct a more complete picture of the Proto-Indo-Europeans themselves. 
==See also== ==See also==
*[[Archaeogenetics]] *[[Archaeogenetics]]
-*[[Aryan invasion]]+*[[Indo-Aryan migration]]
*[[Comparative linguistics]] *[[Comparative linguistics]]
 +*[[Historical linguistics]]
*[[Paleolithic Continuity Theory]] *[[Paleolithic Continuity Theory]]
*[[Old European culture]] *[[Old European culture]]
*[[Proto-Indo-European language]] *[[Proto-Indo-European language]]
-*[[Proto-Indo-European poetry]] +*[[Proto-Indo-European religion]]
 +*[[Proto-Indo-European society]]
 +*[[Haplogroup I (Y-DNA)]]
 +*[[Origin of the Romanians#Paleogenetics]]
 +*[[Gravettian]]
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The Proto-Indo-Europeans were the prehistoric people of Eurasia who spoke Proto-Indo-European (PIE), the ancestor of the Indo-European languages according to linguistic reconstruction.

Knowledge of them comes chiefly from that reconstruction, along with material evidence from archaeology and archaeogenetics. The Proto-Indo-Europeans likely lived during the late Neolithic, or roughly the 4th millennium BC. Mainstream scholarship places them in the forest-steppe zone immediately to the north of the western end of the Pontic-Caspian steppe in Eastern Europe. Some archaeologists would extend the time depth of PIE to the middle Neolithic (5500 to 4500 BC) or even the early Neolithic (7500 to 5500 BC), and suggest alternative location hypotheses.

By the early second millennium BC, offshoots of the Proto-Indo-Europeans had reached far and wide across Eurasia, including Anatolia (Hittites), the Aegean (the ancestors of Mycenaean Greece), the north of Europe (Corded Ware culture), the edges of Central Asia (Yamnaya culture), and southern Siberia (Afanasievo culture).

See also




Unless indicated otherwise, the text in this article is either based on Wikipedia article "Proto-Indo-Europeans" or another language Wikipedia page thereof used under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License; or on research by Jahsonic and friends. See Art and Popular Culture's copyright notice.

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