Protestant Reformers  

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-'''''Sola scriptura''''' ([[Latin]] [[ablative case|ablative]], "by scripture alone") is the doctrine that the [[Bible]] contains all knowledge necessary for [[salvation]] and [[Sanctification|holiness]]. Consequently, ''sola scriptura'' demands that only those doctrines are to be admitted or confessed that are found directly within or indirectly by using [[validity|valid]] logical deduction or valid [[deductive reasoning]] from [[scripture]]. However, ''sola scriptura'' is not a denial of other authorities governing Christian life and devotion. Rather, it simply demands that all other authorities are subordinate to, and are to be corrected by, the written word of God. ''Sola scriptura'' was a foundational doctrinal principle of the [[Protestant Reformation]] held by the [[Protestant Reformers|Reformers]] and is a [[formal principle]] of Protestantism today (see [[five solas|Five ''sola''s]]).+''''''Protestant Reformers'''''' were those [[theologian]]s, [[churchman|churchmen]], and [[statesmen]] whose careers, works, and actions brought about the [[Protestant Reformation]] of the sixteenth century. Historically speaking, "[[Protestant]]" was the name given to those theologians, magnates, and delegations present at the [[Holy Roman Empire|Holy Roman Imperial]] [[Second Diet of Speyer|Diet of Speyer]] in 1529 who protested the revocation of the suspension, granted at a prior [[First Diet of Speyer|Diet of Speyer]] in 1526, of [[Diet of Worms|Edict of Worms]] of 1521, which had outlawed [[Martin Luther]] and his [[Lutherans|followers]].
-During the Reformation, authentication of scripture was governed by the discernible excellence of the text as well as the personal witness of the [[Holy Spirit]] to the heart of each man. Furthermore, per ''sola scriptura'', the relationship of Scriptural authority to pastoral care was well exampled by the [[Westminster Confession of Faith]] which stated:+The meaning of the label "Protestant" widened over time to embrace all Western [[Christians]] as distinguished from the [[Roman Catholic Church]], except for the [[Anabaptists]] and other [[Radical Reformation|Radical Reformers]]. This reflected the widening spread of the [[Protestant Reformation]] over [[Europe]] into diversifying movements like [[Lutheranism]], [[Anglicanism]], [[Calvinism]], and [[Arminianism]]. Today, all Western Christian [[religious denominations|denominations]] other than the Roman Catholic Church are loosely known as Protestant churches.
-<blockquote>+
-VII. All things in Scripture are not alike plain in themselves, nor alike clear unto all; yet those things which are necessary to be known, believed, and observed, for salvation, are so clearly propounded and opened in some place of Scripture or other, that not only the learned, but the unlearned, in a due use of the ordinary means, may attain unto a sufficient understanding of them.</blockquote>+
-Here the phrase "due use of the ordinary means" includes appeals to pastors and teachers+
-([[wikisource:Bible (King James)/Ephesians#Chapter 4|Ephesians 4:11-14]]). As such, ''sola scriptura'' reflects a careful tension between the perspicuity (clarity) of Scripture necessary for its role as final authority, and the occasional need for its meaning to be revealed by exposition ([[wikisource:Bible (King James)/Hebrews#Chapter 5|Hebrews 5:12]]).+
-Beyond the Reformation, as in some Evangelical and Baptist denominations, ''sola scriptura'' is stated even more strongly: it is self-authenticating, clear (perspicuous) to the rational reader, its own interpreter ("Scripture interprets Scripture"), and sufficient of itself to be the final authority of [[Christianity|Christian]] [[doctrine]].+==Precursors==
 +There were a number of people who contributed to the development of the reformation, but lived before it, including:
-By contrast, the [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]], [[Eastern Orthodox]], and [[Oriental Orthodox]] Churches teach that the Scriptures are not the only infallible source of Christian doctrine. For them Scripture is but one of three equal authorities; the other two being [[Sacred Tradition]] and the [[episcopacy]]. These churches also believe that the Church has authority to establish or restrict interpretation of Scriptures because, in part, [[Development of the Christian Biblical canon|it implicitly selected]] which books were to be in the [[biblical canon]] through its traditions, whereas Protestants believe the [[Development of the New Testament canon#Evangelical canons|Church passively recognized and received the books]] that were already widely considered canonical.+* [[John Hus]]
 +* [[Jerome of Prague]]
 +* [[Girolamo Savonarola|Savonarola]]
 +* [[Peter Waldo]]
 +* [[Johan Wessel|Wessel Harmenz. Gansfort]]
 +* [[John Wycliffe]]
 +==Magisterial Reformers==
 +The [[Protestant Reformation]], popularly thought to have begun on October 31, 1517 with the posting of [[Martin Luther]]'s [[95 theses]] to the door of the Castle Church in [[Wittenberg]], divided Western Christendom, as distinguished from [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Christendom]], into the [[Roman Catholic Church]] and the [[Protestant]] churches.
-==See also==+The [[Magisterial Reformation]] connected the visible [[Christian]] church with society as a whole, as the [[Roman Catholic Church]] had before, thus imposing on the government and magistrates Christian duties, such as supporting the new churches economically and weighing in on issues of doctrine.
-*[[Bibliolatry]]+
-*[[Ex cathedra]]+
-*[[Ijtihad]], the Islamic concept of interpretation of religion and law not limited by tradition+
-*[[Qur'an alone]], an Islamic movement influenced in its theory by ''sola scriptura''.+
-*[[Wesleyan Quadrilateral]]+
-*[[Prima scriptura]]+
-*[[Cessationism versus Continuationism]], where ''Sola Scriptura'' is discussed with regard to the issue of charismatic gifts+
 +There were a number of key reformers within the [[Magisterial Reformation]], including:
 +* [[Theodore Beza]]
 +* [[Martin Bucer]]
 +* [[Heinrich Bullinger]]
 +* [[Johannes Hus]]
 +* [[John Calvin]]
 +* [[Andreas Karlstadt|Andreas von Carlstadt]], later a [[Radical Reformation|Radical Reformer]]
 +* [[Wolfgang Fabricius Capito]]
 +* [[Martin Chemnitz]]
 +* [[Thomas Cranmer]]
 +* [[William Farel]]
 +* [[Matthias Flacius]]
 +* Caspar Hedio
 +* [[Justus Jonas]]
 +* [[John Knox]]
 +* [[Jan Łaski]]
 +* [[Martin Luther]]
 +* [[Philipp Melanchthon]]
 +* [[Johannes Oecolampadius]]
 +* [[Pietro Martire Vermigli|Peter Martyr]]
 +* [[Aonio Paleario]]
 +* [[Laurentius Petri]]
 +* [[Olaus Petri]]
 +* [[John Wycliffe]]
 +* [[William Tyndale]]
 +* [[Joachim Vadian]]
 +* [[Pierre Viret]]
 +* [[Huldrych Zwingli]]
 +
 +==Radical Reformers==
 +Because these reformers were those of the [[Radical Reformation]] and the [[Anabaptist]] movement, they have not been traditionally listed with the mainline Protestant reformers. (Compare the reformers of the "Second Front" of the Reformation below):
 +
 +* [[John of Leiden]]
 +* [[Thomas Müntzer]]
 +* [[Kaspar Schwenkfeld von Ossig|Kaspar Schwenkfeld]]
 +* [[Sebastian Franck]]
 +* [[Menno Simons]]
 +
 +==Counter-reformers==
 +Catholics who worked against the Reformation include:
 +
 +* [[Girolamo Aleander]]
 +* Augustine Alveld
 +* [[Thomas Cajetan]]
 +* [[Johann Cochlaeus]]
 +* [[Johann Eck]]
 +* Jerome Emser
 +* [[Pope Leo X]]
 +* [[John Tetzel]]
 +
 +==Second Front Reformers==
 +There were also a number of people who initially cooperated with the Reformers, but who separated from them to form a "Second Front", principally in objection to the Reformers' [[sacralism]]. Among these were:
 +
 +* [[Hans Denck]]
 +* [[Conrad Grebel]]
 +* [[Balthasar Hubmaier]]
 +* [[Felix Manz]]
 +c) Two lines are parallel if the alternate interior angles formed by a transversal are supplementary.
 +
 +==See also==
 +* [[List of Protestant Reformers]] (alphabetical)
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'Protestant Reformers' were those theologians, churchmen, and statesmen whose careers, works, and actions brought about the Protestant Reformation of the sixteenth century. Historically speaking, "Protestant" was the name given to those theologians, magnates, and delegations present at the Holy Roman Imperial Diet of Speyer in 1529 who protested the revocation of the suspension, granted at a prior Diet of Speyer in 1526, of Edict of Worms of 1521, which had outlawed Martin Luther and his followers.

The meaning of the label "Protestant" widened over time to embrace all Western Christians as distinguished from the Roman Catholic Church, except for the Anabaptists and other Radical Reformers. This reflected the widening spread of the Protestant Reformation over Europe into diversifying movements like Lutheranism, Anglicanism, Calvinism, and Arminianism. Today, all Western Christian denominations other than the Roman Catholic Church are loosely known as Protestant churches.

Contents

Precursors

There were a number of people who contributed to the development of the reformation, but lived before it, including:

Magisterial Reformers

The Protestant Reformation, popularly thought to have begun on October 31, 1517 with the posting of Martin Luther's 95 theses to the door of the Castle Church in Wittenberg, divided Western Christendom, as distinguished from Eastern Christendom, into the Roman Catholic Church and the Protestant churches.

The Magisterial Reformation connected the visible Christian church with society as a whole, as the Roman Catholic Church had before, thus imposing on the government and magistrates Christian duties, such as supporting the new churches economically and weighing in on issues of doctrine.

There were a number of key reformers within the Magisterial Reformation, including:

Radical Reformers

Because these reformers were those of the Radical Reformation and the Anabaptist movement, they have not been traditionally listed with the mainline Protestant reformers. (Compare the reformers of the "Second Front" of the Reformation below):

Counter-reformers

Catholics who worked against the Reformation include:

Second Front Reformers

There were also a number of people who initially cooperated with the Reformers, but who separated from them to form a "Second Front", principally in objection to the Reformers' sacralism. Among these were:

c) Two lines are parallel if the alternate interior angles formed by a transversal are supplementary.

See also




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