Procaine  

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"[[Novocaine]]… Novocaine… Take a firm hold of the [[hypodermic needle]]." --"[[Dentist Sketch]]" "[[Novocaine]]… Novocaine… Take a firm hold of the [[hypodermic needle]]." --"[[Dentist Sketch]]"
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-A '''hypodermic needle''' (from [[Greek Language|Greek]] ὑπο- (under-), and δέρμα (skin)) is a hollow needle commonly used with a [[syringe]] to [[Injection (medicine)|inject]] substances into the body or extract fluids from it. They may also be used to take liquid samples from the body, for example taking [[blood]] from a [[vein]] in [[venipuncture]]. 
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-==History== 
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-===Early Use & Experimentation=== 
-The ancient Greeks and Romans knew injection as a method of medicinal delivery from observations of snakebites and poisoned weapons. There are also references to “anointing” and “inunction” in the Old Testament as well as the works of Homer, but injection as a legitimate medical tool was not truly explored until the 17th century. 
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-[[Christopher Wren]] performed the earliest confirmed experiments with crude hypodermic needles, performing intravenous injection into dogs in 1656. These experiments consisted of using animal bladders (as the syringe) and goose quills (as the needle) to administer drugs such as opium intravenously to dogs. Wren and others’ main interest was to learn if medicines traditionally administered orally would be effective intravenously. 
-In the 1660s, J.D. Major of Kiel and J.S. Elsholtz of Berlin were the first to experiment with injections in humans. These early experiments were generally ineffective and in some cases fatal. Injection fell out of favor for two centuries. 
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-===19th century development=== 
-The 19th century saw the development of medicines that were effective in small doses, such as opiates and strychnine. This spurred a renewed interest in direct, controlled application of medicine. [[Alexander Wood (physician)|Dr. Alexander Wood]] of Edinburgh is generally credited with the first successful injection in 1853. Wood’s main contribution was the all-glass syringe, which allowed the user to estimate dosage based on the levels of liquid observed through the glass. Wood used hypodermic needles and syringes primarily for the application of localized, subcutaneous injection (localized anesthesia) and therefore was not as interested in precise dosages. 
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-Simultaneous to Wood’s work in Edinburgh, [[Charles Pravaz|Dr. Charles Pravaz]] of Lyon also experimented with sub-dermal injections in sheep using a needle of his own design. Pravaz designed a needle measuring 3 cm (1.18 in) long and 5 mm (0.2 in) in diameter; the syringe was entirely in silver,. 
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-[[Dr. Charles Hunter]], a London surgeon, is credited with the coining of the term “hypodermic” to describe subcutaneous injection in 1858. The name originates from two Greek words: “hypo” meaning under and “derma” meaning skin. Furthermore, Hunter is widely credited with acknowledging the systemic effects of injection after noticing that a patient’s pain was alleviated regardless of the injection’s proximity to the pained area. Hunter and Wood were involved in lengthy legal disputes over not only the origin of the modern hypodermic needle, but also because of their disagreement to the medicine’s effect once administered. 
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-===Modern Improvements=== 
-Wood can be largely credited with the popularization and acceptance of injection as a medical technique, as well as the widespread use and acceptance of the hypodermic needle. The basic technology of the hypodermic needle has stayed largely unchanged since the 19th century, but as the years progressed and medical and chemical knowledge improved, small refinements have been made to increase safety and efficacy, with needles being designed and tailored for very particular uses. 
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-The trend of needle specification for use began in the 1920s, particularly for the administration of insulin to diabetics. The onset of World War II spurred the early development of partially disposable syringes for the administration of morphine and penicillin on the battlefield. Development of the fully disposable hypodermic needle was spurred on in the 1950s for several reasons. The Korean War created blood shortages and in response disposable, sterile syringes were developed for collecting blood. The widespread immunization against polio during the period required the development of a fully disposable syringe system. 
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-The 1950s also saw the rise and recognition of cross-contamination from used needles, leading to the development of the first fully disposable plastic syringe, rather than the traditional glass. This period also marked a shift in interest from needle specifications to general sterility and safety. 
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-The 1980s saw the rise of the HIV epidemic and with it renewed concern over the safety of cross-contamination from used needles. New safety controls were designed on disposable needles to ensure the safety of medical workers in particular. These controls were implemented on the needles themselves, such as retractable needles, but also in the handling of used needles particularly in the use of hard-surface disposal receptacles found in every medical office today. 
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-==See also== 
-* [[Cannula]] 
-* [[Catheter]] 
-* [[Intravenous therapy]] 
-* [[Nanoneedle]] 
-* [[Needle biopsy]] 
-* [[Needle gauge comparison chart]] 
-* [[Needle remover]] 
-* [[Pin prick attack]] 
-* [[Tuohy needle]] 
 +'''Procaine''' is a [[local anesthetic]] drug of the [[amino esters|amino ester]] group. It is used primarily to reduce the pain of [[intramuscular injection]] of [[penicillin]], and it is also used in [[dentistry]]. Owing to the ubiquity of the [[trade name]] '''Novocain''', in some regions, procaine is referred to [[Generic trademark|generically]] as '''novocaine'''. It acts mainly as a [[sodium channel blocker]].
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Revision as of 20:08, 14 May 2019

"Novocaine… Novocaine… Take a firm hold of the hypodermic needle." --"Dentist Sketch"

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Procaine is a local anesthetic drug of the amino ester group. It is used primarily to reduce the pain of intramuscular injection of penicillin, and it is also used in dentistry. Owing to the ubiquity of the trade name Novocain, in some regions, procaine is referred to generically as novocaine. It acts mainly as a sodium channel blocker.




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