Presumption of guilt
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| - | '''Demonization''' is the reinterpretation of [[polytheism|polytheistic]] deities as [[evil]], lying [[demon]]s by other [[religion]]s, generally [[monotheism|monotheistic]] and [[henotheistic]] ones. The term has since been expanded to refer to any characterization of individuals, groups, or political bodies as evil. | + | '''Presumption of guilt''' is the principle that one is considered guilty unless proven innocent: thus the burden of proof is on the accused, not the accuser. |
| - | == Religion == | + | ==See also== |
| - | Religions, even those that are radically monotheistic, do not necessarily deny the existence of other gods or spiritual beings. On the contrary, they claim other [[deity|gods]] are not worthy of worship and in actuality are demons who mislead followers from proper belief or practice. [[Christianity|Christian]] [[missionaries]] often employed demonization tactics when converting [[pagan]]s, although [[Judaism]], [[Islam]], and other religions have similar histories. Demonization is not limited to focusing on other religions but can also be directed inward to condemn various schools of thought or movements. | + | * [[Blackstone's ratio]] |
| + | * [[False accusation]] | ||
| + | * [[Fishing expedition]] | ||
| + | * [[Kangaroo court]] | ||
| + | * [[Offender profiling]] | ||
| + | * [[People's Court (Germany)]] | ||
| + | * [[Prosecutor's fallacy]] | ||
| + | * [[Presumption of innocence]] | ||
| + | * [[Racial profiling]] | ||
| + | * [[The Secret Barrister]] | ||
| + | * [[Windrush scandal]] | ||
| + | * [[Witch-hunt]] | ||
| - | From a secular viewpoint, demonization can be used to denigrate an opposed individual or group, making adherents to your own religion or viewpoint less inclined to do business with them (and possibly convert) and more inclined to fight against them. If foreigners are evil and corrupted by demonic influence, then any means of self-defense is easily portrayed as legitimate. The portrayal of almost all pagans in the Middle East as [[Baal]]-worshippers in the [[Hebrew Bible]] is an example of this. If pagans are corrupted by the demon-"god" Baal, then clearly they must be fought or at least oppressed. Especially in the earlier books of the Hebrew Bible, foreign deities are portrayed as existing and corrupting entities rather than being mere powerless [[idolatry|idols]]. Some would argue this later transferred to Christianity after [[Constantine I]]'s ascension in its [[persecution of Ancient Roman religion|suppression of Roman paganism]]. Some of the most known of these demonizations are [[Lucifer]], [[Beelzebub]] and [[Baphomet]] up to the extend that they became [[synonym|synonymous]] with the [[devil]]/[[satan]] of [[Abrahamic religions]]. Later, the language of demonization would be invoked during the [[Spanish Inquisition]], leading to the expulsion of [[Jews]] and [[Morisco]]s from Spain. | ||
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| - | The view of early Judaism treating foreign deities as devils and later Judaism treating them as non-existent is not universal. Psalms 96:5, for example, is alternately translated as, "For all the Gods of the gentiles are nothing," "For all the Gods of the gentiles are devils" ([[Vulgate]]), and "For all the gods of the peoples are idols."([[NRSV]]) The Greek [[Septuagint]] translation of that passage, used by the early Christian Church, used the "devils" version. [[Jerome]] would follow the Greek text rather than the Hebrew when he translated the [[Latin]] [[Vulgate]] edition of the Bible. The "devils" epithet would still appear in Bibles up until the end of the 20th century when the consensus reverted to the original Hebrew text for modern translations. | ||
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| - | Analogs to demonization exist outside monotheistic religions, as well. [[Polytheism]] easily accepts foreign gods in general, and in times of conflict, a foreign nation's gods would sometimes be portrayed as evil. Less commonly, it would be applied to other religions as well. For example, Buddha's portrayal in Hinduism varies: Some strains of [[Hinduism]] consider the [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]] an [[Buddha from the Hindu perspective|incarnation of Vishnu]] while in some texts such as the [[Puranas]], he is portrayed as an avatar born to mislead those who deny the Vedic knowledge. | ||
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| - | In a certain way, the demonization had sometimes a positive side. For example, during [[Catholic missions]] in [[South America]], the demonization of [[Indigenous peoples|indigenous]] beliefs or acts make those peoples be regarded as so [[Human nature|human]] as the Europeans. | ||
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| - | === Political conflicts === | ||
| - | Demonization is sometimes used against what are arguably political opponents rather than religious ones. The [[Knights Templar]] were destroyed by accusations that they worshipped [[Baphomet]] from King [[Philip IV of France|Philip the Fair]]. Baphomet, often thought to be [[Beelzebub]], may have been used because of the likeness of this [[horn (anatomy)|horned]] deity with the Christian images of [[Satan]]. | ||
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| - | == Modern usage == | ||
| - | In colloquial usage, the term demonization is used metaphorically to refer to [[propaganda]] or [[moral panic]] directed against any individual or group. | ||
| - | |||
| - | == See also == | ||
| - | * [[Black Legend]] | ||
| - | * [[Black propaganda]] | ||
| - | * [[Blame]] | ||
| - | * [[Criticism of religion]] | ||
| - | * [[Demons]] | ||
| - | * [[dissociation (psychology)|Dissociation]] and [[depersonalization]] | ||
| - | * [[Dehumanization]] | ||
| - | * [[Delegitimization]] | ||
| - | * [[Idealization and devaluation]] | ||
| - | * [[Moral superiority]] | ||
| - | * [[Presumption of guilt]] | ||
| - | * [[Religious paranoia]] | ||
| - | * [[Scapegoating]] | ||
| - | * [[Theory of the two demons]] | ||
| - | * [[Victim blaming]] | ||
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Presumption of guilt is the principle that one is considered guilty unless proven innocent: thus the burden of proof is on the accused, not the accuser.
[edit]
See also
- Blackstone's ratio
- False accusation
- Fishing expedition
- Kangaroo court
- Offender profiling
- People's Court (Germany)
- Prosecutor's fallacy
- Presumption of innocence
- Racial profiling
- The Secret Barrister
- Windrush scandal
- Witch-hunt
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