Pneuma
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| - | :''This article deals with Biblical and patristic terminology pertaining to the Greek'' pneuma akatharton ''and related phrases. See [[Pneuma]] for other uses of the word. For related beliefs and practices, see [[Demonic possession]] and [[Exorcism]].'' | + | '''Pneuma''' (πνεύμα) is an [[ancient Greek]] word for "[[breathing|breath]]," and in a religious context for "[[spirit]]" or "[[soul]]." It is given various technical meanings by medical writers and philosophers of antiquity, including: |
| - | '''Unclean spirit''' is a common English translation of '''''pneuma akatharton''''' (plural ''pneumata akatharta''), a term appearing in the [[Novum Testamentum Graece|Greek New Testament]] 21 times in the context of [[demonic possession]]. It is also translated into English as '''spirit of impurity''' or more loosely as "evil spirit." The [[Latin]] equivalent is '''''spiritus immundus'''''. The expression ''pneuma akatharton'' is found also in the [[Septuagint]], the oldest [[ancient Greek language|Greek]] version of the [[Hebrew Bible]]. | + | |
| + | :* Pneuma, "air in motion, breath, wind," equivalent in the [[material monism]] of [[Anaximenes of Miletus|Anaximenes]] to ''[[Anaximenes of Miletus#Theories|aer]]'' (ἀήρ, "air") as the element from which all else originated; the earliest extant occurrence of the term | ||
| + | :* [[Pneuma (ancient medicine)]], the circulating air that is necessary for the systemic functioning of vital organs, according to various medical writers of antiquity | ||
| + | :* The [[Pneuma (Aristotle)|connate pneuma]] of [[Aristotle]], the warm mobile "air" that in the sperm transmits the capacity for locomotion and certain sensations to the offspring; see also [[Vital heat]] and [[Spontaneous generation#Aristotle|Spontaneous generation: Aristotle]] | ||
| + | :* [[Pneuma (Stoic)]], the Stoic philosophical concept of the animating warm breath, in both the cosmos and the body | ||
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| + | In [[Judaism|Judaic]] and [[Christianity|Christian]] usage, '''pneuma''' is a common word for "spirit" in the [[Septuagint]] and [[Novum Testamentum Graece|Greek New Testament]], and also refers to: | ||
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| + | :*The [[Pneumatic (Gnosticism)|Pneumatic]] or "spiritual human" of [[Gnosticism]] | ||
| + | :* Pneuma, a concept of Christian [[pneumatology]] | ||
| + | :*''Pneuma akatharton'', [[unclean spirit]] | ||
| + | :*[[Pneuma (journal)|''Pneuma'' (journal)]] – subtitled "The Journal of the Society for Pentecostal Studies" | ||
| - | The phrase '''''pneuma ponêron''''', "evil spirit," also occurs in both the Septuagint and the [[New Testament]]. The word ''daimonion'' (but not ''[[Daemon (mythology)|daimon]]'') is considered a [[synonym]], but some scholarship seeks to differentiate "unclean spirit" from both "evil spirit" and "demon." The association of physical and spiritual cleanliness is, if not universal, widespread and continues into the 21st century: "To be virtuous is to be physically clean and free from the impurity that is [[sin]]," notes an article in ''[[Scientific American]]'' published 10 March 2009. | ||
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Pneuma (πνεύμα) is an ancient Greek word for "breath," and in a religious context for "spirit" or "soul." It is given various technical meanings by medical writers and philosophers of antiquity, including:
- Pneuma, "air in motion, breath, wind," equivalent in the material monism of Anaximenes to aer (ἀήρ, "air") as the element from which all else originated; the earliest extant occurrence of the term
- Pneuma (ancient medicine), the circulating air that is necessary for the systemic functioning of vital organs, according to various medical writers of antiquity
- The connate pneuma of Aristotle, the warm mobile "air" that in the sperm transmits the capacity for locomotion and certain sensations to the offspring; see also Vital heat and Spontaneous generation: Aristotle
- Pneuma (Stoic), the Stoic philosophical concept of the animating warm breath, in both the cosmos and the body
In Judaic and Christian usage, pneuma is a common word for "spirit" in the Septuagint and Greek New Testament, and also refers to:
- The Pneumatic or "spiritual human" of Gnosticism
- Pneuma, a concept of Christian pneumatology
- Pneuma akatharton, unclean spirit
- Pneuma (journal) – subtitled "The Journal of the Society for Pentecostal Studies"
Unless indicated otherwise, the text in this article is either based on Wikipedia article "Pneuma" or another language Wikipedia page thereof used under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License; or on research by Jahsonic and friends. See Art and Popular Culture's copyright notice.
