Pluralism (philosophy)
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| - | :''[[perfection]]'' | ||
| - | # The property of a person of having high [[ideal]]s that are usually [[unrealizable]] or at odds with practical life. | ||
| - | # An approach to philosophical enquiry which asserts that direct and immediate knowledge can only be had of ideas or [[mental picture]]s. | ||
| - | '''Idealism''' is the philosophical theory which maintains that experience is [[The Ultimate|ultimately]] based on mental activity. In the [[philosophy of perception]], idealism is contrasted with [[Philosophical realism|realism]], in which the external world is said to have an apparent [[absolute]] [[existence]]. [[Epistemology|Epistemological]] idealists (such as [[Kant]]) claim that the only things which can be directly ''known for certain'' are just ideas ([[abstraction]]). In literature, idealism refers to the thoughts or the ideas of the writer. | + | In philosophy, '''Pluralism''' is as opposed to ''monism'' and ''dualism''. The debates center around different sets of concepts depending on whether the context is metaphysics or the context is epistemology. |
| - | In the [[philosophy of mind]], idealism is the opposite of [[materialism]], in which the ultimate nature of reality is based on physical substances. Materialism is a theory of [[monism]] as opposed to [[dualism (philosophy of mind)|dualism]] and [[pluralism (metaphysics)|pluralism]], while idealism might or might not be monistic. Hence, idealism can take dualistic form and often does, since the subject-object division is dualistic by definition. Idealism sometimes refers to a tradition in thought that represents things of a perfect form, as in the fields of ethics, morality, aesthetics, and value. In this way, it represents a human perfect being or circumstance. | + | In [[metaphysics]], '''pluralism''' claims a plurality of basic [[Substance theory|substances]] making up the world. The philosopher Descartes defined each ''substance'' as that analytical point at which "we can understand nothing else than an entity which is in such a way that it need no other entity in order to be." [[Monism]] holds a godlike oneness of being in an existence of a single substance. [[Dualism]] visualizes two substances - material and mind. |
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| + | In [[epistemology]] (how we conceive the structure of "truth"), '''pluralism''' is the opposite extreme to [[pragmatism]]. Pluralism employs conceptual relativism, while pragmatism employs the [[radical empiricism]]'s [[radical translation]] of the world by way of [[radical interpretation]]. Pluralism handles new information by structuring it relationally to other information, while pragmatism handles it by assigning [[meaning (existential)|existential meaning]] to a personal immediacy. Pluralism is metaphysical and [[meta-ethical]], and espouses a [[cultural relativism]] with [[social constructivism#strong|strong social constructivism]], while Pragmatism is physical, ethical in their opinion and of [[social constructivism#weak|weak social constructivism]]. In epistemology '''Pluralism''' is relativistic in the way it deals with concepts. For example, taking the concept of ''human culture'', pluralism takes the way of [[cultural relativism]]. Here it considers how local natural geography and local history gave rise to cultural truths. Then it considers the set of cultural descriptions of each part of the world, and how they possibly contains mutually exclusive truths. Each can be complete and true in their own yet cause falsities when extended to overlap. | ||
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| + | ==See also== | ||
| + | * [[Anekantavada]] | ||
| + | * [[Pantheism]] | ||
| + | * [[Panarchism]] | ||
| + | * [[Value-pluralism]] | ||
| + | * [[Pluralism (political philosophy)|Pluralism in political philosophy]] | ||
| + | * [[Pluralism (political theory)|Pluralism in political theory]] | ||
| + | * [[Nelson Goodman]] | ||
| + | * [[Legal pluralism]] | ||
| + | * [[Economic pluralism]] | ||
| + | * [[Postmodernism]] - which often includes [[Epistemology|epistemological]] pluralism | ||
| - | Idealism is a philosophical movement in Western thought, but is not entirely limited to the West, and names a number of philosophical positions with sometimes quite different tendencies and implications in politics and ethics; for instance, at least in popular culture, philosophical idealism is associated with Plato and the school of platonism. | ||
| - | == Le Palais idéal == | ||
| - | *See [[Ferdinand Cheval]] | ||
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In philosophy, Pluralism is as opposed to monism and dualism. The debates center around different sets of concepts depending on whether the context is metaphysics or the context is epistemology.
In metaphysics, pluralism claims a plurality of basic substances making up the world. The philosopher Descartes defined each substance as that analytical point at which "we can understand nothing else than an entity which is in such a way that it need no other entity in order to be." Monism holds a godlike oneness of being in an existence of a single substance. Dualism visualizes two substances - material and mind.
In epistemology (how we conceive the structure of "truth"), pluralism is the opposite extreme to pragmatism. Pluralism employs conceptual relativism, while pragmatism employs the radical empiricism's radical translation of the world by way of radical interpretation. Pluralism handles new information by structuring it relationally to other information, while pragmatism handles it by assigning existential meaning to a personal immediacy. Pluralism is metaphysical and meta-ethical, and espouses a cultural relativism with strong social constructivism, while Pragmatism is physical, ethical in their opinion and of weak social constructivism. In epistemology Pluralism is relativistic in the way it deals with concepts. For example, taking the concept of human culture, pluralism takes the way of cultural relativism. Here it considers how local natural geography and local history gave rise to cultural truths. Then it considers the set of cultural descriptions of each part of the world, and how they possibly contains mutually exclusive truths. Each can be complete and true in their own yet cause falsities when extended to overlap.
See also
- Anekantavada
- Pantheism
- Panarchism
- Value-pluralism
- Pluralism in political philosophy
- Pluralism in political theory
- Nelson Goodman
- Legal pluralism
- Economic pluralism
- Postmodernism - which often includes epistemological pluralism
